Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WORD GAME:
NUCL EUS
THE MATERIAL INSIDE
THE CELL ENCLOSED BY
THE CELL MEMBRANE.
ORGANE L L E
THE THREADLIKE STRUCTURE OF
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN FOUND
IN THE NUCLEUS OF MOST LIVING
CELLS, CARRYING GENETIC
INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF GENES.
C H R OM O S O ME S
IT IS A MASS OF GENETIC MATERIAL
COMPOSED OF DNA AND PROTEINS
THAT CONDENSE TO FORM
CHROMOSOMES DURING
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION.
CH R OM A T I N
IT IS THE DOUBLE
MEMBRANE THAT
ENCLOSES THE NUCLEUS.
N U C L E A R
EN V E L O P E
Can you name these parts of the Human
Cheek Cell?
Parts of the Human Cheek Cell at 40X Magnification
THE CELL CYCLE AND
CELL DIVISION
Session 3
THE GREAT DIVIDE
BIOLOGY IS THE
ONLY SUBJECT
IN WHICH
MULTIPLICATION
IS THE
SAME THING
AS DIVISION…
2007-2008
You started
as a cell
smaller than
a period at
the end of a
sentence… WHERE IT
ALL BEGAN…
GETTING • Going from egg to baby….
FROM the original fertilized egg has to divide…
THERE TO
and divide…
HERE…
and divide…
and divide…
WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
• For reproduction
• asexual reproduction
• one-celled organisms
• For growth
• from fertilized egg to
multi-celled organism amoeba
CELL CYCLE
is a repeating sequence of cellular growth
and division.
CELL CYCLE
GETTING
THERE!
Interphase
It is a phase of the cell cycle, defined
only by the absence of cell division.
During interphase, the cell obtains
nutrients, and duplicates (copies) its
chromatin (genetic material). The
genetic material is located in the
nucleus of the cell and is made of the
molecule DNA.
cell division What process NEVER occurs in
interphase?
Synthesis Gap 2
Interphase
Divided into 3 phases: G0
50 percent
Since organelles and enzymes are being made during G1,
there is a great amount of _______________________
occurring.
protein synthesis
Interphase : S phase
The S phase, short for synthesis phase, is a period
in the cell cycle during interphase, between G1
phase and the G2 phase. Following G1, the cell
enters the S stage, when DNA synthesis or
replication occurs. This ensures that each
daughter cell inherits an identical set of DNA. S
phase takes about 6 hours of a 24 hour cell cycle.
Why is DNA replication necessary?
To ensures that each daughter cell inherits an identical
set of DNA
What would happen if each cell did not
inherit a complete set of DNA?
The cell will remain in S phase until the
chromosomes are properly copied, or
the cell will undergo programmed cell death
What percent of the cell cycle does a cell spend in
S phase?
25 percent
S PHASE: COPYING / REPLICATING DNA
• DNA is organized in
chromosomes histones
• double helix DNA molecule
• wrapped around histone proteins
• like thread on spools
• DNA-protein complex =
chromatin
• organized into long thin fiber chromatin
• condensed further during mitosis
chromatin
double-
stranded
mitotic human
chromosomes
MITOTIC CHROMOSOME
Duplicated chromosome
2 sister chromatids
narrow at centromeres
contain identical
sister chromatids
single-stranded
double-stranded homologous = “same information”
Interphase : G2 phase
G2 phase is the third, final, and usually the shortest subphase
during interphase within the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes
a period of rapid growth to prepare for mitosis. It follows
successful completion of DNA synthesis and replication during
the S phase, and occurs during a period of about 4 hours. The
DNA is still in the form of loosely packed chromatin fibers. The
G2 phase continues growth of the cell and prepares the cell for
mitosis (M phase) by producing all of the enzymes that the
cell will need in order to divide. After the G2 phase of interphase,
the cell is ready to start dividing. The nucleus and nuclear
material (chromosomes made of DNA) divide first during stage
known as CELL DIVISION.
What is the final and shortest
phase of interphase? G2 phase
About how long would a typical
cell (24 hours cell cycle) be in the
G22 phase?
4 hours
By producing all the
How is the cell prepared for cell
division during the G22 phase? enzymes needed for cell
division
Time to divide
& multiply!
M
Mitosis
CELL CYCLE
G2
Gap 2
G1
• Cell has a “life cycle” Gap 1
G0
cell is formed from S Resting
a mitotic division Synthesis
INTERPHASE
• Nucleus well-defined
• DNA loosely packed
in long chromatin
fibers
• Prepares for mitosis
‘CHECKPOINTS’
‘CHECKPOINTS’
There are several checkpoints, but the three most
important ones are:
• The G1
• start at the G1/S transition.
• The G2
• start G2/M transition.
• The spindle checkpoint, at the transition from
metaphase to anaphase.
The G1
• a cell checks whether internal and
external conditions are right for
division. Here are some of the
‘CHECKPOINTS’ factors a cell might assess:
• Size.
• Nutrients.
• Molecular signals.
• DNA integrity.
‘CHECKPOINTS’ - The G1
• DNA integrity.
• DNA replication.
‘CHECKPOINTS’ - The G2
THE
SPINDLE
EXIT TICKET #3