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1) K A TA LIT I^ K E H ID R O G E N IZ A C IJE
1874 W ilde
1897 Sabatier
H2
C u ili N i katalizator
(1912: N obelova
nagrada za hem iju)
redukovani proizvodi
100-300C
H2
2H
H
in situ: N aB H 4
H C l (C H 3 C O O H )
H2
* R astvara~i
* K ataliti~ki transfer H 2 (Pt, Pd, N i - R aney / H C O O H , H 2 N N H 2 , E t 3 SiH , cikloheksadien, tetralin, itd.)
K atalizatori
Pt
PtO 2
H 2 PtC l 6
H 2 in situ
H2
Na BH 4
Pt
1-3% (20% za A r)
crna Pt
visoko aktivna Pt (0,1-20% na nosa~u)
H H
-C H 2 O H
Pd
PdO
H 2 in situ
PdC l 2
N aN O 3
PdC l 2
N aB H 4
Pd "elem entarni"
PdC l 2
C H 2O
Pd
PdC l 2
H2
Pd (PdO )
"crni Pd"
CH O
RCHO)
)
CH O
Rh
R hC l 3
N aB H 4
A l2 O 3
R h / A l2 O 3
R aney-N i (N i R )
N aO H
N iR
Ni / Al
Prednosti:
desulfurizacije
+ ne koristi se na nosa~u
N edostaci: - ve}a koli~ina katalizatora
-ferom agneti~an
- ponekad zahteva energi~ne reakcione uslove
- piroforan
- te{ko se odm erava
* N i(O A c) 2
* N iC l 2
N aB H 4
N i-katalizator
A l (Z n)
Sli~ni N i R
U rushibara N i
(N H 4 ) 2 C r 2 O 7
B a(N O 3 ) 2
C uC r 2 O 4
C H 2O H
COOR
C H 2O H
H ID R O G E N IZ A C IJA FU N K C IO N A L N IH G R U PA
* R edosled reaktivnosti:
Pt:
Pd:
ALKENI
OH
PtO 2 , H 2
Ph
CH O
Me O H
Ph
M eO H
5% Pd/C , H 2
Pd, H 2
Ph
CH O
13 at, 80 C
PtO 2 /H 2
E tO H , 1 at, 25 C
Br
Br
O
CO 2 Et
Pd/A l 2 O 3
H 2 , 3 a t, Me O H , s. t.
CO 2 Et
>
>
>
>
5% Pd/C , H 2
97%
1 at, 60 C
O
H 2 , Pd/SrC O 3
H 2 , Pd/C
OH
OH
O
COOH
COOH
PtO 2 , H 2
90%
A cO H
H 2 (1 at, 1 ekv.)
PtO 2
E tO H , 25 C
Ph
Me
Ph
Me
Me
Ph
Pd, H 2 1 at
A cO H
Ph
Me
H
d,l
Me
Ph
Ph
Ph
Me
Me
Pd, H 2 1 at
A cO H
Ph
Me
H
87%
Pyr
OH
O
m ezzo
A ko nije cis
Pd/C , H 2
H2
A cO H , 1 at
H
10%
90%
H 2 /Pt
H 2 /Pd
Pd
H 2 /Pd
Spre~avanje hidrogenolize
OAc
OAc
R u, H 2
Pt, H 2
E tO H
E tO H
A cO
A cO
ALKINI
Z -alkeni
O
H 2 , L indlar
95%
s. t., t- B uO H
n-C 8 H 17
(C H 2 ) 8 C O O H
H 2 , L indlar
E tO A c
n-C 8 H 17
OH
95%
OH
Pd / C aC O 3 , H 2
95%
1 at, Pyr
HO
(C H 2 ) 8 C O O H
HO
AROMATI^NA JEZGRA
N i R : Ph-O H > PhH > Ph-N H 2 > Ph-C O O N a
Pt : Ph-O H > Ph-N H 2 > PhH > Ph-C O O H > Ph-C H 3 (H
* cis -adicija H 2
Me
PtO 2 , H 2
Me
Rh / H 2 ili
Pd / H 2
Ni R , H 2 , EtO H
OH
OH
Rh / A l 2 O 3 , H 2
Me O 2 C
CO 2 Me
Me O 2 C
CO 2 Me
H 2 , Ni R
CO 2 H
CO 2 H
OH
O
H 2 , Ni R , 7 0 -1 0 0 a t
95%
1 ekv. N aO H , H 2 O , 50 C
OH
OH
CO 2 H
CO 2 H
5% R h / A l 2 O 3
HO
OH
H 2 , N aO H , 55 C
OH
NH
H2
ka t.
