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JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION! TAP CHI COA HOI HOA HOC VIET NAM - ISSN1859-4069

S617(269)/2016

HIM HOC VA liNG DUNG

JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION

1859-4069
2 s6/thang

TAP CHI aiA HOI HOA HOC VleT NAM

4111rt9)

Hol BONG BIEN TAP

NGUYEN WONG, NGUYEN Milt CHUY,

DE DAY TOT VA HOC TOT MON OA HOC

TRAN THANH HUG, LE MAC KHANH,

CHAU VAN MINH, DANG VD MINH,

NGUYEN MINH TUAN - Xay chlng he th6ng bai

TRAN TRUNG NINH, NGUYEN DANG

QUANG, HO VICT QUY, CHU PHAM NGQC

este hay ya khg

NGUYEN DINH HANN - Gip hgc sinh THCS s1 ding

SON, TRAN QUOC SON, Ho ST THOANG,

NGO THUAN, QUACH DANG TRIEU,
NGUYEN XUAN TRLONG

phoong phap hop thuc d giai mOt s6 dang bai tap

NGUYEN DUY PHUOC - Xay dijng bai tap thoc tin
trong day hoc h6a hoc hau cd Itip 12

PGS, TS, NGUT NGUYEN DANG QUANG

Rho Tling Bien tap - Thur kir toa soon:
NGUYEN Hal DIJC

GONG PHONG - Giai nhanh bai tap kim loai M...

NGUYEN HOANG LONG - MOt s6 bai tap Chung este

lipit nham ren luyen nang lyc quan sat ya phat
NGUYEN HEM DOC - Thuat ngii h6a hoc Anh - Viet
+ DAP AN KY TRUOC - DE RA 0 NAY

Trinh bay:

HOA HOC TRONG CUOC SONG

TRAN THI HOA

Tim soar':
139 Lb DOC - quan Hai Ba Trung - H5 Ni
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Email: tapchihoahocvaungdung@gmail.com
Gi6y phep xuit ban:

Khoang san kim loai thoong xuat hien 6 dau?

Vi sao thac an nag khe chay cre gay ung thu?

Cau chuyen ve kim loai nhOm

+ VI sao chgt fluorua lai bao ye dooc rang?

Cac h6a chdt gay ble'n di gidi tinh

Nguon g6c cOa mu6i trong dai cloong

Thyc phdm t6t cho dOi mat

S6 319/GP-BTTTT
BO ThOng tin va Truyen th6ng
ca.') ngay 14/06/2016
In tai C6ng ty THNH in 'n Da Sac

HOC MA VUI VUI MA HOC

THANH TONG - O chili kY nay

Cau lac bO kham pha h6a hoc

13 Nggc Mach - Xuan Phucing

quan Nam Tif Lierin - H5 WO
Gia: 15.000 thing

Phat hanh qua he th6ng bau dien tren toan

qu6c

ete eee ee

Tiing Bien top:

igied.iy 4, &time.

or.:V1

XAY DVNG He TH6NG BAI ESTE HAY VA KFlo

NGUYEN MINH TUKN
Trueing THPT chuyen Hung Vu'o'ng, tin/7 Phd Tho

Bai 1: Dun m gam h6n hdp chda ethyl isobuthyrat,

acid 2-methylpropanoic, methyl buthyrat cin dung 120
gam dung dich NaOH 6% va KOH 11,2%. CO can cdn
then dung dich sau phan ang thu du'dc a gam h6n hop
hoi cac chat. DOI chay hoan toan a gam h6n hp hdi
thu dUdc 114,84 gam nU6c. Gia tri m la:

B. 44,24 gam
A. 43,12 gam

D. 41,72 gam
C. 42,56 gam

Hudng din giai:

Mz= 32; Z la CH3OH
- > X la C,1-12n_1C00HCH3 (k = 2, n 2)
Y la C,112,_2(COOH)2 (k = 3, m 2)
Trong ph5n dng d6t chay E ta c6:
nx + 2ny = nc02 H2O = 0,11
mE = 0,43 x 12 + 0,32 x 2 + 0,11 x 2 x 16 = 9,32

Hu'dng din giai:

Trong phan (mg cOa E voi NaOH ta GO:

Ba chat trong h6n hop la:

nNaOH = n-000- = 0,11 x (46,6 : 9,32) = 0,55

nNaOH = nx 2ny = 0,55
Am = (23 - 15)nx + 2 x (23 - 1)ny = 55,2 - 46,6
= 8,6

CH3CH(CH3)C00C2H5
CH3CH(CH3)COOH
CH3CH2CH2GOOCH3

- > nx = 0,25; ny = 0,15

C3H7C00CAn+1

mE = 0,25 x (14n + 58) + 15 x (14m + 88) = 46,6

nrya0H = 0,18; noti = 0,24

H2O trong dung dich kiern - 5,52
-> H6n hp hdi Om H20 5,52mol va C,112,+20H
x(mol).
X = nx0H nNaOH = 0,42
2nH20 = 2 x (n + 1)ncnH2n+10H + nH20 trong dung djch kiern
-> n = 1,0476
m = 0,42 x 102,667 = 43,12 gam
-> Chon dap an A.
BM 2: H6n hp E Tom este X don chac va acid carboxylic Y hai chdc (au mach 116, khOng no ca mOt lien
kat dOi C = C trong phan tic). Oat chay hoan toan mOt
King E thu chi% 0,43mol Mil CO2 va 0,32mol hi ruidc.
Mat khac, thuy phan 46,6 gam E bang lUdng NaOH vim
d6 roi CO can dung dich thu dUdc 55,2 gam mu6i khan
va phin hdi cO chda chat him cd Z. Biat ti kh6i cOa Z
so vdi H2 la 16. Phin tram khai lung cOa Y trong h6n
hdp E cO gia tri gin nhat vdi:

-> 3,5n + 2,1m = 18,9 -> n = 3; m = 4

%my = 0,15 x 144 : 46,6 = 46,35% 46,5%
-> Chon dap an A.
Bai 3: DOI chay este 2 chdc mach h6 X (du% tao
tif acid carboxylic no, da chdc, phan tif X kh6ng cO qua
5 lien kat thu &CO tang thg tich CO2 va H20 gap 5/3
lin the' tich 02 cin dung. Lay 21,6 gam X tac dung
hoan toan vOi 400m1 dung dich NaOH 1M, CO can dung
dich sau phan (mg thu du'dc m gam chat rin. Gia tri Idn
nhat cOa m la:
A. 28,0 gam

B. 26,2 gam

C. 24,8 gam

D. 24,1 gam

Meng din giai:

Dat cOng thdc dm X la CA0+2-2k04 Va chon s6 mol
dem tham gia ph5n (frig d6t chay l imol.
Phtldng trinh phan dng:

A. 46,5%

B. 48,0%

CnH2n+2-2k04 (3n - 3 - k)/202 nCO2 + (n + 1 k)H20

C. 43,5%

D. 41,5%

1 (3n - 3 - k)/2 n (n + 1 - k)

Ha hoc & ting dung

Ss' 17 (269)/2o/6

rgr:2",4 40 40 mew,

oWa,

ne02 + nH20 - 5/3 x noz

- > T la

->n+n+l-k= 5/3 x(3n- 3 -k):2

11K0H = nx,y + 2nz =

-> 3n + k = 21 -> k = 3; n = 6
De X tac dung vJi dung dich NaOH, sau dO CO can
dung dich thu difoc lu'Ong chat ran Ion nhat thi phan tl
kh6i cOa nriu6i Na phai Idn nhat.
Suy ra cOng thac tao cOa C la:
CH300CCH2COOCH=CH2
Ta ca:
nNa0H (Than Ong -

2nx = 2 x 21,6 : 144 = 0,3

nNaOH ban du = 0,4

-> Chat ran gam CH2(COONa)2 0,15mol va NaOH di!
0,1MOI.
Mchit ran =

26,2 gam -> Chon dap an B.

BM 4: Cho X, Y la hai chat thu6c day dong clang dm

acid acrylic va Mx < My; Z la alkol c6 ding s6 nguyen
ta carbon vai X (M2 < 100); T la hop chat chaa hai
chac este tao lob X, Y va Z. D6t chay hoan toan 64,6
gam h6n hOp E g6m X, Y, Z, T can vtia da 59,92 lit khi
02 (dktc), thu &roc khi CO2 va 46,8 gam rac. Mat
khac, 64,6 gam E tac dung t61 da vOi dung dich chaa
0,2mol Br2. Kh6i nnu6i thu dUcic khi cho ding
Iuing E trail tac dung voi KOH clif la:

A. 21,6 gam
B. 23,4 gam

C. 32,2 gam
D. 25,2 gam
Hu'dng din

C3F15(0F)3

0,2

nH20 = nx,y = 0,1

-> nT taothanh = 0,5 + 2nz = 0,55
mE + KOH -> CnH2n.,COOK + C31-15(OH)3 + H20
64,6 gam 0,2mol 23,4 gam 0,55mol 0 ,lmol
- > Choi' dap an B.
Bai 5: Cho 11 gam h6n hop X Om hai este don
chac, mach ha A va B tac dung hat voi 200 gam dung
dich KOH 5,6% dun nOng, thoat ra h6n hOp alkol Y
citing dang ti6p, c6 can dung dich thst thu dim m
gam chat ran khan. Cho Y di qua binh Na thi kh6i
kiong binh tang 5,35 gam va c6 1,68 lit khi thoat ra
(dktc). 16,5 gam X lam mat mu t6i da a gam brom.
Gia tri (m + a) la:
A. 40,7 gam

B. 52,7 gam

C. 32,7 gam

D. 28,7 gam

HUdng dIn gib:

nIV0H

= 2nH2 =

0,15

Mbinh Na tang = MR'OH MH2

-> MRoH =

5,5; ROH = 5,5 : 0,15 = 36,67

-> R'OH gm CH3OH va C2H5OH.

ncH30H + nc2H5oH = 0,15
32ncH30H + 46nc2H50H = 5,5

ME + 11102 = MCO2 + MH20

nc2H50H = 0,05
rIRGOOR' (X) = nwoH = 0,15

nco2 : nH20 = 2,35 : 2,6 = 0,903 < 1

R = 11/0,15 - 44 - 19,67

X, Y: Cn H21COOH (de cho): a(mol)

- > RCOOR' g6m:

T: Cr,1-12n.2-x(01-1)x: b(mol)
Z: (CnH2n_1C00)2C,H2n.2-x(OH)),_2: c(mol)
(2 - 1) x nxy + (0 - 1) x nT + (4 - 1) x nz = nco2
111120 = -0,25
11xy + 211z = nr3,2 = 0,2
2nxy + xnT + (2 + x)nz = 2%2 + nii20 - 2n02 = 1,95
-> a - b + 3c = -0,25
a + 2c = 0,2
2a + xb + 2c + xc = 1,95
--> x = 3; a = 0,1; b = 0,5; c = 0,05
-> CE =

ft)

2,35 : 0,65 = 3,6

- > nCH3OH = 0,1;

RCOOCH, 0,1mol; HCOOCH2H5 0,05mol

-> R = 14 (loai)
va HCOOCH3 0,1mol; RCO0C2H5 0,05mol
-> R = 27 (CH2=CH-)
Mchal rAn = Mesta MKOH Malkol =

16,7 gam

16,5 gam X c6:

HCOOCH3 0,15mol va CH2=CHCO0C2H5 0,075mol
ni3,2 phin ang = 0,225 va a = mBr2 phin (ing = 36 gam
Vay m + a = 52,7 gam -> Chon dap an B.
Bai 6: H6n hOp T g6m X, Y, Z (58 < Mx < My < Mz
< 78), la hOp chat hilu GO tap chac, phan tO chi chtla
116a hoc & ling dung
Sar 17 (269)/2or6

kiva
C, H va 0 co cac VI-1h chat sau:

-> x = 6; y = 2; z = 4

- X, Y, Z du tac dung dddc vi Na.

%C3H202 = (0,1 x 70) : (0,15 x 58 + 0,1 x 70 + 0,2

x 72) = 23,25%

- Y, Z tac dung dddc vOl NaHCO3.

-> Chon dap an C.

- X, Y du c phan ang trang bac.

Nau d6t chay hat 0,25mo1 h6n hdp T thi thu dddc m
gam chat CO2, m gan nhat vdi gia tri:
A. 44,4 gam

B. 22,2 gam

C. 11,1 gam

D. 33,3 gam

HYdng din giji:

TO cac gia thiat suy ra T
X: HCCH2CHO (M = 60)
Y: HOOC-CHO (M = 74)
Z: HOCH2COOH (M = 76)
T (02, t) -> CO2 +
CO2 = 2n1= 0,5
inc02 22,2 -> Chon dap an B.

D. 24,58%

Hu'dng din giak

rico2 = ncaco3 = 1,35
Mdung dich gidm = MCaCO3

4411G02 1 8nH20

Bai 8: H6n hdp A Om mdt acid don chdc, mdt alkol

thin chic va mdt este ddn chdc (cac chat trong A du
c nhieu kin 1C trong phan td). D6t chay hoan toan m
gam A r6i hap thu san phdrn chay vao binh dking dung
dich Ca(OH)2 di( thay cO 135 gam kat tda xuat hien,
Tong thdi kh6i liking dung dich giam 58,5 gam. Brat s6
mol alkol trong m gam A la 0,15. Cho Na vao m
gam A thay Co 2,8 lit khI (dktc) thoat ra. Mat khac, m
gam A tac dung vim dO dung dich chda 12 gam NaOH.
Cho m gam A vao dung dich nUdc brom dd. S6 mol
brom phan Ong t6i da la:
A. 0,4mol

B. 0,6mol

C. 0,75mo1

D. 0,7mol

Hueng d5n giai:

Bai 7: H6n hdp A Om mdt acid On chdc, mdt alkol

thin chdc va mdt este ddn chdc (cac chat trong A du
c6 nhiau hn 1C trong phan td). 06t chay hoan toan m
gam A rdi hap thu san phann chay vao binh di/rig dung
dich Ca(OH)2 thay cO 135 gam kat tda xuat hien,
Tang thdi kh6i ludng dung dich giam 58,5 gam. BM s6
mol alkol trong m gam A la 0,15. Cho Na vao m
gam A thay CO 2,8 lit khI (dktc) thoat ra. Mat khac, m
gam A tac dung viia di] dung dich chda 12 gam NaOH.
Cho m gam A vao dung dich ruck brom dd. Phan tram
kh6i lucrng da acid trong A la:
A. 47,84%
B. 28,9%
C. 23,25%

eameit,

= 58,5

--> nc02 = 1,35; nH2O = 0,95

nR0H + nR'COOH = 2nH2
nwcomi nR"COOH- =nNaOH = 0,3
-> nR'COOH 0,1; nR"COOH"' = 0,2
CA = nc02 : nA = 1,35 : 0,45 = 3

nco2 = ncaco3= 1,35

Mdung dich giam 7-- n1C
=

- 44n 2 - 1811H20 = 58,5

-> n002 = 1,35; nH2O = 0,95

nR0H nR.C00F1 2anG0H32
_> noRH.:
nR.co
00 R"COOH"' = nNaOH =

0,3

nR"COOH- 0,2
(k - 1)nhan hop A = nc02 - nH20 = 0,4
= 0,1;

Nr2 max (khi este CO ding HCOOR) = knh6n hop A (king so" mol lien k61
naCid

(mol lien kt rc trong chac acid)

k = 17/9; nBr2 max = 0,75mo1

-> Chon dap an C.
Bai 9: H6n hdp X Torn hai chat Wu cd ddn chdc A
va B (ch(!a C, H, 0 va du cO phan kh6i Ian hdn 50).
Lay m gam X tac dung Oa dO vdi dung dich NaOH, sau
phan Ong hoan toan thu dddc san pham la dung dich
Y chi chda hai mu6i, trong cid cO mdt mu6i chda
19,83% natri v6 kh6i Iddng. Chia dung dich Y thanh hai
phan bang nhau. Phan 1 dem thdc hien phan dng trang
bac, thu duoc t6i da 16,2 gam Ag. Phan 2 dem CO can
r6i d6t chay hoan toan thu &lac CO2, H20 va 10,6 gam
Na2CO3. Gia tri m la:

HA = 2 H20 : nA = 0,95 x 2 : 0,45 = 4,22

Alkol l C3Hx0; acid la C3Hy02 va este la C3 H,02.

A. 13,85 gam

B. 30,40 gam

C. 41,80 gam

D. 27,70 gam

0,15x + 0,1y + 0,2z = 1,9

filidng din giai:

lioa 1-19c & TYng dung

go 17 (260/2016

licr:Tee4ktiva kimeib
A, B (NaOH) -> dung dich Y chi chda hai mu6i
Y (AgNO3/NH3) -> Ag
-> A: HCOOH; B: HCOOR'; Y gm HCOONa va R'ONa.
-> A: R'OH; B: HCOOR'; Y gm HCOONa va R'ONa
%Na trong HCOONa # 18,93%
(YoNa trong R'ONa = 23 : (R' + 39) = 19,83%
R' = 77 (C61-15 -)
R'COONa C6H5ONa
2nHcooNa nA3 = 0,15
FIKOONa nC6H5ONa = 211Na2CO3 -

0,2

-> nHcOONa = 0,075 va 11c6H5oN, = 0,125

A: HCO0C6H5 va B: C6H5OH

m = 2 x (0,075 x 122 + 0,05 x 94) = 27,7 gam

- > Choi) dap an D.

0,2

nz co s5n trong X -= 0,35 - 0,2 = 0,15

Z(ROH) (H2SO4 dac, t) -> T
: Mz =

1,7

-> T l ROR
(2R + 16) : (R + 17) = 1,7
-> R = 43 (C3F17-); ROH l c3H7oH
-> Y la Cn H241C00C3H7 0,2mol
Z l C3H7OH 0,15mol
X + 02 (t) -> CO2 + H20
Bao toan e: 18[12 + (6n + 20)ny = 41102
-> n = 1; acid tao Y la CH3COOH hay C2H402
-> Chon dap an D.
Bai 11: X, Y la hai chat him cc ka ti6p thu6c day
deng dang cOa alkol allylic; Z la acid no, hai chdc; T la

0))

B. 8,5 gam

C. 8,6 gam

D. 8,7 gam

Hddng din giii:

E
X, Y la Cn H210H x(mol), k = 1, n > 3
Z la Cn H2n(COOH)2 Y(mol), k = 2
E + 02 (t) -> CO2 + H20
mE + 321102 = 44nc02 + 18 H20
nco2 = 0,57; no/E = 17,12 - 0,57 x 12 - 0,42 x 2) :
16 = 0,59
E(k - 1)nhop chgt c = y + 3z = ric02 - nH20 = 0,15
El<c=c X nhop chSt hOu cc: = X + 2Z = 116r2 = 0,09
no,E = x + 4y + 4z = 0,59
- > x = 0,07; y = 0,12; z = 0,01
Bao toan C:

Htidng dffn giai:

MT

A. 8,4 gam

T la CnH2,-,(COOC1-12n-1)2 z(mol), k = 4

Bai 10: Cho h6n Nip X Om mOt este no, din chdc
Y va mOt alkol don chdc Z tac dung vita dit vOl 200m1
dung dich NaOH 1M, thu dikic 0,35mol alkol Z. Cho Z
tach nuac 0 dieu kin thich hop thu duoc chat him cci
T cO ti kh6i hdi so vdi Z la 1,7. Mat khac, chay
hoan toan X cgn dung 44,24 lit 02 (dktc). COng thdc
phan tic cda acid tao Y la:

A. C5H1002
B. C4F1802

C. C31-1602
D. C211402

112 mai to thanti = 'este Y = nNaOH =

este tao boi X, Y, Z. 06t chay 17,12 gam Mn hop E

chda X, Y, Z, T (du mach h0) c5n dung 10,864 lit
(dktc) khi 02, thu No 7,56 gam H2O. Mat khac, 17,12
gam E lam mat nnau vita St dung dich chda 0,09mol
Br2. Nau dun nOng 0,3mol Mn hop E vdi 450m1 dung
dich KOH 1M, c6 can dung dich sau phan (Mg ph5n
long chda cac chat hi-1u cd di qua binh dong Na (dO)
thay kh6i Wong binh tang m gam. Gia trt cda m g5n
nhat

ric = 0,07n' + 0,12 x (n + 2) + 0,01 x (n + 2 + 2n')

= 0,57
-> n = 0,1; n' = 3,444
nE = 0,07a + 0,12a + 0,01a = 0,3
ncFt2n_10H = 0,07a + 0,02a = 0,09a
-> a = 1,5 va ncr,H2n.10H = 0,135
2CnH2,
10H + Na -> 2Or,H210Na +
MbInh tAng

H2

= 0,135 x (14n' + 16) - 0,135 = 8,535 gam

-> Chon dap an B.

Bai 12: X la este dal chdc; Y la este hai chdc (X, Y
du mach h6). D6t chay 21,2 gam Mn hp E chda X,
Y thu dtIc x(mol) CO2 va y(mol) H20 vdi x = y + 0,52.
Mat khac, dun nOng 21,2 gam E c5n dung 240m1 dung
dich KOH 1M thu du'Oc mOt mu6i duy nhat va Mn hp
F chda hai alkol Tett no. D'an toan b6 F qua binh dtjng
Na chi t% kh6i binh tang 8,48 gam. S6 nguyen
tic H (hydro) cO trong este Y la:
Ha hoc & Ling dung
St 17 (269)/2o16

IA3 46

kYmeit, XaVil

A.14

B.12

- X la HOC4H4COONa; Z la C4H9OH

C. 10

D.8

CO 15 nguyen tit -> Chgn dap an D.

Hu'dng din giai:

E g6m X la este On chac, Y la este hai chac (+

KOH) -> mOt mu6i duy nhat va h6n hOp F g6m hai
alkol no.
E Tom X la R000C,H2n.-1 a(mol) va Y la
(RC00)2C,1-12m b(mol) (KOH 0,24mol; a + 2b = 0,24)
-> [RCOOK 0,24mo1; C,1-12,+ION a(mol); CmH2m(OH)2
b(mol)]
C1-12+10H a(mol); DmH2m(OH)2 b(mol) + Na -> (0,5a
+ b)mol H2 -> (a + 2b) gam H2
MF

= Mbinh tang + MH2 = 8,72 gam

A. Acid ocalic

ME + MKOH = MROOK + MF
MRCOOK = 108
-> R = 25(C.a- -CH-); kx = 3; ky = 6

Hddng din giai:

2a + 5b = 0,52

0=

mE = 0,16 x (70 + 14n) + 0,04 x (138 + 14m) =

21,2

H6'n Nip X, Y + Cn H2,(C00H)2 (t, xt) -> Este G

thuan chitc.
Flan hOp X, Y (02, t) -> CO2, H20; D (g6m X, Y)
(AgNO3/NH3 , ->
-> X la CHL-_-O-CyH2y0H (k = 2)

-> n = 1; m = 4

Y la C,1-12x410H (k = 0)

-> X la CH-_---C-CO0CH3 va Y la (OH.C-000) 2C2H4

hoc X la OxF1 2x.10H (k = 0)

Y ca 10 nguyen tit H Chgn dap an C.

