Cell cycle/Cell Division

Mitosis
 Learning Competencies
1.Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their
control points- Week3 STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6
2.Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
A review of this competency could be done since it
has been taught in Grade 8 (S8LT-IVd-16
3.Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the
cell-division cycle) Week 4 STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-7
4.Explain the significance or applications of
mitosis/meiosis Week 4 STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9
• Every day, every hour, every
second one of the most important
events in life is going on in your
body—cells are dividing.
• “Cell division” and “Cell
Reproduction”
What is cell
division?
•Cell division is the process by which a
parent cell divides into two or more
daughter cells
•Allows organisms to reproduce
asexually, grow and repair worn-out
or damaged tissues (cell
replacement) and make new cells
•Produce sperm and egg cells
•types; Mitosis and Meiosis
 1. To make new cells and
replace worn out/old,
Why do damaged & dead cells.
cells 2. Cells also divide so
living things can grow
divide? and develop
Two major group of cells in the body

Somatic cells- Greek word

soma, meaning body; cell
body, which compose your
body tissues and organs

Germ cells- these are

produced in the sex organs
(ovaries & testes); upon
maturity(puberty), these germ
cells have developed into sex
cells or gametes- sperm & egg
cells
 THE CELL CYCLE
(Mitosis)
In cell division, the cell that is dividing is
called the "parent" cell. The parent cell
divides into two "daughter" cells. The
process then repeats in what is called the
cell cycle.
STAGES OF THE SOMATIC
CELL CYCLE
IPMAT
1. Interphase
a. G1 (Gap 1)
b. S (Synthesis)
c. G2 (Gap 2)
2. Mitotic Phase
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
e. Cytokinesis
 • G1: 10 hours of the 24hrs cycle
• S : cells will take between 5 and 6 hours to complete S
phase but usually varies in total number of DNA
• G2 : lasting only 3 to 4 hours in most cells.
• In sum, then, interphase generally takes between 18 and
20 hours.
• Mitosis, during which the cell makes preparations for and
completes cell division only takes about 2 hours.

How long does each of the stages of the cell cycle take
https://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrep
roduction/cellcycle/section2/
 •The stage wherein cell is not dividing ,
as if it is at rest
•each cell actually spends most of its
time in the interphase
1. INTERPHASE/GROWTH •the period when a cell is getting ready
to divide and start the cell cycle.
a. Gap 1 During this time, cells are gathering
b. S nutrients and energy. The parent cell
c. Gap 2 is also making a copy of its DNA to
share equally between the two
daughter cells.
•Cell is engaged in growth and
metabolic activities
 Normal cell function
Cell carries out its
occur as well as cell
1.1. GAP 1 (G1) normal metabolic
growth/increase in
function
their size

RBC shuttles oxygen

Example of Intestinal cells
to the rest of the
metabolic processes absorb nutrients
body
 1.2. SYNTHESIS (S) PHASE
DNA replicates producing two copies of each chromosomes/cells
make a copy of the genetic material in the form of nuclear DNA

Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule that is copied with

enough accuracy through DNA replication

This process ensures that the daughter cell receives exact copies of
the parent’s genetic material during cell division

Cells also produce a copy of protein complex called microtubules that

will later help the cell to organize its content
 1.3. GAP 2 (G2)
Cell continues to carry out their normal function, further growth &
continuous to prepare for mitosis and cell division

contains critical checkpoint before transitioning to the next stage

Cells make sure that everything is in order, including growing to its

correct size and duplicating DNA without damage
 2. Mitosis (M)
•Division of nucleus and genetic
material
•The hereditary material of the parent
cell is given to the daughter cell
leading to the formation of two
daughter cells containing the identical
genetic materials
 2. Mitosis (M)
•The mitosis cell cycle includes several phases that result in
two new diploid daughter cells.
•When a cell divides during mitosis, some organelles are
divided between the two daughter cells.
•For example, mitochondria are capable of growing and
dividing during the interphase, so the daughter cells each
have enough mitochondria. The Golgi apparatus, however,
breaks down before mitosis and reassembles in each of the
new daughter cells. Many of the specifics about what
happens to organelles before, during and after cell division
are currently being researched
• https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division
2.1. Prophase:
start of mitosis
- The chromosomes become visible and
condensed becoming shorter and
thicker
- Each identical copy of a single
chromosome is called a “sister
chromatid”
- Nuclear envelop breaks down &
spindle fibers form as microtubules
grow out of the centrioles and move
to opposite poles of the cell
2.2. Metaphase:
chromosomes at the
center
-“meta” means near
-The double stranded
chromosomes line up along
the equator of the cell
-The spindle fiber is now fully
formed and microtubule is
attached to each sister
chromatid
2.3. Anaphase:
Chromatids to Opposite
Poles

- “ana” means up or back

- Begins when the sister chromatids of the
chromosome begin to separate
- The centromere that holds the sister
chromatid together, divides and the
chromosomes move away from each other
along its spindle fiber
- Spindle fibers begins to shorten to pull the
sister chromatids away from each other
toward the opposite ends of the cell
2.4. Telophase:
Reformation of
Nuclei
-Telo means “end”
-The 2 groups of chromosome
reach the opposite end of
the cell
-As the new nuclear envelop
starts to form, around each
group, chromosomes uncoil
and spindle disappears
3. Cytokinesis – C
phase
•Division of the cytoplasm
and the organelles/
splitting of the cytoplasm
into two cells
•Typically starts to occur
in the late anaphase or
telophase