NH 2
NH 2
NH
HN
NH 2
NH 2
NH 2
RuO 2 , H 2 , 1 3 0 -1 7 0 a t
75%
dioksan, 100 C
NEt2
NEt2
PtO 2 , H 2 , 3 a t
Et2 O
81%
N
H
PtO 2 , H 2 , 2 a t
A cO H
N
H
H 2 , PtO 2 , A cO H
N
OH
67%
HN
OH
Protiv hidrogenolize: R h
Pd/C , H 2
CO 2 H
OH
CO 2 H
OH
R h/A l 2 O 3 , H 2
CO 2 H
C O
HO
OH
CH O
HO
H 2 O , 1 2 5 C
OH
OH
Ru/C, H 2 , 7 0 a t
OH
CH O
H2
HO
H
N
OH
PtO 2 , H 2
EtO H , Fe Cl 3
HO
CO 2 Et
O
OH
HO
OH
Pd/Ba SO 4
OH
H 2 , PtO 2 , A cO H
H 2O
CO 2 Et
OH
OH
80%
OH
O
H 2 , 1 a t, Ni R
OH
CO 2 Et
Pt, H 2 , 1 a t
Me O H
CO 2 Et
H
CO 2 Et
A cO H
95%
95%
OH
70 C
HO
O
CuCr 2 O 4 , H 2
200 at, E tO H
HO
130 C
HO
O ST A L E FU N K C IO N A LN E G R U PE
CN
H 2 , 7 a t, Ni R
NH 2
E tO H , N H 3 , 25 C
90%
H 2 , 2 -3 a t, Pd/C
EtO H , s. t.
O 2N
90%
H 2N
H
H ID R O G E N O L IZ E
* R osenm und-ova redukcija
CO Cl
R -C O C l
R -C H O
CH O
Pd/Ba SO 4 , hinolin
74-81%
H 2 , 1 a t, ksile n, 1 3 0 C
CH O
CO Cl
Pd/Ba SO 4 , hinolin
O
N
H
H 2 , 1 a t, ksile n, 1 3 0 C
65%
O
N
H
* D eoksigenacije ketona (N i R )
HS
SH , H
N i R , E tO H
S
-H 2 O
80 C , nem a H 2
* D ehalogenovanje
NH 2
NH 2
N i R , H 2 , 1 at
90%
M eO H , K O H
Cl
Me
O Me
N i R , H 2 , 1 at
O Me
67%
M eO H , K O H
I
H 2 , Pd/C
O
Ph
A cO H
Ph
72%
OH
OH
OH
H 2 , 1 at, Pd/C
O
Ph
100%
s. t.
HO
OH
Ph
N
N
N
H 2 , Pd/C
O
Ph
OH
HO
OH
N
H
O
HO
87%
80%
H O M O G E N E K A TA LITI^ K E H ID R O G E N IZ A C IJE
R hC l 3
Ph 3 P
(Ph 3 P) 3 R hC l
E tO H
77-88%
L = Ph 3 P
L
L
-L, +H 2
Rh
Rh
Cl
R2
R1
W ilkinson-ov katalizator
H
Rh
Cl
Cl
Rh
Cl
H
R1
H H
H
R2
veze
OH
OH
H 2 , W ilkinson
90%
benzen
H 2 , W ilkinson
CHO
CHO
61%
benzen
O
D
D 2 , 1 at, W ilkinson
D
85%
E tO H , s. t.
