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Short Circuit Force Calculation
Short Circuit Force Calculation
001
Department
Telephone
Place
Date
SPEL
4344251
Gurgaon
25.08.10
SPEL
4344046
Gurgaon
25.08.10
Revised Items
Page
Remarks
Signature
Index of Revisions:
Rev:
Date
Name of
Reviser
Name of
Approver
Page 1 of 11
ETHS2S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
Page
Contents
1.0
Introduction
.....
2.0
3.0
Conductor Data..
4.0
Installation Data..
5.0
Calculation
.....
6.0
Attachments .....
7.0
Conclusion
.....
8.0
References
.....
Page 2 of 11
ETHS3S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
s
1
Introduction
In installations with strained flexible conductors the short circuit current carried by the conductors causes
development of stress in the conductors due to the electromagnetic force amongst the conductors in par-allel phases. This conductor force is in addition to the static tension on the conductor (measured from
sag-tension calculation) and is sustained by the supporting structures. The objective of this calculation
is to determine the maximum force generated on the conductor bundle during a short circuit in order to
design the switchyard structures to sustain such forces.
Further for line-to-line short circuits, conductor swing out typically results in decreasing phase-to-phase
clearance between conductors strung in parallel. In this calculation the 'spacer span' on conductor bun-dle is determined to optimize the tensile forces to values that enables maintaining of the minimum air
clearances between phases during horizontal span displacements of conductor bundles at L-L short
circuit.
System Data
Switchyard
1
2
3
4
5
6
400
50
50
1
kV
Hz
kA
sec
32
C
C
75
Conductor Data
ACSR MOOSE
Conductor Diameter
Conductor Weight
Modulus of Elasticity
31.77
597
2.004
6.73E+10
1.94
0.45
mm
mm 2
kg/m
N / m2
kg
m
Installation Data
1
Phase-to-Phase Spacing
7
3.843
m
m
Page 3 of 11
s
5
ETHS4S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
Calculation
The basic methodology of this is as explained in IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993 and further elaborated in the so-lved examples of IEC-865 (Part 2) : 1994. All the terms , factors and some miscellaneous data used in
the calculation are as defined in IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993.
As per the values obtained in the calculation, we have plotted curves of Pinch Force ( F pi ), Drop Force
( F f ) and Tensile Force ( Ft) against the spacer span varying from 1.0 m to 10.0 m through every 0.5 m.
The curves give the maximum force in the conductor and the 'critical spacer span' at which it occurs.
The actual spacer span selected is a span lower than the critical spacer span. Minimum air clearance
is determined for the force optimized with the selected spacer span and with the value of static normal
tension as the minimum tension under no wind condition (from sag-tension calculation) for line-to-line
fault current.
Attachments
Attachment - 1: Detailed Calculation for TWIN ACSR MOOSE conductor of 137 m.
Attachment - 2: Characteristic curves showing behavior of Short Circuit forces against spacer span for arrangement
of conductors in different spans.
Conclusion
1. For design of support structure the maximum value of short circuit force to be considered is to be
decided from Attachment 3. This includes the tensile forces owing to dead load of conductor and wind
load on conductor, and has been expressed on 'per phase' basis. This force shall be applied to two
Phases of the girder supporting them whereas the third phase shall have normal static tension from
sagtension calculation. This is as per note no. 2 under clause no. 2.4.2 of IEC-865 (Part 1).
2. As per IEC-61936 (Part-1, Clause 5.4.3), the minimum air clearance between phase conductors at
maximum swing out position due to short circuit shall be at least 50 % of the mandatory phase-to-phase
clearance. 400 kV outdoor switchyard with rated Lightning Impulse Withstand voltage of 1425 kV,
the mandatory phase-to-phase clearance is 4 m. Thus the minimum air clearance shall be greater
than 2 m.
References
1. IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993 Short Circuits Currents - Calculation of Effects.
2. IEC-865 (Part 2) : 1994 Short Circuits Currents - Calculation of Effects.
3. IEC-61936 (Part 1) : 2002 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. - Common Rules
4. Technical Data sheets for ACSR Moose Conductor Manufacturer.
5. Technical Specification for 400 kV Switchyard
6
7.
8.
