Theory File

**Status Theory**

Conditionality Bad
Conditionality is a voter:
1. Advocacy Skills force them to defend one position throughout the entire debate,
its reciporical
2. Bad Neg Research shouldnt be rewarded for lazy neg research, force them to
find the best answer to the aff
3. Forces Contradictory Answers prevents the 2AC from reading its best offense,
could be crossapplied to another flow
4. Time Skew overspread us in the 2AC and create a shallow debate and
preventing clash and depth of education
5. Strat skew prevent us from reading our best offense out of fear of
contradictions
6. Depth over breadth it is more important to learn about things in detail than
learn little about a variety of things only debate provides this education.
7. Neg side bias the negative gets the block and pre-round disclosure
8. Its not what you do its what you justify view the debate as the interp against the
counter interp
9. Interp 1 Conditional world, prevents contradicting truth claims. Their interp is
arbitrary and self serving.

Conditionality Good
Conditionality is not a voter:
1. Decision making education forces both sides to make strategic decisions
2. Topic Specific Education key to learning about more aspects of the topic
3. 2AC critical thinking forces them to make strategic decisions to avoid
contradictions
4. Real World policy experts can have multiple idea and abandon them if they are
proven wrong
5. Best Policy Option key to test the aff from multiple angles and create a variety
of education
6. Neg flex gives the neg the ability to run different types of arguments, attacking
the affirmative and exposing more arguments
7. Skew Inevitable disads and T not covered by their interp
8. Perms check takes two seconds to make and two minutes to answer
9. Breadth over depth it is more important to learn about a variety of things in
order to create a stable grounding of knowledge.
10. Aff side bias first and last speech and infinite prep
11. No in round abuse dont make us defend every meaning of our interpretation
12. Counterinterp 1 conditional Counterplan and 1 Kritik solves their offense and
allows us to attack the aff from multiple angles.

Dispositionality Bad
Dispositionality is a voting issue. It is bad for the following
reasons:
1.

Moving Target The Neg can change the definition of

disposition to suit their needs any time during the debate,
there is no predictable definition.

2. Unfair Aff sticks with the 1AC the entire debate, dont let
the Neg kick out arguments
3. Strat Skew- Forces the Aff to alter their 2ac to answer
arguments that will be dropped. Neg gets to kick out
whenever they want, but we cant check back by making
perms. Key to Fairness
4. Depth over Breadth the Neg doesnt fully develop their
arguments because they can drop them at any time,
preventing the Aff from learning fully. A strong depth
argumentation is better than quick overview on many
advocacies. Prevents education
5. Time Skew More important arguments get less time to be
answered and the time goes to off-cases the Neg will drop
in the end. Alters time allocation.
6. Dispositionality is conditionality in disguise. Has the same
limits as conditionality and is therefore abusive to the aff.
Reject the team, not the argument; it is key to education in the
debate.

Dispositionality Good
The negative team should be allowed to run Dispositionality.

1.Ground-Dispositionality allows the negative to pick what it

wants to drop if the affirmative strait turns the counterplan
giving more ground to the negative.
2.Fair- As the affirmative is allowed to run a plan we should be
allowed to have a counterplan. Dispositionality allows for the
negative to run counterplan.
3.Middle ground- it is in the middle of conditionality and
unconditionally giving the affirmative a choice whether to strait
turn the counterplan, but also giving it ground to work on.
4.No abuse- dispositional counterplans are the same as case
turns and can be dropped at any time.
5.Competition- the negative team can pick what is not winning
them the debate and drop allowing for the strong affirmatives
arguments to go directly against the strong negative arguments.
6.Negative flexibility- allows for time to be spent on better
arguments because it allows the negative to kick arguments that
arent good
Dispositionality is not a voter; reject the argument not the
team.