O
* N em a hidrogenolize
O
Ph
H 2 , W ilkinson
O
Ph
Cl
H
R2
R2
R1
R
* Selektivan za C =C i C
Rh
Ph
Ph
PF 6
PR 3
N
Ir
Rh
PC y 3
X = B F 4 , PF 6 , O Tf
PR 3
Schrock-O sborn-ov
katalizator
C rabtree-jev katalizator
H2
Ir
PC y 3
L 2 Ir(I)
Ir(PC y 3 )(Pyr)R as 2
Rastvara~
(Ras)
d 8 , 12 e
Super-nezasi}en kom pleks - a ktivni katalizator
n-Bu
Supstrat
R elativna
reaktivnost
C rabtree-jevog
katalizatora
1,6
1,1
0,95
O
Crab., H 2 (1 at)
94%
Br
Br
Br
Br
Diastereoselektivne hidrogenizacije
H2
HO
HO
HO
L 2 Ir
L 2 Ir
Pd / C
> 99,9%
40
< 0,1%
:
60
OH
OH
52 : 1
64 : 1
[R h]
C O 2M e
Ph
H 2 (1 at), M eO H
NH
HN
O
*P
*
Me
*P
Rh
[R h] =
C O 2M e
=
*
H
Ph 2 P
Ph
Me
PPh 2
(S,S) -C hiraphos
*P
Rh
*
*P
H 2 (1 at), MeOH
R as
Rh
R as
C O 2M e
+
Ph
HN
O
MeOH
MeOH
M eO 2 C
*P
M anje
zastupljen
u ravnote`noj
sm esi
NH
Rh
*
C O 2M e
NH
Me
Ph
P*
Rh
Me
Ph
H 2 (brzo)
H
*P
*P
M eO 2 C
H
O
P*
R as
NH
Rh
C O 2M e
P*
Rh
Me
Ph
*P
R as
HN
Rh
C O 2M e
*P
Ph
Ph
H
P*
P*
H
NH
C O 2M e
H
NH
Me
Ph
H 2 (sporo)
NH
Rh
Z astupljeniji
u ravnote`noj
sm esi
NH
C O 2M e
Ph
(R ) -G lavni proizvod
C O 2M e
Ph
(S)
Me
*P
=
R as = rastvara~;
*
H
Ph 2 P
Me
PPh 2
(S,S) -C hiraphos
O
O
OMe
Ph
PPh 2
PPh 2
OMe
PPh 2
PPh 2
PPh 2
PPh 2
Ph
(R,R) -D IO P
R N
C A M PH O S
(R,R) -D IPA M P
PY R PH O S
R
PPh 2
H
Ph 2 P
P
N
H
PPh 2
PPh 2
PPh 2
PPh 2
R R
P
(R) -B IN A P
R = O t B u : (S,S) -B PPM
R = R 1 N H : (S,S) -R 1 -C A PP
(R ,R ) -N O R PH O S
R = E t : (S,S) -E tB PE
R = M e : (S,S) -M eBPE
L2
H 2 (1 at), EtOH, PhH
(R,R) -D IO P
L 2 Rh(I), s. t .
H O 2C
NHCOR
COR
Ph
NHAc
H O 2C
(R,R)-DIPAMP-Rh(I)
NHCOR
B IN A P
O pti~ka ~isto}a
72% e.e. R = M e
100% e.e. R = Ph
COR
Ph
NHAc
R = O M e 9 5% e.e.
R = N H 2 9 4% e.e.
[R uC l 2 (C O D )] n
+ (S) -B IN A P
Et3 N
Toluol
R u 2 C l 4 [(S) -B IN A P] 2 N E t 3
RCO 2 Na,
OH
ili
RCO 2 Na, H 2 O, CH 2 Cl2 , TEBA
R
Ph 2 O
P
HX
(B IN A P)R uX 2
Ru
(ili M e 3 SiI)
P
Ph 2
O
O
G eraniol
OH
R -C itronelol
H 2 (100 at)
100%
(S)-BINAP-Ru
96-99% e.e.