Y la CHC-OyH2y0H (k = 2)

->

Bai 13: A la mOt hap chat hitu cd dcin chitc (chi chaa
3 nguyen t6 O, H, 0). Cho 13,6 gam A tac dung vita dO
vdi dung dich NaOH, sau khi phan ang xay ra hoan
toan, cg can dung dich thu dudc m gam chat ran X. Oat
chay hoan toan m gam X can vita dO 26,112 gam oxy,
thu dudc 7,208 gam Na2CO3 va 37,944 gam h6n hop Y
(gam CO2 va H20). Nung X voi NaOH rdn (CO CaO) thu
dilOc san phdm hu cd Z. Trong Z co t6ng s6 nguyen
tit cua cac nguyen t6 la:
A.12

B.14

C.11

0.15

X 2a(mol); Y a(mol); G 2a(mol) (+ 0,06mol NaOH

vita di.1) -> OH-=C-CyN2y0H (AgNO3/NH3, t) -> CAgECOyH220F1.1,
nG (cHzcco2yooccr,H2ncooco2x.1) = 2a = 0,5nNaoH = 0,03mol
Nau X la CHmC-CyN2y0N thi:
ncApC-CyH2y0H.L. - nCH.-C-CyH2y0H = 2a = 0,06
M = 9,78 : 0,06 = 163
-> y = 1; x = 2
0,03 x 56 + 0,015 x 46 + 0,03 x (156 + 14n) =
8,31
-> n = 3 -> Z la acid glutaric

Hu'dng dIn giai:

nNaOH = 2nNa2CO3 = 0,136

mX = MNa2C0 + M(CO2, 1I20) 11102 = 19,04
MA + MNaOH =
A la este vOng.

B. Acid malonic

C. Acid glutaric D. Acid adipic

nKOH = a + 2b = 0,24
(k - 1 )nh(dp chit hOu cC = CO2 - ni-12
-> a = 0,16; b = 0,04

Bai 14: H6n hp A Om hai alkol X, Y du mach hij

c6 t110 mol 1 : 1 (X nhifi hdn Y mOt nguyen tit C). Oat
chay hoan toan h6n hp A, sari phdm chi chaa CO2 va
H20 cci ti le kh6i kfcJng Wong ang la 22 : 9. Z la acid
carboxylic no hai chac, mach WO; G la este thua'n chac
duoc dieu che" tI Z vdi X va Y. Wein hop B g6m X, Y,
G co ti 10 mol 2 : 1 : 2. Dun nOng 8,31 gam 1-16n hop
B ca'n dung 200m1 dung dich NaOH 0,3M. CO can dung
dich sau phan ifrig thu dudc phin hdi D chaa cac chat
hau cd. Lay toan b0 D tac dung vdi dung dich
AgNO3/NH3 di.!, thu ditOc 9,78 gam kat till Ten ggi cOa
Z la:

MX

MA = MA : nA = 13,6 : 0,136 = 100

Hera hcc & dung
58'17 (269)/20/6

Taking hop Y la OH=-C-OyH2y 131 loai.

- > Chgn dap an C.
Bai 15: H6n Op X g6m mOt acid carboxylic Y va
rnOt este Z (Y, Z du mach thang). Dun [trig 0,275mo1
X can dung 200m1 dung dich NaOH 2M; thu duoc h6n
hop hai mu6i va h6n hp hai alkol. Dun nong toan b"0

r(Caced,,,,

gAi

AA, eerem,e,,,

Mn hip hai alkol nay vi H2SO4 dc 6 140C thu dii6c

7,5 gam Mn Nip 3 ete. Lay Mn hp hai muai tren
nung vOi vOi toi At chi thu dikic met khi T duy nhat,
khi nay lam mg mau vfa d dung dich ch6a 44 gam
Br2 thu doc san pham chi:fa 85,106% brom ve kh6i
Kh6i Long ca Z trong X la:

X: este no, hai ch6c; Y: C3H5(00CCnH2n.1 ) + NaOH

3 mu6i, 2 alkol c6 cung s6 C
X: C,,,H2m+1COOC3HE00CaH2a., -> CyH2y-204
Y: C3H5(00CCH2n-03 -> 0zH2z-1006
Trong phan (mg vOi NaOH:

A. 19,75 gam

B. 18,96 gam

nx + ny = 0,12 va 2nx + 3ny = 0,285

C. 23,70 gam

D. 10,80 gam

-> nx = 0,075 va ny = 0,045

Hu'dng din giak

Acid Y, este Z c6 mach khOng nhanh nen GO Val da
hai ch6c.

Trong phan Cing nig chay:

0,075b x (14y + 62) + 0,045b x (14z + 86) = 17,02
nc02 = 0,075by + 0,045bz = 0,81

Acid Y, este Z + NaOH -> hai mu6i + hai alkol

-> b = 2/3

1 < nNaOH n( y, < 2

-> Y la RCOOH va Z la R'00CRHCOOR"

17,02 gam E -> 0,08mol E

x + y = 0,275 va x + 2y = 0,4

+ MNaOH = MC3H6(OH)2 + MC3H5(OH)3 + Mmuai

-> Mngi = 270,9 gam -> Ch9n dap an A.

-> x = 0,15 va y = 0,125

nR.0H = nR"OH = 0,125
nRcoONa, RH.1(000Na)2 = 0,275
nH20 = 0,5 nROH. R"OH = 0,125
0,125 x (R' + 17) + 0,125 x (R" + 17) = mete+ mH20
= 9,75
-> R1 = 15; R2 = 29
RCOONa, RH_1(COONa)2 + NaOH, CaO -> RH ->
RHBr2

0,12mol E -> 25,53 gam E

ME

Bai 17: X la este no, don ch6c, Y la acid carboxylic

don ch6c, khOng no ch6a met lien kat doi C=C; Z la
este 2 cheic tao b6i ethylen glycol va acid Y (X, Y, Z,
du mach h6, s6 mol Y bang s6 mol Z). Dat chay a
gam Mn hp E ch6a X, Y, Z can dung 0,335mo1 02 thu
dtidc tang khai Wong va la 19,74 gam. Mat khac, a
gam E lam mg mau viia di.) dung dich chisa 0,14mol.
Big X co kha nang trang bac. Kh6i lu'Ong dm X trong
E la:

MRHBr2 - (160 x 100) : 85,106 = 188

---> MRH = 28 -> RH la CH2=CH2

A. 8,6 gam

B. 6,6 gam

C. 6,8 gam

D. 7,6 gam

- > X: CH2=CHCOOH 0,15mol

Hildng dIn giai:

Y la CH300CH=CHCOOC2H5 0,125mol

E gam:

- > 19,75 gam -> Chon dap an A.

X l CH2002 k = 1, x(mol)

Bai 16: X la este no, 2 chac; Y la este tao bai glycerol va met acid carboxylic thin ch6c, khong no chera
met lien kat C=C (X, Y du mach ho va khOng ch(!a
nh6m ch6c khac). Oat chay hoan toan 17,02 gam hOn
hip E ch6a X, Y thu NO 18,144 lit CO2 (dktc). Mat
khac, dun nOng 0,12mol E can diing 570m1 dung dich
NaOH 0,5M; CO can dung dich sau phan 6ng thu dU6c
Mn hQp ch6a ba c6 kheii 166ng m gam va Mn h6p
hai alkol c6 ding s6 nguyen tif carbon. Gia tri m la:

B. 27,24 gam
A. 27,09 gam

D. 28,14 gam
C. 19,63 gam
Hudng din giai:

Y la CmHan.,COOH k = 2, y(mol)
Z la CmH2m.,C00C2H400CCmH2m-, k = 4 y(mol)
ni3,2 = X + y + 2y = 0,14
44nc02 + 18nH20 = 19,74
211c02 + nH20 = n02 + no/E = 0,335 x 2 + 2x + 2y + 4y
CO2 - H2O = E.(k - 1)nhop chat hUu co = 4y
-> nc02 = 0,33; nH2o = 0.29; y = 0,01; x = 0,11
CE = nco2 : nE = 2,53
-> X la HCOOCH3
mx = 0,11 x 60 = 6,6 gam
- > Chcm dap an B. w

Iloa hoc & ting dung

Se 1

(260/2016

gre i
gy ei

vti

tai Or6colfi

GOP HOC SINH7 THCS SCI DUNG PHUONG PHAP

HOP THGC DE GIAI MOT So DANG BAI TAP

NGUYgN DiNH HANN
Taking THCS Chu Van An, tinh Gia Lai
I. PHIANG PHAP HOP THYC

1.CO sa ca phu'o'ng phap

H6 s6, chi s6 trong cac phUcing trinh hOa hpc cho brat
tji 16 s6 mol girla cac chat, cac nguyen t6 hoc nhOm
nguyen ti. Nau biat tji 16 s6 mol cac chat cac phan
(frig khac nhau thi cO the' hop thdc nhieu phuong trinh
hOa hoc rieng thanh m6t plurcing trinh hOa hoc chung
hoc mtt so do chuyen hOa chung se gi(ip rut ng5n thoi
gian giai nhieu clang bai toan hOa hoc.
PhUcing phap giai bai bai toan hOa hoc theo mOt
phuong trinh phan ang chung hoac mOt so do chung,
goi la phuong phap hpip thdc.
2. Nguyen Vic p dung
Phucing phap nay thing p dung giai mOt s6 bai
tap hOn hop c15 biat t l s6 mol gida cac chat thanh
phan; hoc bai toan CO mtt ca:p chat phan dng vdi
nhau tao ra nhieu san phgrn khac nhau theo m6t tj% le
s6 mol cho trutc.
3. Cac bYac thyc hien
Butx 1: Xac dinh tj,' le s6 mol cac chat td dii kien
de cho.
Butc 2: Viat day di] cac PTHH xay ra trong bai toan.
Mc 3: Id tji l sa mol cid dieu chinh cac he
se' d nhap thanh rn6t PTHH chung (hoac mOt scl do
hp thdc) va bO bdt nhdng thu khOng can thiat.
Nau nA : nB = n : m thi he s6 cOa chi:mg trong
phu'ong trinh hOa hoc chung la:
nA + mB > cac san pham
Budc 4: Tinh toan tren scl d6 hOp thdc: dung cac

he s6 hOp thdc nhu trong Outing trinh haa hoc.

II. PHAN DANG VA PHYDNG PHAP GIAI

1. Sa dung phu'o'ng phap Nip thac giii bai toan

Won hp khi biit tY le si mol cac chit thanh ph'in
Hoa hoc & fing dung
17 (269)/20/6

VIA] 1: H6a tan ilk 26,0 gam h6n [Kip gorn ba kim
loai Al, Zn va M trong dung dich HCI du', thay thoat ra
12,32 lit H2 (dktc). tj't 16 s6 mol cOa Al, Zn, M
tu'cing (Mg fing 1 : 1 : 3. Xac dinh kim loai M?
Hueng din:
nH2 = 0,55mo1
Cac phUdng trinh phan (rig:
Al + 3HCI > AlC13 + 3/2H2
(1)

Zn + 2HCI > ZnCl2 + H2
(2)

2M + 2xHC1 > 2MCIx + xH2 x 1,5
(3)
Ta cO scl d6 hp thdc:
Al + Zn + 3M > (1,5x + 2,5)H21
Ta GO: (27 + 65 + 3M) : (1,5x + 2,5) = 26 : 0,55
> M = (39x + 14,4) : 1,65
> x = 2; M = 56 (Fe)
VI du 2: Hba tan hat 10,1 gam h6n hOp X Om hai
kim loai kienn A,B (MA > MB) trong nudc thu LOG dung
dich Y va thoat ra 3,36 lit khi (dktc), CO can dung dich
Y thu difcic m gam rin khan. Biat kim loai nguyen tic
kh6i Idn co s6 mol gap dOi kim loai nguyen tif khai
nho. Xac dinh m va kim loai A, B.
Hueng
nH2 = 0,15mol
Cac phiting trinh phan (mg:
2A + 2H20 > 2AOH + H2 x 2
2B + 2H20 > 2BOH + H2
Ta c scl do hp thdc:

(1)
(2)

4A + 2B > 6(OH) + 3H2T

0,2 0,1 0,3 0,15mol
Bao toan kh6i lUOng:
m = Mkim MoH = 10,1 1- 0,3 x 17 = 15,2 gam
Ta CO: M = 10,1 : (0,2 + 0,1) 33,67 > Me < 33,67

gr:41
69 4 ea ol A.vcmew, arOa:
V = 0,13 : 0,2 = 0,65 lit = 650m1

B chi co th6 la Li (M = 7) hoc Na (M = 23)

Mat khac: 0,2MA + 0,1MB = 10,1

Trudng hdp 2: Hai nnu6i la Na2HPO4 va NaH2PO4.

Cac phifong trinh hOa hoc:
H3PO4 + NaOH -> NaH2PO4 + H2O x 2 (1)

MA = (101 MB) : 2
-> MB = 23; MA = 39
Vay hai kim loai A, B lin IdOt la K, Na.
Vi du 3: Elba tan hoan toan m gam h6n hop hai kim
loai Al, Fe (ti' 16 s6 mol tuong Cing bdng 1 : 3) trong
luong du dung dich chaa chaa HNO3 va H2504 thi th6y
cO 16,8 lit (dktc) h6n hOp khi X Om SO2, NO2 la cac
san phdm khif duy nh6t. Biaft tji kh6i dx/H2 = 24,8. Tinh
gia tri m.
Hu'dng din:
Mx = 49,6 gam/mol; nx = 0,75mo1
Ap dung ha qua dm quy tdc &Ong chao, cO:
nR02 : n502 = (64 - 49,6) : (49,6 - 46) = 4 : 1
Dt R la kim loai di din cOa h6n hOp Al, Fe.
MR = (27 + 3 x 56) : 4 = 48,75 gam/mol
Cac phiting trinh phan ang:
R + 6HNO3 -> R(NO3)3 + 3H20 + 3NO2 x 4
2R + 6H2SO4 -> R2(504)3 + 6H20 + 3302
Ta cO sd d6, hop thac:

(1)
(2)

6R -> 12NO2 + 3502

nR = 6/15 x nx = 6/15 x 0,75 = 0,3mol
m = 0,3 x 48,75 = 14,625 gam
VI du 4: Cho 3,55 gam P205 tan hoan toan trong V
ml dung dich NaOH 0,2M, lam bay hoi dung dich thl thu
dikic Won [Op mu6i khan cO 16 s6 mol = 2 : 3 theo
chiau tang d5n ph5n ti kh6i cOa mu6i. Vik cac phUOng
trinh hOa hoc va tinh V.

1-131)04 + 2NaOH --> Na2HPO4 + 2H20 x 3 (2)

Ta c sd do hOp thac:
5E131)04 + 8NaOH -> cac san phdm.
0,05 0,08
V = 0,08 : 0,2 = 0,4 lit = 400m1.
Vi du 5: Mt h6n WI) 3 kim loai boat dOng X, Y, Z
(deu hOa tri II) GO tji le nguyen tii kh6i turing ang la 3
: 5 : 7 ; cOn tji 16 s6 nguyen tfi ttlang ang la 2 : 1 : 2.
Khi hoa tan hoan toan 2,0 gam him hp d6 trong dung
dich HCI dU thu dU0c 1,12 lit (dktc).
a. Vi6t cac phifOng trinh boa hoc cua phan ang
xay ra.
b. Xac dinh kim loai X, Y, Z va kh6i luclng m6i kim
loai trong h6n hop?
Hildng
a. nH2 = 0,05mol
Theo d6, ta GO: Mx : My : Mz = 3 : 5 : 7
-> Mx = 3n; My = 5n; Mz = 7n
Cac phaing trinh phan ang:
X + 2HCI -> XCI2 + H2 x2
Y + 2HCI -> YCI2 + H2
Z 2HCI -> ZCI2 + H2 x2

Hu'dng
np205 = 0,025mol
Trudng hp 1: Hai mu6i la Na3PO4 va Na2HPO4

-> n = 8
Mx = 24 (Mg); My = 40 (Ca); Mz = 56 (Fe)

Cac phiicing trinh hOa hoc:

b. mmg = 0,02 x 24 = 0,48 gam

m. = 0,01 x 40 = 0,4 gam

3H20 -> 2E131)04

0,025 0,05
H3PO4 + 3NaOH -> Na31)04 + 3H20 x 3 (1)
H31)04 + 2NaOH -> Na2HPO4 + 2H20 x 2 (2)
Ta cO sO d6 hop thilc:
5E131)04 + 13NaOH - cac san phdm
0,05 0,13

(2)
(3)

Ta c sO do Nip thac:
2X + Y + 2Z -* 5H21'
0,02 0,01 0,02 0,05mol
Ta GO: 0,02 x 3n + 0,01 x 5n + 0,02 x 7n = 2

P2O5 +

(1)

InFe = 00,02 x 56 = 1,12 gam

2. sif dung phUring phip hp thdc dd giii bai Wan
mdt chit tic dung v81 mt)t chit khac to h8n hyp hai
sin phim khac nhau
Loai nay thUdng g'ap 6 cac bai toan oxit acid hoac
da acid tac dung vOi ki6m; bai toan mu6i cua Al (ho5c
Zn) tac dung voi dung dich ki6m.
Floa hoc & dung
Ss'17 (269)/2o16

"are 4.,y ea
VI dy 6: H6p thy 3,36 lit CO2 (dktc) trong 300m1
dung dich NaOH 0,7M, d6n khi phan Ung )(ay ra hoan
toan thu NO dung dich X. Gia th6 tich dung dich
thay d6i khOng clang k6. Tinh Wong dO mol ca cac
ch6t tan trong dung dich X.
Hudng din:
no02 = 0,15mol;

nNaOH =

0,21mol

Dat T = noH : nc02 = 0,21 : 0,15 = 7 : 5 = 1,4

VI 1 <T < 2 nen phan ang tax) ra hai mu6i.
Hsp thac theo tji s6 T, ta c phUdng trinh hOa hoc
chung nhu sau:
5CO2 + 7NaOH -> 2Na2CO3 + 3NaHCO3 + 2H20
0,06 0,09mol
0,15
Cm(Na2c03) = 0,06 : 0,3 = 0,2M
CM(NaHCO3) = 0,09 : 0,3 = 0,3M.
Vi dg 7: H6p thy hoan toan 896m1 CO2 (dktc) vao
trong V(m1) dung dich Ca(OH)2 0,02M, k6t th6c phan
Ung thu dikic 0,80 gam k6t tua. Tinh V.
Hu'dng
neo2 = 0,04mol; CaCO
n 3 = 0,008mol
Vi CaCO3
n
< nc02 phan ang tao hai mu6i.
Dat T = no02 : CaCO3
n = 0,04 : 0,008 = 5 : 1
Hop thac theo T, ta cO phUdng trinh hOa hoc chung
nhu sau:
5CO2 + 3Ca(OH)2 -> CaCO3 + 2Ca(HCO3)2 + H20
0,04 0,024
V = 0,24 : 0,02 = 1,2 lit = 1.200m1.
VI du 8: Cho 200m1 dung dich Al2(SO4)3 0,2M vao
c6c chisa sn m (gam) dung dich NaOH 10%, kel th6c
thi nghiem 190 tach dU0c 3,9 gam k6t t6a. Tinh gia tri
ca m.
Hudng din:
nAi2(s04)3 = 0,04mol -> = 0,08
nAi(oH)3 = 0,05mol < 0,08mol
-> c6n m6t ILIOng Al 0 trong AlC13 hoc trong
mu6i -A10,

.4 4O ea ineit, OWa- 1)

m = (0,15 x 40 x 100) : 10% = 60 gam

Trudng kip 2: Phan ang CO tao NaA102.
Dat T = nAl(oH)3 : nAl2(so4)3 = 0,05 : 0,04 = 5 : 4
Hip thac theo t s6 T, ta co phticing trinh 110a hoc
chung nhU sau:
4Al2(SO4)3 + 27NaOH -> 5A1(OH)3 + 3NaA102 +
12Na2SO4 + 21H20
0,04 0,27mol
m = 0,27 x 40 x 100 : 10% = 108 gam.
Vi dy 9: 1-16p thy 2,688 lit CO2 (dktc) trong 200m1
dung dich chtla dong thdi NaOH 0,3M va Ba(OH)2 0,2M
d6n khi phan hoan toan thu dikic m (gam) k6t t6a.
Tinh m.
Hudng
nco2 = 0,12nnol; nNalic03 = 0,06mol; nogoH)2 = 0,04mol
Dat T = noH : no02 = 0,14 : 0,12 = 7 : 6 = 1,17
Vi 1 <1 < 2 nen phan ang tao hai loai mu6i.
Da't c6ng th0c Wing &tong c6a ki6m l X0H.
7X0H + 6CO2 -> X2CO3 + 5XHCO3 + H2O
0,12 0,02mol
no03 = 0,02 < nib (bazo) = 0,04
nBaco3 = nc03- = 0,02mol
m = 0,02 x 197 = 3,94 gam
Vi dg 10: C6c A chaa 200m1 dung dich Na2CO3 0,1M
va NaHCO3 0,2M. C6c B chaa 750m1 dung dich HC1
0,1M. Cho t[f tif dein h6t luong dung dich 0 c6c A vao
c6c B, k6t thilc thI nghiem thu dif0c V lit khi CO2 (dktc).
Tinh V.
Hddng din:
nNa2co3 = 0,02mol; 11NaHco3 = 0,04mo1; nHci = 0,075mo1

Ta th6y: nH01 < EnNa(mu6i) HC1 thi6u

Do nho tif dung dich A, va dung dich d6ng nhal
nen tjt le mol phan (Mg nNa2c03 ; nNaHCO3 = 1 : 2
Na2CO3 + 2HCI -> 2NaCI + H20 + CO21
NaHCO3 + HCI ---> NaCl + H20 + CO2T x 2
Ta co sd d6 hOp thac:

Taking hop 1: N6u Al2(SO4)3

Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH --> 2A1(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4
0,15 0,05mol

H6a hoc & King dung

S'a' 17 (269)/2016

Na2CO3 + 2NaHCO3 -> 3CO21'

0,02 0,06 mol
V = 0,06 x 22,4 = 1,344 lit. v

xAy ExiNG BA! TAP THVC TrEN

TRONG DAY HOC H6A HOC HOU CC LoP 12

NGUYEN DUY PHYDC

Tr-tieing THPT Ha Huy Tap, huyOn Cdrn Xuyen, tinh Ha Tinh

di dc diem da dang va phong phi] dm bai

tap thvc tin, viec truydn dat cho hgc sinh
nhiing kidn thik thig flan cO th' so dung nhieu
pinking phap khac nhau, thOng qua nhidu hinh thVc
khac nhau, co th' dua vao khi giang bai mdi th6ng qua
cac cau hoi, cach dat vgn dd, hay mOt bai tap nho va
ding CO the' gido vien th6ng tin cho hgc sinh; cling CO
thd dUa vao trong cac giti luyOn tap thOng qua cac bai
tap hay dila vao dd kidm tra vdi mOt dung IL(Ong nhgt
dinh. Dc bit la t6 chik cac hoat d6ng ngoai khOa
nhil cac cudc thi, cac cau lac b0 hoa hoc...
Vic long grid') cac bai tap thvc Wen vao trong qua
trinh day va h9c, Milk hdt tao didu kin cho viec hoc
va hanh gin lidn vol thVc tg, tao cho hoc sinh sv hang
th0, hang say trong hoc tap.
Vgn dd vd mOi trUdng hien nay dang tit thanh vgn
dd cgp bach va mang tinh toan c5u. M6n hOa hgc GO
nhiem vv va c6 nhidu kha nang gido dc cho hoc sinh
thVc bao ve mOi tilting. C5n tich hop nOi dung vd bao
v8 mOi tilting vao viec day hoc hOa hoc. Th6ng qua dO,
ren luyen van hOa lao d6ng (lao d6ng c t6 chk, CO
kd hoach, gm gang, ngan nap, sach se ndi lam vi8c).
1. Si( dung trong giang day bai mdi
Trong cac gid giang bai mOi, gido vien c6 the linh
hoat nhidu phudng phap khac nhau de ket hp cac kign
thac thvc Wen vao bai giang, thuan loi nhgt la hai
phudng phap tich hop va lOng ghep.
* Tich hop la kdt hop m6t cach ca he th6ng cac
kidn thik hOa hoc vdi kign thik thik tien, lam cho
chi:mg hOa quyen vao nhau thanh mOt the' th6ng nhgt.
Vi du: Khi giang bai ve "Polime", ben canh giang ve
vai tit t5m quan trong dia cac polime, gido vien can
kat hOp vdi kien thac ye viec di dung an toan cac vat
dung lam til polime va gido dvc hoc sinh nen c thac
bao ve mOi trudng va sac khoe.
Gido vien co th' dat cau hoi: Tai sao khong nen

dung KT nhva de mu6i dua ca, dVng thik an nOng?

