Chapter 22 Darwinian Evolution

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1809
Lamarck publishes his
hypothesis of evolution.
1798
Malthus publishes
Essay on the Principle
of Population.
1795
Hutton proposes
his principle of
gradualism.

Sketch of a flying
frog by Wallace

1812
Cuvier publishes his
extensive studies of
vertebrate fossils.
1830
Lyell publishes
Principles of Geology.

1858
While studying species in the
Malay Archipelago, Wallace
(shown above in 1848) sends
Darwin his hypothesis of
natural selection.

1790

1870
1809
Charles Darwin
is born.

18311836
Darwin travels
around the world
on HMS Beagle.

Marine iguana
in the
Galpagos
Islands
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1859
On the Origin of
Species is published.
1844
Darwin writes his
essay on descent
with modification.

Georges Cuvier Palaeontology

Sedimentary rock
layers (strata)

Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Older stratum
with older fossils
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Lamarckian
Evolution

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Darwin and the Beagle

Darwin in 1840,
after his return
from the
voyage

HMS Beagle in port

Great
Britain

NORTH
AMERICA

EUROPE

ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The
Galpagos
Islands

Pinta

Genovesa

Marchena
Santiago

Fernandina
Isabela

20 40

AFRICA

PACIFIC
OCEAN

Daphne
Islands

Pinzn
Santa Santa
Cruz
Fe

Florenza

Kilometers

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SOUTH
AMERICA

Equator

San
Cristobal

Chile
PACIFIC
OCEAN

Equator
Brazil

Cape of
Good Hope
Argentina

Espaola

Cape Horn

Malay
Archipelago

PACIFIC
OCEAN

AUSTRALIA

Tasmania
New
Zealand

Figure 22.6

(a) Cactus-eater

(b) Insect-eater

(c) Seed-eater
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Figure 22.8
Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees and relatives)
Moeritherium

Barytherium

Deinotherium

Mammut

Platybelodon

Stegodon

Mammuthus

Elephas maximus (Asia)

Loxodonta africana (Africa)

Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)
60

34

24

Millions of years ago

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5.5 2 104 0
Years ago

Figure 22.8a

Hyracoidea
(Hyraxes)
Sirenia
(Manatees and relatives)
Moeritherium

Barytherium

Deinotherium

Mammut

60

34

24

Millions of years ago

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5.5 2 104 0
Years ago

Figure 22.8b

Platybelodon

Stegodon

Mammuthus

Elephas maximus (Asia)

Loxodonta africana (Africa)
Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)
60

34

24

Millions of years ago

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5.5 2 104 0
Years ago

Artificial Selection

Cabbage
Selection
for apical
(tip) bud

Brussels
sprouts

Broccoli

Selection for
axillary (side)
buds

Selection for
flowers and stems
Selection
for stems

Selection
for leaves

Kale

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Wild mustard

Kohlrabi

Variation

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Spore
cloud

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Crypsis

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Carroll & Boyd 1992

Results
Beak

Field Study

Number of individuals

10

8
6
4
2
0

10

Average for museum specimens

8
On introduced
species,
goldenrain tree
(central Florida)

6
4
2
0

Soapberry bug with beak

inserted in balloon vine
fruit
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On introduced species,
balloon vine
(southern Florida)

Beak length (mm)

10

11

Figure 22.14

2,750,000

2,500,000

Chromosome map
of S. aureus clone USA300

500,000

Key to adaptations

2,250,000

2,000,000

Methicillin resistance
Ability to colonize hosts
Increased disease severity
Increased gene exchange
(within species) and
toxin production

1,750,000
1,500,000

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1,250,000

750,000

1,000,000

Annual hospital admissions

with MRSA (thousands)

250,000 base pairs

400
350
300
250
200
150

100
50

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Year

Homologous Structures

Humerus

Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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Human

Cat

Whale

Bat

Ontogeny
Vestigial structures

Pharyngeal
arches

Post-anal
tail

Chick embryo (LM)

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Human embryo

Figure 22.17

Branch point
Lungfishes

Digit-bearing
limbs
Amnion

Lizards
and snakes

3
4

Homologous
characteristic

Crocodiles

Ostriches

Feathers

Hawks and
other birds

Birds

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Amniotes

Mammals

Tetrapods

Amphibians

Convergent Evolution

Sugar
glider

NORTH
AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

Flying squirrel
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Fossil Evidence

Most mammals

Cetaceans and even-toed ungulates

(a) Canis (dog)

(b) Pakicetus

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(c) Sus (pig)

(d) Odocoileus (deer)

Figure 22.20

Other even-toed
ungulates
Hippopotamuses
Pakicetus

Rodhocetus

Dorudon

Common
ancestor
of cetaceans
0
50
40
30
60
Millions of years ago
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Living
cetaceans
Key

Pelvis
Femur

Tibia
Foot