OH
N erol
OH
S -C itronelol
OH
H 2 , (S)-BINAP-Ru
H
OH
(R) -H om ocitronelol
H om ogeraniol
H 2 , (S)-BINAP-Ru
OH
N em a reakcije
92% e.e.
OH
O
H 2 (50 at), [ (S, S)-BPPM]Rh(COD)Cl
30 - 50 C
H
O
D -(-)-Pantoil-lakton
OH
NH
HO
O
OH
O
2) R E D U K C IJE PO M O ] U M E TA LN IH H ID R ID A
K om ercijalni proizvodi:
L iA lH 4 , N aB H 4 , LiA l(O R ) 3 H , N aB E t 3 H , LiB H iB u 3 , (K B H iB u 3 ), B H 3 ,
Superhidrid
L i-selektrid
(K -selektrid)
A lH
2
, R ed-A l
D IB A LH
* D obijanje
4 LiH
H
+
4 N aH
LiA lH 4
LiA lH 4
B (O M e) 3
4 BF3
M eO
OH
N aB H 4
3 t B uO H
3 N aB H 4
R ed-A l:
A lC l 3
3 LiC l
+
Li
Al
3 N aO M e
LiA l(O tB u) 3 H
diglim
+
2 B 2H 6
Na
Al
+
+
3 N aB F 4
H2
PhH
>100 C
(B H 3 TH F, B H 3 M e 2 S)
N aA lH 2 (O C H 2 C H 2 O M e) 2
O
* N am ena: redukcija polarnih funkcionalnih grupa: C=O , C O 2 R , C O 2 H , C O N R 2 , C N ,
B H 3 redukuje i alkene!
LiA lH 4
*
*
*
*
, C H 2 -X , N O 2 itd.
Proizvod
CH 2 O H
CH O
O
OH
CH 2 O H
CO Cl
CH 2
OH
O
CO 2 R
CH 2 O H +
R eaktivno st opada
CO 2 H ili
RO H
CH 2 O H
CO 2 Na
CO NR 2
CH 2 NR 2 ili
CO NH R
CH 2 NH R
CN
CH 2 NH 2 ili
CH NR 2
OH
CH NH
NO H
NH 2
NO 2
SO 2 C 6 H 5 ili
CH 2 O
CH 2 Br
H 2O
H 2O
CH O
CH O
CH 3
H
O SO 2 C 6 H 5 ili
R edukcija
C=O
Br
grupe
O
R1
L iA lH 3
Li
R2
H 3A l
R1
O
H
R1
R2
R2
Li
H 2 A l(O CH R 1 R 2 ) 2
R1
A l(O H ) 3
L iO H
H
R1
OH
R2
H 3O
Li
A l(O CH R 1 R 2 ) 4
R1
R2
R2
Li
H A l(O CH R 1 R 2 ) 3
LiA lH 4 , E t 2 O
OH
86%
15 m in
O
1) LiA lH 4 , TH F, 0 C do s. t., 1,5 h
2) H 2 O
O
80%
H
OH
H
O
Al
LiA lH 4
Ph
Ph
Ph
Ph
Al
H 3O
OH
OH
+
Ph
Ph
87%
COO R, CO O H
OH
COOH
Ph
1) LiA lH 4 , TH F, 65 C , 2,5 h
Ph
2) H 3 O
COOEt
OH
LA H , E t 2 O , s. t., 2 h
NH2
Ph
94%
NHBz
1) LA H , TH F
COOH
2) PhC O C l, N aO H
Ph
OH
80%
H
1) LA H , T H F
Ph 3 C O
2) H 2 O
H
Ph 3 C O
OH
OH
85%
90%
Ph
CONHR, CONR 2
O
R1
NR 2 2
LA H
L A H , Et2 O
PhCO NEt2
O
H 3A l
Ph
35 C , 1 h
H
NCH O
A lH 4
NR 2 2
R1
R1
NR 2 2
H
Li
NEt2
92%
NH Me
1) LA H
OH
OH
2) H 2 O
EtO 2 CN
Me N
L A H , Et2 O
HO
85%
HO
CN
O Me
Me O
Ph
CN
Me O
2) H 2 O
LAH
CN
O Me
1) LA H , E t 2 O , 35 C , 14 h