Yes Neg Fiat

1. Counter interpretation yes neg fiat
2. Prefer
a. If they get to prove fiat is true, the neg should have reciprocal reasons to
prove them wrong. No aff resolution, no aff fiat.
b. Education comparing policies is what happens in real policy making
Congress checks
c. Fairness some things like patriarchy are indefensible and the Neg is
bound to the status quo
d. Checks small, strange affs counterplans are the only strat Neg has
e. Infinite prep checks abuse - the aff gets the first and last speech, near
infinite prep, and 2AR persuasiveness allowing conditional options
gives the neg the ground to keep up with the aff
f. Reject the argument not the team

No Neg Fiat
The Negative Should Not Get Fiat:
Theres no negative resolution. The neg side is supposed to negate the
resolution, not create one for themselves.
1. Theres no counter-resolution to justify neg fiat neg fiat creates
three problems for the entire debate:
A. First: the aff must come up with a solution to a problem the neg
causes
B. Second: the negative must prove that solution wrong- taking away
focus from the real debate and centering it on something that the neg
created only makes it worse for the neg AND aff
C. Third: moots the 1ac by stealing offense and integrating it into a
counterplan
2. This has three impacts:
A. first: fairness: Unpredictable it justifies infinite counter plans all
with obscure net benefits to beat the case takes necessary aff
ground, creates unnecessary research, and therefore kills education
B. second: Ground: Creates shallow case debate neg fiat means the
negative doesnt have to spend as much time on case we have an 8
minute 1AC for a reason make them dedicate more than a minute to
it
C.Third: education: Critical thinking plan focus good focusing on
obscure net benefits to obscure counterplans only makes it less
educational to debate- depth over breadth
EVEN IF this isnt persuasive enough for you to decide neg fiat is
abusive, neg fiat creates an aff vs aff debate. This would create an
arbitrary race to the bottom with endless perms and obscure
counterplans.
Therefore Its a voter for fairness, education, and ground it creates
an aff vs aff debate, kills education through obscure counterplans
and net benefits the aff can in no way be prepared for, and steals not
only 1ac ground but aff ground in general during the debate.

**Counterplan Theory**

Agent CPs Bad

Interpretation: Agent CPs are only legitimate if they have a corporate specific solvency
advocate.

1. voter for fairness and educationkills education because were

focused on specifying the agent and we dont get to have a debate
about why the plan is good or bad. Kills fairness because the CP
steals the affs offense in the round and the aff has nothing to fight
for.
2. moots the 1ACthe CP takes away our offense. The affirmative
team should be able to talk about why our aff is good and weigh it
against Neg offense. Without offense the aff has a large disadvantage
in the round.
3. Unpredictablethe CP can use any agent it wants, and theres no
way for the affirmative to be able to predict and prepare for all of
them.
4. Infinitely regressivejustifies ASPEC which progresses to having
to specify more and more things which kills the debate because we
arent talking about policy, were talking how to specify something
further and further.

Agent CPs Bad - 1AR

Extend our Interp: their CP has to have a corporate specific
solvency advocate. This is better for education because it forces
the neg to have a real counter plan thats distinct from the aff to
discuss and advocate for against the 1AC.
1. Extend our voter, debating about Agent CPs doesnt
actually result in more education, because we just talk
about an agent and we dont learn anything about the
actual policy or how that policy affects the world around
us. And it kills fairness for the aff because it steals aff
offense.

Agent CPs Bad - AT: Politics Debate

We can still have a politics debate without Agent CPs, Agent CPs
just allow the neg to steal the 1AC and force the aff to debate it.
You can still run a politics DA, you dont have to have an Agent
CP to do that.

Agent CPs Bad - AT: Time Spec

The Neg still gets ground, we can still have time specific debates
with Delay CPs, Agent CPs arent key.

Agent CPs Good

We have a solvency advocate and therefore meet their
interpretation.
1. Education allows discussion about which agent is best suited to
do the plan. Agent CPs increase knowledge about government and
the complex parts. By naming a specific agent it increases education
about that agent.
2. Politics debate they allow for discussion about whether
traditional fiat is the best option and also allow for the politics disad
to be read as a net benefit.
3. Time specific makes net benefits time specific which makes the
aff defend the actor of their plan in immediacy, thus leading to more
neg ground.

Agent CPs Good AT: Education

The affirmative team must be able to defend the actor of their
plan since they use traditional fiat in order to pass their plan.
This is key to neg ground because if their actors cannot be
questions it takes away key disads, for example the politics DA.

Agent CPs Good AT: Education

We dont kill plan specific education we decide who the best
actor is to do the plan. This discussion does not kill discussion of
outcomes of the plan.

