Semiconductors Formulae

I = qnvA
=

(0.1)

#cell
Vcell

(0.2)

(0.3)

p=

n0 =

ni =

n0 =

pi = ni =

EF i Emidgap =

~
x2 [ (x, t)] + V (x) (x, t) = ~t [ (x, t)]
2m
2m
x2 [ (x)] +
[E V (x)] (x) = 0
~

(0.4)

nd =

(0.5)

pa =

| (x)| dx = 1

pa

F~total = F~ext + F~int = m~a

F~ext = m~a

nd
nd +n0

(0.8)

|~v | =
1
m

k [E (k)]
~
k2 [E (k)]
~2

g (E)

gc (E)

gv (E)

N (E)
1


= fF (E) =
F
g (E)
1 + exp EE
kT


(E EF )
fF (E) exp
kT
(>3kT )


n (E) = gc (E) fF (E)

p (E) = gv (E) fF (E)

n0 = n (E) dE
p0 = p (E) dE

mp
mn
i


(0.23)

(kT )

(kT )

(0.24)

pa = Na Nai

2Nd exp

(Ed EF )
kT

gNa exp

(EF Ea )
kT

1h

Nc
1+ 2N
exp

Eion
kT

i

; Eion = Ec Ed

# = n0 + Nai
+
# = p0 + Ndi
# = #

n0 + (Na pa ) = p0 + (Nd nd )

(0.10)

n0
(0.11)

p0

(0.25)

(0.26)

a)
= (Nd N
2
(nd =0)

(Na Nd )
2
(pa =0)

Nd Na 2
2

+ n2i

Na Nd 2
2

+ n2i

+
+

(0.27)

(0.28)

(0.29)

(0.12)

4 (2m) 3
E
h3
2
4 (2mn ) 3 p
E Ec
h3
2


4 2mp 3 p
Ev E
h3

(0.9)

p
99K
2m

(0.7)

p = ~k E =

3
kT
4

(0.22)

+
nd = Nd Ndi

N
hd
i;
E E
1+ 12 exp dkT F
N
ha
i;
E E
1+ g1 exp FkT a

nd

(0.6)

(x) = u (x) exp [ikx]

h
(EF EF i )

kT
n0 = ni exph
i
(EF EF i )
p
=
n
exp
0
i
kT

n0 p0 = n2i

(Ec EF i )
kT
h
i
i Ev )
Nv exp (EFkT

Nc exp

(0.13)
(0.14)
(0.15)

h i (Nd ni )
h i

Nc
Ec EF = kT ln Nc

kT

ln
n0 (n N )
Nd
0
hd i

EF EF i = kT ln nn0i

(0.30)

h i (Na ni )
h i

Nv
EF Ev = kT ln Nv

kT

ln
p0
Na
(p0 Nh
a) i

EF i EF = kT ln np0i

(0.31)

I~ = qn~v A
(0.16)
~
I~ = JA
(0.17)
J~p|drf
J~n|drf

(0.18)

(ep)~vdp

(0.32)

(en)~vdn

(0.33)

~ = m ~a
F~ = eE
cond

2 exp [] d =

(0.19)

h
i

3

n0 = Nc exp (Ec EF ) ; Nc = 2 2m2n kT 2

kT
h
h
i

 32

2m

(E
E
)
p kT
v
F
p0 = Nv exp
;
N
=
2
2
v
kT
h

n2i = n0 p0 = Nc Nv exp


Eg
; Eg = Ec Ev
kT

(0.20)

(0.21)
1

~vdp

~
p E

(0.34)

~vdn

~
n E

(0.35)

J~p|drf

J~n|drf

~
(ep)p E


~
(en) n E

~ = E
~
J~drf = e (pp + nn ) E

(0.36)
(0.37)
(0.38)

~
= eE
eE
=
t
mcond


ecp
=
E
mcond

mcond t [v]
v
vd|peak

1


1 ecp

hvd i =
E
2 mcond
(

Jdif f =

(0.40)

(0.41)
(

(0.48)

Si
vp|HighE

vs
h
1+

Eon 2
E

i 12

vs

1+

x [p]l)
2q (p(0)+p(0)
l
2

Rn0 = Rp0

(0.64)

eq
eq
eq
Geq
n0 = Gp0 = Rn0 = Rp0

(0.65)

gn0 = gp0

(0.66)

Eon
E

n (t) = n0 + n (t)
p (t) = p0 + p (t)

(0.67)

np 6= n0 p0 = n2i

(0.68)



t [n (t)] = r n2i n (t) p (t)

(0.69)



n (t) = p (t)

