KRISHNA

INSTITUTE
OF
ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
Ghaziabad

CENTRAL

PUBLIC

WORKS

DEPARTMENT
New Delhi

PROJECT REPORT
ON
Construction site of POLICE STATION
AT
CENTRAL

PUBLIC

WORKS

DEPARTMENT
(CPWD)
(TRAINING PERIOD: 15 JUNE 31JULY)

SUBMITTED BY:ALOK MISHRA

0902900015
(CE-3RD YEAR)

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KRISHNA INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY, GHAZIABAD

GUIDED BY:-

Er. P R CHARAN BABU

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on tr

aining at CPWD.
I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing
a Training letter, which made my training possible at CPWD,Delhi.
I would like to express my gratitude to Er P R
CHARAN BABU for his invaluable suggestions,
motivation,guidance and support through out the training.His
methodology to start from simple ant then deepen through made
me to bring out this project report without anxiety.
Thanks to all other CPWD officials, operators and
all other members of CPWD, yet uncounted for their help in
completing the project and see the light of success.
I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons

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who rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete

this project work successfully.
I extended my due thanks to Er. VINOD who gave mevaluable time an
d suggestions andguide me a lot at various stages of my
Summer Training.

Dated- July 2012

ALOK MISHRA

INDEX

DESCRIPTION
S.NO
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

3.

SITE LOCATION

4.

FORMWORK

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5.

PLANNING

6.

SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

7.

PROJECT MONITORING

8.

QUALITY

9.

CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION
ABOUT
The Central Public Works Department of India is a Central
Government owned authority that is in charge of public sector works in the
country. Central Public Works Department (CPWD) under Ministry of Urban
Development is entrusted with construction and maintenance of buildings for
most of the Central Government Departments, Public undertakings and
autonomous bodies.
In the Indian History both pre and post independence - CPWD has a
glorious era of more than 150 year with dedicated, energetic and committed corps
of Engineers and Architects. Before being re-structured to its present form in 1930
Central Public Works Department originated in July 1854 when the Governor
General of India decided to set up a Central Agency:

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to exercise universal control over public works in India with best of

scientific knowledge with authority & system.

Central Public Works Department, Delhi is the

premier agency of Govt. of India engaged in planning, designing,
construction and maintenance of Government assets in the field of built
environment and infrastructure development. Assets in built environment
include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Police
Buildings, Prisons, Courts etc; assets in infrastructure development
include Roads, Bridges, Flyovers, Footpaths, Subways etc.
CPWD Delhi also sustains and preserves these assets
through a well developed system of maintenance which includes amongst
others specialized services like rehabilitation works, roads signage and
aesthetic treatments like interiors, monument lighting, landscaping.

MISSION

1.

Sound Planning and Design

2.

Engineered Construction

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3.

Effective Maintenance

4.

Benchmarking the Standards

5.

Capacity Building

6.

Public Private Partnership

7.

Manpower Planning

8.

Transparency in Management

1.Sound Planning and Design

1. All building norms and specifications to be standardized.
2. Architectural and structural design to be undertaken in-house as far as
possible.

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3. Detailed planning of all services to make the buildings operational in all

respects.
4. Architectural and structural designs to be coordinated to evolve an
efficient building system compliant with latest Indian Standards.

2.Engineered Construction
1. Standardization of different building elements including their
pre-fabrication, mechanization in construction, use of
innovative materials and technologies adopting clean development
mechanism resulting in conservation of energy and natural resources.

3.Effective Maintenance
1. To preserve and maintain buildings and services in good operating

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condition.
2. To improve the specifications depending upon the development that is
taking place in the built environment.

4.Benchmarking the Standards

1.Updation of Specifications and standards for public works including
Delhi Schedule of Rates, Analysis of Rates, Works and Maintenance
Manual on regular basis.

5.Capacity Building
1. Updating technical knowledge of engineers, architects by effective
training and participation in seminars, workshops etc.
2. Effective training to develop managerial skills and handling public
grievances so that engineers, architects and horticulturists become
development managers for tomorrow.