Agent CPs Good AT: Unpredictable

Not unpredictable all the aff has to do is prove that their actor
Congress is better than the agent the CP specified.

Agent CPs Good AT: Infinitely Regressive

Not infinitely regressive only a certain number of answers can
solve for their plan therefore no over specification can occur.

Conditions CPs Good

Conditions counterplans are legitimate
Counter-interpretation- Conditions CPs allow for better discussions to occur
Standards
1. Key to neg ground It holds the aff to governmental action and immediacy of
plan. If the conditions counterplans were absent, the debate would be one-sided.
2. Real world: The real world uses conditions. Internal link counterplans are good
because they allow for more real world thinking about these specific topics.
3. Helps the aff: it allows them to add the condition into their plan after the round
and debate better because of it.
4. Impact: theres no impact, so even if its unfair theres no reason the debate will
be unbalanced.

Conditions CPs Bad

Condition Counterplans are illegitimate Interpretation: Condition Counterplans are only fair if they contain a functionally
comparative Solvency Advocate and if they are reasonable.

1) The Neg can use any number of absurd Condition Counter

Plan texts. This is unfair for the Aff because it kills their
offense.
2) Condition Counter Plans are infinitely regressive. The Aff
has no way to prepare for the countless numbers of
arguments the Neg has the capability to present.
3) Condition Counter Plans dont focus on the outcome of the
debate; only the conditions of it, so its non educational.
4) Because Condition Counter Plans are infinitely regressive,
the Aff wastes time trying to answer the numerous
amounts of arguments the Neg is able to produce.

PICs Good
Counter interpretation: The aff has to defend the entirety of
their Plan text
1. No Abuse: the aff checks abuse by perms
2. All counter plans are pics, not allowing them kills neg ground
3. Real world: in real life policy making you have defend your
entire bill not just the parts you want
4. Infinite prep: since the aff has infinite prep time to make their
aff they should be able defend their whole plan
5. Topic specific education: by allowing the neg to test the aff, it
allows for more discussion of the topic and therefore a better
debate and discussion of the topic
6. Critical thinking: Forces the aff to make stronger and higher
quality plan text
7. Fairness: the neg has the burden of the status quo, so the aff has
the burden of defending the plan text
8. Predictability: gives aff stable ground to debate on and not a
moving target, the neg can only use functions of the plan.
9. Reject the argument not the team: Pics are a voter

PICS Bad
Interpretation: PICs prevent education and are abusive.
Voter: PICS are a voter for education, fairness, and predictability.
Destroys education: Prevents education because the aff cannot learn from debating
against other plans and criticisms. There is no offense for the aff to fight against the neg
because the neg has stolen the affs plan.
Destroys fairness: There is an unfair research burden because the neg does not need to
research anything while the aff spends time to create a plan and results in the neg
stealing it.
Not predictable: The neg can take out any section of the affs plan, preventing the aff
from predicting the neg and prepping for it. Leads to time skew.
Time Skew: The aff needs time to find cards to attack its own plan
REJECT THE TEAM NOT THE ARGUMENT. >:)

Private Actor Fiat Good

Counter-Interpretation: The negative should be able to have private actors facilitate the
plan; private actors encompass a huge part of the oceans topic
Provides specific education about private actors- by researching these companies
debaters are able to get a wide variety of knowledge about the private actors in general;
we access education better
Aff should be able to be tested with all actors to see which one is most efficient- this is
real world, in the real world most plans are done by private actors. Seeing debate
through a more real world lens is more productive
Only a few private actors with the capability to facilitate the plan therefore its reasonably
predictableonly few companies have the resources and qualifications to pass the plan,
so that leaves few enough that its researchable
Private companies are very important actors, and those that have the means might do
the plan more efficiently they have more expertise and resources
Allows Aff to explore their topic more- private actor fiat allows the affirmative to see
different, more diverse, arguments made against their case, which actually helps them to
make their case stronger

If the Aff gets fiat, its only fair the Neg should get fiat as well - we have to level
the playing field of the affirmative and negative, the aff gets infinite prep time and the
neg does not, the least we could do is give them both fiat

