Class 36: Outline

Hour 1:
Concept Review / Overview
PRS Questions Possible Exam Questions
Hour 2:
Sample Exam

Yell if you have any questions

P36 - 1

Before Starting

All of your grades should now be posted (with

possible exception of last problem set). If this is
not the case contact me immediately.

P36 - 2

Final Exam Topics

Maxwells Equations:
1. Gausss Law (and Magnetic Gausss Law)
2. Faradays Law
3. Amperes Law (with Displacement Current)
& Biot-Savart & Magnetic moments

Electric and Magnetic Fields:

1. Have associated potentials (you only know E)

2. Exert a force
3. Move as waves (that can interfere & diffract)
4. Contain and transport energy
Circuit Elements: Inductors, Capacitors, Resistors
P36 - 3

Test Format

Six Total Questions

One with 10 Multiple Choice Questions
Five Analytic Questions
1/3 Questions on New Material

2/3 Questions on Old Material

P36 - 4

Maxwells Equations

P36 - 5

Maxwells Equations
Qin

E dA =
S

(Gauss's Law)

dB
C E d s = dt

(Faraday's Law)

B dA = 0

(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dE
C B d s = 0 I enc + 0 0 dt

(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

P36 - 6

Gausss Law:

d
E

A
=

Spherical
Symmetry

qin

Planar
Symmetry
Cylindrical
Symmetry

P36 - 7

Maxwells Equations
G G
w
E dA

Qin

G G
v E d s

d)B

dt

G G
w
B dA

H0

(Gauss's Law)
(Faraday's Law)
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

G G
v B d s
C

d)E
P 0 I enc  P 0H 0
dt

(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

P36 2

Faradays Law of Induction

dB
E ds = N
Moving bar,

dt
entering field
d
= N
( BA cos )
dt

Lenzs Law:

Ramp B Rotate area

in field

Induced EMF is in direction that opposes the

change in flux that caused it

P36 - 9

Maxwells Equations
G G
w
E dA

Qin

G G
v E d s

d)B

dt

G G
w
B dA

H0

(Gauss's Law)
(Faraday's Law)
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

G G
v B d s
C

d)E
P 0 I enc  P 0H 0
dt

(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

P36 3

Amperes Law:

d
s
=

I
0
enc

Long
Circular
Symmetry

I
B

(Infinite) Current Sheet

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

Torus/Coax

Solenoid
=
2 Current
Sheets

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

P36 - 11

Displacement Current
Q
Q = 0 EA = 0 E
E=
0 A
dE
dQ
= 0
Id
dt
dt

d
s
=

(
I
+
I
)
0
encl
d

= 0 I encl

Capacitors,
EM Waves

dE
+ 0 0
dt
P36 - 12

Maxwells Equations
G G
w
E dA

Qin

G G
v E d s

d)B

dt

G G
w
B dA

H0

(Gauss's Law)
(Faraday's Law)
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

G G
v B d s
C

d)E
P 0 I enc  P 0H 0
dt

(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

I am nearly certain that you will have one of each

They are very standard know how to do them all
P36 - 4

EM Field Details

P36 - 14

Electric Potential

V = E d s = VB VA
A

= Ed

(if E constant e.g. Parallel Plate C)

Common second step to Gauss Law

dV
E = V = e.g.
i
dx
Less Common Give plot of V, ask for E
P36 -15

Force

Lorentz Force:

F = q E + vB

Single Charge Motion

Cyclotron Motion
Cross E & B for no force

Magnetic Force:

dFB = Id s B FB = I L B

Parallel Currents Attract

Force on Moving Bar (w/ Faraday)
P36 -16

The Biot-Savart Law

Current element of length ds carrying current I

(or equivalently charge q with velocity v)
produces a magnetic field:

o q v x r
B=
2
4 r

0 I d s r

dB =
2
4 r
P36 -17

Magnetic Dipole Moments

IAn IA
Generate:

Feel:
1) Torque aligns with external field = B
2) Forces as for bar magnets
P36 - 18

Traveling Sine Wave

i Wavelength:
i Frequency : f

sin(kx t)

E = EE
0

i Wave Number: k =

i Angular Frequency: = 2 f
1 2
i Period: T = =
f

i Speed of Propagation: v =

Good
chance this
will be one
question!