(0.49)

t [n (t)] = r n (t) [(n0 + p0 ) + n (t)]

(0.50)

Rn0 = Rp0 =

n (t)
n0

(0.71)

Rn0 = Rp0 =

n (t)
p0

(0.72)

q (p(0)+p(0)+x [p]l)
l
2
2

l/vth

 +
+
+
Fpx
(x + dx) = Fpx
(x) + x Fpx
dx

(0.51)
lvth
x [p] qDx [p]
2

(0.52)

= eDn x [n]

(0.53)

= eDp x [p]

(0.54)

~ + epp E
~ + eDn x [n] eDp x [p]
J~total = enn E

~ + epp E
~ + eDn
~ [n] eDp
~ [p]
J~total = enn E

(0.55)

t [p]
(0.56)

qV
n V
=
kT
Dn

(0.57)

Dn
Dp
kT
=
=
n
p
e

(0.58)

t [p]

t [n]

Jp
+
= Fpx
(+e)
Jn

= Fnx
(e)

t [n]

(0.62)
(0.63)

(0.46)

1
= e (n n + p p)

Ix L
epVx W d
Ix L
enVx W d

(0.61)

Gn0 = Gp0

(0.45)

(0.47)

Si
vn|HighE

Ix Bz
p = edV
H
Ix Bz
n = edV
H

p =
n =

(0.44)

1
1
1
=
+

I
L

J~nx|dif f
J~px|dif f

(0.60)

(0.43)

T
NI
= Nd+ + Na

Jdif f = q

VH = +EH W

(0.39)

+ 32

NI

ecp
m
cp
ecn
m
cn

(0.59)

(0.42)

T2

p =
n =

h
i
~ + ~v B
~
F~ = q E

 +
p
x Fpx
+ gp
pt
 
n
x Fnx + gn
nt

(0.70)

(0.73)

(0.74)
(0.75)

= p pE Dp x [p]

(0.76)

= n nE Dn x [n]

(0.77)

p
(0.78)
pt
n
= +n x [nE] + Dn x2 [n] + gn
(0.79)
nt
= p x [pE] + Dp x2 [p] + gp

t [p] = Dp x2 [p] p [Ex [p] + px [E]] + gp

p
(0.80)
pt

t [n] = Dp x2 [n] + n [Ex [n] + nx [E]] + gn

n
(0.81)
nt

p
t [p] = Dp x2 [p]p [Ex [p] + px [E]]+gp
(0.82)
pt
t [n] =

Dp x2



2ks 0 Na + Nd
Vtotal
q
Na Nd

(0.98)



2q
Na Nd
2Vtotal
Vtotal =
k s  0 Na + Nd
W

(0.99)

W =

n
[n] + n [Ex [n] + nx [E]] + gn
nt

Emax =

(0.83)

~ =E
~ app + E
~ int
E

C =

h
i
~
~ int = e (p n) = x E
~ int
|E
= |E
s

np0

2ks 0 Na Nd
2Vtotal (Na + Nd )


eVbi
= nn0 exp
kT

(0.100)
(0.101)

[NLDE]
t [n] = D0 x2 [n] + 0 Ex [n] + g R

(0.84)

np

n nDp + p pDn
Dn Dp (n + p)
=
n n + p p
Dn n + Dp p

(0.85)

pn

D0 =

0 =

n p (p n)
n n + p p

(0.86)

n
t [n] = Dn x2 [n] + n Ex [n] + g 0
n0
t [p] = Dp x2 [p] + p Ex [p] + g 0

p
p0

eF n
eF p

Vbi
Vbi

= kF n k + kF p k


Na Nd
= Vt ln
n2i
Vt =

kT
e

qVbi =
(0.97)

qNa x2p
2ks 0

qNd x2n
2ks 0

L2p

= Dp p0

(0.104)

L2n

= Dn n0

(0.105)

(0.88)

np (x) = np (x)np0







eVR
xp + x
= np0 exp
1 exp
kT
Ln

(0.107)

n
p



EF n EF i
= n0 + n = ni exp
kT


EF i EF p
= p0 + p = pi exp
kT

(0.108)
(0.109)


 
Va
Va
= n2i exp
Vt
Vt


EF n EF p
np = n2i exp
(0.110)
kT

n0 pn (xn ) = n0 pn0 exp

(0.89)
(0.90)






pn0
eVR
Jp (xn ) = eDp
exp
1
Lp
kT

(0.111)

(0.91)


np0
Ln

Jn (xp ) = eDn

(0.92)






eVR
exp
1
kT





eVR
J = Jp (xn ) + Jn (xp ) = Js exp
1
kT

(0.93)
(0.94)