PhCH 2 NH 2
88%
NH 2
(R -C N se dodaje u L A H )
NO2
Ph
Me
PhNO 2
NO 2
1) LA H , E t 2 O , s. t., 2 h
Ph
2) H 2 O
Me
1) LA H , E t 2 O , 35 C , 30 m in
2) H 2 O
Ph
N N
NH 2
Ph
100%
R1
NR 2 2
Hidrogenolize
n-H 17 C 8
n-H 17 C 8
1) L A H , TH F, 66 C , 26 h
Cl
O
60%
2) H 2 O
L iA lH (O R ) 3
LiA lH (O E t) 3 ,
L iA lH (O t B u) 3 : ne redukuje C O O R , C -X,
1) LiA lH (O E t) 3
CHO
2) H 3 O
N M e2
1) L iA lH (O E t) 3
90%
OH
O
O
1) L iA lH (O E t) 3 , -20 C
97%
2) H 3 O
COCl
L iA lH (O t -B u) 3
TH F, 0 C
O 2N
CHO
OMs
80%
OMs
1) L iA lH (O t -B u) 3 , TH F, 0 C
80%
2) H 3 O
O 2N
1) L A H , E t 2 O , 36 C , 26 h
O SO 2
CN
O
72%
2) H 2 O
2) H 3 O
100%
HO
Red-Al
R ed-A l
OH
R ed-A l
OH
OH
CN
CH O
O
O
R ed-A l
OTHP
C uB r
OTHP
Me
Ph
72%
Me
R ed-A l, PhM e
Ts
Ph
111 C , 72 h
Me
NaBH 4
NH Me
64%
, C O 2R , C O 2H , C N , N O 2)
R astvara~i: E tO H , i PrO H , M eO H
CH O
OH
1) N aB H 4 , E tO H , s. t., 1 h
100%
2) N H 4 C l/H 2 O
O
N aB H 4
HO
O
Ph
A cO
OH
Na BH 4
Br
Me O H
Ph
Br
A cO
O
N aB H 4
HO
85%
E tO H , 0 C
O
O
O
A cO
O
O
O
A cO
NaBH 3 CN
Stabilan na pH > 3
N M e2
O
H N M e2
N aB H 3 C N , M eO H
43%
N
O
O
N H 4B r
R
Zn(BH 4 ) 2
Z nC l 2
E t2O
70-90%
Z n(B H 4 ) 2
2 N aC l
(isklju~ivo 1,2-redukcija)
A cO H
KBH4
O
K B H (O A c) 3
OH
PhH
CHO
LiB D E t 3
Br
LiH
60%
TH F, 65 C , 15 m in
B E t3
LiB H E t 3
SN 2
L iA lH 4
E t 2 O , 35 C , 24 h
15%
85%
OH
OH
LiB H E t 3
TH F, 65 C , 24 h
Ph
M sO
OH
Z n(B H 4 ) 2
KBH(OAc) 3
LiBHEt3
N aB H 3 C N , M eO H
2 N aB H 4
93%
0,1%
Ph
O
LiB H E t 3 , TH F
LiB H E t 3
-20 C
O
OH
95%
LiA lH 4
OH
E t2O
O
OH
11%
89%
LiA lH 4
OH
E t2O
O
OH
90%
H Al
(
O
H)
10%
OH
OH
LiA lH 4
H
H
H
+
90%
A lH 3
10%
OH
OH
LA H /E t 2 O
40%
60%
LiA lH (O tB u) 3 /TH F
8%
92%
LiA lH 4
Me
H
Me
OH
HO
Me
H
+
E t2O
Me
Me
Ph
Ph
Ph
72%
)(
Me
A lH 4
Ph
Ph
Me
28%
Me
Me
H
A lH 4
OH
A lH 4
Ph
Ph
HO
OH
)(
LiA lH 4
Ph
-H 2
Ph
H
Ph
H
+
Ph
85%
AlH 4
Selektridi KBH se c Bu 3
LiBH se c Bu 3
BH K
B
+
KH
TH F, 25 C
K -Selectride
3
B H Li
LiA lH (O M e) 3
Li-Selectride
TH F, 25 C
3
* Sa enonim a: 1,4
O
O
K B H (sec-B u) 3
-78 C
OH