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3. Target oriented training to workers on contemporary skills and

behavioural
science to improve service delivery mechanism.

6.Public Private Partnership

1. To undertake contract or concession agreement with private sector
company for delivering General Pool Residential Accommodation
and General Pool Office Accommodation on payment of user charges
to:(1) Increase the stock of dwelling units thereby providing housing
to government employees.
(2) Increase the office space thereby providing comfortable working
environment to government employees

7.Manpower Planning
1. To provide the manpower of CPWD with professional environment,
excellent working opportunities and state of art technology.
2. To provide performance and ability based approach to career

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development as per policy of the Government.

8.Transparency in Management of Works

1. e- tendering shall be introduced.
2. Effective use of websites in discharge of regulatory, enforcement and the
functions shall be introduced through integrated computerization.
3. Web based work progress monitoring system shall be introduced.

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CENTRAL DESIGN ORGANISATION (CDO)

CDO was created in the year 1969 with a view to provide higher level of
design inputs in multi-storeyed projects which could not be handled by the
design units under Chief Engineers. As pressures on availability of land
increased, CPWD could utilize the services of CDO for high rise built habitats
and complex projects such as jetties and bridges. CDO has provided its
services to over 350 projects in CPWD and 35 projects in last four years
alone. Important projects designed by CDO are Parliament Library Complex,
Parliament Annexe Building, National Gallery of Modern Art, National
Museum, Supreme Court Extension, National Stadium, and Afghan
Parliament in Kabul, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration
Mussoorie, and Hall of States ITPO etc.
At present, Central Designs Organisation has the responsibility of structural
design of complex structures (with structural cost over Rs. 25 Crores)

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incorporating state of art engineering practices and technology. It is also

responsible for contributing to the consultation process of BIS for framing
new Codes and handbooks and thus setting standards for the Construction
Industry as a whole. CDO also offers its services in preparing several
technical documents/reports such as Handbook on Seismic Retrofitting,
Design Manuals, Fly ash utilization guidelines, and seismic assessment
reports of critical government buildings. CDO also develops computer aided
design and planning software such as Integrated Analysis & Design of
Buildings (IADB).

Important projects being

designed in CDO at present are Extension to Parliament Annexe

Building, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Campus for Supreme
Court, NWAI Jetty at Kolkata and Guwahati, Underground Parking
for Nirman Bhawan, and AG Office Building Lucknow.
CDO is headed by the Chief Engineer (Designs) who is responsible for the
overall administrative and technical control of the unit. Four Superintending
Engineers directly report to the C.E (Designs). S.Es are the direction officers
for control, coordination and execution of all tasks related to modelling
analysis, design, detailing and drafting of structural drawings. Out of four
Superintending Engineers, one is in-charge of Computer Cell CPWD

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responsible for e-Governance in the department. Each SE has three

Executive Engineer (Designs) reporting to him, who is responsible for all
modelling, design and drafting tasks and preparing design proposals. Each
EE is assisted by a small team of Asst Executive Engineers/ Asst Engineers,
Junior Engineers and Draughtsmen. CDO is manned by civil engineers
having experience in structural design.
All design and drafting work in CDO is fully computerised. Design and
analysis is done by using softwares such as STAAD, eTABS, STRUDS, SAP,
STAADFoundation etc. Drafting work is done through AUTOCAD using heavy
duty full size HP drafter plotters. Computing is done through high end Intel
Core i7 2600 Processors.

Computer Cell, CDO

The CPWD is determined to use IT to usher in era of e-Gov to simplify
processes, bringing in transparency, accountability, efficiency; effectiveness

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and need based timely and quality information to all its stakeholders, and to
use the available resources more effectively.
The CDO unit of CPWD has been entrusted this job. Many steps
towards e-Gov initiatives have already been taken e.g. PIMS for HR
management, including training module and monitoring of PG and VIP
references; web based project monitoring system for monitoring physical
and financial progress of the projects, access to client to view the progress
of the projects and also to furnish the remarks;
CPWDSEWA in Delhi & NCR and
being extended for PAN India for maintenance related complaints
management; enlistment for class one contractors; and CPWD website for
publishing all circulars and OMs and other information.