Js =

eDp pn0
eDn np0
+
Lp
Ln

(0.112)

(0.113)


(0.114)

(0.95)

Vtotal = Vbi + VR

NA xp = ND xn

(0.103)







eVR
xn x
pn (x) = pn (x)pn0 = pn0 exp
1 exp
kT
Lp
(0.106)

(4Dp t) 2



kT
Nd
= EF i EF =
ln
e
ni


kT
Na
= EF i EF =
ln
e
ni

(0.102)

(0.87)



t
p (t) = n (t) = p (0) exp
p0



t
0
p (t) = g p0 1 exp
p0


kxk
p (x) = p (0) exp
; L2p = Dp p0
Lp
h
i

p (x, t) = p0 (x, t) exp p0

h
i
(xp E0 t)2
1
p0 (x, t) =
1 exp
4Dp t


t

(t) = (0) exp
; d =
d

~ = q p n + N+ N
|D
D
A



eVR
= np0 exp
kT


eVR
= pn0 exp
kT

Cn Cp Nt np n2i
Rn = Rp =
R
Cn (n + n0 ) + Cp (p + p0 )

(0.96)

xp =

ND
2ks 0
q NA (NA +ND ) Vbi

xn =

NA
2ks 0
q ND (NA +ND ) Vbi

n0

p0



(Ec Et )
Nc exp
kT


(Et Ev )
Nv exp
kT

(0.115)

(0.116)
(0.117)

Rdep
Rdep

=
(Et =EFi )

Cn Cp Nt n2i
Cn n0 + Cp p0
ni
G
1
1
Nt Cp + Nt Cn


(0.118)

(0.119)

ni
W
20

(0.120)

JR = Js + Jgen

(0.121)

Jgen = e

EF n EF i = EF i EF n

eVa
=
2

A T exp

eBn
kT

 




eVR
exp
1
kT

4emn k 2
h3

JsT





eVR
JsT exp
1
kT


eBn
2
A T exp
kT

(0.122)


 eVa 

Rmax


ni exp kT 1

 eVa 

20 exp 2kT
+1


ni
eVa
exp
20
2kT

ic

eDn ABE x [n (x)] = Is exp

Is

eDn ABE
nB0
xB

(0.123)
(0.124)

Jrec

[eR] dx

(0.125)

iE2 = IS2 exp


Jrec
Jr0

= Jr0 exp
= eW

eVa
2kT


(0.139)
(0.140)

iE = iE1 + iE2 = ISE exp

W

vBE
Vt

vBE
Vt


vBE
Vt

(0.141)

(0.142)


(0.126)

ni
20

(0.127)

JR = Jrec + JD

iC /iE 1

(0.143)

iC /iB 100

(0.144)

(0.128)
VCC = IC RC + VCB + VBE = VR + VCE





eVa
I = Is exp
1
nkT

(0.145)

(0.129)
VCE = VCC IC RC

Va
n2i exp
Vt


Va
exp
2Vt

(n) (p)
=
I

+ + qVbi = M
qVbi = (M ) B

= kT ln

ND
NC

(0.130)

I (x) = I0 exp [x]

(0.132)
g0 =





Vf w
I = IL IF = IL IS exp
1
Vt

(0.134)
(0.135)

Vbi = B0 n

(0.136)



IL
VOC = Vt ln 1 +
IS
=

..
=

I (x)
h

(0.133)

eE
4s

(0.146)

(0.131)

B0 = (m )

c
hc
1, 24
=
=
(m)

E
E

Pm
Im Vm
=
Pin
Pin

(0.147)

(0.148)
(0.149)

Im Vm
0, 7 0, 8
ISC VOC

(0.137)

Bn = B0

GL = () 0 () [1 R ()] exp [ () x]

(0.150)

Jsm = e

[vx ] dn

(0.138)

Ec0

1 2
m v = E Ec
2 n
J = Jsm Jms

Rr
R

(0.151)

nr
nr + r

(0.152)

q =
q =

n


RR = Bnp; B dir 1016 B ind

(0.153)

eV
eDn np0
exp kTf w 1
Ln
h


i
eV
eD p
Jp = Lpp n0 exp kTf w 1
h


i
eVf w
Jn = en2i W
exp

1
kT
0

Jn =

n
r
n
=
nr
= Rr + Rnr

Rr

Rnr
R

Jn
Jn + Jp + JR

Rr

=
Rr + Rnr
r
i =

2
n
2 n
1
n
2 + n
1
 
n
2
c = arcsin
n
1

(0.154)

(0.155)

(0.156)
(0.157)
(0.158)

(0.159)
(0.160)

(0.161)
(0.162)

Appendix