Tra
Trong qua trinh san xuat do nhua, ngudi ta hay dung
chat melamine va nhieu phu gia khac nhu chgt tao mau,
lam deo. ChtIng CO the' an toan nal] chi chaa nuac hoc
dVng do theo dung chac nang. Khi dung nhilng do nhija
nay de' dvng thkic pharn, nhgt la d6 nong, nhidu md,
acid nhYdua ca mu6i, cac chat phu gia_se ph6i nhiem
vao thuc pham, khidn ngudi dung nhiem dOc co the'
gay ra ung
" L6ng ghep la the' hien sv lp ghep nOi dung bai
hoc ye mat cgu truc cO the' dva vao bai hoc mOt
don, mOt mvc, mOt s6 cau hOi cO ndi dung lien quan
den thvc tin.
VI do: Khi giang vd tinh b6t ta cO the Nil hgc sinh
"Vi sao khi chOng ta an sin tilling phai an kern theo
duong?" Hay khi day vd sk1 thUy phan cCia cac mu6i
gido vien cO the' dat cau hal "Vi sao de' thOng cac &king
Ong dan niidc sinh hoat ngu6i ta thudng d6 xOt vao"....
Gido vien CO the' Wing din cho hoc sinh van dung
cac kien thik trong bai de' giai quyel vgn dO dat ra va
b6 sung them cho hoc sinh nhiing kign thik co lien
quan den vgn dd nhung khOng nam trong pham vi kign
thk hOa hoc nhVvgn dO bao v8 rnoi trii6ng, bao ye sac
khoe...
2. Si( dung trong gill bai Fan Va kidm Ira danh gia
Trong cac gid bai tap, Oa vien cO thd vao cac
bai tap ca nOi dung thijc tin ma hgc sinh cO the van
dung thicic nhLing kidn thac trong nOi dung luyOn tap de'
giai quydt hoc th6ng qua m6t bai tap co n6i dung ljt
thuydt, sau khi giai quyel xong gido vien th8ng tin them
nhCing kien thac thkic flan co lien quan.
Mt s6 cau hoi hoc bai tap mang tinh thVc tin
nhUng nOi dung tra !di ngan ggn va chi van dung thu5n
tOy cac kidn thac ljt thuygt trong cac chaing, bai ma
hgc sinh d thick cung cgp co the' dtia vao cac dd kidm
Hoa hoc & ling dung
Se 17 (269)/20/6

eer fA1 4vo 451inOW cAfte:V

tra 15 phut, 1 tiet, kiem tra hoc
Kiem tra bai cii thi chi:mg ta c6 the linh hoot, phong
phU hOn vdi bet ki nei dung nao c6 lien quan den kien
thac bai hoc

3. sa dung thang qua td chdc cac hat [rang

ngoai kh6a
Gido vien hOa hoc nen t6 ch(ic cho hoc sinh cac cau
lac be hOa hoc, cac buei ngoai khOa ye hOa hoc, cac
cuec thi hOa hoc vui... nham tao dieu kien cho hoc sinh
van dung nhang kien thtic hOa hoc vao cuec s6ng, tao
niem hiing thU va say mO hOa hoc, d5ng thdi kich thich
hoc sinh !Ong ham hieu bit, hinh thanh cho hoc sinh
thOi quen luOn thic nndc, dat yen de d6i vol nhilng hien
liking trong cuec seng va ph5i tim cach gii quyet cho
(WO cac yen de do. Vi du, khi tham gia cau lac be
nhi6u, hoc sinh s ti minh dua ra thac mac vi sao
trong dan gian cO cau:
"Thit md, dua hanh, cau d6i do
Cay n'Ou, trang phao, banh chting xanh"
VI sao thit md va dua hanh thkidng duOc an ding vdi
nhau? 111 do, hoc sinh W tim cach de giai quyet van de,
din din hinh thanh phticing phap nghien cau khoa hoc.
4. Mat so- cau hai thkrc tin trong chttring trinh
hoa hoc hull c6 16p 12
Cay 1: Benh nhan phai tie') &tog (tiem hoc truyen
dung dich duting vao tinh mach) do la loai dkidng nao?
Tra Id':
Glusose dung theo diking u6ng hoac tienn tinh mach
de dieu tri thieu hut diking va dich. Glucose thkidng
dki0c dung de cung cep nang long theo doting tiem.
Cau 2: Glai thich tai sao de kh6 mu' tanh c6a c
trudc khi neu ngkidi rIa ca bang giem An?
Tra 161:
Mill tanh ca ca do cac amin gay ra. Do trong gim
an c6 chaa acid acetic se phan (frig voi amin lam met
MiJi tanh ciia ca.
Cay 3: Tai sao khi An corn nhai k9 they ngot?
Tra Idi:
aim chaa met WOng Idn tinh bet, khi an cOrn trong
tuy6n nu'ac bot cua ngudi cO cac enzim. Khi nhai k9
tren du, tuy6n nudc NA lam tang co hi chuyen hod
met Wong tinh bet theo phan Cing thur phan thanh
mantozo, glucozo gay ngot.
Hoa 11.9c & eng dung
.s 17 (269)/2016

Cau 4: Glai thich tai sao khi neu canh cua thi c6
gach n6i len, khi neu trang thi trang ket tiia lai?
Tra
Vi trong cac tatting hp do c ski Wet t6a protit bAng
nhiet goi la ski dOng tu. Met s6 protit tan trong ntidc tao
thanh dung dich keo, khi dung nOng s bi dOng tu.
Cau 5: Ong din rikidc th5i t1 cac chau rita bat ret
hay bi tic do du md nail an dii thiia lam tdc. M6i khi
bi tdc nhu vay, ngudi ta thLtOng d6 xut rin hoc dung
dich xOt dc vao met thdi gian s het tic. Hay giai
thich tai sao lai lam nhki \fay.
Tra
Do NaOH se thily phan du, md thanh glycerol va
cac mu6i la nhring chet d6 tan.
Cau 6: Diu md Ong - thkic vat de lau tinting co Mill
khO chiu, ta ggi dO la hien Wong Oi md? Cho biet
nguyen nhan gay nen hien tuong Oi md. Bien phap
ngan ngiia qua trinh Oi md?
Tra Idi:
Du nna d6 lau ngay tra thanh cO mui khet, kh6 chlu
dO la 51,1 Oi md. CO nhi6u nguyen nhan gay 6i md,
nhung ch6 yeu nhet la do oxy khOng khi Ong vao n6i
d6i 6 g6c acid khOng no WI ra peoxit, chet nay bi phan
hujt thanh cac aldehyd c6 miii kh chiu.
Dd tranh Oi md cin bao guar' du md 0 ndi mat me,
dung diy, nut kin (tranh oxy ciia khOng khi) va CO the
cho vao ma nhiing chet ch6ng oxy hOa khong deo hai.
MI 7: Nhan dan ta CO cau:
"Thit md, difa hanh, cau d6i de
Cay neu, trang Oa, banh chUng xanh"
Vi sao thit md va dila hanh thkidng thicic an cung vdi
nhau?
Tra 161:
MO la este dm glycerol a cac acid beo
C3H5(000R)3. DUa chua cung cep H+ co lii cho viec thuji
phan este do do CO lOi cho ski tieu hOa md.
Cau 8: Sira r6t b6 &fang cho sac kho8 nhking cling
c6 the tit non v6 dung, tham chi gay dec neu dung
khOng dOng cach. Giai thich tai sao tn.& hoc sau khi
ueng sib 1 gid khOng nen an cam, qut.
Tra

gr:We .54 ea fA4 .40 mew, Ala\

Trudc khi uang saa 1 gid khOng nen an cam, qujtt
vi acid va vitamin trong cam, qu\jt tac dung len protein
trong silia kat thanh kh6i 6 ruOt non lam anh hii6ng dgn
qua trinh tieu hod gay diy bung, dau bung.
Cau 9: VI sao cm gao ngp lai deo hcin cOm gao te?
Tra 161:
Tinh bOt dugc cau tao b6i amilozo va amilopectin
nhong khOng tach rdi nhau, trong m6i loai tinh bet,
amilopectin l vo logc nhan amilozo. Amilozo tan dirgc
trong nuc, amilopec tin hau nhO khdrig tan trong
trong nodc nOng amilozo tong On tao thanh ho. Tinh
chat nay quygt dinh dgn tinh deo cin hat c6 tinh bet.
Trong m61 hat tinh bOt, lilcng amilopec tin chiam
khoang 80%, liking amilozo chiam khoang 20% nen
cdm gao te, ngd... thiting co dO deo binh thadng. Tinh
bOt trong gao ngp chin !Yong amilopectin rat cao
khoang 98% lam cho can nap rat deo.
Cau 10: An nhieu diidng trong thdi gian dai c6 Igi
cho cd thg khOng?
Tra 161:
Theo nghien cau cin cac nha khoa hgc thi duy tri
mOt cha dO dinh Wang chin ham litgng diking fructose
cao su6t mOt thdi gian dai gay ra nhang tdc hai sou:
- Duy tri mOt cha dO dinh dung chin ham liking
diking fructose cao suet mgt thdi gian dai c6 thg lam
suy ygu kha nang hoc hoi va sau d6 ghi nhd thOng tin
cin b0 nao.
- Vic chup cOng rang ta he 1'0, an thisc phgm chin
ham liking diking cao sO tac dOng manh Tan cung
nhang khu voc ca b0 nao chiu so kich thich dm cocaine hoc heroin.
Cau 11: Vi sao tinh bOt la Ice thu c6a nguti mu6n
Om can?
Tra 161:
MOt trong nhang ljt do tinh bOt khign ban tang can
l vi no lam tang cam giac them an dm ban. Vic an
cdc thilc phgm cO chita nhigu tinh bOt lam cd thg san
xuat ra hoocnnon insulin. Hoocmon nay ti/ dOng lay di
nhiing chat dinh throng trong mau vi dang sa"n sang
tie"p nhan nhang chat dinh &Ong khdc, nen lam cho
ta cam thay chin thin man cOn dgi,lioac them
chi la dal hdn khi mOi an dikic mOt it. Vic van cOn cam
giac dOi sau khi an se de dan elan viec ban phai an
tigp. Mat khac khi mac insulin trong mdu cao tang cao

do nap nhigu tinh bOt, chat beo sO b 1w tra nhigu va

lau hun, dan dan stj tang can.
Cau 12: Tai sao ngirdi ta dung tinh bOt dg trang
ruOt phich?
Tra 161:
Trong s6 cac saccarit thodng gap glucozo va mantozo co nhOm -CHO trong phan ta nen co kha nang
tham gia phan (mg trang bac nhO mOt aldehyd dun
chac. Fructozo mac du khOng c6 nhOm -CHO nhiing
trong mei trodng kidm no chuygn [Ida thanh glucozo
nen cling c6 phan ang trang bac nho glucozo. Thoc tg
glucozo thiking thigc dung dd trang ruOt phich, trang
giking do re hcin aldehyd va hoan toan khOng dOc hoi.
Cau 13: Vi sao nen bao quan mat ong vao cac chai
sach, khd, day nut that ch5t va dg 6 ndi kho rao, nhO
vay mat ong mdi khOng bi bign chat.
Tra 161:
dg ndi gm thap va khOng day nOt chat, mat ong
sO bi len men theo phaing trinh:
C6H1205 (len men) --> 2C2H50H + 2CO21.
Khi CO2 sinh ra se' lam niit Ig bat ra, lOc dO sO cO
sit xam nhap caa vi khugn lam mat ong bran chat.
Cau 14: Khi an sin bi ng0 dOc, ta tinting giai
dOc bhng nLfc diking. Bang kian thac haa hgc, hay
giai thich cach lam tren?
Tra 161:
Khi ta u6ng nikic diking (dung saccaroro) vao da
day se bi thif phan cho diking glucozo. Sgri chin acid
HCN la chgt gay dec. Khi HCN gap glucozo se' CO phan
ang xay ra 6 nhOm chic aldehyd, sau dO tao ra hop
chgt de thuji phan giai phOng NH3. Nint vay HCN da
chuygn sang hop cha't kh6ng dec.
Cau 15: Khi mu6i dua, ngudi ta thifing chon thia gia
hoc phol heo va cho them It diking, nen din ngap
trong mkt. Hay giai thich tai sao?
Tra 161:
ta thildng cho them dildng, chgn rau gia hoc rau
dikic phdi heo se co ham lOcing diking cao hOn, do dO qua
trinh lam dila chua nhanh hdn (diking chuydn hod thanh
acid). Dila dugc nen ngap trong natic vi qua trinh len men
lam chua difa la loai vi khugn khi. v

I-16a hoc & dung

sa 17

(2692/ 2010

"26- 9 4j,

va 0T.c.4U

GIAI NHANH BAI TAP KIM LOA! M TAC DUNG

Vol DUNG DICH ACID TRONG HoA HOC LOP 9
VU' GONG PHONG
Tru'O'ng THCS Quji So'n 1, huyen Luc Ngan, tinh Bgc Giang

M la kim loai dUng trudc hydro trong day hoat dOng

h6a hoc ca kim loai.
CO nhieu kim loai tac dung vdi nhiau acid khac nhau.
Tuy nhien trong bai bao nay, t6i chi da cap tdi hai acid
thiking gap trong chUdng trinh THCS la HCI va H2SO4
(bang) tac dung vdi kim loai clang trubc H trong d5y
hoat dOng h6a hoc cOa kim loai.

Hu'dng din:
Cach 1: Cach giai thOng tinting.
nH2 = 0,336 : 22,4 = 0,015mol
GQi X, y Ian luot la s6 mob dia Mg va Fe (x, y> 0).
x 2x x

Tnieing 110 1:

Fe + 2HCI > FeC12 + H2

Kim loai + HCI Mu6i chlorua + H2

y 2y y y
mmg + mF, = 0,52 hay 24x + 56y = 0,52 (*)

Mg + 2HCI > MgC12 + H2

Theo phiking trinh (1) va (2):

2A1+ 6HCI > 2A1C13 + 3H2

(.*)

x + y = 0,015mol

Nhen xet:

Giai (*) va (**) lap 118 phifdng trinh:

- Dim gi6ng nhau ca ba phan (ing la:

ng6c = 'HCI = 2nH2

24x + 56y = 0,52 va x + y = 0,015

(*)

Tf (*) CO th6 ap dung Dinh luat bao toan kh6i lifng

tinh di:0c kh6i mu6i khi bit kh6i !Ong dm
kim loai va Iing HCI ho5c liking H2.
- imoi H2 sinh ra thi CO 2mol g6c acid (g6c
chlorua) tao ra, ma 2mol g6c chlorua = 71 gam. Do vay
CO th6 tinh duoc kh6i li1cng ca mu6i chlorua bang cOng
thac sau:
MmuOi chlorua = Mkim loai phan ang + 71 XnH2
Bei 1: Cho 0,52 gam h6n hop hai kim loai Mg vb. Fe
tan hoan toan trong dung dich HCI, tha'y thoat ra
0,336 lit khI (dktc). Tinh t6ng kh6i mu6i chlorua
thu sau phan Cing IA:
A. 15,85 gam

B. 1,585 gam

C. 9,5 gam

D. 12,7 gam

s17 (269)/2016

(2)

Theo bai ra ta co:

Vi dy: 2Na + 2HCI > 2NaC1+ H2

Hoa hoc &1:1'ng dung

(1)

Mg + 2HCI --> MgC12 + H,

Giai 118 phitcing trinh tr8n dikic x = 0,01; y = 0,005

Thay x, y vao phiking trinh (1) va (2)
nFecI2 = 0,005mol; nmgc12 = 0,01mol
T6ng kh6i lUJng cOa mu6i = 0,01 x 95 + 0,005 x
127 = 1,585 gam
-

Chgn dap an B.

Cach 2: HQC sinh c6 th6 khong can vie't phUdng

trinh h6a hoc ma van dung ngay c6ng thac:
Mmu6i chlorua = Mkim loai phan ang + 71 x nH2
Mmuol chlorua = 0,52 + 71 x 0,015 = 1,585 gam
Cach 3: Can nhd khi cho kim loai tac dung vdi
dung dich acid HCI thi nHci = 2nH2 ma nH2 = 0,015mol
> nHci = 2 x 0,015 = 0,03mol
Theo Dinh luat bao toan kh6i

d1)

6.:

gr

:gre 4 va mew 07

mmuoi = mkim 104, + mHci mH2 = 0,52 + 0,03 x 36,5 0,015 x 2 = 1,585 gam
Cach 4: Ca'n nhd khi cho kim loai tac dung vi
dung dich acid HCI thi:
no, = nHci = 2nH2 ma nH2 = 0,015mol
- nci = 2 x 0,015 = 0,03mol
Mmu6i - Mkim loai Mg6c acid
MmuOi =

0,52 + 0,03 x 35,5 = 1,585 gam

Nhan xet: Ngu lam theo cach thOng thudng thi hoc
sinh mg nhigu thdi gian, ygu cu phai bie't cach lap
phucing trinh hda hoc, lap he phuong trinh va giai he
phucing trinh. Vdi cach 2, 3, 4 thi hoc sinh chi p dung
c6ng thUc cd thd cho ngay clap an chinh xac.

Hudng
Cach 1:
mmum =

Mg6c CI =

Ma kim loai tac dung vdi dung dich HCI thi:

nocci = nHci = nH2 hay nH2 = 1/2
nH2 = 1/2 x 1 = 0,5mol

C. 4,48 lit

D. 6,72 lit

b. Kh6i kiclng mu6i chlorua thu cluoc sau phan (mg la:
A. 21,6 gam

B. 13,44 gam

C. 35,8 gam

D. 57,1 gam

Hu'dng din:

-> Chon dap an D.

Cach 2: Ti! c6ng thac:
71 x nH2
n12 = (Mmu6i chlorua Mkim loai) : 71
(48,9 - 13,4) : 71 = 0,5nnol

Mmu6i chlorua = Mkim loai phin ang +

VH2 =

0,5 x 22,4 = 11,2 lit.

Bai 4: Cho 1,04 gam h6n hOp hai kim loai A va B

chUa rO hda tri tan hoan than trong dung dich HCI
loang, du thgy thoat ra 0,672 lit khi (dktc). T6ng kh6i
lucing mu6i chlorua thu clUcic sau phan (Mg la:

B. 1,585 gam
A. 1,5 gam

D. 3,17 gam
C. 1,78 gam

a. nFici = 0,3 x 2 = 0,6mol

HUdng din:

Khi cho kim loai tac dung vdi dung dich acid HCI thi

Cach 1:

nHCI = 211H2 hay nH2 = 1/2 x

nH2 = 1/2 x 0,6 = 0,3mol

VH2 = 0,672 : 22,4 = 0,03mol

nHCI

nHel = 2nH2 = 0,03

VH2 = 0,3 x 22,4 = 6,72 lit

0,3mol

= 1,04 + 0,06 x 36,5 -

0,03 x 2 = 3,17 gam

--> Chon clap an B.

14,5 + 71 x 0,3 = 35,8 gam

--> Chgn clap an C.

Bai 3: Hda tan 13,4 gam h6n hOp gm ba kim loai
Mg, Fe, va Al vila dO trong dung dich HCI, kg thuc
phan (ing cO can dung dich thu dUcic 48,9 gam mu6i
khan. Thg tich khi H2 thu dtiOc (dktc) la:
A. 4,48 lit

B. 6,72 lit

C. 8,96 lit

D. 11,2 lit

0))

2 = 0,06mol

Mmu6i = Mkim loai MHCI MH2

H2 =

Van dung cOng thac:

Mmu6i chlorua=

Theo Dinh luat bao toan kh6i Wong:

-> Chon clap an D.

b. Tinh dtiOc s6 mol dm

X ng6c ci

VH2 = 0,5 x 22,4 = 11,2 lit

a. Thd tich khi H2 thu duoc (dktc) la:

B. 22,4 lit

48,9 - 13,4 = 35,5 gam

nc, = 35,5 : 35,5 = lmol

Bai 2: Cho 14,5 gam h6n hOp ba kim loai Mg; Fe va

Zn tac dung viia dO vi 300m1 dung dich HCI 2M.
A. 2,24 lit

Mkim loai Mg6c acid -4' Mg6c acid '= Mkim loai

Cach 2:
Cgn nho: Kim loai tac dung vOi dung dich HCI thi
nHCI = 2nH2
= 0,03 x 2 = 0,06mol
Ma

Mmu6i = Mkim loai Mg6c acid

Mmu6i chlorua =

1,04 + 0,06 x 35,5 = 3,17 gam.