2.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

NAME of WORK: Construction of Police Station Khajuri

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Khas, Near Sonia Vihar, Delhi (SH: C/o Police Station

Building, Electric sub Station & External Development
Work i.e. Internal Electrical Installations)
AGREEMENT NO. :
NAME OF CONTRACTOR:

03/EE/CD-III/2011-12
M/S ROSHAN REAL ESTATES

PVT LTD.

PLOT SIZE:
ESTIMATED COST:

5984 Sqm. Area

Civil Work-

Rs

6, 01,

47,287/-

Elec. Work-

Rs

24, 75,332/Rs

6,

26, 22,609/-

TENDERED COST:

Civil Work-

Rs

6, 57,

88,182/-

Elec. Work-

Rs

28, 69,490/Rs

6,

86, 57,672/-

DATE OF START:
STIPULATED DATE OF
COMPLETION:
ACTUAL DATE OF

04-08-2011

02-08-2012
Work is Under Progress

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COMPLETION:

(80% Work is Completed)

TIME ALLOWED :

365 Days

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3.SITE LOCATION:Police Station & Staff Quarters at Khajuri Khas near Sonia Vihar,

New Delhi

Advantages of this site:1. Land

2. Store

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3. Health unit

4. Car parking stand

5. Canteen

6. Connectivity of the yard

7. Ease of transportation Facilities

4. FORMWORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support and shape the
concrete until it attains sufficient to carry its own weight. The formwork holds
the concrete until it hardens to required shape and size.

SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK
1) Formwork constitutes 30% of the cost and 60% of the time in concrete
construction.

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2) Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much

on the formwork
system
3) Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork not done properly.
4) Formwork should be properly designed, fabricated and erected to receive
concrete.
5) Accidents happen because of the faulty formwork and scaffolding or
staging.

SAFETY IN USING FORMWORK:1) Components are light in weight for manual handling.
2) Loose or hanging components are minimal.
3) Appropriate use of tools.
4) Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.

TYPES OF FORMWORK
1) Flex system
2) Quick deck system
3) Aluform system
4) Flex table formwork

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Curing work and refilling of earth around footing.

Workers on a construction site building.

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Central Public Works Department, I P Bhawan,New Delhi

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CURING V/S COMRESSIVE STRENGTH

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COLUMN CONSTRUCTION WORK

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6.PLANNING

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Planning of a CPWD Project mainly includes:-

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Pre-requisites for execution of work.

Deposit works
Preparation of estimates.
Execution of original work.
Expenditure on survey, exhibition.
Register of buildings.
Green building norms.
Preparation and accounting of Standard Measurement book.
Preparation and passing bills for payment.
Documentation of accounts.
General departmental charges.
Contracts and forms.
Preparation of tender documents.
Publicity of tenders
Sale of documents
Earnest money.
Issue of material to contractors.
Issue of tool and plant.
Payment to contractors
Insurance
Losses or damages.
Budgeting
Quality assurance and technical audit wing.
Inspection and Audit by Chief Controller.
Public accounts committee.

6. SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

Site clearance
Demarcation of site

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Positioning of central coordinate i.e. (0,0,0) as per grid plan

Surveying and layout
Excavation
Bar binding and placement of foundation steel
Shuttering and scaffolding
Concreting
Electrical and plumbing

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIAL USED:-

SITE CLEARANCEA number of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected
on a plot of ground. These conditions may determine where on the lot it may
be located. There are also covenants that are legally binding regulations.
These may, for example, set the minimum size of a house, prohibit utility
buildings, or ban rooftop television antennas.
Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into the
equation of house location on a lot. Septic tanks also require special
consideration.
A Certificate of Occupancy is an important piece of paper. It
is the final piece of paper, the sign-off, that says the construction
of the building is complete and it is ready to be occupied. Any town that has
adopted the BOCA or UBC building codes requires a CO. In most instances,
the bank making the mortgage loan requires a certificate of occupation as
well.

