Biology is the only subject in

which multiplication is the same

thing as division…

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 MITOSIS:
Division Is Also Multiplication

S2
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 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the students should be
able to:

1.Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their

control points
2.Describe the stages of mitosis.
3.Explain the significance or applications of mitosis.
4.Identify disorders and diseases that result from the
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
5. Advocate preservation of life.

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 • Cell division allows an increase in cell number, or the
multiplication of a cell. Thus, cell division is also cell
multiplication!
• Cell division comes in two ways. One is through
mitosis, and the other is through meiosis.
• Cell division starts with interphase, which has three
subphases: G1, S, and G2. Then mitosis follows with
the next four phases: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.
• Checkpoints are found in the different stages of cell
division. These checkpoints monitor cell division,
ensuring its smooth process.

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 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
 Stage 1: cell copies DNA

DNA
interphase
cell

nucleus

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 G1 Phase

 G1 phase (gap 1) – this is the “decision –making step”

when the cells decides if it will start the cell cycle, rest, or
permanently exit the cell cycle to become a differentiated cell
(G0 phase)

 G stands for gap because it was initially believed that there

is nothing significant happening at this stage.

 S (Synthesis) phase – DNA replication occurs, where the

nucleus becomes larger with twice the amount of DNA.

 G2 phase – where further growth and the final

preparation for mitosis happens
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  At the end of M phase, the cell undergoes a physical
division via cytokinesis.

 The cytoplasmic membrane (in case of an animal cell)

or a new membrane becomes deposited (in the case
of a plant cell) to create two new cells.

 A eukaryotic cell is usually a diploid (2n).

 The replicated strand is only a duplicate copy of the

other; thus they are termed sister chromatids. They are
considered as separate chromosomes and they will
then be divided to each of the daughter cells at the end
of M phase or mitosis.
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 S Phase
 In the S (synthesis) phase, chromosomes are
replicated. This means that there is twice the actual
DNA now present in the cell.
 each chromosome consists of two chromatids, one
copy of a newly copied chromosome.
 chromosomes will become visible only in prophase.
 S DNA damage checkpoint monitors the replication
process during this phase.

G2 Phase
 the cell rapidly grows and protein synthesis continues.
 G2 DNA damage checkpoint checks activities in G2
to ensure its proper flow.
 Unreplicated DNA checkpoint ensures that DNA
synthesis is complete before proceeding to mitosis.
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 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
 Stage 2: DNA winds up into chromosomes
 DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it
organized

duplicated chromosomes

(prophase)
cell

nucleus
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  Where the chromatin in the nucleus supercoils
or condenses to form chromosomes.
 A condensed chromosome is made up of two
identical sister chromatids that are denser
packed and constricted in a region termed as
the centromere.
 The phase where mitotic spindle starts to form
outside the nucleus.
 Mitotic spindle originates from the
centrosome which is composed of paired
centrioles that have been duplicated during the
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Biology
  Prometaphase is the transition stage from
prophase to metaphase.
 During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope
starts to break down allowing the spindle to
interact with the chromosomes.
 The spindle fibers then bind to the kinetochore
( found on the centromere region).
 The kinetochore, a special protein complex,
appears at the centromere. Its function is to
link the spindle fibers to the centromere.

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 Any Questions??
Any Questions??

Regents Biology 2009-2010