Page 4 of 11
Attachment - 1
ETHS1S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
as :
As :
ds :
E:
a:
=
=
=
=
=
=
m
m
mm 2
m2
mm
m
4.50E-01
5.97E+02
5.97E-04
31.77
0.03177
6.73E+10 N/m2
2
Fst (max):
Fst (min):
f:
gn :
=
=
=
=
=
6.73E+10
137428.96
60068.40
50
9.81
I"k3 :
50000
137.00
127.315 m
=
=
=
3.8425
1.00
2.004
m
m
kg / m
2.38
kg / m
{ref.: IEC-865-Part 2}
ACSR MOOSE
l:
lc :
li :
lb:
m' :
ms' :
N/m
N{No.of sub-conductor x 7005 x 9.81}
N{No.of sub-conductor x 3062 x 9.81}
Hz
{ref.: Tech Spec.}
m/s 2
ns :
Conductor Type
No. of sub-conductor in a main conductor
bundle
Resultant spring constant of both supports of
one span
Nos. of spacers in the span
50
mz :
1.94
kg
ls :
2.5
{selected}
Tk1 :
0 :
1.8
0.042
1.49
n:
S:
=
=
TWIN
1.00E+05 N/m
{ref.: IEC-865-Part 1}
Sec
1.257E-06 N A
-2
Page 5 of 11
Attachment - 1
ETHS2S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
=
=
N/m
2.2 The ratio of electromagnetic force under short circuit to gravitational force on a conductor is given by :
r
=
=
2.3 The direction of the resulting force exerted on the conductor is given by :
1
=
=
tan-1 r
46.77
degrees
degrees
=
=
(n x m's x gn x l2 ) / (8 x Fst)
0.80
m
sec
=
=
2.6 The resulting period, Tres, of the conductor oscillation during the short circuit current flow is given by :
Tres
=
=
sec
=
=
where,
fin =
5.00E+07
N/m2
=> Es
5.00E+07
N/m2
N/m2
N/m2
{ref.: Eqn. 26
IEC-865-I}
=
=
1/N
=
=
2.10 During or at the end of the short circuit current flow, the span will have oscillated out of the steady state to the
angle given by:
1[1-cos(3600 xTk1/Tres)] degrees
for :0 (k1/res) 0.5 {ref.: Eqn. 29 IEC:865-1}
k
=
21
for : (Tk1/Tres) > 0.5
or k
=
degrees
where,
Page 6 of 11
Attachment - 1
ETHS3S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
92.30
degrees
2.11 Maximum swing out angle during or after short circuit current flow, m, is given by:
1.25 cos-1
for : 0.766 1
m
{ref.: Eqn. 31 of IEC-865-I}
=
degrees
100 + cos-1
for : -0.985 < 0.766
or m
=
degrees
1800
for : < -0.985
or m
=
degrees
2.11.1 where, Quantity for the maximum swing-out angle, , is given as:
1-r sink
for : 0 k 900
=
or
for : k > 900
=
1-r
=>
=
-0.06
therefore
m
=
103.67
degrees
or
=>
=
=
=
3[ (1+r2) - 1]
3[r x sin(k) + cos(k) -1]
1.38
2.13 Span reaction factor, (,), is calculated as a real solution of the equation:
23 + (2 + )2 + (1 + 2) (2 + ) = 0
=>
0.024
for : 0 1
(approximately)
2.16 Short circuit current force between sub-conductors in a bundle is given as:
(n-1) x (0/2) x (I"k3/n)2 x (ls/as) x (2/3)
F
=
{ref.: Eqn. 45 of IEC-865-I}
where,
the factor, v2, is given by figure 8 of IEC:865-1, as a function of factor v 1 which is in turn given as:
{f /sin(1800/n)} x [{(as-ds) x m's}/{(0/2) x (I"k3/n)2 x (n-1)/as}]1/2
1
2.16.1
=
=
3.00
{ref.: Eqn. 46 of IEC-865-I}
corresponding to this value of factor 1, the value of 2 is observed from curve as:
1- {sin(4fTpi-2) + sin2} / 4fTpi + f / fTpi x (1-e-2fTpi/f) x sin2-8fsin/{1+(2f)2} x
2
=
[{2f x cos(2fTpi-)/2fTpi + sin(2fTpi-)/2fTpi} x e-fTpi/f + (sin-2fcos)/2fTpi]
2
=
1.68
the factor, v3, is given by :
3
{(ds/as)/sin(1800/n)} x [{(as/ds)-1}1/2 / {tan-1{(as/ds)-1}1/2}]
2.16.3
=
=
0.20
=
5946.95
N
=> F
2.16.2