Trtiang holp 2:
I-16a hoc & ling dung
g17 (269)/zo76

g 4 ea v
Kim loai + H2SO4 (loang) -> Mu6i sulfat +

H2

, AffsalZ]
ea mon

HUdng din:
Cach 1: Ap dung ding thgc:

Vi dg:
2Na + H2SO4 Na2SO4 +
Mg + H2SO4 -> MgSO4 +

46

H2

H2

2AI + 3H2SO4 -> Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

-> nH2 = (rnmu6i sulfat Mkim loai phan and

-> nH2 = (86,6 - 29) : 96 = 0,6mol

96

VH2 = = 0,6 x 22,4 = 13,44 lit

Nhan xet:
- Dim gi6ng nhau cOa ba phan (trig do la:
ng6c SO4 - H2SO4 = nH2
(*)
Iii (*) c6 thd p dung Dinh luat bao toan kh6i Ming
tinh ditoc kh6i lung ca mu6i sulfat khi bidt kh6i Wong
ca kim loai va ILIOng H2SO4 hoc bidt kh6i liIQng kim
loai va Long H2.
sinh ra thi co 1mol g6c acid (g6c sulfat) tao ra, ma kh6i Wong 1nnol g6c sulfat = 96 gam.
Do v6y CO thd tinh atOc khi lifJng cOa mu6i sulfat bang
ding thgc:
- CO 1M01 H2

Mmuni sulfat = Mkim loai phan ang 96nH2

BM 1: I-16a tan hoan toan 3,22 gam h6n Nip X g6m

Fe, Mg va Zn bang mOt Wong vita dg dung dich H2SO4
loang, thu ditoc 1,344 lit hydro (dktc) va dung dich chga
m gam mu6i. Gia tri cOa m la
A. 10,27 gam

B. 9,52 gam

C. 8,98 gam

D. 7,25 gam

Hueng din:

-> Chon dap an B.

Cacti 2: TO' Ong thitc:
Mmu6i =

Mkim loai + Mg6c acid

- Mg6c acid = Mmu6i Mkim foal

Mg6c SO4 = 86,6 - 29 = 57,6 gam
nso4 = 57,6 : 96 = 0,6nnol
Theo cOng thgc (3):
so4 H2SO4 =nH2 -> nH2 = 0,6mol
VH2 = 0,6 X 22,4 = 13,44 lit
- > Chon clap an B
Bai 3: FlOa tan hdt 7,74 gam h6n hOp bOt Mg, Al
bang 500m1 dung dich h6n hp HCI 1M va H2SO4
0,28M thu duoc dung dich X va 8,736 lit khi H2 (dktc).
CO can dung dich X thu thicic lu'Ong mu6i khan la:
A. 38,93 gam

B. 103,85 gam

C. 25,95 gam

D. 77,96 gam

HtIdng din:

Cach 1: Ap dung ceng thgc tinh nhanh.

Mmuoi sulfat = Mkim laai phan Cmg +

nimu6i sulfat = Mkim Ioi phan ang + 96nH2

96nH2

Ta co: m = 3,22 + (1,344 : 22,4) x 96 = 8,98

-> Chon clap an C.
Cach 2: Van dung c6ng thgc.

Day la bai cho h6n hOp hai kim loai tac dung vOi h6n
hop hai acid, nen phai dip vao liking H2 sinh ra dd tinh
xem acid cOn at hay phan (trig hdt, sau do p dung
ding thgc cid tinh.
nH = (8,736 : 22,4) x 2 = 0,5 x (1 + 0,28 x 2) =
0,78mol

ng6c SO4 H2SO4 = nH2 = 0,06mol

Vay h6n hOp hai acid phan grig vita hel.

mmu6i = Mkim loai Mg6c acid = 3,22 + 0,06 x 96 = 8,98

Ap dung ding thitc:

Bai 2: Cho 29 gam hon hOp Mg, Zn, Fe tac dung hdt
vOi dung dich H2SO4 loang thgy thoat ra V lit khi H2
(dktc). CO can dung dich sau phan itng thu &roc 86,6
gam mu6i khan. Gia tri dm V la:
A. 6,72 lit

B. 13,44 lit

C. 22,4 lit

D. 4,48 lit

1-1.5a h9c & ling dung

Sa" 17 (269)/2o16

Mmu6i chlorua = Mkim foal phan ang

+ 71 x nH2

Mmu6i sulfat = Mkim loai phan Ung + 96nH2

Ta cO: m = 7,74 + 0,5 x (1 X 35,5 + 0,28 x 96) =
38,93 gam v

moT so

BA! TAP CHUZING ESTE - LIPIT NHAM

!ZEN LUYeN NANG Lut QUAN SAT
VA PHAT TRIEN -FL/ DUY CHO HOC SINH
NGUYEN HOANG LONG
Trueing THPT Kien An, TP Hal PhOng

6 ren nang Idc quan sat cho hoc sinh, gido

vier' cin offal:

- Tang cudng day hoc bang thi nghiem. Glair) vien CO

thd trinh din, yeu cu hoc sinh quan sat, ding Co thd
cho hoc sinh tij lam thi nghiern don gian va quan sat.
- Dung tranh anh, hinh ye, sO d, bi6u bang trong
day hoc. Ngay khi gap phai nhang kian thdc kho, khOng
the' di sau phan tich duoc thi cling khOng nen buac hoc
sinh chap nhan ma phai dung cac phuong tin day hoc
d6 hoc sinh tij rut ra kat luan. Hien nay, ngddi ta d col
trong viec sit dung cac mO hinh phan td, hoat hinh rn6
ta day chuyen sari xuat haa hoc, do thi mO ta trail trinh
phan (mg vao viec day hoc haa hoc.
- Thay d61 cach tha td cac nguyen tif trong
phan tif d tao ra sd khac bit, nhat la trong haa hoc
hilu co. Ciao vien khOng nen de cho hoc sinh hidu mat
cach may mac ve cgu tao phan tit cac chat va thd
lien kat girta cac nguyen td trong phan ta.
- Cho hoc sinh quan sat, so sanh tao phan tit
kh6i cOa cac chat vdi nhau d6 sit dung Wat qua da vao
viec giai bai tap dinh luong. Ren cho hoc sinh trial
quen quan sat nhanh di kin, cac chat ddoc de cap
trong bai tap truac khi bat diu giai.
- Thay d6i cach thdc ki6m tra danh gia. Dila them
cac bai tap dal hai sd quan sat caa hoc sinh nhU:
Quan sat d6 thi, quan sat hinh ve da kik tra kian
thitc thdc nghiern.
1. Quan sat tin nghi*m

BM 1: Nilo vai giot diu an vao trong 6ng nghienn

ching nuac (bik d5u an la mOt este). Quan sat hien
tuong va rut ra tinh chk vat Ii ciia este.

Hiking din:
Hoc sinh sO quan sat duoc hien Wong du an n6i
tren mat raic, tit da rat ra tinh chat dm este la: Nhe
hon nUdc va khOng tan trong
BM 2: Khi cho du chu6i (isoamyl acetat) vao mOt
c6c ddng dung dich NaOH thi thay chat long trong c6c
tach thanh hai Idp. Khi dun hOn hOp da mOt thdi gian
thi thay chat lang trong c6c tao thanh mOt dung dich
d6ng nhat, d6ng thdi rnbi thOm din mat di. Hay giai
thich hien Wong tren va vik *Ong trinh haa hoc dm
phan (trig.

141
Hddng
- Diu chu6i la este khOng tan trong dung dich
dieu kin tinting, nen chat long trong c6c tach thanh
hai lap.
- Khi dun mat thdi gian, phan (mg xa phong h6a tao
mu6i va alkol nen thanh mOt dung dich Tang nhat.
- Pinking trinh phan (Mg:
CH3COOCH2CH2CH(CH3)2 + NaOH ---> CH3COONa +
(CH3)2CHCH,CH,OH

Ha hoc & fing dung

.50 17 (269)/2o16

igre4,"
Bai 3: Cho 4 eing nghiem:
+ Ong A chila 3m1 nikic cat va 3 gigt dung dich
CaC12 bao hOa.
+ Ong B chda 3m1 nudc xa phOng.
+ Ong C chda 3m1 niiUc xa phOng va 3 gigt dung
dich CaC12 bao hOa.
+ Ong D chila 3m1 nu& bat giat va 3 gigt dung dich
CaCl2 bao hOa.

va 40 ea meft,

V1

X;I

dO mat gigt du an, lac ki va quan sat. Kat qua till

nghiem giUp cac em Iva chgn dij doan diing trong hai
doan sau:
- BO kat c6 tac dung glat rlia vi trong dO cO nhiTing
chat oxy hoa manh (hoac kit manh).
- BO ke't co tac dung giat tha vi trong dO co nhiing
chat cO cau tao kigu "Tau phan cijc" gin vdi "duel
khOng phan cuc" gi6ng nhu "phan xa phOng".

Cho vao mi 6ng nghiem 5 gigt du An, lac du.

Quan sat hien tu'dng va giai thich.

flueng
Hgc sinh sau khi lam thf nghiem cho kat qua:
+ Cho du an vao 6ng nghiem A: Du an n61 len
tren vi du an khOng tan trong nirdc va nh hn nUdc.
+ Cho criu an vao 6ng nghiem B: Diu an hau nhti
tan vi xay ra sij
+ Cho clau an vao O'ng nghiem C: Xa phOng mgt tac
dung trong nudc ding nen du An n6i len tren.
+ Cho du an vao eing nghiem D: Du An tan vi bet
grit c tac dung giAt rira tudng tct xa phOng va dung
dUdc trong mirk ding, chUng it bi kat tita lib ion calci.
Bai 4: De? ph'an bit du bOi trdn may va dau thijc
vat ngudi ta Ian 1Licit cho hai clau tren vao dung dich
NaOH dun ming quan sat hien tUdng va giai thigh.

Hueng din:
Sau khi hoc sinh lam thi nghiem se du doan dung
la: BO ke't cO tac dung giat tha vi trong do co nhring
chat au tao kidu du phan ckic gin vdi duOi khOng
phan cuc gi6ng nhu phan tii xa phOng. Qua IA kat d
diidc phdi khO, dem nuang sd qua tren nggn lIa roi cho
vao noi nu& dun sei, khi nutic sei c6 bot nhuxa phOng,
ta doc nit& b6 Nudc 136 ke't ding nhu niffic xa
phOng khOng lam mat mau boa, khOng lam nhat mau
gay mau nhii nuOc javen. Gigt dau an tan trong nuuc
bo ke't cling nhu trong nutc xa phOng. Mot clau an
khOng tan ma n6i len tr8n thanh mat lOp khi cho vao
nueic javen.
2. Quan sat mo hinh, hinh ye

Bai 1: Cho m6 hinh phan

Quan sat m6 hinh phan tr.( tren va cho bie't dO la m6

hinh phan tit chat nao.
Hu'dng
Du nao khOng tan la du boi tram vi du bOi trot" la
thanh phin dm hydrocarbon khong tan trong nu& cung
nhU khOng phan (mg vdi NaOH nen n6i len tren.
Du nao tan la du thkic vat vi du thkic vat la chat
beo c6 phan Ung xa phOng hoa vOl NaOH.
Bai 5: Lay ndic 136 nikic xa phOng va nUoc
javen. Nhung vao mai loai nit& mat mu giay mau
hoc mat canh hoa hong d quan sat. Sau dO cho vao
1-loa hoc & ting dung

17 (269)/2016

Si'

Hu'dng din:
Qua quan sat m6 hinh tren, hoc sinh xac dinh dikic
do la ma hinh phan tit chat beo.
Di 2: Cho cau triic phan tii:
0

4 ea vei Ace klmon, 'ea

Cgu truc phan tif tren ca phan td nao trong s6 phan
tO sau:
A. cha't beo
B. Phan tic chat gi5t rila t6ng hop
C. Acid beo
D. Phan tif xa phong

Htidng
Bai tap yeu cu hgc sinh can quan sat ki triic
phan tif tren de' xac dinh dap an diing la D.
3. Quan sat phin ling, sd d6 phin ang
Bai 1: Cho se d6 phan drig:
(1) X + 02 > acid carboxylic Y1
(2) X + H2 > alkol Y2
(3) YI + Y2 > Y3 + H20
Biel Y3 c6 c6ng thac phan ti! C8H1002. Ten ggi cUa
X la:
A. Aldehyd acrylic B. Aldehyd propionic
C. Aldehyd methacrylic D. Aldehyd acetic

Hi/dug din:
- Y1 va Y2 ducic tao thanh tit X so' C trong V, va

Y2 bang nhau , Y3 CO 6C > Y1 Va Y2 cO 3C

- Y3 la este khOng no > X la hop ch5t khOng no >

X la CH2=CH-CHO
> Chgn dap an A.
Hi 2: Cho sC d6 chuydn hoa:
Triolein (+ H2 Ni, tC) > X (+ NaOH tC) >
Y (+ NCI) > Z
Ten ca Z la:
A. Acid linoleic B. Acid oleic

dich NaOH (di!), thu difOc 2,05 gam mu6i. C6ng thdc
tao thu ggn dm X la:
A. C2H5COOCH3 B. HCOOCH2CH2CH3
C. CH3CODC2H5 D. HCOOCH(CH3)2

Htidng din:
5,5 X 16 = 88 --> nest, = 2,2 : 88 = 0,025mo1
RCOOR' + NaOH > RCOONa + R'OH
Meste

0,025

0,025

Mmu6, = 2,05 : 0,025 = 82

R + 67 = 82 > R = 15(- CH3)

Este la CH3C00C2H5
> Chon dap an C.

Lu'u
Ta c6 the' cliing priming 014 loai d'd dm dap an.
Ti! dO bai: RCOOR' > RCOONa
mute > mma > R' > 23
> Loai dap an A
Tif phan (Mg thby phan, ta chi xac dinh clifOc cOng
thdc phan tCc ca cac g6c R va R' ma khOng thd xac
dinh difOc tao cOa cac g6c, do dO B va D khOng thd
dong thdi (king, loai trif ti5p B va D.
Vay chi CO clap an C hOp.
Hi 2: HO chaI hilu cc X cO c6ng thdc phan tEt la
C4H803. X c6 kha nang tham gia phan Ong vai Na, vdi
dung dich NaOH va phan Ung trang bac. San pharn
thuji phan cua X trong m6i biting kik co kha n5ng
hoa tan Cu(OH) 2 tao thanh dung dich mau xanh lam.
COng thdc cu tao dm X cO the' la:
A. CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CHO
B. HCOOCH2CH(OH)CH3
C. CH3COOCH2CH2OH

C. Acid panmitic D. Acid stearic

D. HCOOCH2CH2CH2OH

Hi/dug

HticIng din:
- X c6 phan (Mg v6i dung dich NaOH, trang bac >

Triole,in + H2 Odic tac Ni, tC) > X

> Go'c acid trong triolein chila no va X chiia g6c
acid no > Loai C, A, B
> Chgn dap an D.
4. Quan sat bat toan ha hoc
Hi 1: x l mdt este no diln chdc, c6 ti kh6i hCi d6i
vol CH4 la 5,5. Ne'u dem dun 2,2 gam este X vdi dung

0))

loai A, C.

- San pha'm thug phan ciia X trong mOi trildng

kiem co kha nang hoa tan Cu(OH) 2 tao thanh dung
dich mau xanh lam (tinh chal rdou da chdc cO 2
nhorn -OH ke nhau).
> Chgn dap an B.

Hem he & ting dung

Se 17 (269)/2o16

4 ea va 4O ea me.
Bai 3: Cho day cac chat: phenylamoni chlorua, benzyl chlorua, isopropyl chlorua, m-crezol, alkol benzylic,
natri phenolat, ally' chlorua. S6 chat trong day tac dung
diklc vdi dung dich NaOH loang, dun nOng la:
A.4

B.5

C.3

D.6

Chi cO CH3C00C6H5 thOy phan tao hai mu6i

> Ch9n dap an C.
Bai 6: Triolein kh6ng tac dung vOl chat (hoc dung
dich) nao sau day?
A. H20 (x6c tac H2SO4 loang, dun nOng)

Hildng
Nhang chat tac dung clu'Oc vdi dung dich NaOH
loang, dun nOng la: phenylamoni chlorua, benzyl
chlorua, isopropyl chlorua, m-crezol, ally' chlorua.
> Chon dap an B.

B. Dung dich NaOH (dun nOng)

C. H2 (xtic tac Ni, dun nOng)
D. Cu(OH)2 drdu kip] thtfting)
Hiking din:

Bai 4: DOI chay hoan toan 0,11 gam m6t este X

(tao nen tif mOt acid carboxylic don chac va rn6t alkol
don chifc) thu chtoc 0,22 gam CO, va 0,09 gam H2O. S6
este d6ng phan cOa X la:
A.2
B.4
C.5

(Ficooc2H5); tripanmitin ((C15F131C00)3C3H3)

D.6

Triolein la este nen na khOng phan ang vOl Cu(OH)2.

> Ch9n clap an D.
Bai 7: H6n hop X Om vinyl acetat, methyl acetat va
ethyl fomiat. D6t chay hoan toan 3,08 gam X, thu dim
2,16 gam H2O. Phan tram s6 mob dm vinyl acetat trong
X la:

Hueng din:

A. 25%

B. 27,92%

Cach nc02= 0,005 = H2O

> Este no, don chirc C,H2,02 > M = 14n + 32 '

C. 72,08%

D. 75%

0,11 : (14n + 32) x n = 0,005-3 n = 4

S6 crong phan este CnH2002 = 2"-2 = 4
> Ch9n dap an B.

3H20 C3H602 > 31120

C2H402 (60) cO 1 clang phan este.

C3H602 (74) c6 2 Tang phan este.
C4H802 (88) CO 4 citing phan este.
C5F11002 (102) ca 9 (long phan este.
Chu ct: Lay 0,11 chia cho 74, 88 dap an cO s6 mob
"der thi ta ch9n.
Sal 5: Cho day cac chat: phenyl acetat, ally' acetat,
methyl acetat, ethyl fomiat, tripanmitin. S6 chat trong
day khi thiiy phan trong dung djch NaOH (di!), dun
nOng sinh ra alkol la:
A.2

B.5

C. 4

D.3

fitIdng
Cac chgt lin lir la: allyl acetat (CH3C00CH2CH=CH2); methyl acetat (CH3COOCH3); ethyl fomiat

Sea'

17 (269)/2o16

Cach 1: Vinyl acetat (C4F1602); methyl acetat va ethylfomiat CO chung c6ng thirc phan tif C3H602.
C4H602

Cach 2: Theo quy but (long phan dm este la: 1-24-9. Nhu'vay chi c A hoc B &mg ma thei, ma d cho
0,11 gam nen B dung vi:

Mia hoc & lfng clung

Hifdng din:

a 3a
Ta cO

he phiccing trinh:

b 3b

86a + 74b = 3,08 va 3a + 3b = 2,16 : 18 = 0,12

> a = 0,01 va b = 0,03
> %Nov, = 0,01 : (0,01 + 0,03) = 25%
> Ch9n dap an A.
Cad? 2: nH2O = 0,12mol
Thay h6n hcip bang: CnH602 > 31120
ngn NIP = nH20 : 3 = 0,04mol
C4H602 (a); C3H602 (b)
Ta c6 he pht1Ong trinh:
a + b = 0,04 va 86a + 74by = 3,08 > a = 0,01
% Nolo, = 25% > Chon dap an A.
Chu
nhat: Nhln vao clap an cling bi6t difOc A: 25%
dung vl day la % s6 mol va kh6ng thd l D: 75%.
Thit hai: NO"u la % v kh6i ItiOng thi B: 27,92% dung

Ecr..Te4 ea

mi Xpc kV
' me* oW5a

va khOng the' la C: 72,08%.

Tha ba: methyl acetat va ethyl fomiat la Tong phan
cOa nhau va CO kh6i ILIOng mol = 74.
td: Nhin vao 2,16 gam ndoc thi nh6fl hop = 11H20
3 = 0,04mol, sf dung may tinh thilt s chon cld0c A:
25% dung.
Bai 8: Hop chal hau cd mach hb X cO cOng thac
phan tit C61-11004. Thily phan X tao ra hai alkol dn chilc
CO s6 nguyen t0 carbon trong phan tit Op cloi nhau.
COng thac ch X la:
A. C21-15000-COOCH3
B. CH3OCO-CO0C3H7
C. CH3OCO-CH2-CH2-CO0C2H5
D. CH3OCO-CH2-CO0C2H5

Bai 9: Trong cac chal: xichlopropan, benzen, stiren,

methyl acrylat, vinyl acetat, dimethyl ete, s6 ch6t cO
kha nang lam mgt mau nitic brom la:
A.4
B.5
C.6

D.3

Htidng din:
Xichlopropan (c6ng mO vOng); stiren, methyl acrylat, vinyl acetat (C6H5-CH=CH2; CH2=CH-COO-CH3;
CH3C00-CH=CH2 : c6ng Br2 vao -CH=CH2)
Chon clap an A.
Bai 10: Este X la hop chal them c6 c6ng thilc phan
tit la C6111002. Cho X tac dung veil dung dich NaOH, tao
ra hai mu6i du cO phan kh6i Ion hdn 80. COng thdc
tao thu gon ciia X la:
A. CH3COOCH2C6H5 B. HCO0C6H4C21-15

Htidng
R-OCO-R'-COO-R": Sau khi thOy phan thi c6 hai alkol
c s6 nguyen t0 carbon gap d6i nhau nen loai B (-CH3;
-C3H7 : 1:3); Do t6ng cO 6C nen loai A (5 nguyen C),
loai C (7 nguyen C)
Chon dap an D.

C. C6H5C00C21-15 D. C2H5C00C6H5
Hueng din:
Loaf A va C vi khong thu atOc hai mu6i; loai B vi
MHCOONa = 68 < 80
Chon dap an D. w

lifilliNG SAN KIM L041

THVONG HIT ION 6 Div
a s6 cac mo khoang san kim loaf 0 nit& ta
hay cac nit& tren the" gidi du xual hien 6 cac
\ding doi nOi. Vay vi sao cac mo kim loai 'al
xugt hien 0 \rung al nui?

kiting d61 nOi la nhling khu vijc IA nhO len khi vo Trai
d'gt van d6ng. Thy theo ski nhO lOn dm vo Trai dal ma
nhung dung nham nOng chay (magma) - vOli nam sau
dud 'Ong dal - cO co hi nhO lOn va hoat d6ng. Magma
chaa mOt Wong kin cac mu6i dm acid silic. Ngoai ra,
magma cOn chaa nhi6u kim loaf n6ng chay nhir yang,
d'Ong, chi, thifi, molybden...