CONCRETE:Central Public Works Department, I P Bhawan,New Delhi

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There are eight types of Portland cement. They are designated by Roman
numerals and with an A suffix on three of them
Normal concrete is made of fine aggregates (sand) and regular aggregates
(crushed stone or gravel), plus water. Concrete will set up hard enough in
normal weather in about 3 hours. However, it takes 28 days for it to reach its
fullest strength. Concrete may have admixtures. The Romans added lard,
blood, milk, and other materials to make the concrete more workable. There
are at least 6 known admixtures.
Normal concrete contains a
small amount of air by adding anair-entrainment admixture, the amount of
air in the concrete can be increased by 10 percent or more by volume. By
using an accelerator, it is possible to have concrete reach its 28-day full
strength in only 7 days. Calcium chloride is the most common accelerator.
Pozzolonas are natural volcanic ash or artificial materials that react with lime
in the wet concrete to form cementing compounds. Fly ash is a by-product of
coal-burning power generating stations.
Romans obtained fly ash from Mount Vesuvius eruptions. Fully loaded
concrete mixer trucks may weigh as much as 80,000 lbs, or 40 tons. If the
mixer cant get close enough to unload the concrete where needed, it is
necessary to use chutes, mixer-mounted conveyors, motorized buggies, or
wheelbarrows.
Another term for rebar is deformed steel bar. This is the steel
reinforcement used in concrete to increase its tensile strength. Three types
of bar support material are available: wire, precast concrete, and moulded
plastic. Rebar is supported by chairs made of plastic or welded wire. Weldedwire fabric (WWF) looks like fencing and is manufactured with plain or
deformed cold-drawn wire.
Slump is a measure of how consistent, fluid, and workable a batch of freshly
mixed concrete is. Any change in the slump may mean that the amount of
water, the temperature, hydration, or setting has changed. Slump is a
measure of the amount of water in the mix.

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Foundations
Though the foundation supports a building, the earth is the ultimate support.
The foundation is a system comprising foundation wall, footing, and soil. The
prime purpose of an efficient structural foundation system is to transmit the
building loads directly to the soil without exceeding the bearing capacity of
the soil. A properly
Designed and constructed foundation system transfers the loads uniformly,
minimizes settlement, and anchors the structure against racking forces and
uplift. Because soil type and bearing capacity are the crucial factors in the
foundation system, the foundation must be designed and built as a system.
Too many residential foundations are designed and built without any concern
for the soil.

Types of Foundations
The many types of foundations can be separated into two broad groups:
shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations consist of
four types: deep basements (8-foot walls), crawl spaces, slabs-on-grade, and
frost-protected shallow foundations. They include spread footings, mat or raft
footings, long footings, and strap footings.
Deep foundations extend considerably deeper into the earth.
They include drilled caissons or piers, groups of piles driven and cast-in-place
concrete piles, and floating foundations.
A number of different construction systems can be used. Casting- place
concrete is the most widely used material for residential foundations,
followed by concrete block. Other methods include precast foundation walls,
cast-in-place concrete sandwich panels, and masonry or concrete piers, all
weather wood foundations (AWWF), which are now called permanent wood
foundations (PWF), or preserved.

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Wood foundations in Canada. Expanded polystyrene

(EPS)Blocks, polyurethane blocks, and other similar systems using EPS blocks
filled with concrete are also used.

FOOTINGS
Footings (which may be square, rectangular, or circular) are strips of
concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under the foundation wall. Gravel or
crushed stone footings are used with PWFs. The purpose of the footings is to
transfer the loads from walls, piers, or columns to the soil. The spread footing
is the most common type used to support walls, piers, or columns. The
National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) has developed a system of
solid.