Ph
OH
Ph
15%
H
N
1) Li-Selectride
2) A c 2 O , Pyr
AlH 3 ,
3 LiA lH 4
OAc
A lH
70%
D IB A L
A lC l 3
4 A lH 3
3 LiC l
(C lA lH 2 , C l 2 A lH )
A lH 3
E t 2 O , -70 C
heptan
3 Al
OH
1,2
2 A lH
100 C
85%
O
A lH 2
( iB u 2 A lH , D IB A L, D IB A LH )
C O 2E t
B nO
OH
B nO
D IB A L
-78 C
85%
C O 2M e
C O 2M e
C O 2M e
1) D IB A L, -78 C
2) (M eO ) 3 C H
O
O
O
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 10 C O O E t
CN
O
OH
D IB A L, -70 C
heksan
D IB A L , heksan
-70 C do s. t.
OEt
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 10 C
H 2O
O A l iB u 2
R C N A l iB u 2
H
OMe
1) N H 4 C l, H 2 O
2) H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O
C H 3 (C H 2 ) 10 C H O
88%
CHO
96%
B 2 H 6 Diboran
R COOH
R C H 2O H
R CHO
R C H 2O H
R 2 C =O
R 2C H O H
R CN
R C H 2N H 2
R C O N R 12
R C H 2N R 12
OH
1 K oordinacija B H 3 sa C =O
2 Prenos hidrida
C l3C
B 2 H 6 sporo
CHO
M e 3C
N aB H 4 brzo
B 2 H 6 brzo
CHO
N aB H 4 sporo
C H 2O H
C l3C
R1
O
M e 3C
R2
C H 2O H
BH2
OH
B 2H 6
THF
O
OH
COOH
H
O
H
B 2H 6
B H 3 TH F
C O 2H
N
O
Ph
NH2
75%
B oc
C O 2H
OH
s. t., 12 h
B H 3 TH F
s. t.
Ph
OH
NH2
77%
H BH2
B 2 H 6 , TH F
O
OH
OH
75%
BH3
25%
H BH2
B H 3, E t2O
R
BH2
R
BH3
BH
B 2H 6
D isiam il-boran
2
HB
B 2H 6
L 2B H
+
L 2B
L=H
BL2
57
43
L = Siam il
97
L2 = BBN
99,9
0,1
B 2H 6
B
3
B
R
BH 3 T H F
cis -adicija
3B
*R eakcije organoborana
R
BH 3
R
A cO H
100 C
R2B
O
O
ne m ora se
izolovati
R12B
R
R
D
B
B2D 6
H
H
D
D
E tC O O D
H
3
H
BH
OAc
Sia 2 B
Et
A cO H , 0 C
OAc
OH
H 2O 2
BH 3
3
B(O A c) 3
B (O H ) 3
OH
NaO H
OAc
Me
H 2O 2
(CH 2 ) 6
CH 3
Na O H , H 2 O , dig lim
C rO 3
H 3 O , Et2 O
78%
O
OH
(C 5 H 11 ) 2 B H
C O 2E t
(C 5 H 11 )B
TH F
H 2O 2
C O 2E t
HO
C O 2E t
M eO H
1) ThxB H 2
84%
2) H 2 O 2 , N aO H
OH
OH
BH2
68%
A cO H
B (C 5 H 11 ) 2
(C 6 H 11 ) 2 B H
diglim
H 2 O 2 , N aO H
O
62%
BH
B 2H 6
Ipc 2 B H
2
H 2O 2
OH
OH
Ipc 2 B
H 2O 2
N aO H
70-90% ee
78%
3) R E D U K C IJE PO M O ] U R A STV O R N IH M E TA LA
+e
HA
+e
ili A
HA
HA
BH
BH
HA
B AH
HB A A
BH
Re dukcija
C O
C OOR
u prisustv u H -donora
OH
O
Na , EtO H
s. t.