Khi magma trao len cle'n gin mat dgt, do nhiet c16
giam, nO ngu'Oi di, ran thanh da peridot, cla hoa
Nhring da tin nay cha ye'u do cac mu6i dm acid silic
Nip thanh. COn cac nguyen t6 kim loaf, khi gap di6u
kin nhiet d6, p thich hOp, tutting phan ly khoi
magma, hinh thanh quang khoang san kim loai. Cac
quang nay xual hien tildng d6i tap trung, hinh thanh
mo. Chit-1h vi the', ngudi ta hay tim thgy khoang san
kim loaf 0 vung di nui.
(Nguyin Thi Thu'an, Trudng Dai hgc Su' pham Ha
Ni II - Su'u dm) git

Iloa hoc & eng dung

St17 (269)/2o16

afe 40

X..9 tee"mea

THUAT NGLJ Holk HOC ANH - VleT

Para-bromoanisole
Para-bromoanisol - C7H7BrO (tinh the' cd diim ruing
chay tif 9-10C, Ong lam chit kW' trang)
Bromobenzen
Bromobenzen - C6H5Br (chit long khOng mail, cd
mdi d chiu, dung lam dung m6i, nhien lieu clang cd
san xuit hcia chit khac)
va
Para-bromobenzyl bromide
Para-bromobezyl bromua BrC6H4CH2Br (tinh the cd
mUi tho'rn, nang chay a 61C, tan trong rt(eu lanh
va ndng, WOG Va ete, clOng di nhan bie''t acid carboxylic tho'rn)
Bromobenylcyanide
Bromobenzencyanua - C6H5CHBrCN (hp chit cd
dau, mau yang nhat, khf lam chay nuac fiat, vie't tat
la BBC)
Bromo-biphenyl
Bromdiphenyl - C6H5C6H4Br

Bromochloroprene
Bromochlopren - CHCI=CHCH2Br (thudc diet giun
tron va chit hun khdi dit)

Bromocriptine
_Bromocriptin - C32H40BrN505 (alkaloit polypeptit du'Vc
dan xual tif nhOrn ergotoxin caa cac alkaloit ergot)
Bromocyclen
Bromocyclen - C81-15BrO6 (hcrp chit dOng lam chit
frit sau cho Ida mji)
5-Bromodeoxyuridine
5-bromodeoxyuridin - C61-11105NBr (chit tifo'ng ti/
dtfac gn vao acid deoxyribonucleic
tymidin cd
trong ban sac ctia rid, gay pha vd the nhiem sac a'
cac tieing giau heterocratin, vidt at BUDR)
Bromodiethylacetylurea
Bromodiethylacetylure - C(C2H5)2BrCONHCONH2 (bet
kit tinh trdng, ming chay 6' 116-117C, tan trong chloroform, ete va ru'au, thing trong y hoc)
Este brom h6a

Bromo-camphor

Bromo-ether

Bromo-campho/ Campho bromua - C101115Br

Bromo-ethyl ester

Bromo-carbons Hydrocarbon brom h6a

Este bromethyl - RCO0C2H4Br

Bromochloromethane

Bromo-ethyne
Bromothyl/ Axethylen bromua - HCCBr

Bromochlomethan - BrCH2CI (chit long kheing

mau, sang, sei a 67C, de bay hdi, tan trong dung
m6i hOu cd, cd mUi gidng chlofom, cleing trong thidt
bi dep Itia)

NGUYEN Hall - Gidi thieu v

Vi SAO THYC AN NKU KHE CHAY DE GAY UNG THIS?

hgt asparagin trong thijc pha'm duai nhiet dO cao

se kel hop vbi dudng tu nhien trong rau qua, hay
cac thdc pha'm giau chat carbonhydrat tao thanh chat
acylamid, tac nhan chInh gay ra benh ung thd. An
nhi6u thit hun khoi va cac chat bao quan thdc phgrin
chda nitrosamin CO trong rau ngam, thit hun khOi lam
gia tang ung this mieng, thuc quan, thanh pan, da day.
An nhieu chgt beo CO lien quan de'n ung thu vu, dai
Ha hoc & ting dung

ss'17 (269)/2o16

trang, trkfc trang, niem mac tI cung.

Thu6c trif sau nitrofen la chat gay ung thd va di tat
bao thai. H6a chgt dc hai ethinnylestradiol va bisphenol A co trong tui nilon va hOp nhua tai sinh dung dung
thac an gay hai cho bao thai.
(Le Mai Anh, x H Bang, huyen Thach That, TP Ha
Nei - Su'u tam)

Er.Te

va to mon, Affe;

i)Ar. AN It TIEUISC

A - TRUNG HOC CO Si
Cau 1:
- Trich mh th0: 0 m6i lo mot liking nho ra 6ng
nghiem dd nhan bidt.
- dung dich Na2CO3 cho vao m6i 6ng tren:
+ Xuit hien ket ta tring, nhan bidt dddc BaCl2.
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 -> BaC031+ 2NaCI
+ CO khi bay ren, nhan bidt duoc HCI:
2HCI + Na2CO3 -> 2NaCI + CO2 + H20

x = y = z = 0,1mol
Kh6i !Yong Zn = 0,1 x 65 = 6,5 gam
Kh6i long Fe = 0,1 x 56 = 5,6 gam
Kh6i ludng Cu = 0,1 x 64 = 6,4 gam.
Cau 3:
1. nHci = 0,3mol
Goi s6 mol CuO, ZnO I6n x, y (x, y > 0).

+ Hai 6ng nghiem kh6ng c6 hien Ming gi chaa NaCI

va Na2SO4.
- Ding BaCl2 vita nhan bidt dirdc 0 tren cho vao hai
mu chtla NaCI va Na2SO4:

CuO + 2HCI -> CuCl2 + H20

x 2x
ZnO + 2HCI -> ZnCl2 + H20
y 2y

+ Xuit hien kdt tha tring, nhan bie't dim Na2SO4.

Lap dudc he phisdng trinh:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 -> BaSO4.1, + 2NaCI

80x + 81y = 12,1

+ COn lai la NaCI.

2x + 2y = 0,3

C5u 2:

Giai he

Gi x, y, z in Not la s6 mol cUa Zn, Fe, Cu c6 trong

18,5 gam X.
kx; lry; kz lin IV l s6 mol cua Zn, Fe, Cu c6 trong
0,3mol X.
Cac phtidng trinh hod hoc
Zn + 2HCI -> ZnCl2 + H2

(1)

Fe + 2HCI -> FeCl2 + H2

(2)

Cu + HCI -> kh6ng phan ang

Theo bai ra: 65x + 56y + 64z = 18,5 (I)
nH2 = x + y = 0,2
(II)
Zn + Cl2 -> ZnCl2
2Fe + 3Cl2 -> 2FeCI3

(3)
(4)

Cu + Cl2 -> CuCl2

(5)

Theo (3), (4), (5):

nci2 = kx + 1,5ky + kz = 0,35mo1

(111)

kx + 1,5Iv + kz = 0,3mol

(IV)

Chia (III) cho (IV) ta dutrc:

x + z = 2y
Giai he (I; II; V)

(V)

x 0,05;
= y = 0,1
Vay kh6i CuO = 4 gam
Kh61 ZnO = 8,1 gam
Thanh ph6n % theo kh6i
%CuO = 33,06%; a/oZnO = 66,94%
2. Cac phung trinh h6a hoc:
2Na + 2H20 -> 2NaOH + H2't
(1)
X
x 0,5x
2A1+ 2NaOH + 2H20 -> 2NaA102 + 3H21' (2)
1,5x
3H2SO4 + 2AI -> Al2(SO4) 3 + 3H21' (3)
0,1
0,15
VI Al di! nen NaOH phan ang
Gi s6 nnol cua Na la x(mol), ta c6:
Theo phuong trinh h6a hoc (1),(2):
= 22,4 x (0,5x + 1,5x) = 4,48 -> x = 0,1mol
Theo phLiong trinh h6a hpc (3): AI du = 0,1 MOI
VaY kh6i luQng hn hdp du la:
rilhOn hop

0,1 x 23 + 0,2 x 27 = 7,7 gam

1145a hoc

& ting dung

sor 17 (269)/2o16

Wcafry eavo 4o

Cau 4:
Dat s6 mol Mg va Fe trong m, gam h6n hop lin ludt
la x va y. Vi Mg IA kim loai hoot Ong hOn Fe va Fe IA
kim loai hoat dOng hon Ag nen theo de bai sau khi cac
phan ang xay ra hoan toan thu dUdc ket tha gem hai
kim loai thi hai kim loai dO phai IA Ag va Fe du.

kgfigeop XaV

Mg(OH)2 (t) > MgO + H20

(5)

4Fe(OH)2 + 02 (10) > 2Fe203 + 4H20 (6)

0,5a
a
HoA tan

A2

bang H2SO4 clac:

Cac phiting trinh h6a hoc ca cac phan (frig xay ra:
(1)
Mg + 2AgNO3 > Mg(NO3)2 +

2Fe + 6H2SO4 > Fe2(804)3 + 3802 + 6H20 (7)

1,5 x (y - a)
y - a

x 2x x 2x
Fe + 2AgNO3 > Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag.1,

2Ag + 2H2SO4 > Ag2SO4 + S021' + 2H20 (8)

(x + a)
(2x + 2a)

(2)

a 2a a 2a
VI Fe di! nen AgNO3 phan ang het, Mg phan (mg
het dung dich chaa Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)2 va keit tila gem
Ag va Fe du.

Mg(NO3)2 + 2NaOH > Mg(OH)2.1. + 2NaNO3
(3)
Fe(NO3)2 + 2NaOH > Fe(OH)2.1-+ 2NaNO3 (4)
a
a

Theo cac phtiOng trinh Ilea hoc tren va de bAi, ta CO

phuong trinh: x + a = 0,12
216x + 56y + 160a = 29,28
40x + 80a = 6,4
Giai he phucing trinh ta cludc:
x = 0,08; a = 0,04; y =0,1
V502 = (0,15 - 0,02 + 0,08) x 22,4 = 4,709 lit
25,53%; %Fe 74,47%.

B - TRUNG HOC PHO THONG

Cau 1:
ncH3c0oH = 0,1mol; nc 21-150H = 0,15mol
CH3COOH + C2H5OH > CH3C00C2H5+ H20
Hieu suet 75% tinh theo CH3COOH vi co s6 mol it hOn.
neste = 0,075mo1 > m = 0,075 x 88 = 6,6 gam
> Choi' dap an A.
Cau 2:
M la Na, chu ki 3, nhOm IA.
X IA CI, chu ki 3, nhOm VIIA.
Y l F, chu ki 2, nhOm VIIA.
R IA K, chu ki 4, nhOm IA.
- Trong met nhOm A, theo chieu tang clan din tich
hat nhan, ban kinh nguyen tic tang dn.
- Trong nnOt chu ki, theo chieu tang dan din tich hat
nhan, ban kinh nguyen tit giann dan.
Y<X<M<R (F< Cl < Na < K).
> Chon dap an D.
Cau 3:
Cu kh6ng phan vdi HCI nen loai ngay dap an D.
I-16a hoc & ting dung
sir 17 (269)/2o16

Cac kim loai trong 3 clap an du c ha tri 2 khi

phn Ung voi HCI.
Chon s6 mol M phan (Mg la lmol.
M + 2HCI > MCI2 +

H2

1 2 1 1
Mdung dich HCI = (2 x 36,5) : 0,146 = 500
Mdung (JO sau phan Ong =

(M + 498) gam

m,6, = (M + 71) gam

(M + 71) : (M + 498) = 0,18199
> M = 24 gam > Chon clap an B.
Cau 4:
B phan Ung vOl Na vA NaOH, nen B co nhOm -OH
lien ket trip tiep vOl vOng benzen.
B tac dung vdi Na giai phOng hydro, vdi nH2 : nB =
1 : 1 > B c6 2 nguyen ti H linh Ong (-OH).
Trung hea 0,2mol B can cliing clOng 0,2mol NaOH
> B IA C61-13(OH)2CH3
Chon clap an B.

46i'v,440

MI 5:
Ta c6 sci do:
21-120 > 20H- + H2 H + OH- 2H20
noH- = 2nH2 = 0,7mol
nH2504 = 1/2 x = 1/2 x noH- = 0,35
Vacid=

0,175m1 > Chon clap an B.

Cau 6:
Chon dap an B.
MI 7:
Sr, Li, Ba au tan d'5. trong midc tao hydroxit (OH-),
lam k5t ta Cu(OH)2.
Zn khi:l CuSO4 theo phan ang:
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
> Chon clap an D.
Cau 8:
- D6t chay C6H1206 cung CuO (b0t).
C > CO2; 2H > H20, bai toan tra thanh nh5n bi5t
ski cO m5t cua CO2 va H20.
- Nhan bik ski CO mat cia H2O b5ng CuSO4 khan.
CuSO4 (tring) + 51120 > CuSO4.5H20 (xanh)
- Nh5n bik cO mat CO2 bang dung dich Ca(OH)2,
dung dich cO ph5n bi vgn
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 --> CaCO3 + H20
> Chon clap an C.
Cau 9:
Mx = 6,25 x 16 = 100 > C5H802
Khi tham gia phan Crng xa phOng hOa tao ra mOt
aldehyd va mOt mu6i dm acid hilu co.
X cO clang R1-COO-CH = CH-R2
H-COO-CH=CH-CH2-CH3
H-COO-CH=C(CH3)-CH3
CH3-COO-CH=CH-CH3
C2115COOH-CH2

> Chon clap an B.

Cau 10:
Ban du khOng th5y kk tOa xualt hiOn, tac la clang
trung hba HCI.
nficl

= 0,25M01

Don gian hOa: khi cho xmol ZnSO4 tac dung vOi
0,2mol KOH hoc 2,2mol KOH thi 11.1ong kk tOa thu &roc
l nhit nhau. Tim x.
Zn2+ + 20H- > Zn(OH) 2
Zn2+ + 40H- --> Zn022- + 2H20
n2n(oH)2 = (42,2, - now) : 2
--> 0,1 = (4x - 2,2) : 2 x = 0,6
--> Chon dap an B.
Cau 11:
ZnCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H20 > Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4CI
Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [zn(NH3)41(011)2
FeSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H20 --> Fe(OH) 2 + (NH4)2SO4
AlC13 + 3NH3 + 3H20 --> Al(OH)3 + 3NH4CI
> Chon clap an B.
Cau 12:
H2NRCOOH + HCI CIH3NRCOOH
0,1 0,1
Ap dung Dinh lust bao toan kh6i
mx = 12,55 - 0,1 x 36,5 = 8,9 gam
Ma-amino acid =

8,9 : 0,1 = 89 (Alanin)

--> Chon dap an A.

Cau 13:
Nhilng dung dich CO pH > 7 (mOi trimOng bazo) la:
KHCO3, C6H5ONa, C2H5COONa.
> Chon dap an D.
Cau 14:
TO thien nhien: td tam, b6ng, !Ong diu
Tim nhan tao: tO acetat, td visco
TO t6ng hOp: tc1 nilon-6,6, td nilon-6, td nilon-7, to
lapsan, td nitron, tO chlorin...
- Chon clap An A.

Cau 15:
Thif W m'gt s6 cap oxy hda Fe/Fe; Cu2+/Cu; Fe3+/Fe2+, Ag+/Ag
> Dung dich Fe(NO3)3 kh6ng phin (trig vdi dung
dich AgNO3.
Chon dap an C.
MI 16:
Ha hoc & ting clung

sir 17 (269)/2o/6

k 4,JA 4 ea Dielb aWLV 1

nc02 : nH20 - 3 : 4 > C31-180x
C3H80, + (10 - x)/202 (t) > 3CO2 + 4H20
3: (10 - x)/2 = 6 : (10 - x) = 0,75
x = 2 > C3H802 > Chon dap an A.

MI 17:
Y khOng lam mat mu dung dich brom va ti kh6i Y
so vol H2 la 13.
> alkel hat, H2 dd.
1 alkel + 1 H2 > 1 alkal
= nalkal = nH2 phan ang = X
T1 kh6i ti 15 nghich vOl s6 mol.
nalkel

(1 - x) : 1 =9,1 : 13 > x = 0,3

nhydro = 0,7mol; naikei = 0,3mol
> Mau = 56 (C4H8)
Alkel co kha nang Ong HBr cho san phdm hilu co
duy nhat

PhitOng phap thif dap an.

Z tac dung vdi AgNO3 (hoc Ag20) trong dung dich
NH3 thu ditac chat hail cci T
> Z phai CO nh6m ch6c CHO.
> Loai A va B.
T tac dung v6i dung dich NaOH thu clitOc chat M. M
co nhifi hon Y mOt nguyen tii carbon.
> Chon clap an D.

Cali 21:
Tinh khit cOa Ag yau hr1n Fe2+
Ba tan trong nutic.
Khi dung chi Mg se khii ion Fe3+ trong dung dich
thanh Fe kim loai
Dung Cu: 2Fe3+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
-

Chon clap an B.

MI 22:

> CH3-CH=CH-CH3 > Chon dap an C.

-COON + NaOH --> -COONa + H20

MI 18:

-NH2 + HCI > -NH3CI

Alkal

nco0H = 0,06; nNH2 = 0,03

CnH2n+2

(2n + 2) : (14n + 2) = 16,28%

--> n = 6 > C6H14
X tac dung a chlo theo ti l s6 mol 1 : 1 (trong di6u
kien chiau sang) chi thu dticic hai dan mat monochlo
d6ng phan ca nhau.
X chi cO hai loai nguyen t1 C con H khac nhau:
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CH3
- -> Choi clap an A.

MI 19:
nNaOH = 0,05 x 30,5 = 0,025mo1
NaOH + CH3COOH > CH3COONa + H20
Wait NaOH du hoc vita do:

--> COOH nNH2 = 2

Nhan thay A va C la d6ng phan cOa nhau:
HOOC-CH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH
HOOCCH2CH(NH2)CH2COOH
> Chu dap an D.

C5u 23:
Glucozo: tao dung dich mau xanh lam dc trdng, khi
dun nOng tao kat tila da gach.
LOng trdng trang: Tao dung dich mu tim dc
Glycerol: tao dung dich mau xanh lam dc thing, khi
dun nOng khOng tao k6t tUa do gach.
Alkol ethylic: khOng c cac hien tMg ten.

mchgt tan 0,025 x 82 2,05 gam

--> NaOH wit, chat tan g6m:

B sal vi glucozo, mantozo ciing hien Wong tao dung

dich mau xanh lam dc trUng, khi dun nOng tao kat tila
do gach.

x CH3COOH va 0,025 CH3COONa.

C sal vi glucozo, fructozo cung hien Wong tao dung

dich mau xanh lam clac tritng, khi dun nOng tao kat tila
do gach.

> x = 0,025 > 11cH3cooH = 0,05mol

N6ng dO dung dich CH3COOH = 0,05 0,05 = 1M
> Chon dap an C.

Cau 20:
lloa hoc & ling dung
Str 17 060/2016

D sal vi saccarozo, glycerol tat) dung dich mau xanh

lam clac trting, khi dun nOng khOng tao ke't th do gach.
> Chon dap an A.


cZgy fia Ave 451`mele
Cau 24:

GQi

H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H20 H2SO4 + 8HCI

Klt cho, 0 nhan [chat kh1 cho e (s6 oxy h6a tang),
chat oxy h6a nhan e (s6 oxy h6a giam)]

-> 4Ag

0,12
0,03
!Tong d6 ma! (hoc mol/lit) ch dung dich mantozo
da clUng la 0,03 : 0,15 = 0,2M
-> Chon clap an B.
Cau 26:
nHei = 0,15 x 1 = 0,15mol

-> Chon clap an A.

Cau 27:

0,2

0,2

Nau aldehyd -> 4Ag (loai).

Nau aldehyd -> 2Ag M
-aldehyd = 56

Chon clap an B.
Cau 34:
Khithu duoc Om CO va CO2 (s6 moi l x va y), vi
phan (Mg xay ra hoan toan nen oxit sAt hk.
x + y = 0,2

nNaOH = 0,05 x 2 = 0,1

28x + 44y = 20 x 2 x 0,2

- > nNa2c03 = 0,05 -> nc02 = 0,05

GQi cOng thi3c hai alkol la CA0+20.

-> x = 0,05 va y = 0,15

no = n002 = 0,15
nFe = (8 - 0,15 x 16) : 56 = 0,1mol

0,05: n = 1,06: (14n + 18) -> n = 2,5

\fay hai alkol la C2H5OH va C3H7OH.

Fea0b -> a : b = 0,1 : 0,15 = 2 : 3 -> Fe203

-> Chon clap an D.

%CO2 = 0,15 : 0,2 = 75%.

Cau 28:

- > Chon clap an C.

Dinh luat bao toan din tich: 2x + y = 0,07 (1)

T6ng kh6i lilclng cac ion:

Cu 30:

Ag + 2HNO3 -> AgNO3 + NO2 + H20

MI 33:

Kh6i Itidng mulai = mm + mc, = [4,32 - 1/20,15 x 16]

+ 0,15 x 35,5 = 8,445 gam

Cau 29:
Chon clap an B.

Cau 32:
nNO2 = 4,48 : 22,4 = 0,2mol

- CH2=CH-CHO -> Chon clap an B.

MO + 2HCI -> MCI2 + H20

Ti.r (1, 2) ta x = 0,02, y = 0,03

- > Chip clap an C.

x + y = 1 va 79x + 81y = 79,91

Cau 31:
Chon dap an A.

Cau 25:

24x + 23y + 0,02.35,5 + 0,025 x 96 = 4,28

hay 24x + 23y = 1,17

Do kat qua khOng phu thuOc s6 li6u nen chon so'

mol hn hcip la lmol.
- > x = 0,545 va y = 0,455
-> %2935Br = 54,5% -> Chon clap an C.

S-2 -> S+6 + 8e

CI + le -> Cl
- ci, la chat oxy hOa, H2s la chat khii.
-> Chon clap an D.

C121122011 2C6H1206

s6 ma! 2935Br va 8135Br la x va y.

Cau 35:
T6c c16 phan ang thuan la: v = k[N2 ][H2 ]3

(2)

Nen khi tang n6ng d6 nitro len 2 Ian, nano d6 hydro

kh6ng d6i thi t6c d6 phan (mg thuan tang 2 lin.
Chon clap an A.
Cau 36:
Go' a, b ran Itkit l s6 ma! X va Y.
C,H2n+2 nCO2 + (n + 1)H20
Cm1-12m.2 mCO2 + (m - 1)H20

116a. h9c & eng dung

se 17 (269)/2o16

4, fA4 Apo ear fit.eib

Theo dg bai nc02 = H2O
> na + mb = (n + 1) x a + (m - 1) x b
(na + mb) = (na + mb) + (a - b) > a = b

Sau khi cac phan ang xay ra hoan toan, thu daoc
dung dich Y va mat phgn Fe khOng tan, nen:
Fe > Fe2+; Mg

-4

Mg2+

> %alkal = %alkyl = 50% > Chan dap an D.

> Chan dap an C.

Cau 37:

Cau 41:

Giai doan 1: LOOng kgt tila di len.