Pile foundation systems

Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a Pile cap (a large concrete
block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are larger than one
pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation
elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams while heavier elements bear
directly on the pile cap.

Monopile foundation
A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to
support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.

Dried Piles

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Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)or Cast-inSitu piles. Rotary boring techniques offer larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit
pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. Construction methods depend on the geology
of the site. In particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through waterlogged but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'.
'Wet' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used when the pile bore
cannot be sealed against water ingress. Boring is then undertaken using a digging bucket to drill through
the underlying soils to design depth. The reinforcing cage is lowered into the bore and concrete is placed
by tremie pipe, following which, extraction of the temporary casing takes place.

Under reamed piles

Underreamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much as 6 m in
diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils. The larger base
diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft pile.

Augercast pile
An augercast pile, often known as a CFA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow stemmed
continuous flight auger to the required depth or degree of resistance. No casing is required.

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Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and environmentally sensitive
sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, due to expensive waste
disposal costs. In cases such as these however a displacement pile may provide the cost efficiency of an
augercast pile and minimal environmental impact. In ground containing obstructions or cobbles and
boulders, augercast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip elevation may be
encountered. In certain cases drill motors that produce more torque and horsepower may be able to
mitigate these events.

Specialty Piles:

1. Micro piles
2. Tripod piles
3. Sheet piles
4. Soldier piles
5. Suction Piles
6. Ad freeze Piles

Types of shallow foundations:

Interlocking concrete blocks called IDR footer-blocks
. The minimum width of the footing is
based on the foundation wall thickness. An 8-inch thick foundation wall
would have an 8-inch wide footing. However, footings are made wider than

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the foundation wall, and the extra width projects (or cantilevers) equally
beyond each side of the wall.
Contrary to widespread belief, the purpose of footings is not for spreading
out and distributing the loads to the soil. The extra width is used to support
the wall forms while the concrete is poured, or as a base for concrete
masonry blocks or brick.

Finishing and Curing Concrete

When working with concrete, certain methods and techniques must be
employed to ensure the best finished product. This chapter discusses the
following:

1) Screeding
2) Tamping and jitterbugging
3) Finishing (including Floating, Troweling, Brooming,
Grooving, and Edging)
4) Curing (including curing time and curing methods)

1)Screeding
To screed is to strike-off or level slab concrete after pouring. Generally, all
the dry materials used in making quality concrete are heavier than water.
Thus, shortly after placement, these materials will have a tendency to settle
to the bottom and force any excess water to the surface. This reaction is
commonly called bleeding. This bleeding usually occurs with nonairentrained concrete. It is of utmost importance
that the first operations of placing, screeding, and darbying
be performed before any bleeding takes place.
The concrete should not be allowed to remain in wheelbarrows, buggies, or
buckets any longer than is necessary. It should be dumped and spread as

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soon as possible and struck-off to the proper grade, then immediately struckoff, followed at once by darbying. These last two operations should be
performed before any free water is bled to the surface. The concrete should
not be spread over a large area
before screedingnor should a large area be screeded and allowed to remain
before darbying. If any operation is performed on the surface while the bleed
water is present, serious scaling, dusting, or crazing can result. This point
cannot be overemphasized and is the basic rule for successful finishing of
concrete surfaces.
The surface is struck off or rodded by moving a straightedge
back and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms or screeds.
A small amount of concrete should always be kept ahead of the straightedge
to fill in all the low spots and maintain a plane surface. For most slab work,
screeding is usually a two-person job because of the size of the slab.