65%
OH
O
Z n, N aO H
Ph
Ph
Ph
E tO H , 70 C
CH O
Ph
97%
Fe, A cO H
OH
80%
H 2 O , 100 C
1 N a, E tO H , 70C
O
95%
2 H 2 O
O
OH
OH
O
L i, NH 3 , Et2 O
OH
t BuO H
98%
+
2%
O Li
OH
Li, N H 3
E tO H
E t 2 O , E tO H
-E tO
Li
H
-Li
OH
E tO H
OH
-E tO
99% trans
OH
HO
N a, iPrO H
toluol,
NMe
NMe
NMe
97
Ph 2 C O
n B uO H
Ph
Ph
34
66
Na
N
Me
O
(C H 2 ) 8
OH
Z n, H C l
(C H 2 ) 8
A cO H , 80 C
OH
O
A cO
78%
CH2
C O 2M e
A cO
C O 2M e
Zn
A cO H ,
A cO
A cO
62%
H Cl, H 2 O , A cO H
O
OH
Zn/H g , H 2 O , H Cl
O
Ph
toluol,
OH
Ph
89%
O Me
O Me
HO
Zn/H g , H 2 O , H Cl
HO
67%
EtO H ,
CH O
CH 3
O
Zn/H g
70%
H Cl, H 2 O , EtO H ,
Br
Br
* Bouveault-Blanc-ova redukcija
O Et
n-C 8 H 17
Na , EtO H
(CH 2 ) 7
O
OH
O Na
Na
EtO
O Et
O Et
H
Na
H
Na
EtO H
R CH O
O Et
OH
CO 2 H
Na , NH 3
EtO H
OH
CO 2 H
O Et
-E tO
O
CO 2 Me
E tO H
OH
50%
H 3O
O
O
72%
* R edukcije
O Li
Li
t BuO H
L i, NH 3
tBuO H ,
OH
OH
Et2 O
- tBuO
50%
H
NH 4 Cl, H 2 O
L i, NH 3
Ph
Ph
Li O
Ph
N aO M e
M eO H
Ph
H
1 L i, N H 3 , E t 2 O
2 N H 4 C l, H 2 O
78%
Me O
O
H
H
Me O
H
H 2 , 1 at, Pd/C
E tO H
H
Me O
55%
Li
Li, N H 3
E tO H
E tO H , E t 2 O
Li
E tO H
-E tO
N a, N H 3
E tO H , T H F
N a, E tO H
79%
* U ticaj supstituenata, R O H , Fe
CO2
C O 2H
C O 2H
N a, N H 3
HCl
E tO H
H 2O
95%
C O 2H
C O 2H
Li, N H 3 , E t 2 O
-70 C
OMe
1 E tO H
92%
2 N H 4 C l
3 H C l, H 2 O
OMe
Li, N H 3
OMe
+
E t 2 O , E tO H
80%
20%
H
Li, N H 3 , O
N H 4C l
E t2O
H
78%
M eO
M eO
OH
OH
H
Li, N H 3
t B uO H
THF
H
M eO
H 3O
H
O
61%
* R edukcija
C
Pr
Na , NH 3
Pr
NH 3
- NH 2
Pr
Pr
Pr
Na
- Na
Pr
NH 3
90%
Na NH 2 , NH 3
Na
1 N a, N H 3
2 N H 4 C l
75%
NO 2
O
Ar
M , +e -
Ar
Ar
OH
Ar
OH
+e -
Ar
OH
Ar
NH 2
+e -
OH
Ar
Ar
+e -
Ar
H
H
Ar
OH
Sporedne reakcije:
Ar
Ar
NH 2
Ar
Ar
N
NH
OH
-H 2 O
Ar
N N Ar
NO 2
NH 2
Fe , H Cl
74%
H 2 O , EtO H
NO 2
NH 2
H
N
Zn, NH 4 Cl, H 2 O
OH
68%
NO 2
Zn, Na O H , H 2 O
86%
N N
Me O H ,
* D esulfurizacija, dehalogenovanje
Na , NH 3
89%
Et2 O
S
Zn, H Cl
I
Br
CO 2 Me
85%
A cO H
Zn, A cO H
s. t.