2Fe + 3Cl2 (t) > 2FeCI3

Thai gian dau, Long kgt taa di len do so hinh thanh

cOa CaCO3.
Giai doan 2: LaOng kgt tua thang bang.
Liking kgt tha khOng d61 la do ILIOng C032- tie'p tvc
dvoc hinh thanh va chigm tigp ion K+, day cling la thai
gian Wong C032- bi chuygn haa mat phan thanh ion
HCO3 .
Giai doan 3: Wong kgt tha di xu6ng.
Thai gian nay, Long K2CO3 khOng con.
OH- + CO2 > HCO320H- + CO2 > CO32- + H20

FeCI3 + 3NaOH > Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCI

> Chan dap an B.
Cau 42:
ric02 = 0,25 mol; ni-120 = 0,3nnol > 0,25
Alkol no, mach ha cO nx = 0,3 - 0,25 = 0,05mol
S6 nguyen tI C = 0,25 : 0,05 = 5
COng thac cOa alkol l C5E1120x
Tach in& duoc alkel duy nhat nen day la woo no,
don chic: C5H120.
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-0H

nu,032- = now nco2

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-0H

Theo dO, ta cO:

CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-0H

ea(oH)2 = rl,max = 0,15

nc032- = now nco2

> 0,15 = (2 x 0,15 + nx0H) - 0,45
> nKoH

0,3
--> EnOH 0,6 n = 0,6 - 0,5 = 0,1
> Chan dap an D.
=

Cau 38:
Cho cac cap kim loai nguyen ch6t tie'p xuc two tie"p
vai nhau: Fe va Pb; Fe va Zn; Fe va Sn; Fe va Ni. Khi
nhang cac cap kim loai trail vao dung dich acid, s6
cap kim loai trong do Fe bi pha hug' till& la:
Fe va Pb; Fe va Sn; Fe va Ni (vi Fe d(Ing truac Pb,
Sn, Ni trong day din h6a).

CH3-CH2-CHOH-CH2-C H3
Tuy nhien nO lai c6 kha nang tao 2 alkel l clang
phan cis-trans Gila nhau. Trong chaing trinh co ban thi
ch6p nhan.
061 a cac alkol no don chac, mach ha co Vic phan
nhanh va khOng cOn H a nguyen t C ben canh C-OH,
phan ang dg hydrat hoa di ding vai so chuygn vi va tao
ra alkel c lien Wel dal dich chuygn v phia trong mach.
0113)30.H20 H -4 (0 113)20=0110113 + H2O

Chon dap an B.
Cau 43:
Polivinyl acetat [hoac poli(vinyl acetat)] la polime
dc digu chg bang phan ang trOng hp CH3C00CH=CH2.

> Chan dap an B.

> Chan dap an C.

Cau 39:

Cau 44:

Alkol da chac c6 hai nharn OH lien ke't vai 2 nguyen

tit C lin nhau CO kha nang hoa tan Cu(OH)2 tao dung
dich mau xanh da trai: HOCH2-CH2OH (X); HOCH2CHOH-CH2OH (Z); CH3-CHOH-CH2OH (T).
> Chan dap an A.
Cali 40:
Ha hoc & ling dung

g17 (269)/2016

Chan dap an C.
Can 45:
Thu tO tinh oxy hOa giam clAn la:
Pb2+ > Sn2+ > Ni2+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+
Chon dap An C.

(q3

r(C

city 6? vei 4e
kft mW
'

ca u 46:
GQi s6 mol Fe203, CO, va A1203 l x, y, z.
160x + 152y + 102z = 41,4
160x = 16
x + y = 0,2

-4 Dap an A hoac C.
- Ne-u X la HCa-C-COOH:
8,9 gam mu6i (HGL-C000)2Ca, 19,4 gam AgCmCCOONFI4
nx = 8,9 x 2 : 178 = 19,4 : 194 (dOng).
D5n day chung ta cO the Idt luan.
Chon dap an A.

x = y = z = 0,1
- % C r203 = 36,71%
- Chon dap an B.

Cau 49:
Chon dap an D.

C5u 47:
Cac hp chSt CO tinh !Yang tinh la: Cr(OH)3, Zn(OH)2,
Pb(OH)2.

Cau 50:
AlPO4, Ba3(PO4)2, CaCO3 k6t tba

> Chon dap an D.

+ HCO3- C032- + H20

--> Choi' dap an A. gir

C5u 48:
Acid On chic tac dung ditdc yeti AgNO3/NH3

1113- ICA ICI

A - TRUNG I-IQC Ci Sa

Cau 1:
Cho bi6t t6ng s6 hat proton, notron, electron trong
2 nguyen tit dm nguyen to- A va B la 78, trong d6 s6
hat mang dien nhieu hurl s6 hat kh8ng mang din la
26 hat. S6 hat mang din cba A nhieu hdn s6 hat mang
din cOa B la 28 hat. Hoi A va B la nguyen t6 gi?
C5u 2:
CO cac thi nghiem sau chi% ti6n hanh:
Thi nghiem 1: Cho mu Na vao nit& chi.
ThE nghiem 2: Cho mu Na nhu tren vao dung dich
HCI nong d8 0,1 M vdi the tich dung dich HCI bang the'
tich nudc 0 tren.
Thi nghiam 3: Cho bOt nhom cO s6 mol bang s6 mol
Na trong thr nghiem 1 vao nudc long clu (the' tich WOG
bang th6 tich WOG trong thE nghiem 1).
Cho bi6t hien Wong xay ra trong m6i thi nghiem
tren va so sanh mac d6 xay ra phan (trig trong cac
thl nghiem.

0))

Cau 3:
MOt h.6n hop ch(ta Fe, FeO, Fe203. N5u hba tan a gam
h6n hp trot] bang dung dich HCI dit thi kh6i ludng H2
thoat ra bang 1% kh6i Ring h6n hop dem till nghiem.
N5u khit a gam h6n hop tren bang H2 dU thi thu dudc
kh6i Ming nitdc bang 21,15% khoi Wong h6n hop dem
thi nghiem. Xac dinh ph5n tram ve kh6i ludng rinOi chal
cO trong a gam h6n hop tren.
Cau 4:
a. MOt h6n hdp khi gm 16 gam oxy va 1,5 gam
hydro.
- Cho biel phan tit cOa m6i khI cO trong h6n hdp.
- D6t h6n hop 01, phan Ung xong de nguOi thi
phan tit khl nao cOn du, du bao nhieu?
b. Khi 135p than dang chay, n5u d6 nhiOu ruidc vao
thi IA] se tat con ne-u ric nn6t chOt nudc vao thi b5p
than bung chay len. Hay viol cac phuting trinh hda hoc
giai thich hien tuong tren.

Hon hoc & fing dung

.5017 (269)/20,6

igie4," va
Cau 5:
CO 4 6ng nghiem, m6i 6ng ch6a mOt dung dich mu6i
(khOng trng kim loai cEing nhii g6c acid) la chlorua,
sulfat, nitrat, carbonat cba cac kim loai Ba, Mg, K, Ag.
a. HOi m6i 6ng nghiem chaa dung dich mu6i nao?
b. Trinh bay ph6ong phap hOa hgc de phan bit 4
dung dich mu6i tren.
Cau 6:
Mt h6n hap khi ca nitro g6m: NO, NO2, N00 biet
thanh ph5n % vg the tfch cac khf trong h6n hop la:
%VN0 = 50%; %1410_2 = 25%. Thanh ph5n c/o vg kh6i
Wong NO co trong hOn hap la 40%. Xac dinh cOng thac
hOa hgc cOa khi NO.
MI 7:
Ngtidi ta dun 2,1 gam amoni sulfat (NH4)2SO 4 thong
mai cOn Ian nhi6u tap chat voi dung dich NaOH dii thl

xf

XaV

7/al&

thu &rag khf NH3. Khf nay &lac hap thu hat b6i 40m1
dung dich H2SO4 0,5 M. Cho vao dung dich nay chat chi
thi phenol phtalein thi thy khOng mau. Khi them 25ml
dung dich NaOH 0,4M thi dung dich chuydn sang mau
h6ng. -firth dO tinh khin cOa mu6i amoni sunfat
(NH4)2SO4 truidng mai.
MI 8:
Cho 3,6 gam h6n hap (kali va mOt kim loai kim) tac
dung hat a nu& sinh ra 1,12 lit khi H2 (dktc). Tim kim
loai kim. Biat s6 mol cOa no nho han 10% t6ng sCi mol
cifa hai kim loai trong hOn hap.
Cau 9:
Cho h6n hap hai mu6i A2SO4 vg BS04 CO kh6i King
44,2 gam tac dung visa dO v6i dung dich BaCl2 thi cho
69,9 gam ket taa. Kh6i kfQng hai mu6i tao thanh l bao
nhieu gam?

B - TRUNG HQC PH6 THONG

MI 1: FiCia tan h6n hap X Om Cu va Fe203 trong
400m1 dung dich HCI a mol/lit &rag dung dich Y va cOn
lai 1 gam (long khOng tan. Nhung thanh Mg vao dung
dich Y, sau khi phan (mg xong, nhac thanh Mg ra thay
kheii !Yang tang 4 gam so vdi ban du va cO 1,12 lit khi
H2 (dktc) bay ra. Cia thiet toan bO Itiang kim loai thoat
ra deu barn vao thanh Mg. Kh61 k1ng dm Cu trong X
va gia tri dm a la:
A. 4,2 gam va a = 1M B. 4,8 gam va 2M
C. 1,0 gam va a = 1M D. 3,2 gam va 2M
MI 2: Loa' phan ang hOa hgc nao sau day luOn la
phan (Mg oxy hOa - khii?
A. Phan Cing trao di B. Phan (Mg hOa hap
C. Phan ang the D. Phan Ung phan huji
MI 3: H6n hap X gm Na, Ba, Na20 va BaO. I-16a
tan hoar) togn 21,9 gam X vao nirOc, thu duo 1,12 lit
khi H2 (dktc) va dung dich Y, trong dO cO 5,6 gam
NaOH. Hap thu hoar' toan 6,72 lit khf CO2 (dktc) vao Y,
thu &lac m gam ket tOa. Gia tri cifa m la:

B. 23,64 gam
A. 39,40 gam

D. 21,92 gam
C. 15,76 gam
Cau 4: Chon cau phat bleu dung vg chgt beo:
(1) Chal beo l trieste dm glycerol v6i acid beo.
1-145a hcc & eng thing
(269)/zo76

(2) Chgt beo ran thubng khOng tan trong niiOc va

Ong hon ndoc.
(3) Du thvc vgt la mOt loai chgt boo trong do cO
ch6a cac g6c acid beo khOng no.
(4) Cac loai dal.] thifc vat va du b6i trdn du khOng
tan trong nu'ac nhiing tan trong cac dung dich acid.
(5) Cac chat beo du tan trong cac dung dich kim
khi dun nOng.
B. 1, 2, 3, 5
A. 1, 2, 3
C. 1, 3, 4

D. 1, 3, 5

Cau 5: Cho sd d6 phan ilmg: Al2(504)3 X Y.

Cap chat X, Y nao khOng thoa mean sci d6 tren (1)10 m5i
mill ten la mOt phan (ing)?
B. Al(OH)3
va NaA102
A. A1203 va Al(OH)3
D. NaA102 va Al(OH)
C. Al(OH)3 va A1203
3
Cau 6: Sap xelp cac chat sau theo th(I tiJ nhiet dO
sOi tang d5n: C2H5OH, CH3CHO, C61-150H, H20,
CH3COOH.
A. C2H5OH, CH3CHO, C61150H, H20, CH3COOH
B. C2H5OH, CH3CHO, C61-150H, CH3COOH, H20
C. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, H2O, CH3COOH, C6H50H
D. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, C6H5OH, H2O, CH3COOH

0))

fne'R,

MI 7: Day cac kim loai nao sau day c6 the' difOc

dieu ch6 bang cach din phan n6ng chay mu6i chlorua?

A. Al, Ba, Na
B. Na, Ba, Mg

C. Al, Mg, Fe
D. Al, Mg, Na
Cau 8: X la mOt loai phan bon h6a hoc. Khi cho X
tac dung veil dung djch NaOH dun Ong co kill thoat ra.
N6u cho X vao dung djch H2SO4 loang sau dO them bOt
Cu vao th6y co khi khOng mau hod nau trong khOng ktif
thoat ra. X la:
A. NH4NO3
B. (NH2)2C0
C. NaNO3

D. (NH4)2SO4

Cali 9: Cho h6n hOp Tom 0,14mol Mg va 0,01mol

MgO phan ang vita dO vdi dung djch HNO3 thu du'Oc
0,448 lit (dktc) kill nitro va dung dich X. Kh6i luong
mu6i trong X la:
A. 23 gam
B. 24,5 gam
C. 22,2 gam

D. 20,8 gam

Cau 10: Dun 24,44 gam h6n hop ally' chlorua va

ethyl bromua vdi dung djch NaOH sau phan Cing
hoan toan acid h6a bang HNO3 r6i cho dung djch AgNO3
dif vao thu difOc 43,54 gam kel tin. Phan tram kheii
c6a allyl chlorua trong hOn hp gn vdi gia trj
nao nhaft?
A. 90%
C. 65%

B. 38%
D. 56%

Cau 11: Cho 13,2 gam este ddn chac no E tac dung
h6t vdi 150m1 dung djch NaOH 1M thu ditoc 12,3 g ammu6i. Xac djnh E.
A. HCOOCH3
B. CH3COOCH3
C. HCOOC2H5
D. CH3-CO0C 2H5
Cau 12: Nho tif tit 3V1 rnl dung dich Ba(OH) 2 (dung
dich X) vao Vinnl dung dich Al2(SO4)3 (dung djch Y) thi
phan ang vita di] va ta thu du'dc ke't toa IOn nhat l m
gam. N6u tren V2m1 dung djch X 6 tren vao Virni dung
djch Y thl k6t t6a thu thicic c6 kh6i liking bang 0,9m
gam. So sanh ti le V2N1 th6y:
A. V2N1 = 2,7 hoc V2/1/1 = 3,55
B. V2N1 = 2,5 hoac V2N1 = 3,25
C. V2N1 = 2,7 hoac V2N1 = 3,75
D. V2N1 = 2,5 hoc V2N1 = 3,55
Cau 13: Cho bi6t bO thi nghiem dieu chef chlo trong
phang thf nghiem:

CO)

Hay cho h6a chat dking trong m6i binh tifcing

Ong Ign hicit la:
A. Dung djch HCI, Mn02 ran, dung djch NaCI, dung
djch H2SO4 dc
B. Dung djch NaCI, Mn02 ran, dung djch HCI, dung
djch H2SO4 dc
C. Dung dich HCI, dung dich KMn04, dung djch
H2SO4 dac, dung dich NaCI
D. Dung dich H2 SO4 dc, dung djch KMn04, dung
djch HCI, dung dich NaCI
Cau 14: Dun nOng 0,14mol h6n hop A gm hai peptit X (C,Fly0,N4) va Y (C,HrnO,Nt) voi dung djch NaOH
vila d6 chi thu dikic dung dich chaa 0,28mo1 mu6i cOa
glycin va 0,4mol mu6i c6a alanin. Mat khac d6t chay
m gam A trong 02 viia dO thu difoc h6n hOp CO2, H20
va N2, trong d6 t6ng kh6i c6a CO2 va nikic la
63,312 gam. Gia trj m gn nhal

A. 28 gam
B. 34 gam

C. 32 gam
D. 18 gam
Cau 15: Chia m gam h6n hop X Om Al, Zn, Mg
thanh hai phan bang nhau: Phan 1 cho vao dung djch
HCI di( thu dikic 1,344 lit H2 (dktc). Pr& 2 nung trong
khOng khl de'n kh6i khOng d6i thu ditdc 3,04 gam
chgt ran. Gia trj cOa m la:
A. 5,12 gam
B. 4,16 gam
C. 2,08 gam

D. 2,56 gam

Cau 16: Cho 4,32 gam h6n hop X Om Fe, Cu 0

clang b6t vao 100nnl dung dich AgNO3 1M thu ditdc
dung dich Y va 12,08 gam chgt ran Z. Them NaOH di!
vao Y, 16y keft tOa nung trong khOng khi d6n kh6i
khOng d61 thu (WOG m gam ch6t ran. Gia trj c6a m la:

A. 5,6 gam
B. 4 gam

C. 3,2 gam
D. 7,2 gam
Cau 17: Hai c6c Mpg dung djch HCI dat tren hai dia
can X, Y, can 6 trang thai thang bang. Cho 5 gam
CaCO3 vao c6c X va 4,784 gam M2CO3 (M: Kim loai
kim) vao c6c Y. Sau khi hai mu6i cid tan hoan toan,
can tr6 lai vi tri thang bang. Xac djnh kim loai M?
A. Cs
B. Na
Ha hoc & ling dung
St 17 (269)/2o16

. )1
Ye'cigy va 40 ea92&lboW(1
C. K

D. Li

Cau 18: H6a chat nao sau day c6 th' dung dd

phan bit Fe203 va Fe304?
A. Dung dich H2SO4 loang B. Dung dich NaOH

A. 1

B.2

C.3

D.4

Cau 23: Cho cac phan Ung:

X + 3NaOH --> C6H5ONa + Y + CH3CHO + H20

C. Dung dich HNO3 D. Dung dich HCI

Y + 2NaOH T + 2Na2CO3

Cau 19: Tian hanh cac thi nghiem sau:

CH3CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH Z +

Z + NaOH T + Na2CO3
COng th6c phan tit c6a X la:

(a) Svc H2S vao dung dich rac chlo.

(b) Sc khi SO2 vao dung dich thu6c tim.
(c) Cho H2S vao dung dich Ba(OH)2.
(d) Them H2SO4 loang vao niJOc gia-ven.
(e) D6t H2 S trong oxy khOng khi.
S6 thi nghiem xay ra phan Ung oxy h6a - khO. la:
B.4
A.2
D.3
C.5
Cau 20: Hda tan 14,2 gam h6'n hp X gm MgCO3
va mat nnu6i carbonat cba kim loai M vao mat ludng
d6 acid HCI 7,3% thu dudc dung dich Y va 3,36 lit khi
CO2 (dktc). Wong d0 MgC12 trong Y la 6,028%. Cho
dung dich NaOH du vao dung dich Y, Idc lay kat th
dem nung ngoai khOng khi clan kh6i khOng di
thi thu dudc m gam chat ran. Gia tn cOa m bang:

B. 10,4 gam
A. 7,6 gam

D. 12,0 gam
C. 8,0 gam
Cau 21: Khi cho 534,6 gam xenlulozo phan Ung vdi
HNO3 dc thu duoc 755,1 gam han hop A g6m hai san
phial hirn cdtrong dO cO mOt chat la xenlulozo trinitrat
thicic dbng lam thu6c n6. Tach xenlulozo trinitrat cho
vao binh kin chan khOng dung tich khOng di 2 lit r61
cho n6 (san pha'm chi gm cac chat khi CO, CO2, F12,
N2). Sau do do thay nhiet dO binh l 300C. H6i p suat
binh (at) gin vOi gia tri nao sau day nhat?
B. 186at
A. 150at
D. 200at
C. 155at
Cau 22: S6 ghat bidu dung trong cac phat bidu sau:
(a) Khi NO2; SO2 gay ra hien Mr-1g nnua acid.
(b) Khi CH4; CO2 gay ra hien ktOng hieu Ung nha
kinh.
(c) Ozon trong khi quygn la nguyen nhan chinh gay
6 nhiem khOng khi.
(d) Chit gay nghien ch6 yau trong thdic la la
nicotin.

Ha hoc & eng dung

St

17

(269)/20/6

A. C111-11204

B. C121-11404

C. O12H2006

D. C11F11004

MI 24: Tr6n 2 dung dich: Ba(HCO3)2; NaHSO4 CO

ding n6ng dO mol/lit v6i nhau theo t9 le thd tich 1: 1
thu dudc kat t6a X va dung dich Y. Hay cho biat cac
ion c6 mit trong dung dich Y (b6 qua ski th6y phan
c6a cac ion va dien ly cOa nudc).
A. Na*, HCO3- va SO
B. Ba2+, HCO3- va Na+
C. Na+ va S042D. Nat, HCO3Cau 25: Nguyen tic chung cOa phep phan tich dinh
tinh la:
A. Chuygn 116a cac nguyen t6 C, H, N... thanh cac
chat vO cd dO nhan biat.
B. D6t chay hp chat hau cd dd tim hydro do co hdi
ureic thoat ra.
C. D6t chay hp chat hRu cd dg tim carbon dUdi
dang muai den.
D. D6t chay hip chat hal cd dg tim nitro do ca mbi
khet tac.
Cau 26: Cho 22 gam dung dich NaOH 10% vao 5
gam dung dich H3PO4 39,2%. Muoi thu dudc sau phan
ang la:
A. Na2HPO4 va NaH2PO4 B. Na2HPO4
C. NaH2PO4

D. Na3PO4 va Na2HPO4

Cau 27: Win kip X Om 3,92 gam Fe, 16 gam Fe2O3

va m gam Al. Nung X 6 nhiet d6 cao trong didu kien
khOng cO khOng khi, thu dUdc h6n hdp chat rain Y. Chia
Y thanh hai phin bang nhau. Phan m6t tac dung voi
dung dich H2SO4 loang (du), thu duac 4a(mol) khi H2.
Phan hai phan Ong vai dung dich NaOH du, thu dUcic
a(mol) khi H2. Biel cac phan ang du xay ra hoan toan.
Gia tn cOa m la:

[cr:4114,, va

Ave eeremoil,X;

A. 7,02mol

C. 5,40mol

B. 4,05mol
D. 3,51mol

Cau 28: Cho day cac dung dich sau: KOH, NaHCO3,
HNO3, CH3COOH, NaNO3, Br2. Si dung dich trong day
phan ang ducic vai p-crezol la:
A.6
B.3
C.4
D.5
Chu 29: San phhm thu dUcic khi din phan dung
dich NaCI (din cac trd, mang ngan x6p) la:

A. NaOH, 02 va HCI
B. Na, H2 va CI,

C. NaOH, H2 va Cl2
D. Na va Cl2
Cali 30: O trang thai co ban, nguyen tcc ca nguyen
t6 X CO 5 electron 0 lap L (lap tha 2). Si proton cO
trong nguyen tit X la:
A.5
B.7
C.6

D.8

Cau 31: H6n hop X gm 3 acid dan chac mach ha

trong dO cO hai acid no la Tong dang ki trip va mOt
acid kh6ng no co mOt lien kit Mi. Cho m gam X tac
dung vai dung dich chaa 0,7mol NaOH. Di trung hOa
laOng NaOH dLf can 200m1 dung dich HCI 1M va thu
dikic dung dich Y. CO can can than Y thu thicic 52,58
gam chit ran khan Z. D6t chay hoan toan Z r6i thu
toan 130 san pha'm khI va hOi vao binh clang dung dich
NaOH thiy kh6i ILIOng binh tang 44,14 gam. Thanh
phan % kh6i liking acid kh6ng no la:
A. 49,81%
B. 48,19%
C. 39,84%

D. 38,94%

Cau 32: Cho cac phan ang:

(1) FeCO3 + H2SO4 dc (V) > khi X + khi Y +
(2) NaHCO3 + KHSO4 khi X +
(3) Cu + HNO3 dc (V) > khi Z +
(4) FeS + H2SO4 loang > khi G +
(5) NH4NO2 (t) > khi H +
(6) AgNO3 (t) khi Z + khi I +
Trong cac chit khi sinh ra 0 cac phan Ong tren, s6
chit khi tac dung a dung dich NaOH la:
A.6

B.3

C.4

0.5

MI 33: Chi ra qua trinh khac bit voi 3 qua trinh

cOn lai: ski chay, ski guano hOp, Si,! hd hip, Si,! oxy

hOa cham?