2)Tamping or Jitterbugging
The hand tamper or jitterbug is used to force the large particles of coarse
aggregate slightly below the surface to enable the cement mason to pass a
darby over the surface without dislodging any large aggregate. After the
concrete has been struck-off or rodded (and, in some cases, tamped), it is
smoothed with a darby to level any raised spots and fill depressions. Longhandled floats of either wood ormetal (called bull floats) are sometimes used
instead of darbies to smooth and level the surface.
The hand tamper should be used sparingly and, in most cases,
not at all. If used, it should be used only on concrete having a low slump (1
inch or less) to compact the concrete into a dense mass. Jitterbugs are
sometimes used on industrial floor construction because the concrete for this
type of work usually has a very low slump, with the mix being quite stiff and
perhaps difficult to work.

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3)Finishing
When the bleed water and water sheen have left the surface of the concrete,
finishing may begin. Finishing may take one or more of several forms,
depending on the type of surface desired.
Finishing operations must not be overdone, or water under the
surface will be brought to the top. When this happens, a thin layer of cement
is also brought up and later, after curing, the thin layer becomes a scale that
will powder off with usage. Finishing can be done by hand or by rotating
power-driven trowels or floats. The size of the job determines the choice,
based on economy.
The type of tool used for finishing affects the smoothness of the concrete. A
wood float puts a slightly rough surface on the concrete.
A steel (or other metal) trowel or float produces a smooth finish.
Extra rough surfaces are given to the concrete by running a stiffbristled
broom across the top.

4)Floating
Most sidewalks and driveways are given a slightly roughened surface by
finishing with a float. Floats may be small, hand-held tools , with the work
done while kneeling on a board, or
they may be on long handles for working from the edge.
shows a worker using a long-handled float, and shows
the construction details for making a float.
When working from a kneeling board, the concrete must be stiff enough to
support the board and the workers weight without deforming.
This will be within two to five hours from the time the surface
water has left the concrete, depending on the type of roof.

A roof includes the roof cover (the upper layer, which protects
against rain, snow, and wind) or roofing, the sheathing to which it is
fastened, and the framing (rafters) that support the other components.

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Because of its exposure, roofing usually has a limited life. It is made to be

readily replaceable. Roofing may be made of many widely diversified
materials, among which are the following:

1) Wood
These are usually in the form of shingles (uniform
machine-cut) or shakes that are hand-cut. They are seen in
Many areas of the country.

2) Metal or aluminium
Simulates other kinds of roofing.

3) Slate
this may be the natural product or rigid manufactured slabs, often cement
asbestos, though these are on the decline since the controversy over
asbestos.

4) Built-up covers of asphalt or tar-impregnated felts,

with a mopping of hot tar or asphalt
these are placed between the plies and a mopping of tar or asphalt overall.
Tar-felt roofs usually have the top covered with embedded gravel or crushed
slag.

5) Roll roofing

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Which, as the name implies, is marketed in?

Rolls containing approximately 108 ft2. Each roll is usually
36 inches wide and may be plain or have a coating of colored
Mineral granules. The base is a heavy asphalt-impregnated felt.

6) Asphalt shingles
These are usually in the form
Of strips with two, three, or four tabs per unit. These shingles
Is asphalt with the surface exposed to the weather heavily?
Coated with mineral granules. Because of their fire resistance,
Cost, and durability, asphalt shingles are the most popular roofing material
for homes. Asphalt shingles are available in a wide range of colours,
including black and white.
_ Glass fibre shinglesThese are made partly of a glass fibre mat (which is
waterproof) and partly of asphalt. Like asphalt shingles, glass fibre shingles
come with self-sealing tabs and carry a Class-A fire-resistance warranty. For
the do-it-yourself, they may be of special interest because they are
lightweight, about 220 pounds per square (100 ft2 of roofing).

Roofs
The slope of the roof is frequently a factor in the choice of roofing materials
and method used to put them in place. The lower the pitch of the roof, the
greater the chance of wind getting under the shingles and tearing them out.
Interlocking cedar shingles resist this wind prying better than standard
asphalt shingles. For roofs with less than a 4-inch slope per foot, do not use
standard asphalt. Down to 2 inches, use self-sealing asphalt. Roll roofing can
be used with pitches down to 2 inches when lapped 2 inches. For very lowpitched
Slopes, the manufacturers of asphalt shingles recommend that the roof be
planned for some other type of covering.