The oceans topic literally states non-military actors enact the plan and
private entities are basically the entirety of the oceans topic

The doesnt have more ground than the affthe aff gets to read usfg add ons

Private Actor Fiat Bad

Voters
1)(education) - since the aff cannot be adequately prepared for the debate
there will be no educational benefits. This is depriving the affirmative of an
integral debate skill
2)(Limits)Loss of Aff ground-Private Actor Fiat steals the entirety of the
Affirmative and its offense this leads to an unequal distribution of ground
and leads to a one sided debate.
3)Fairness- Private actor fiat creates an unfair debate and that makes it
impossible for the aff
4)Interpretation- negative must have resolutional actors, this allows for
negative predictability

5)Not Competitive- Private Actors are not competitive with governmental

ones, this means the CP Is not competitive with the aff
6)Private actor Fiat is infinitely regressive- Agent specification leads to
infinite regresivity, this creates an unreasonable burden on the affirmative
7)Predictability- With private actors there are infinite options for the
negative. There is no reasonable way that the affirmative can be adequately
prepared.
8)No reciprocity- The Affirmative doesnt get to fiat private actors the
negative shouldnt either
9)Private actor fiat discusses the process of the plan as opposed to the
outcome

International Fiat Bad

International CPs are illegitimate

1. Shifts focus of debate from whether or not the plan should

happen to arbitrary decisions on who should do the planthis
destroys education.
2. No real world applicationspolicymakers cant just assume
other countries will enact the plan in real life.
3. The CP artificially inflates the net benefitinternational DAs
mean we can still talk about international actors.
4. Moots the 1ACdisregards 8 minutes of affirmative speech
timethe affs only offense is their case and the neg steals this.
5. Unpredictabletheres an infinite number of international
actorsits impossible to research all of them.
6. Kills aff grounddebating against the CP is debating against
the affit forces the aff to debate against itself.
7. Interpretation: The neg can only have the USFG as an actor to
provide reciprocity.

International Fiat Good

International actor counterplans are legitimate --

1. Tests the aff the resolution specifically says USFG. The CP

makes sure the aff defends the actor of the resolution.
2. Key to Neg ground restricting other countries severely
limits the Negs available arguments, leaving us with only the
US. The CP increases the quality of the debate.
3. Increases education lets us debate about more than just the
US. We can learn about other international actors. The judge is a
hypothetical policymaker who isnt rooted in only the US.
4. Increases critical thinking forces the Aff to create a plan that
has a US key warrant. Debating a specific part of the plan makes
them think of more detailed and educated responses.
5. Finds the best policy option key to test if the US is the most
desirable actor. Since the ocean is global, its essential to talk
about other countries.
6. Predictability testing the actors solvency ability should be
expected by the Aff.
7. Reject the argument, not the team this isnt a voting issue.
8. C/I International CPs have a comparable solvency advocate.
The Neg only has one actor, just like the Aff.

2NC CPs Good

The negative should get to read 2NC counterplans
A. Time Skew: Infinite prep: The counterplan is not a time skew because the aff
needs to treat this like any other argument, the aff doesnt need new cards, the aff
only needs to extend case, therefore it doesnt take time away from oncase
arguments.
B. Ground: The neg answered why this is not a time skew therefore ground is not
limited
C. Predictability: Counterplans are predictable in the debate and introducing
them in the 2NC doesnt change the predictability of the argument itself.
D. Education: Bringing up new arguments allows the debater to learn more
about a diverse range of government politics

Justification: the CP is justified by the ethic that the aff can add
add-ons to their first speech AND the 2NC is still a constructive,
therefore, we can introduce new arguments

2NC CPs Bad

A. Time Skew: If the cards in the first speech are insufficient this is not the negs
fault, the aff has infinitepreptochangethis
B. Ground: the aff actually said that it gives aff more ground therefore cPs in the 2NC
does not limit ground
C. Predictability: Extend the argument which states that this does not require new
cards, the first speech should be enough to
D. Education: The affirmative limits the education in the debate by

refusing to answer the CP

2NC CPs Bad AT: Time Skew

Time skew turn: The affirmative bringing up this theory argument limits the

amount of time spent debating the topic rather than so called abuse, the aff creates the
time skew.