A. Si,! chay

C. Si,! hO hip

B. Su quang hop
D. Si,! oxy hOa cham

Cau 34: Nguyen nhan gay nen tinh bazo cOa amin la:
A. Do phan tf amin bi phan cac manh.
B. Do amin tan nhihu trong H20.
C. Do nguyen tif N c6 dO am din Ian nen cap e
chung caa nguyen tO N va H bi hat vi phia N.
D. Do nguyen tO N can cap eletron ta do nen phan
tO amin c6 the' nhan proton.
Cau 35: Can bang nao sau day chuydn dich theo
chieu thuan khi tang p suit?
A. N2(kho 3H2(khO 2NH3(khl)
B. CaCO3 t CaO + CO2(kno
C. H2(khr) 12(ran) -47 2HI(kho
D. S(ran) + H2(khO H2S(khi)
MI 36: Nhan dinh nao khang thing vi gluxit?
(1) Mantozo, glucozo cO -OH hemiacetal, cOn saccarozo khOng c6 -OH hemiacetal hi do.
(2) Khi thuy' phan mantozo, saccarozo c6 mat )(Lk
tac acid hoc enzim du tao ra glucozo.
(3) Saccarozo, mantozo, xenlulozo thuOc nhOm disaccarit.
(4) Saccarozo, mantozo, xenlulozo, glucozo, fructozo
Thu hOa tan Cu(OH)2 thanh phac dong mau xanh lam.
A. 1, 4

B. 2, 3

C. 1, 2

D. 3, 4

MI 37: DOI chay hoan toan 16,84 gam h6n hOp X

Orin C,HyCOOH, CxHyCO0C2H5, C2H5OH thu dkrOc 16,8 lit
CO2 (dktc) va 14,4 gam H2O. Mat khac, cho 8,42 gam
X phan Ong vOa dO vai 85m1 dung dich NaOH 1M, thu
du6c 2,76 gam C2H5OH. C6ng thac caa CMyCOOH la:
A. C2H3COOH
B. CH3COOH
C. C2H5COOH
D. C3H5COOH
Cau 38: Cong thac chung caa amino acid no, mach
ha, c6 hai nhOm carboxyl va mOt nhOm amino la:

A. CnH21NO2
B. C,-,H2n-1N04

C. Cr,H21N04
D. CnFl2n,1N04
Cau 39: Kh6i lircmg phan tO caa tO capron la
15.000dvC. Si mat xich trung binh trong phan tO caa
Iloa hoc & eng dung
St 17 (269)/2o/6

rizy ea
' fid
loai td nay gan nhat la:

A. 145

C. 118

B. 133
D. 113

Cau 40: Cho cac loai td: Td capron (1); td tam (2);
td nilon-6,6 (3); td acetat (4); td chlorin (5); sOi bang
(6); td visco (7); td enang (8); td lapsan (9). CO bao
nhieu loai td khOng c nhorn am it?
A.6

B.4

C.3

D.5

Cau 41: Taking hOp nao sau day, kinn loai Wan mon
din hOa hoc:
A. Dat day sat trong khi wry khO.
B. Kim loai sat trong dung dich HNO3 loang.
C. Kim loai kem trong dung dich HCI.
D. Thep carbon da trong khOng khi
Cau 42: Thug phan hoan toan 1mol pentapeptit A
thu 'RIO 431 gam cac a-amino acid (no chi chda 1
g6c -COOH, -NH2). Khi thug phan khOng hoan toan A
thu Gly-Ala, Gly-Gly; Gly-Ala-Val, Via-Gly-Gly;
khOng thu dikic Gly-Gly-Val va Val-Ala-Gly. Trong phan
td A chaa s6 g6c cOa Gly la:
B.2
A.4
C.1

0.3

Cau 43: H6n hOp X Om propin, propan va propilen

cO ti kh6i so vOl hydro la 21,2. Dat chay hoan toan
15,9 gam X, sau do hap thu toan b0 san pham vao
binh dOng 1 lit dung dich Ba(OH)2 0,8M thay kh6i kccing
binh tang m gam va co a gam kat tOa. Gia tr cOa m
va a Ian IdOt la:
A. 71,1 gam va 93,575 gam
B. 71,1 gam va 73,875 gam
C. 42,4 gam va 63,04 gam
D. 42,4 gam va 157,6 gam
Cau 44: HO chat A mach ha (chda C, H, 0). Lay
ding mOt s6 mol A cho tac dung vdi Na2CO3 hoc Na
(d6u di!) thi nc02 = 3/4nH2. Biat MA = 192, trong A cO
s6 nguyen td 0 < 8. A khOng 131 oxy hOa bai CuO/t va
CO tinh d6i Ving. S6 (Jong phan A thaa man la:
B.3
A. 4.
C.1

D.2

Cau 45: H6n hOp X Om m6t aldehyd va mOt alkyl

GO ding s6 nguyen td carbon. 06t chay hoan toan
Ha hoc & ling dung
St 17 (269)/20/6

'V
&I' melt Xa

a(mol) h6n hOp X thu dikic 3a(mol) CO2 va 1,8a(mol)

H20. Cho 0,1mol h6n hOp X tac dung dUOc vai tai da
0,14mol AgNO3 trong NH3 (dieu kin thich hop). S6 mol
dia aldehyd trong 0,1mol h6n hOp X la:
A. 0,02mol

B. 0,08mol

C. 0,04mol

D. 0,03mol

Cau 46: Thug phan cac chat sau trong mOi trdang
kiam: CH3CHCl2 (1), CH3COOCH=CH-CH3 (2),
CH3C00C(CH3)=CH2 (3), CH3CH2CCI3 (4), CH3 C00-CH200CCH3 (5), HCO0C2H5 (6). NhOm cac chat sau khi
thug phan c6 san pharn tham gia phan drig trang
gLicing la:
B. (1), (2), (5), (3)
A. (1), (4), (5), (6)
C. (1), (2), (5), (6)

D. (1), (2), (3), (6)

Cau 47: H6n hOp X g6m CH3CH2 COOH, HCOOH,

C6H5COOH va HOOC-CH2-COOH. Khi cho m gam X tac
dung vdi NaHCO3 (di!) thi thu duo 20,16 lit khi CO2
(dktc). Mat khac, d6t chay hoan toan m gam X can
26,88 lit khi 02 (dIdc), thu dd0c 52,8 gam CO2 va y(mol)
H20. Gia tr cOa y la:
B. 2,1mol
A. 1,9mol
C. 1,8mol

D. 1,6mol

Cau 48: H6a tan m gam h6n hOp X Om Fe, FeS,

FeS2 va S vao dung dich HNO3 dac, nOng thu dirOc dung
dich Y (khOng chda mu6i amoni) va 49,28 lit h6n [Nip
khi NO, NO2 nang 85,2 gam. Cho Ba(OH)2 vao Y, ly
kat tOa nung trong khOng khi dan khai liiQng khOng d6i
thu (Mc 148,5 gam chat ran khan. Gia tr cOa m la:
B. 24,8 gam
A. 38,4 gam
C. 27,4 gam

D. 9,36 gam

Cau 49: Dien phan 2.000m1 (din cdc trd, c6

mang ngan) dung dich g6m CuSO4 va 0,01 mol NaCI
de'n khi ca hai din cdc dau thoat ra 448m1 khi (dktc)
thi ngUng din phan. Gia sit ndac bay hdi khOng clang
kd trong qua trinh din phan. Gia tri pH dung dich
sau din phan la:
B.1,7
A.1,4
C. 1,2

0.2,0

Cau 50: Trong s6 cac hOp chat sau, chat nao dung
d6 ngam xac Ong vat:

B. Dung dich CH3CHO
A. Dung dich HCHO

D. Dung dich CH3OH
C. Dung dich CH3COOH
Hai Phong v

eta" az&

GAF GITUON YE KIM L041 NOM

h6m la nguyen to" ph6 bign th6 3 (sau ox' va

silic), va la kim loai ph6 bign nhk trong vO
, , Trai dat. Dgn ngay nay, nhOm thicic sit dung
rat nhieutrong di sang. NI-lung it ngutti bigt rang nhOm
c15 c6 mat thdi mac hcin ca yang bac, la man do xa xi
Gila bac de' vitOng.
Nha via di c6 dai Plini c k6 lai mat ski kin IY th6
tiing xay ra gen hai ngan nam ye trugc. Mat hem, mat
ngikti la clgn gap hoang d6 La Ma Tiberi. Nguti d6
mang tang hoang d6 mat cai chen do chinh minh lam
ra tit mat thit kim loai 16p lanh nhu' bac, nhiing lai rk
nhe. Ng& tho nOi rang, anh ta 16y c160c th6 kim loai
ma chita ai bigt dgn, tit dal set. CO le Tiberi it khi ban
tam bigt On al, va Ong ta cling la mat hoang dg thin
can. SO rang, thit kim loai mai vai nhring tinh chal tuyet
vdi c6a nO se lam mal hgt gia tri dm dong yang va bac
clang ck girt trong kho, nen vi hoang dg nay cla ra lenh
chem clau,nguili phat minh va pha tan xilang dm anh
ta de tit day ve sau khOng cen al dam san xual tha kim
loai "nguy higm" 'y Oa.
DO la chuyen c6 that hay chi la truyen thuygt - that
kho noi. Nhung dau sao thl "nguy CU" ding c15 qua khOi,
va tigc thay, cid qua lau lam r6i. Mai cign the' kY XVI,
tic la khoang mat ngan nam tram nam ye sau, lich di
dm nhOm mai chi% ghi them mat trang mai. VI y sit
kiem nha van vat hoc day tai nang nglii Dac la Philippus Aureolus Theophratus Bombastus Von Hohenheim
ngiidi da di vao lich sit vai bit danh la Paratxen, c15
lam clitOc didu do. Khi nghien citu cac chk va cac
khoang vat khac nhau trong dO cO ca cac loai phen,
nha bac hoc nay d5 xac clinh clikic rang, chi:mg la
"mu6i c6a mat loai da't chilta phen nao cla" ma thanh
phan caa nO ca chita oxit caa mat kim loai chLta al bigt;
th6 oxit nay ye sau &roc goi la dal phen.
TO thdi xa >at ngiidi ta d5 bigt clgn cac loai phen ma
Paratxen timg quan tam. Theo xac nhan dm nha vial
di ngildi Hy Lap la Herodot (s6r1g 6 thg kY tha v tritac
c6ng nguyen) thl cac dan tac c6 xita cid dung mat loai
chk khoang ma ho goi la "Alumen", nghia la "lam san
scti" d' girt mau khi nhuam vai. Chal khoang nay chinh
la phen.
Vao khoang thg lq, thil VIII - IX, phen da &roc dung
dg nhuam vii, dg thuac da citu, da de 6 ill& Nga c6
x6a. Thdi trung c6, mgt s6 )(ding san nal phen c15
hoat clang 0 chau Au.
Nam 1754, nha h6a hoc ngubi D6c la Andreas

0))

Sigisnnund Marggaf da tach dLfdc th6 "dal ch6a phen"

ma Paratxen cid noi cl6n tit hai tram nam tn.& do.
Phai qua m6y chvc narn nifa, nha bac hoc ngLJOi Anh
la Humphry Davy mai this tim cach tach flirt kim loai
an nau trong phen. Nam 1807, bang cach din phan
cac chk kiem, Ong da phat hien ra natri va kali,
nhiing 'Ong chua phan giai du'Oc phen bang dOng
din nhit the'. Ma'y nam sau, nha bac hoc ngitdi Thy
Dign la luen Jons Jakob Berxelius ding bat tay vao
nhang cuac th6 nghiem nhu' vay, song c6ng cuac caa
Ong khOng_ thu du'Oc ket qua. Mac dau vay, cac nha
bac hoc van quygt clinh dat ten cho kim Ioai "bal tri"
nay: lOc dau, Becxeliut goi n6 la alumium, va vO sau,
Devi da doi alumium thanh aluminium (nhOm).
Nha bac hoc ngitdi Dan Mach Hans Christian Oersted la ngitdi clau tien ch6 duoc nhOm kim loai gag
nhv ngvdi thO v6 danh thdi c6 La Ma. Nam 1825, trong
mat tap chi Ma. hoc, Ong d5 clang mat bai trong do Ong
vigt rang, sau nhring thi nghiem do Ong tie'n hanh cid
thu cluoc "mat mau kim loai cg mOu va anh kim had
gi6ng thigc". Nhitng tap chi nay khOng nOi tigng lam
nen thOng bao cOa Ecxtet hau nhit khOng dvoc giai khoa
hoc chit dgn. VA lai, vi mai me nghien calf ye din
tif nen chinh nha bac hoc TA khOng cod trong phat
minh nay cita minh.
Hai nam sau, mat nha hoa hoc Dim tre tu6i nhung
d n6i tiefrig, ten l Friederich Wohler cla COpenhaghen dg gap Ecxtet. Ecxtet cho Vitale bigt la 'Ong
khOng clinh tigp tvc cac thi nghiem di6u ch6 nhOm
Th6 l sau khi tra ye nutic Dag, Vuele cid lao ngay vao
nghien diu va'n de nay - mat vali de ma Ong quan tam
tO lau. Chi clgn cu6i nam 1827, Ong c15 cOng b6 phuong
phap dieu chg.kim loai mdi nay cila minh. So thvc thl
phitong phap cga Vuele chi cho phep tach duoc nhOm
dang hat co dg Ion khOng bang dau kim bang, nhung
nha bac hoc cid tigp tvc lam thcic nghiem cho dgn khi
hoan chinh cac phuOng phap dieu chg nhOm 6 dang
kh6i dc. Ong phai mat mildi tam nam vao viec dO.
Thdi ba'y gid, kim loai mai nay da cO danh tigng
ngay. Nhu'ng vi ngisdi ta chi thu clitoc nO vai Wong ral
It Oi nen gia caa no cao hin gia yang va tim mua dvoc
n6 khOng phai din gran.
Bai vay, ding d higu rang, khi mgt vi Qu6c vuong
chau Au da sam rieng clit0c cho minh mat ba hoang
bao dinh COG nhOm thl Ong ta lien len mat vdi cac vua
chga khac rang rogn xa xi nhiivay khOng hop vdi tUl
tien hg. Cac vua chua kia chang gin cach nao khac
H6a hoc & ting dung
Ss' 17 (269)/2o76

7
6 4 497 ct* ;;Vil
ngoai ghen tic vai ngifOi CO diem phim diloc lam cha
130 COC quY Fern do va danh am them buon b5 chd den
met ngay t6t dep hon.
Chang phai chd doi lau, niem vui lan d5 den vai ha:
nam 1855, tai cuec Trien lam quec te 0 Pan, ngUdi ta
d trUng bay "bac la'y tic dal set" lam cha'n dOng du'
1u5n. DO la nhang ta-rn va the' nhOm do nha bac hoc
kiem nha cOng nghiep ngu'di Phap Henri Etienne Sainte
Claire DeviIle che tao ra.
Trc khi xual hien nhang vat tiling bay dO, met vai
Sc! kin sau day da xay ra. Hai 6y, Napeleon III - "daa
chau be ti ca 6ng bac vi di" - nhu nhang ngutii dung
thdi thidng gai, l hoang de nikic Phap. Van la met ke
thich chpc tac ngudi khac, cO met len, Ong ta ma met
baa tic, tai dO, nhang ngudi trong hoang gia va nhang
vi khach vinh du nha't duoc dung thia va dia bang
nhOm. COn nhang khach khac thi buOc phai sa dung
nhang dung cu an u6ng binh thudng (song van la
nhiing tha dung cho cac bica tiec cua hoang de) bang
yang va bac. Di nhien la hp Lat ac den Oat khoc On
va khOng tai nao nu6t n61, nhung bin lam sao dim khi
ngay ca hoang de lac dO ding khOng the sann da cho
mei vi khach met be de bang nhOm theo yeu cu. Va
khi ma s6 menh ban cho Ong ta met vi hoang tic de n6i
doi thi ngutli cha ddy diem phac cia ra lenh cho ngudi
tha kim hoan trong cung dinh lam met b0 do chdi xa
xi bang nhOm, yang va cac tha da qu9.
Sau dO it lau, trong ec dm Napoleon III da chin mu6i
met du an treu nguoi, hila hen met niern vinh quang va
hanh din, nhUng dieu cha yeu la lam cho cac vua chua
khac phai xanh met vi ghen ti: hoang de da guy& dinh
trang bi cho binh linh trong guar' di cOa minh nhang
be do giap bang nhOm. Ong ta danh cho Xanh - Cle
Devin met khaki tin lOn de Ong nay tim cach che"
dudc nhOm vOi s6 ludng lOn. phuong phap cOa
Vale lam co sa cho nhang thuc nghiem cOa minh,
Xanh - Cle Devin da de ra met quy trinh cOng nghe
thich hap, nhung kim loai cOa Ong lam ra van rt det.
Chinh vi vay nen binh linh Phap van chua duac u'am tha
nhring be o giap nhu vua ch0a d haa hen, trong khi
do thi nha vua lai quan tam de'n viec he ye ban
than minh: ye Si dm Ong da cludc thing din nhang be
o gip nnOi tinh.
Phe canh Benapac dinh Idi dung viec Xanh - Cle
Devin dieu cheldUdc nhOm nguyen chgt d' nhen nhOm
len ngdn lica den tec chO nghia: 0 khap mai ndi, ngudi
ta keu gao ve chi] quy6n cOa nu'ac Phap trong viec phat
hen ra kim loai nay. Dang kinh thay Xanh - Cle Devin,
Ong da phan d6i nhang Idi "the' phong" nay bang met
hanh dOng thich hop vdi met nha bac hac chan chinh,
d6ng thdi cOng rt dec dao: Ong da dung nhonn do
chinh minh san xua't ra de khac met t6m buy chuong

Hera hoc & JYng dung

Sar 17 (269)/2o/6

mang char' dung Fridric Vuele, de nam "1827", r6i gil

tang nha bac hoc Dac.
Chinh 6 thdi k9 nay ding da xual hip "bac Devin"
vdi tu cach la vat trung, bay trong Trien lam qufi t6.
C6 the, nhang ngUdi to chic cuec trien lam da wet
nhOm vao hang nhang kim loai thOng dung, nhung tiec
thay nO van chila dat tai di6u dO. Thcfc ra, ngay tic thdi
ba'y gill, nhang ngudi tien ti6n da hieu duoc rang, COG
do va o Op chi la nhang tinh tiet nho man trong ddi
boat clang caa nhOm. Len deu tien nhin tha'y nhang
san phgm bang nhOm, N. G. ChecnUsepxki d5 pha'n
khai th6t len: "Kim loai nay nha't dinh se" c met tiking
lai to Idn. Hdi cac ban, trdic mat cac ban la thi kim
loai dm chi) nghia xa hOi". Trong tigu thuyet "Lam gi"
caa Ong xua't ban nam 1863 cO nhang clang nhu sau:
"...Nghe thuat kie'n triic cOa ng6i nha ben trong nay
thanh thoat bie't bao, ntaing bic tilIng giaa cac cia s6
gcm nhe lam sao. Cac O dia s6 thi to Ian, rang rai,
choan het ca chieu cao tang nha... COn san va tren
nha thi the nao? Cac caa On va khung caa s6 kia lam
bang gi? DO la cai gi vay? Bac chang? Bach kim
u?...0, bay gill raj mdi Xasa chi cho tOi met ta'm
bang nhe nhu t6m kinh, lai cO ca.hoa tai va tram cai
deu ntai vay na'a; phai, Xasa nOi rang, sdm hay men
rdi nhOm cang thay the' gO, va cO the cOn thay the ca
da Nhog sao lai d6i dao the. Ch6 nao ciing la
nh6m... Va day, trong ph6ng nay naa, met naa san de
ngo, va the' la re r6i, no lam bang nhOm..."
Nhung trong khi nhang dOng tien tri nay duoc viet
ra thi nhOm cha van la tha kim loai trang sic nhii
trLidc. Met dieu thU vi la nam 1889, khi Mendeleep 0
Luan DOn, de ta thaa nhar) cOng lao xual sac dm
Ong trong nghiep phat trien nganh flea [lac, ngUdi
ta cid tang Ong met man qua qu9: met chifi can lam
bang yang va nhOm.
Xanh - Cle Devin da tri6n khai hoat clang nnanh me.
Tai thi trin La Glaxie, Ong da x5y dung nha may luyen
nhOm deu tier' tren the' gill. Nhung trong qua trinh n6u
luyen, nha may da thai ra nhieu khi c hal, lam 0
nhiem beu khOng khi dm La Glaxie. Nhang ngudi dan
dia phaing v6n coi trang sic khOe caa minh va khOng
mu6n by sinh sic khoe vi Si,! tieln b0 k9 thuat nen da
khieu nal On chinh phi]. Nha may danh phai chuyen di
noi khac, 10c deu, ra ngoai 0 Pan, sau do den mi6n
nam nifac Phap.
Song den 10c nay, nhieu nha bac hac da thy rang,
m5c cho ta't ca cac c6 gang caa Xanh Cle Devin,
phap caa Ong cling khOng CO trien \rang. Cac
nha hoa hoc a cac nuac khac van tiep tuc tim tei. Nam
1865, nha bac flu Nga la N. N. Beketop da de xual
met phucing phap ra't thi vi. Phuong phap nay d5
nhanh chOng &lac ap dung tai cac nha may luyen

r((raez
46 how, ca./.3c

60/,_,

nhorn cac nutc Phap va 6 Dac.