Page 7 of 11
Attachment - 1
ETHS4S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
2.17.1
2.17.2
2.17.2.1
2.17.2.2
2.17.3
2.17.3.1
2.17.3.2
2.17.3.3
N.A
2.17.4 Now,
e
2.17.4.1
0.03
=> e
=
408.14
thereby the magnitude of Pinch Force, Fpi, is calculated as :
Fpi
=
137753.16 N
Calculation for Horizontal Span Displacement and Minimum Air Clearance
Note:
Values of all parameters are at 75 C (maximum conductor temperature ) and L-L fault current of 43.3 kA
2.18 The elastic expansion is given by :
ela
N x (Ft - Fst)
=
where,
N
Ft
Fst
=
1.34E-03
at final conductor Temperature (=75C )
=
=
=
8.54E-08 1/N
75703.31 N
60068.40401 N
Page 8 of 11
Attachment - 1
ETHS5S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
I"k3
Tk1
Tres
=
=
=
=> th
2.7E-19
m4/A2sec
43.30 kA
0.97 sec
2.21 sec
1.96E-04
2.20 Dilation factor, CD, allows for sag increase caused by elastic and thermal elongation of the conductor is given by:
CD
where,
bc
ela
th
=
2.06
at final conductor Temperature (=75C )
=
1.83 m
=
1.34E-03
=
1.96E-04
2.21 Form factor, CF, allows for a possible increase in the dynamic sag of the conductor caused by a change in shape
of the conductor curve and is given by:
for : r 0.8
CF
=
1.05
{ref.: Eqn. 39 of IEC-865-I}
or CF
=
0.97 +0.1r
for : 0.8 < r < 1.8
for : r 1.8
or CF
=
1.15
=> CF
1.05
2.22 The maximum horizontal displacement within a span, b h, due to short circuit in spans with strained conductors
connected to potrals with tension insulator strings is given by:
CF CD bc sin1
bh
for : m 1
=
{ref.: Eqn. 41 of IEC-865-I}
CF CD bc sinm
for : m < 1
or bh
=
=> bh
=
2.46
m
where,
m
2.23 The distance between the midpoints of the two main conductors during a line-to-line two-phase short circuit is in
the worst case given by:
a - 2bh
amin
=
{ref.: Eqn. 42 of IEC-865-I}
amin
=
2.08
m
Page 9 of 11
Attachment - 2
ETHS1S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
n
a
p
S
r
o
f
r
o
t
c
u
d
n
o
c
E
S
O
O
M
R
S
C
A
N
I
W
T
f
o
t
n
e
m
g
n
a
r
r
a
e
h
t
r
o
f
n
a
p
S
r
e
c
a
p
S
t
s
n
i
a
g
a
s
e
c
r
o
f
t
i
u
c
r
i
C
t
r
o
h
S
f
o
r
o
i
v
a
h
e
b
g
n
i
w
o
h
s
s
e
v
r
u
c
c
i
t
s
i
r
e
t
c
a
r
a
h
C
m
7
3
1
h
t
g
n
e
L
9.5
10.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1.0
Sl. No. Spacer Span Tensile Force (Ft) Drop Force (Ff) Pinch Force (Fpi)
(m)
(N)
(N)
(N)
1
1.0
154540.27
167450.01
139415.11
2
1.5
155467.93
167670.69
139675.50
3
2.0
155919.98
167766.64
141092.88
4
2.5
156199.57
167822.58
142050.24
5
3.0
156371.57
167856.7
143116.65
6
3.5
156500.57
167882.09
144260.10
7
4.0
156608.08
167903.09
145483.20
8
4.5
156672.59
167915.62
146715.84
9
5.0
156737.12
167928.08
148028.73
10
5.5
156780.14
167936.36
149383.46
11
6.0
156823.17
167944.61
150814.57
12
6.5
156866.2
167952.83
152350.69
13
7.0
156887.72
167956.93
154012.39
14
7.5
156930.77
167965.1
189262.12
15
8.0
156952.3
167969.18
187356.11
16
8.5
156973.83
167973.24
185635.29
17
9.0
156973.83
167973.24
184034.48
18
9.5
156995.36
167977.3
182609.85
19
10.0
157016.9
167981.35
181316.99
Page 10 of 11
Attachment - 3
ETHS1S/3002074160/ED2.104.001
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Serial No.
Span
(m)
l
137
2.5
60068.4
2.076
(m)
amin
17107.30
Page 11 of 11