Br
CO 2 Me
BrZn
Zn, EtO H
O Me
H 2O ,
O Me
83%
4) O STA LE R E D U K C IJE
* M eervein-Pondorf-V erley -jeva redukcija
i PrO
R1
O
A l(O i Pr)
i PrO H
3
R2
R1
H
R2
A l(O i Pr) 3
CH O
Ph
i O Pr
Al
Ph
i PrO H
N2H4
Me
Me
R1
O A l(O i Pr) 2
R2
H 3O
R2
OH
i njegovih derivata
N NH 2
180-200C
autoklav
(am pula)
KO H
R 1 CH 2 R 2
R2
H 2 N-NH 2
KO H
180-200 C
R 1 CH 2 R 2
O
N2H 4 H 2O
N NH 2
KOH
N NH
N NH
KO H , H 2 O
HO
OH
H
85-90%
N N
H 2O
-N 2
H
KOH
R1
N NH
OH
H
N2H 4
Na O
HO
A cO
CH O
N 2 H 4 , KO H
80%
OH
N2H 4 H 2O
CH O
HO
210 C
HO
Ph
69%
OH
OH
Ph
EtO H ,
200-250 C
55%
-N 2
Ph
N2H 4
120 C
OH
NH
NH
H
-N 2
68%
OH
O H
S
Me
N NH 2
Na BH 4 (L iA lH 4 )
O
(TsN H N H 2 )
C8 H 1 7
C8 H 1 7
C 8 H 17
T sNH NH 2
Na BH 4
Me O H ,
Me O H
H
Ts
NH
H
Ts
C8 H 1 7
70-80%
-N 2
H
N N
N H Ts
2 B uLi
heksan, s. t.
N N
Ts
Bu
Li
Li
D 2O
98%
T sN H N H 2
O
A cO H , C H 2 C l 2
N Ts
O
H OAc
Ts
H
-N 2
-
Ts
67%
O
O
H 2O 2
N aO H , H 2 O
TsN H N H 2
O
H N=NH
D iim id
* D obijanje: N 2 H 4
H 2O 2
H N =N H
N 2H 4
O2
-C O 2
N CO 2 H
N CO 2 H
H
CO 2 H
H O 2C
CO 2 H
H
H 2O 2, N2H 4
H O 2C
s. t.
H O 2C
CO 2 H
Me
H
Me
Ph
CO 2 Me
H N =N H
H O 2 C N N CO 2 H
Ph
CO 2 Me
95%
65%
* Enzimske redukcije
O
H 2N
R1
OH
enzim : alkohol-dehidrogenaza
R1
R2
H 2N
O
R2
ADP
H -N A D
CO 2 Et
O
CO 2 Et
H
m
PK
OH
CO 2 Et
saharoza, H 2 O
PK
HO
H
CO 2 Et
saharoza, H 2 O
64% , 97,5% ee
OH
O
CO 2 Et
CO 2 Et
PK
saharoza, H 2 O
Me
Me
EtO 2 C
HO
O Me
O Me
PK
saharoza, H 2 O
(N A D H )
enzim
ADP
H LA D H
Y A D H : M ~ 80000 D
(N A D )
H H
EtO 2 C
OH