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Aluminium strip roofing virtually eliminates the problem of wind prying, but
these strips are noisy. Most homeowners object to the noise during a
rainstorm. Even on porches, the noise is often annoying to those inside the
house.
Spaced roofing boards are sometimes used with cedar shingles.
This is usually done as an economy measure and because the cedar shingles
add considerably to the strength of the roof. The spaced roofing boards
reduce the insulating qualities.
Roll Roofing
Roll roofing is an economical cover especially suited
For roofs with low pitches. It is also sometimes used for valley flashing
instead of metal. It has a base of heavy asphalt-impregnated felt with
additional coatings of asphalt that are dusted to prevent adhesion in the roll.
The weather surface may be plain or covered with fine mineral granules.
Many different colours are available. One edge of the sheet is left plain (no
granules) where the lap cement
Is applied. For best results, the sheathing must be tight, preferably 1 6
tongue-and-groove, or plywood. If the sheathing is smooth.
These asphalt shingles have a three-dimensional look.
Asphalt shingles are the most popular.
CEMENT
SECOND SHEET
FIRST SHEET
Method of cementing and lapping the first and second
Strips of roll roofing.
Roofing (with no cupped boards or other protuberance), the slate-surfaced
roll roofing will withstand a surprising amount of abrasion from foot traffic,
although it is not generally recommended for that purpose.
Windstorms are the most relentless enemy of roll roofing. If the wind gets
under a loose edge, almost certainly a section will be blown off.

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Built-Up Roof (BUR)

A built-up roof is constructed of sheathing paper, a bonded base sheet,
perforated felt, asphalt, and surface aggregates.
The sheathing paper comes in 36-inch-wide rolls and has approximately 432
ft2 per roll. It is a rosin-size paper and is used to prevent asphalt leakage to
the wood deck. The base sheet is a heavy asphalt-saturated felt that is
placed over the sheathing paper.
It is available in 1, 11/2, and 2 squares per roll. The perforated felt is one of
the primary parts of a built-up roof. It is saturated with asphalt and has tiny
perforations throughout the sheet. The perforations prevent air entrapment
between the layers of felt.
The perforated felt is 36 inches wide and
weighs approximately 15 lbs per square. Asphalt is also one of the basic
ingredients of a built-up roof. There are many different grades of asphalt, but
the most commonare low-melt, medium-melt, high-melt, and extra-high-melt

SHEATHING PAPER
BASE SHEET
PERFORATED FELT
ASPHALT AGGREGATE

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Sectional plan of a built-up roof

Prior to the application of the built-up roof, the deck should beInspected for
soundness. Wood board decks should be constructed of 3/4-inch seasoned
lumber or plywood. Any knotholes larger than one inch should be covered
with sheet metal. If plywood is used as a roof deck it should be placed with
the length at right angles to the rafters and be at least 1/2 inch in thickness.
The first step in the application of a built-up roof is the placing of sheathing
paper and base sheet. The sheathing paper should be lapped in 2 inches and
secured with just enough nails to hold it in place. The base sheet is then
placed with 2-inch side laps and 6-inch end laps. The base sheet should be
secured with 1/2-inch diameter head galvanized roofing nails placed 12
inches on center on the exposed lap. Nails should also be placed down the
center of the base sheet. The nails should be placed in two parallel rows, 12
inches apart.
The base sheet is then coated with a uniform layer of hot asphalt.
While the asphalt is still hot, a layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped with
the hot asphalt. Each succeeding layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped
in a similar manner with asphalt. Each sheet should be lapped 19 inches,
leaving 17 inches exposed.

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Once the roofing felt is placed, a gravel stop is installed around

the deck perimeter. Two coated layers of felt should extend 6 inches past the
roof decking where the gravel stop is to be installed. When the other plies
are placed, the first two layers are folded over the other layers and mopped
in place. The gravel stop is then placed in an 1/8-inch-thick bed of flashing
cement and securely nailed every 6 inches. The ends of the gravel stop
should be lapped 6 inches and packed in flashing cement.