Nam 1886 da trd thanh met cal mac quan trong
trong lich sii ca nhOm, khi ma nha bac hoc M9 la
Charles Martin Hall va nha bac hoc Phap la Paul Louis
Toussaint Heroult met cach dOc lap nhau da hoan thin
phucing phap (lien phan de san xuat kim loai nay. Trong
lich sii khoa hoc va k thuat c6 khOng it nhang trutng
hop ma hai nha bac hoc trong ding met nam 'fa di dan
nhang kat luan hoc nhang phat minh nhu nhau. Sc!
trng nhau nay cang "chang chit" them bai ca Hall va
Heroul du sinh nam 1863 v nhu thd d hen Liac vi
nhau, ca hai nha phat minh nay du mat nam 1914. Y
Wang nay khOng phai la mdi: ngay tit nam 1854, nha
bac hoc ngudi Dac la Bunzen da phat bidu nghi
vi'ec difi cha nhOm bang cach dien phan cac muCii ca
nO. Nhung phai mat han ba mud nam, dinh nay mai
duoc thvc hien. Do phuting phap dien phan dai hoi
nhidu nang luong, nen nha may du tien san xuat nhOm
bang praiang phap nay 6 chau Au cid dUcic xay clUng
Neyhazen (Thy ST), gin thac nutc sang Ranh - met
ngu6n dien re tin.
Ngay nay, sau han met tram nam, chi:mg ta khOng
thd tding tugng duqc viec sari xuat nhorn ma khong
dung phuong phap dien phan. ChInh difi dO da giOp
cac nha,bac hgc phai vat Oc suy nghT ve met sa thig
diy bi a n niut sau. 6 Trung c ngOi me cOa dai
dO d6c danh tiang la Chu Du, chat h6i du the' k9 tha

III. each day khOng lau, met s6 hQa fiat trang tri ngti
me d dactc phan tich bang quang ph6. Kat qua that
bat ngd clan n6i phai phan tich di phan tich lai nhidu
va m6i lin nhif vay, vach quang ph6 khOng thien
vi ai di chang t6 hung han rang, tha hop kim ma
nhang ngudi tho c6 xua d5 dung lam hoa fiat trang tri
chaa tai 85% nhOm. Vay bang cach nao ma ngay tit
the' k9 tha III, ngLidi ta d dieu ch6 duoc kim loai nay?
Thdi bay gid, con ngUdi biat dan dien hoa chang chi la
qua sim set, ma chic gi sam set d5 d6ng tham gia
vao qua trinh dien phan. The' nghia la van phai gia
dinh rang, tii thdi xa c6 met phuong phap
khac nao dO dd didu ch6 nhOm, nhung tiec thay d bi
that truye'n hang bao the' k9.
Cutii the' k9 XIX, nganh sari xuat nhOm d5 twang
thanh vuqt bac, ke't qua la gia kim loai nay giam xuCing
ro ret va nO khOng cOn dc coi l tha kim loai qu9
Tat nhien, dal yeti nhang ngLidi tho kim hoan thi ching
c6 gi clang quan tam nib, nhLing lap tac nO thu &lac
sv ch0 dm giai cOng nghiep ma lac nay dang dang
ngu'eng ccia cOa nhang Sc! kien Ian: nganh cha tao
may bit du Oat then mart me, nganh cOng nghiep
tO d clang yang, nganh hang khong dang di nhilng
butic du tien ma trong do nhOm dOng vai trO quan
trong nhal
(Dao Minh Thou, TP Gin Thd - Su'u tgm) v

VI SA.0 CHIT FLFORIJA 141 BA

ang dUcic bao ye bai lap men cang, day khoang

2mm. Lap men nay la hap chat Ca5(PO4)30H
va ditoc tao thanh bang phan Ong:
5Ca2+ + 3P043- + OH- 44 Ca5(PO4)30H (1)
Qua trinh tao lap men nay la Si,! bao ye ta nhien dm
con ngiliai crag lai benh sau rang.
Sau cac Oa an, vi khugn trong mieng tan cOng cac
thac an cOn liti la' tren rang to thanh cac acid hau ca
flint acid acetic va acid lactic. Thac an vai ham IiiOng
dung cao tao didu kien t6t cho viec san sinh ra cac
acid dO.
Wong acid trong mieng tang lam cho pH Om, lam
cho phan Ong sau xay ra:
H+ + OH- H20
Khi nong de OH- Om, theo nguyen II La Sa-to-li-e,

0))

II DIG RANG?

can bang (1) chuyOn dich theo chidu nghich va ,men

rang bi mbn, tao didu kien cho sau rang phat trien.
Bien phap tet nhal phOng sau rang la an thac an it
chua, it thiCing va danh rang sau khi an.
NgLiti ta thudng trail vao thu6c danh rang NaF hay
SnF2, vi ion F- tao didu kien cho phan Ong sau xay ra:
5Ca2+ + 3P043- + Ca5(PO4)3F
Hp chat Ca5 (PO4)3 F la men rang thay the' met phin
Da5(PO4)30H
O nuac ta, met s6 ngUdi co thoi quen an triu, viec nay
rat t6t cho viec tao men rang theo phan ang (1), vi
trong triu c vOi tOi Ca(OH), Oita cac ion Ca2+ va OH'
lam cho can bang (1) chuyen dich theo chieu thuan.
(Pham Thi PhLiOng, TP Dien Bien - SIM am) v
Hcia hoc & fing dung
sa. 17 (269)/2016

76a 44efet ca

fl461-9 1

GAG Hoi CHIT GAY 111iN 1)41 6161 TiNH

hibg hOa chat dc ha,i nay can lam xao trail

nal fiat t6 trong cc the v5 gay anh tang Ali
clan he than kinh chung ta...
Bian d61 gidi tinh la mat van de ma cac nha khoa
hoc van dang day cOng ngilien diu. DO 15 hien WOng
cc the chi:mg ta cO nhCing bieu hien thay di, liking hormone, nal fiat t6 trong cc the bi xao tran, nam gidi tra
nen n0 tinh hen...
Cac nha khoa hoc da chi ra, mat trong nhang nhan
t6 khian Chung ta cO nguy cc bi bran dei gidi tinh la .do
trap xOc nhieu voi cac chat hOa hoc dc hal. Ciing diem
lai mat vai hOa chat c6 tac hai kinh hoang nint the' qua
phan tich dudi day.
1. Hcia chit phthalates
Hop chat phthalate la mat chat Ma hoc, &roc
dung nhU mat chat de giOp nhija deo, mm hen, d6ng
thei tang kha nang chiu nhiet 0 cac san pham. Chit
nay thUting cO mat 0 cac san phdm nal that 6 t6, 6ng
nhija, do chdi kern chat luong, do nhua khOng nhan
mac, xuat
Dau hieu de nhan ra phthalates la san phdm nhe CO
mi nhua rat nong. Chinh hai phthalates 15 chat lam
m6m nhija chit khOng phai tao ra lien kat chat che nen
ne de phai ra. Nau de san phdm 6 nhiet dO cang cao
thi kha nang chat nay bi phai ra cang Idn.
Trong qua trinh sit dung san phdm, cac clan chat
phthalates se tach ra, hOa vao khOng khi hay thilc an
dang dijng r6i theo dding tieu hOa, "xam nhap" cc the
con ngLitti.
Tac hai ma phthalates dem lai cho cc the chting ta
la xao tran n'ai fiat t6, khian be gal bi nhienn phthalates
de day thi truck tu6i. Nghien c6a cac nh5 khoa hoc
thuac Dal hoc Rochester (M9) cho thay, phthalates con
cO tinh khang nai fiat t6 sinh dc nam - androgen. Khi
tiap XOC vdi phthalates thuang xuyen, nhi6u be trai se'
co hanh vi it nam tinh hen GI:mg su xao tan hormone
sinh dc nam trong cc the.
Thang 10/2012, Lien minh chau Au (EU) d dila ra
mat tei hau thu cho Trung Quec v5 canh hao khOng
nhap khdu mat s6 mat hang ca nudc nay - trong dO
c6 d6 chei tre em, do cac san phdm nay khOng dap
(mg ditOc tieu chuan an toan. Theo tieu chuan ca Lien
minh chau Au, do chdi se bi col l khOng an toad nail
phthalates chiam tren 0,1% trong lifeng sari pham.

116a hoc & fing dung

Ss'17 (69)/2o76

Cung vdi do, cac chuyen gia khuyan cao ngirdi si1
dung nen xerd k9 nhan mac hang hOa tranh mua
phai sari phann cO chila phthalates. Diem lilt' ma
ngudi tieu dung can ch6 9 do la tranh xa san phann co
chila DBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) va DEP (diethyl phthalate) trong san phdm lam dep; DEHP (di-2ethylhexyl phthalate) hay Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
trong san phdm Op, dung cu y ta; BBP (benzyl butyl
phthalate) trong san phdrn ty ata; DMP (dimethyl phthalate) trong thu6c bao ye thijc vat...
2. H6a chit bisphenol-A (BPA)
Bisphenol-A (BPA) 15 mat hOa chat cOng nghiep cO
trong thanh phan san xuat cac loal chai nhija cang va
hap clung thuc pham. Cac nghien gfin day dua ra
mat s6 lo ngai v6 nhiing tac clang ti6m an ma BPA gay
ra cho nao, tuyan Wen Het 0 bao thai, rei loan cam x0c,
hanh vi, gay vO sinh 6 nam gidi va dc bit, nO cO the
lam Nan di gidi tinh con ngudi.
CO mat ski that ma it ngudi Wel dO l BPA db. hOa
tan trong chat beo, no tharn nhap vao cc the con ngudi
thOng qua thac an va hO hap MI chin-1g xuat hien 0 Ca
bui bay trong nha.
Ben canh dO, theo cac nha khoa hoc, m6t s6 loai
thuc phann difec dOng trong hap thiac khOng dam bao
hay tui nilon kem chat liking cO chaa hOa chat BPA cao
gap 1.000 lan so vdi thijc phdm tLfcSi seng.
Cac nha nghien cau c6a Dal hoc Harvard (M9) d
chia 75 ngudi thanh 2 nhorn, yeu cau nhOrn thd nhat
an mat hap sup cO vo thiac m6i ngay, keo dal 5
ngay. NhOm con lal an sin) trong hap dung kh6ng
chila thiac. Sau 2 ngay nghi giRa chCfng, thkic den
nay duQc hoan dei.
Kat qua cho thay, nhang ngudi an/u6ng thac an du'cic
dat trong hap,thiac 5 ngay lien flap cO ham lUeng BPA
trong risk tieu tang len 1.200 phin tram.
MOt nghien Gifu khac dUc nha sinh vat hpc phan tif
Patricia Hunt Wan hanh tren chuOt chi ra, chat BPA ca
th6 gay nhieu loan hp gene di truy6n va lam giOl tinh
con ngudi bi bier' d61. Kh6ng nhang the, till nghiem
tiap theo con cho tha-y, t6n truleng nhie'm sac the 0
chuat cal dien ra trong nhi6u the' he va 15 nguyen nhan
gay ra hien Ming de non.
Cac chuyen qia khuyan cao, khOng nen lam nOng
cac loai thijc pharn clking trong san pham nhija cO chila
BPA bOl mac dO nguy hiem tang len rat nhieu.

4c 46w, a*
de424
LY do la bdi trong san phdm nhoa nay c6 chda chat
ckic dc - DOP (dioctin phthalate) - mOt chet h6a deo
c6 tac dung gidng hormone cfia nl gidi. Chet nay se
gay anh hung Ian dgn nam giOi khi ph5n cd quan sinh
dux clang trong giai doan phat trien hoan chinh.
MQt trong nhcing diem km y la hay nhin vao ky
hieu tren san pham nhuta. Ngu they hinh tam giac vdi
s6 7 0 trong thi sari phdm d6 c6 so hien din cOa
chet BPA, tuy khOng gay anh hodng ngay lap tic
nhong nen han chg.
3. Haa chal atrazine
Atrazine la mOt trong nhCing loai thudc diet co ph6
bign va gay nhieu tranh cal, co thg bign fih duic thanh
gch cal. Kgt qua thd nghiem cfia cac chuyen gia thu6c
Di hoc California Berkeley (My) chi ra anh hiking dm
atrazine, yen dudc big la dig pha v cac hormone va
la "nghi can" chinh trong so Om sfit s6 kIng dc)ng
vat ludng co tren toan the' gidi.
Sau khi tign hanh nghien citu tren 40 con gch doc,

gido SI1 Tyrone Hayes va Tong nghlep phat hien ra,

nhCmg con ech dijc tiep XC1C vdi chat diet co atrazine bi
met kha nang cOa gieng chic va bign thanh con cai khi
twang thanh.
Nghien cdu sau hdn, chuyen gia nhan they, chet
atrazine c6 kha nang chuygn d6i nOi tigt t6 nam thanh
nei tigt t6 nii khign cho bO phan sinh duc nil phat tridn
tren co the con duic. Dieu nay cho they: "Atrazine d
gay ra sij mg can bang hormone khign gch phat trien
giOi tinh sal ye mat ceu tao di truygn".
Chet atrazine c6 kha nang chuygn d6i nOi tigt to'
nam thanh nOi tigt td nil khien cho b6 phan sinh dc
nil phat trign tren co thg con duic.
Du hien nay cac nha khoa hoc chuia dO bang chimg
dd khang dinh, atrazine anh tang len con ngudi nhui
voi loai gch. Nhuing nhieu ngutdi yin lo ngai v m6i lien
giria viec sit dung nguon nodc c6 nhiem atrazine
gay hai cho co the va tac dOng den yen de sinh sari
dm con nvei.
(Vu Thu HuOn, tinh Binh Du'o'ng - Su'u dm) v

Nark GOG UitA 111761 THONG 1141 DaiNG

ii bu6i so khai cfia dal &tong, nu& bign c6 man

flint ngay nay khOng. Mudi trong dal &tong c6
nguOn g6c tii dau?

mica pha vd d, thu gill ion trong cid va mang chfing ra

bign. Khoang 90% cac ion nay l natri hoc chlo. Hai
loai ion nay kg hop vdi nhau tao thanh mu6i.

Dai doong bao ph6 hgu hgt toan 136 be mat Trai
dal. Wong mu6i NaCI h6a tan lam tang 3,5% trong
liking nut& trong tet ca cac dai &Icing. Ngu loai be muel
ra khoi midc, chfing ra se thu duicic khoang 50 trieu tY
ten mu6i, tao thanh mdt kip mudi day 153m bao phi'
xung quanh Trai Tit, tutting &icing chieu cao dm tOa
nha 40 ting.

Nutic ngot chay tdi dal &tong bi bdc hal, tao thanh
nhCing_darn may. Tuy nhien, natri, chlo va nhieu ion
khac van 0 lai. Chung tich IUy theo thdi gian, hinh thanh
nen vi man dc truing dm nu& bin. Ming phun thdy
nhiet dudi day dal eluting tie"p tvc b6 sung them nhieu
khoang chet Ma tan (bao gm c natri va chlo) dOng
gop vao d6 man to nhien cfia bign.

Nguon gfi dm mu6i met ph5n xuet Oat tii mieng nfii
lita hoc d tren day bign. Tuy nhien, phin On mu6i c6
nguOn gfi tren det lien. Dg cifi thd higu CO hon, chfing
ta xem xet chu trinh dm nu& trong tui nhiOn.

Wong mudi tich tu0 cac clang song ret nho, it kin
1/200 long natri chlorua ton tai trong nuidc bign. D6
Tan cfia nudc bign cling khac nhau tren khap Trai
ving coc, nu& bign khOng man bang nhring ndi khac
vi chung &roc bang tan h6a loang. d vfing nhiet ddi,
nhiet d6 cao lam nuoc bdc hoi manh, khign nodc bib
man hon.

Nu& ngot tit nhdng cOn mica khOng 0 clang tinh

khigt 100%. NO h6a tan CO2 (met chal c6 tinh acid
nhe) trong khi quydn tren &Ong rdi xu6ng mat dal.
Sau dO, nubc mica chay tren mat dal dg tigp can vdi
&Ong thoat rac trong khu vOc. Tinh acid cfia rac

(Huang Thi Nguy0t, Tru'eing THPT Ydn Thing II,

huyen Yen DUng, tinh Bdc Giang - SIM dm) v
Hem hoc & fing dung
SO17 (269)/2016

f-owa

eo n" ac

1)1
)
)h1

Pall TOT 0110 DOI RAT

6i mit Gin vitamin A, C cling nhti cac acid
beo omega 3, bioflavonoids, carotenoids,
khoang, acid beo va chet cheng oxy h6a.
Ntfing &fang chet cin thiet de du c6 trong cac loai
rau, qua td 41 nhien.

Rau bina
Rau bina chda vitamin A giup bao ye giac mac. Lutien
trong rau bina bao vo mat khoi anh sang cijc tinn. Hop
chet zeaxanthin trong la rau bina c6 loi cho thi giac.
Thudng xuyen an rau bina, ban se giam nguy co
thoai h6a diem yang, dc thy tinh the'.
Thdi diem ueng nudc ep rau bina tet nhet la sang
sOrn, Idc ey da day treng rang.
Ca hi
NhUng GUI dinh dung hat Ich trong c h6i c6 the
bao ye veng mac va ngan ngda nnO lOa. Acid beo
Omega-3 trong c h6i gidp bao ye de am thiet yeti dm
mat va cheng lai benh thodi h6a diem yang. Cac
chuyen gia khuyen cao nen an c h61 it nhet hai ln
met Min.
Ca rict
Rau cO qua co mau cam nhts ca r6t chda ret nhieu
beta-caroten va chet cheng oxy h6a, gidp cheng lai cac
benh thodi h6a nnit nhu dc thby tinh the va benh \tong
mac. Ca r6t glut) giac mac kh6e mph va ngan ngda
quang ga. Neu,ban kh6ng thich an s6ng ca rat vi qua
ding thi CO the ep =lc u6ng.
Viet quit
Qua viet quet gidp mat khae manh nhd thanh phin
cheng oxy hoa, ch6ng viem. N6 ding chda cac chet vasoprotective va rhodopsin c6 tac dung tai tao te bao,
tang thi luc. Chet anthocyanins GO trong qua viet quet
c6 the' h6 tro co the ngan ngita tdc nghen dOng mach,
kiem soat huyet p.
Khoai fang
Khoai lang chda nhieu vitamin A ret t6t cho dOi mit,
cai thin thi lip. Vitamin A c6 loi cho ngudi bi duc thdy
tinh the, thodi h6a diem yang va tang nhan p. Khoai
lang ret giau kali, chet xc va beta carotene a) tac dung
ngan chan nhiem trung do vi khuan hoc virus.

I-16a hoc & ting dung

so 17 (269)/20/6

Trai (qua) at
dt giau vitamin A va C, 86. Vitamin A duy tri thi loc.
Vitamin C bao ye mit ch6ng lai benh duo thiiy tinh. Vitamin B6 cling nhU beta carotene, lycopene, lutein,
zeaxanthi, cO lOi cho mat.
Qua ac cha
Loai qua nay chda nhieu acid beo omega-3, kern,
vitamin, chet dinh dung cling nhuchet cheng on/ haa
c6 tac dung khang viem, gidp mat sang, kh6e.
Trai (qua) ba
Trai cay nay chda lutien ngan ngfia sf thodi hoa diem
yang, benh dc nhan mit, dc bit d ngudi gia. Cac chat
dinh dung khac CO trong b6 nhU vitamin C, vitamin E,
vitamin B6, beta carotene, dam bao thi luc t6t.
Bong cai xanh
Bong cai xanh (et giau vitamin B2 va cac loai dOng
chet glut) ngan chan tinh trang dc thay tinh the. Thieu
vitamin c6 the gay ra nhay cam vai anh sang, met moi
md mit va viem. BOng cai xanh la Iva chgn tuyet
vi nhet de cai thin tinh trang nay. Cac chat phyto,
lutien va zeaxanthin cheng oxy Ma, bao dam sac khde
ca mit va duy trl thi loc, nhet la ngudi gia.
Dau lay
Loai trai nay chda met liIng cao vitamin C giOp bao
vo del mat khoe manh va khang viern t6t. Chet cheng
oxy h6a c6 trong dau tay giOp ngan ngiia ski khO mit,
thodi h6a diem yang cOng nhu cac khuyet tat thi giac.
Nen tang kh6u phin an c6 dau tay de lam giam nguy
co khuyet tat mit lien quan v6i tuoi tac.
Chocolate den
Chet cheng oxy haa nhti flavonol c6 mat trong
chocolate den lam tang Wu long mau den vOng mac.
An thilOng xuyOn thijc phann cO flavonol, thi hp mat t6t
c6 the nhin they ngay ca dubi anh sang md.
Rao yang dO
RLIOU yang chda cac Nip chet flavonol t6t cho mt.
Ban c6 the ueng rtiOu yang do nhieu lan trong
nhung phai di6u de. NO cOn t6t cho tim va lam giam
nguy cc, cac benh khac.
(Dii Hai Ha, tinh Dien Bien - Su'u dm)

01;ic mel

ved

vai me 412c,

DAP AN O CHO KY TRIAC: KHAI GIANG

A
N E

5 M
T
7 C

ei cHif Kif NAY

1. Ten goi cac chu kCJ IV, V, VI, VII trong bang tun
hoan.
2. Kim loai cang manh cang... nhudng electron.
3. Vang, bach im dirOc cal la cac kim loai...
4. Chgt oxy hda la chgt... electron.
5. Cac chgt hea hoc c tac dung chria benh duoc goi

6. Hop chgt hal co la hop chgt cia nguyen t6 nay.

7. Chgt cd kha nang nhudng electron pi l chgt...
8. Kinh vin l kinh...
9. TI trai nghia vdi gi6ng nhau la... nhau.
10. Phan dam la phan chda nguyen t6 nay.
11. Nguyen t6 nhe nhgt trong bang than hoar'.

(Thanh Tang) v

116a 11.9c & ling dung

5,6'17 (269/2016)

PN TAO RA DO NIIO gifONG jail A CARBON Xa?

Pin Stair nap dien theo cach truyen th6ng,
nhung trong qua trinh pin xa dien nO se hUt oxy
tif kh6ng khr xung quanh. Oxy phan Ai carbon x6p ben trong pin va tao ra dien. Nhit v5y
lUdng dien trong pin lien tuc duoc b6 sung trong
qua trinh xa.

ac nha khoa hoc Scotland da che tao

thanh c6ng loai pin du tien tren the gidi
co kha nang tao ra dien tif kill oxy.

Telegraph cho biet, loai pin mdi CO ten la Stair.

NO la phat minh ca cac nha nghien at thudc Khoa
H6a hoc dm Dai hoc St Andrews tai Scotland.
Phen Idn dien thoai di ddng, may tinh xach tay
va cac thie't bi kji thuat s6 hien nay dung pin
lithium-ion. Hdp chat lithium cobalt oxit (LiCo02)
thudng dubc sit dung de che tao cijc &Ong dm pin
lithium-ion. Trong qua trinh che tao pin, nhOm
nghien CCIU cira Dai hoc St Andrews thay the LiC002
bang carbon x6p.

Carbon x6p nhe hUn nhieu so vdi LiCo02, vi the

Stair se nhe hdn rat nhieu so vdi pin truyen th6ng.
Ngoai ra, do khOng kill lien toc lam tang nguon dien
dm pin khi nO x, Stair se co kha nang tich dien
cao hal tdi 10 len so vdi nhiing loai pin khac c6
ding kich cd.
"Stair c6 nhieu Idi Ich. Loai pin nay nhd va nhe
hdn nen rat phi] hdp vdi nhiing thiet bi cd nhd. NO
rat c6 Ich d6i vdi nhiing h5ng che tao xe dien do
ho luOn c6 gang giam kh6i Itidng xe tOl filifC thap
nhat cO the", gido sit Peter Bruce, twang nhOm
nghien cu, binh luan.
Ngoai ra, Bruce cho rang Stair cd the dat nn
mOng cho su ra ddi cOa the" he may tinh xach tay,
dien thoai di dOng va 6 t6 dien mdi.

Thu Trang, Tru'dng THPT Ha Huy Tap, TP Vinh, tinh Nghe An - Stiu dm). *

CONG TY CO PHAN TRVONG VI$T

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