Cell Division

and Cell Cycle

Arrange the words according to the levels of
biological organization.

Organ → system → organism → tissue → cell

Any sexually
reproducing
multicellular
organism begins
as a single-
celled entity.

3
 Single Cell Organisms
❑ Made up of only one
cell that carries out
all of the functions
needed by the
organism.
 How do our bodies replenish
cells?
❑ When cells become damaged or die the body
makes new cells to replace them. This process is
called cell division. One cell doubles by dividing
into two. Two cells become four and so on.
 Cell Division
❑ Involves the distribution
of identical genetic
material or DNA to two
daughter cells.
❑ Is a series of events that
takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides.
 Daughter Cells
❑ Are genetically identical to the
parent cell because they contain
the same number and type of
chromosomes.
 Cell Cycle
❑ Involves different phases that
constitute a series of
preparations for a cell to
divide to produce new cells.
 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
❑ Cell cycle is the series of periods in the
cell's life.
❑ Cell division is the series of phases
where the cell splits to increase its
number in the population.
 The Genetic Material of Cells
DNA Molecule
Almost every cell in our bodies has
genetic material in the form of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

● Most biological traits such as

eye color, hair color, and height
are coded for by the DNA.
 The Genetic Material of Cells
DNA
• The primary genetic material of
living organisms, stores genetic
information in the sequences of
its nucleotides.
 Chromosomes
❑ Are thread-like structures
located inside the nucleus of
animal and plant cells.
❑ Made of protein and a single
molecule of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA).
Chromosomes
❑ Each

chromosome is
made up of
two sister
chromatids.
❑ Haploid refers to the
presence of a single
set of chromosomes in
an organism's cells.
❑ Sexually reproducing
organisms are diploid
(having two sets of
chromosomes, one
from each parent).
❑ In humans, only the
egg and sperm cells
are haploid.
Q: You are looking at a A: After replication there
diploid cell which are a total of 92 sister
consists of four pairs of chromatids in each cell.
chromosomes. After There are 46 individual
DNA replication, how chromosomes in each cell.
many chromatids are
there?
 Remember….
● All species of organisms have their own life
cycle that shows how they are born, develop,
and mature.
● Much like entire organisms, individual cells
also have their own life cycle. The life cycle of a
cell is known as the cell cycle, and this
describes how cells grow, develop, and
Stages of the Cell Cycle
Interphase

Three Stages of
M phase
the Cell Cycle

Cytokinesis
 The Cell Cycle

Cell then leaves This is when the cell

Interphase - Gap 1 interphase, undergoes grows and copies its DNA
mitosis, and completes its before moving into
division. mitosis.
Interphase - S

Events during
Interphase - Gap 2
the G1 phase
M phase
It grows, replicates its
Is the longest part of
chromosomes, and
Cytokinesis prepares for cell division
the cell cycle.

GAP 1 - the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division
 The Cell Cycle
Interphase - Gap 1 Events during the S phase
● The genetic material of a cell is doubled before it
Interphase - S
enters mitosis or meiosis, allowing there to be
enough DNA to be split into daughter cells.

Interphase - Gap 2
● It is when the cell synthesizes a copy of its
DNA in a very notable process called DNA
M phase replication.
○ This refers to the event when an existing
Cytokinesis DNA produces another copy of itself.
 The Cell Cycle
Interphase - Gap 1 Continued growth and the
production of materials
Interphase - S that are necessary for cell
Events division to occur
during the
Interphase - Gap 2
Gap 2
The cell obtains
M phase
phase nutrients and
metabolizes them,
Cytokinesis grows, replicates its DNA
in preparation for mitosis
 The Cell Cycle
Interphase - Gap 1 Mitosis or Meiosis
● The M phase in eukaryotic organisms
Interphase - S involves either one of two processes,
namely, mitosis and meiosis.
Interphase - Gap 2
○ Sex cells or gametes undergo
meiosis, whereas somatic cells or
M phase
non-sex cells undergo mitosis.
Cytokinesis
 The Cell Cycle
Interphase - Gap 1
Sex cell or
Interphase - S
Gamete
Interphase - Gap 2
• Mature sexual
reproductive cell that
M phase unites with another
cell to form a new
Cytokinesis organism
 The Cell Cycle
Interphase - Gap 1

Interphase - S

Interphase - Gap 2

M phase

Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is marked by the formation of a cleavage

furrow in animal cells.
 The Cell Cycle
Interphase - Gap 1 ❑ The cell must faithfully separate
the chromosomes and cytoplasm,
Interphase - S
yielding two daughter cells.
Interphase - Gap 2

M phase

Cytokinesis
 Remember….
❑ The process of mitosis and meiosis refers to
the division of the nucleus and genetic
material. Cytokinesis, on the other hand,
refers to the division of the cytoplasm.

❑ Cytokinesis can only occur once the genetic

material is properly distributed to the daughter
cells.
The Cell Cycle Checkpoints
G1-to-S checkpoint

Cell Cycle
G2-to-M checkpoint
Checkpoints

M checkpoint
 The Cell Cycle Checkpoints
G1-to-S Checkpoint G2-to-M Checkpoint M Checkpoint

Is the cell large

enough with all the
necessary energy
reserves and
Is there any damage doubled organelles?
in the cell’s DNA?
 The Cell Cycle Checkpoints
G1-to-S Checkpoint G2-to-M Checkpoint M Checkpoint

Are the Is the DNA properly

environmental replicated?
conditions
favorable for cell
division to take
Is there a presence
place?
of DNA damage?
 The Cell Cycle Checkpoints
G1-to-S Checkpoint G2-to-M Checkpoint M Checkpoint

Are the spindles

properly
attached?

Mitotic
spindle
 Let’s Sum It Up!
● The life cycle of a cell is known as the cell
cycle, and it describes how cells grow,
develop, and reproduce.

● With very few exceptions, all of the cells in

your body contain genetic material in the form
of DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, which is
usually found in the nucleus of your cells.
 Let’s Sum It Up!
● There are three main stages in the cell cycle,
namely, interphase, M phase, and
cytokinesis.

● Interphase is the stage when the cell prepares

itself for eventual cell division, which can
either be mitosis or meiosis. It is also the
stage when the cell is metabolically active and
Let’s Sum It Up!
● Cytokinesis refers to the division of the
cell’s cytoplasm and other components.
This process significantly differs between
animal cells and plant cells, primarily
because of the presence of cell walls in
the latter.
Let’s Sum It Up!