AGGREGATE
GRAVEL STOP
ASPHALT
ROOF CEMENT
NAILS3" O.C.

The gravel stop.

After the gravel stop is placed, the roof is flooded with hot asphalt and the
surface aggregate is embedded in the flood coat. The aggregates should be
hard, dry, opaque, and free of any dust or foreign matter. The size of the
aggregates should range from 1/4 inch Roofing to 5/8 inch. When the
aggregate is piled on the roof, it should be placed on a spot that has been
mopped with asphalt. This technique ensures proper adhesion in all areas of
the roof.

7.PROJECT MONITORING :Central Public Works Department, I P Bhawan,New Delhi

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PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM

This is done to continuously track the performance of the project progress,
cost sand condition contribution. Corrective actions can be taken when
required and provides data.
The following three reports are made for the tracking

Monthly progress report

Job cost report

Project performance report.

8.

QUALITY:-

The technical audit of works done by CPWD used to be done in-house

right from its inception. The functions of Quality Assurance and
Technical Audit of works were shifted to CVC in the year 1964. On the
recommendation of Ranganathan Committee, the Quality Assurance
functions were again shifted to CPWD in the year 1979.

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The implementation of Quality Assurance in the field will require close

co-operation among the three agencies, namely (a) field engineers (b)
the construction agency, and (c) the Quality Assurance team at Circle
level for strict compliance of Quality Assurance Procedure forming part
of agreement.
Quality Control System Of The Department
Multi level Quality checks have been created in CPWD as detailed
below:
Field level
The direct responsibility for ensuring proper quality of work as per
approved specifications for achieving the intended performance and
structural, functional and aesthetical parameters, and the desired life
of the building/installation/structure rests with the construction team of
Executive Engineer, Assistant Engineer and Junior Engineer.

Quality Control team at Circle Level

To keep a watch on the effectiveness/adequacy of Quality Assurance
measures at site, a Quality Assurance team with SE of the circle as its
head and comprising of one AE.
The functions of the Quality Assurance team at Circle level are to check
the compliance of Quality Assurance system by the field units, to
locate the lapse/deficiency in the implementation of the Quality
Assurance Plan, and to guide the field engineers in quality related
aspects of the work.

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Core Wing at Directorate Level

This Core Wing carries out the following main functions to ensure
systematic and comprehensive Assurance of quality in the works: Quality Assurance of works under the Special DG(S&P), (TD), ADG
(Border) and Engineer- in- Chief (CPWD), Delhi.
Carry out comprehensive examination & technical audit of works.
To carry out investigations and enquiries with regard to quality related
aspects.

Quality Assurance units in the Regions

Quality Assurance works in various Regions are being looked after by
the Regional QA units headed by the Superintending Engineer
(TLQA) or Director Works of the Region.
CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE (CSQ)
The CSQ unit of CPWD is responsible for Contract related matters and
quality assurance functions.
The unit headed by a Chief Engineer is located in Nirman Bhawan and
has 5 separate cells headed by superintending engineers to look after
specific areas. The specific areas are

1. Contract & Manual

2. Standards and Specifications

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3. Quality Assurance
4. Techno-Legal matters
5. Technology Application & Standards Unit.

The unit is also responsible for enlistment of class-1

contractors in CPWD besides formulating rules and regulations for
enlistment of contractors by different authorities.
All contract related issues, techno legal issues
referred to DGW by field units or by other organisations are dealt by
this unit. The responsibility of bringing out schedules and specifications
also rests with the CSQ unit.

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10.CONCLUSION:It was a wonderful learning experience at CPWD office, IP Bhawan,

New Delhi 110002 for Six Weeks. I gained a lot of insight regarding
almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the
departments at the site, but I had liked to highlight the areas of safety,
quality management, material management and execution.
I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in
shaping my career.

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