Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

 Identify the major events that characterize each of the five phases of the cell
cycle,
 Summarize the events of the four stages of mitosis and the events occur
during meiosis; and
 Value the importance of cell cycle.

Try This!

Answer the following questions:

1. What do organisms were made up of?

2. Where do the cells come from?

3. How do the cells divide?

Think Ahead!

Label the cycle in column A using the choices in column B

Column A Column B

S phase – cell growth and DNA

replication

G1 phase – cell growth/ mature

Read and Ponder!
G2 phase – Growth and preparation
for division

Mitosis – (Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase, Telophase –
Cytokinesis)
 
THE CELL CYCLE

The life of a eukaryotic cell is traditionally shown as a cycle. The cell cycle is a
process by which cells divide by copying genetic material, cell part, and
organelles, and then splitting it into two identical daughter cells. A cell spends
90 percent of its time in the first three phases of the cycle G1, S, G2, which are
collectively called interphase, and will enter the last two phases of the cell
cycle-mitosis and cytokinesis only it is about to divide. Cell divide via cell
cycle in order for an organisms to grow, develop, repair injuries, and to replace
out dead or worn-out cells.

The cell cycle is a process by

which cells divide by copying
genetic material, cell parts, and
organelles, and then splitting
into two identical daughter
cells. The
cell cycle consists of three
basic stages--interphase,
mitosis (which consists of
prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
& telophase), & cytokinesis.
Cells divide via the
cell cycle in order for an
organism to grow, develop,
repair injuries, & to replace
dead or worn-out cells
 Figure 1 The
eukaryotic cell
cycle

On this page we will look at the phases of the cell cycle to illustrate this idea.

1. First Growth (G1) phase

During the G1 phase, the cell grows rapidly and

carries out its routine functions. For most
organisms, this phase occupies the major portion
of the cell’s life.

2. SYNTHESIS (S) PHASE

3. SECOND GROWTH (G2) PHASE

 
 
In this phase, preparations are made for the  
nucleus to divide. Hollow protein fibers called  
microtubules are rearranged during G2 in  
preparation of mitosis.  
 
   
   
 
 
 
A cell’s DNA is copied during this
phase. At the end of this phase,
each chromosome consists of two
chromatids attached at the
centromere.

Cell Division
 MITOSIS
 

 
Mitosis is a form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells
with the same genetic component as the parent cell. Chromosomes replicated
during the S phase are divided in such a way as to ensure that each daughter
cell receives a copy of every chromosome.

Stages of Mitosis

Once interphase is complete, the cell is ready to go through the four stages of mitosis.
The acronym “PMAT” can help you remember the different stages.

Prophase

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis. The cell’s

nucleus remains, but the nucleolus disappears. A
structure known as the centrosome duplicates itself
to form two daughter centrosomes that migrate to
opposite ends of the cell. The centrosomes organise
the production of microtubules that form the spindle
fibres that constitute the mitotic spindle. Each
replicated chromosome can now be seen to consist
of two identical chromatids (or sister chromatids)
held together by a structure known as the
centromere.

Metaphase

When metaphase begins, the membrane of the

nucleus dissolves. The mitotic spindle becomes fully
formed and attaches to the centromeres of the
chromosomes.
Anaphase
The shortest stage of mitosis. The centromeres
divide, and the sister chromatids of each
chromosome are pulled apart - or 'disjoin' - and
move to the opposite ends of the cell, pulled by
spindle fibres attached to the kinetochore regions.
The spindle fiber attached to them shorten.

Telophase

A nuclear envelope forms around the

chromosomes at each pole. Chromosomes now
at the opposite poles, uncoil and the spindle
dissolves. The spindle fibers break down and
disappear. Mitosis complete and cytokinesis
begins or the division of the cytoplasm to form
two separate daughter cells.

Cell Division
MEIOSIS

A form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming
specialized reproductive cells producing haploid sex cells or gametes from diploid cells.
The process takes the form of one DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear
and cellular divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). As in mitosis, meiosis is preceded by a
process of DNA replication that converts each chromosome into two sister chromatids.
See the illustration below.

Figure 2 Stages of meiosis producing four new cells, each with half as much as
genetic material as the original cell
Stages of Meiosis I

Prophase I

The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope

breaks down. Homologous chromosomes pair along
their length. Crossing-over occurs.

Metaphase I

The pairs of homologous chromosomes are moved by

the spindle to the equator of the cell.

Anaphase I

The chromosomes of each pair are pulled to opposite

poles of the cell by the spindle fiber. But the
chromatids do not separate at their centromeres.

Telophase I

Individual chromosomes gather at each of the poles.

The cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis), forming two new
cells. Both cells or poles contain one chromosome
from each pair of homologous chromosomes.

Stages of Meiosis II

Prophase II

A new spindle forms around the chromosomes.

Metaphase II

In this meiosis stages the chromosomes are arranged

along the equatorial line of the spindle fibres. The
centromeres remain on the metaphase plate, while the
chromatids are extent towards the poles. These
centromeres are attached in the spindle fibres.

Anaphase II

In this stage the chromosome divides longitudinally with each

half having single Chromatid and half of the centromere. The
separated chromatids more to the opposite poles due to the shortening of chromosomal
microtubules.

Telophase II
 A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
The spindle breaks down, and the cell undergoes cytokinesis.
The result of meiosis is four haploid cells.

Chromosomes becomes visible

Crossing over occurs. Centrioles move to

either pole. Spindle fibres appear. Nuclear
membrane breaks down

Homologous pairs line up on equator

Pulled to either side of sister

chromatids

Chromosomes gather at the poles

of the cell. The cytoplasm divides.

A new spindle forms around the

chromosomes.

Chromosomes line up at the

equator.

Chromosomes divides.
Chromatids move to opposite
poles of the cell.

A nuclear envelope forms

around each set of
chromosomes. The cytoplasm
divides.
 Made with
LEARN MORE

See if you can do this!

Answer the following questions:

1. What happens in the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle?

2. What occurs in the S phase?

3. What is the importance of cell division?

4. What are the four stages of mitosis?

Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement
STATEMENT INTERPHASE MITOSIS
5. Cell growth occurs
6. Nuclear membrane dissolves
7. Chromosomes are distributed equally to
daughter cells.
8. DNA synthesis occurs
9. Cytoplasm divides
10. DNA is condensed into chromosomes

Identify the following stages of meiosis using these choices: Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I, Telophase I, Telophase II. Then number it from 1-5 according to its
occurrence.

___________________
____________________ ____________________
 ____________________ ___________________

Congratulations for a job well done!

______________________ __________ END ___________________________

REFERENCES

Biology (Jhonson*Raven) book pp. 125-145 m

https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis
https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/what-mitosis
WMSU-ISMP-GU-001.00
Effective Date: 7-DEC-2016