**Perms**

Severance Bad
1. Skew- Severance skews neg in 3 ways. First- steals all neg
ground. Second- time skews the neg. It takes 2 seconds to
sever out and completely waste the time of the 1NC. Thirdskews all neg strats. Eliminates all possible DA's because
the aff can simply sever out. Neg can't form effective
strategy if aff can't just sever out every round. Kills
fairness
2. No clash- Aff avoids any sort of clash in the debate and
instead opts to lower the education of the debate by
severance. Lack of clash kills education.
3. Aff Condo- Aff shouldn't be able to switch their plan at will.
This makes their perm unpredictable as they can simply
change a few words to form a diferent perm, meaning the
aff has an infinite number of perms they can use.
Unpredictability kills fairness.
4. Infinite Prep Time- The aff has a lot of time to before the
round to choose which plan to go for. There is no need for
a severance perm if they were truly content with the plan
they chose.
Voting Issues
1. Fairness- Fairness is voter. Aff skews neg in 3 different
ways, is unpredictable, abusive and validates a vote
against them.
2. Education- Education is voter. Aff lowers level of
education, vote against them.

AT: Real World- In the real world, members of congress can't

just introduce a new plan and then immediately back out, which
is what severance is.

Severance Good
1. Real World-Severance is the most real world. Policy makers
make amendments to policies in order to arrive at the best one.
2. Reciprocity PIC's-The neg is allowed to use a PIC (Plan
Inclusive Counterplan) and potentially PIC out of any aff. The aff
should be allowed to do the same and use severance perms to
check the fairness.
3. Reciprocity Condo-The neg can bring up multiple advocacies
and kick out of them as necessary, hence allowing them to
change positions. As such the aff should at least be allowed to
change their plan.
4. Perms Check Abuse-The neg is able to read any counterplan
or K that have nothing to do with the resolution or plan besides
an extra advantage or wording change. The aff should be
allowed to adjust the plan and perm in order to check the
competitiveness and abuse of the K/CP.
Reject the Argument not the team-More educational for both
sides.
Voters

Education-Real world policymaking is key to education.

Fairness-Reciprocity and checking abuse are key to Fairness.

AT:Skew-There is still ground for the Neg to argue, as in the part

that was severed. Also, on strat skew the neg is still capable of
kicking out of the CP and/or running a DA, T, K, or any
combination of the three.

Intrinsicness Good
A: Interpretation:

The aff can make intrinsic permutations

B: We meet
C: Standards:

1. Kills education - It simulates real life scenarios. Saying intrinsic permutations

are bad is killing the education my partner and I are trying to gain in the
debate. This does not kill negative ground. They can still argue that the
supplement will not solve or its harms outweigh its benefits.
2. Research By allowing intrinsic permutations, my partner and I are forced to
research more on the topic given at hand. Thus increasing the amount of
education we receive from debate.
3. Predictability My advocacy is predictable because when they bring up a
disadvantage, they should see that I will have an attempt at solving for the
disadvantage.

4. Real world decision-making. When a potential action is proven undesirable in

the real world, we do not reject it on face because we are bound to the exact
text of our advocacy. Rather, we are able to add on extra things we will do to
compensate for that disadvantage. Real-world decision-making is key to
education because it is the only way we can learn analytical skills that will
help us make decisions that will actually be relevant in real life.

D: Voter
A.

Fairness is the voter. If one side were to win because of an unfair

advantage, then there would be point in the debate in the first place. Thus
fairness is an inherent part of debate. If the round is inherently biased toward
one debater, the judge cannot fulfill their role of deciding the winner because any
issue a debater is winning on the flow couldnt be definitively attributed to their
ability as a debater but could rather be an effect of a structural advantage. This is
a voter even if they concede the interp because I had to invest speech time to preempt this
abuse, which skewed my time and strategy.

Intrinsicness Bad
Interpretation: The aff must not add to their advocacy when perming a neg
position.
Standards:
1. In Round Predictability: The aff gives no boundary to where the plan texts
ends therefore allowing the AFF to add in or detach anything making them a
moving target. Being bound is key to fairness.
2. Ground: This means when they are adding to their plan in the 1AR they are
taking ground away from the neg. Equal division of ground is key to fairness
because both debaters need to start on an equal playing field to have the same
chances of winning.
3. Time skew - harms fairness because whichever debater has less relevant time
will automatically be put at a disadvantage.
4. Real World: The aff simply fiats that something will happen to solve back the
harms outlined In the real world. People dont base problem solving off the ideas
that something will magically occur. Real world decisions are key to education
because this allows us to make things we learn in debate applicable later in our
lives.

**K Theory**

Vague Alts Good

2NC Vague Alts Justified/Good
1. No brightline: shouldnt be a voter, the aff can always argue that any alt is vague
because vagueness cant be defined
2. Interpretation: if we can prove that the alternative solves the kritik, then its not a
reason to vote against us
3. Education: vague alts encourage critical thinking which is a portable skill and
outweighs, force more research, and allows more more avenues for discussion
4. Reject plan text: if they claim that our alt text is vague, you should also reject the
plan text because its equally vague
5. Theory over substance bad: the aff values theory more than substance, leading to
shallow theoretical debates, killing education
6. Ground: cross-ex of the 1NC checks alt
7. Reject the argument, not the team

Vague Alts Bad

1. No aff ground: they can reinterpret their alt after the 2AC; it makes them a moving
target, and theres no stable offense; it makes it impossible to win on the aff since we
dont even know what the alt is
2. No clash: this is meant to be a debate not hide and go seek; we cant debate
about the arguments if were forced to discuss what it actually is first; kills fairness
3. Precision: specificity is necessary to education; a vague alt cant solve the kritik
because it doesnt specify the methodology with which it solves
4. Skews 1AR: The 1AR is already the most time-pressured speech of the round, the
neg can reinterpret their alt in the block and read new solvency, forcing the 1AR to
spend more time on the alt skewing 1AR time allocation, that forces shallow debating
5. Interpretation: they have to be able to identify and specify a significant change in
the status quo post the alternative
6. Fairness: no clash, we arent able to debate about the efficacy of the alt because
its vague
7. Fairness outweighs education: you skew the 1ar and that forces shallow debating:
theory allows both teams to come to a clear idea about what were debating
8. Predictability- vague alts arent predictable

PIKs Good
Negative Ground Strat:
1) Piks are the only opportunity the negative has to not just criticize the affirmative
with an alt, but to give a way the plan could be put into action with the correct
methodology.

Education:

1) It lets debate look a level deeper at the fundamental issues of the affirmatives
ocean policy.

Real World:

1) In the real world policies go through this same kind of scrutiny over the content
and presentation of plans.

Defensive Answers-

Predictability and Time:

1) The pik is in the 1NC meaning it is just as predictable as the K. If the affirmative
listened to kritic, it is just as predictable as going for any part of the rest of the K
and shouldnt affect the affirmative more than an additional offcase would.

Fairness:

1) Piks do not change the advocacy of the negative at all. It supports its claims on
the K with the correct methodology.
2) Piks can be answered with many of the same answers as any other CP. In order to
be fair debate would need to exclude all CPs which would crush negative
ground.

PIK Interpretation:

One floating pik is fine if it is competitive through a K that provides an explanation to

how it solves the kritical methodology of the affirmative better than a perm.

Not a voter, reject the Argument, not the Team.

PIKs Bad
A. Interpretation: Floating PIKS are illegitimate.
B. Standards
Predictability
1) Allows the neg to be a moving target
2) Let the neg shift the k debate which is unpredictable and skews what was
answered in the 2ac

Fairness
Voting issue for fairness
1) The negative team can just change their advocacy with a floating PIK in the neg
block which is unfair for the aff. The 2ACs arguments become useless and the
most time pressed speech 1AR gets even more pressured which is unfair
2) Impossible for the AFF to answer a floating PIK fairly

Ground
Voting issues for ground
1) Floating PIKS steal Aff ground. They cant advocate against the K if it
encompasses their entire case. This destroys the aff ground for offense. This
means that the neg can just moot the 1AC

Education
Voting issue for education
1) This allows the neg to just prep an advocacy that steals the AFFs ideas which
destroys education for both the neg and the aff. This makes it so that there is no
education in round

C.You need to reject the team to prevent this abuse.