=f

k
i Direction of Propagation: + x

P36 -19

EM Waves

Travel (through vacuum) with

speed of light

v=c=

m
= 3 10
s
0 0
8

At every point in the wave and any instant of time,

E and B are in phase with one another, with

E E0
=
=c
B B0

E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to

the direction of propagation (they are transverse):

Direction of propagation = Direction of E B

P36 -20

Interference (& Diffraction)

L = m

Constructive Interference

L = ( m + 12 ) Destructive Interference
Likely multiple choice problem?

a sin = m

m=0

d sin = m

m=3
m=2

m=1
P36 - 21

Energy Storage

Energy is stored in E & B Fields

uE =

o E

: Electric Energy Density

In capacitor:
In EM Wave

UC = C V
1
2

B
uB =
2o

: Magnetic Energy Density

In inductor: U L
In EM Wave

= LI
1
2

2
P36 -22

Energy Flow
Poynting vector: S =

EB

(Dis)charging C, L
Resistor (always in)
EM Radiation

For EM Radiation
2
0

2
0

E0 B0
E
cB
Intensity: I < S > =
=
=
20 20c 20

P36 - 23

Circuits

There will be no quantitative circuit

questions on the final and no questions
regarding driven RLC Circuits
Only in the multiple choice will there be
circuit type questions
BUT.
P36 -24

Circuit Elements

NAME

Resistor

Value

R=

Capacitor

Q
C=
V

Inductor

N
L=
I

V/

Power /
Energy
2

IR
Q
C
dI
L
dt

I R
1
2

CV

1
2

LI

P36 -25

Circuits

For what happens just after switch is thrown:

Capacitor: Uncharged is short, charged is open
Inductor: Current doesnt change instantly!
Initially looks like open, steady state is short
RC & RL Circuits have charging and discharging
curves that go exponentially with a time constant:
LC & RLC Circuits oscillate:

V , Q, I cos( t )

0 =

LC

P36 -26

SAMPLE EXAM

P36 - 27

F2002 #5, S2003 #3, SFB#1, SFC#1, SFD#1

Problem 1: Gausss Law

A circular capacitor of
spacing d and radius R is
in a circuit carrying the
steady current i shown.
At time t=0 it is uncharged

1. Find the electric field E(t) at P vs. time t (mag. & dir.)

2. Find the potential at P, V(t), given that the potential at

the right hand plate is fixed at 0
3. Find the magnetic field B(t) at P
4. Find the total field energy between the plates U(t) P36 -28

Solution 1: Gausss Law

1.Find the electric field E(t):
Assume a charge q on the
left plate (-q on the right)
Gausss Law:

Qin A

E dA =

EA =

=

q
E =
=
2
0 R 0

Since q(t=0) = 0, q = it

it
E(t ) =
to the right
2
R 0
P36 -29

Solution 1.2: Gausss Law

2.Find the potential V(t):

Since the E field is uniform,
V = E * distance

it
V (t ) = E(t ) ( d d ') =
( d d ')
2
R 0
Check: This should be positive since its between a
positive plate (left) and zero potential (right)
P36 -30

Solution 1.3: Gausss Law

3.Find B(t):
Amperes Law:

dE
C B d s = 0 I enc + 0 0 dt

r 2i
2 rB = 0 + 0 0 2
R 0

it 2
E = EA =
r
2
R 0
2
0ir
dE
ri
B(t ) =
out of the page
= 2
2
2 R
dt
R 0
P36 - 31

Solution 1.4: Gausss Law

4. Find Total Field Energy between the plates

it
=

2
2 R 0

1 0ir
B
=
B Field Energy Density: u B =

2
2 o 2 o 2 R

E Field Energy Density: u E =

o E
2

Total Energy U = ( uE + uB ) dV
2

o it
1
2
=
i R d +
2
2 R 0
2o
it )
(
=

1 o d 2
d
+
i
2
2 0 R
2 8

(Integrate over cylinder)

2

0i
2
r
2 R 2 id 2 r dr

q 2
1 2
+ Li
=
2C 2

P36 -32

Problem 2: Faradays Law

A simple electric generator rotates with frequency f

about the y-axis in a uniform B field. The rotor
consists of n windings of area S. It powers a lightbulb
of resistance R (all other wires have no resistance).
1. What is the maximum value Imax of the induced
current? What is the orientation of the coil when this
current is achieved?
2. What power must be supplied to maintain the
rotation (ignoring friction)?
P36 - 33

Solution 2: Faradays Law

dB
Faraday's Law: E d s =
dt
C
nBS

1 dB
1 d
=
I = =
nBS cos ( t ) ) =
sin ( t )
(
R dt
R
R
R dt
I max

nBS
nBS
=
=
2 f
R
R

Max when flux is

changing the most at
90 to current picture
P36 - 34

Solution 2.2: Faradays Law

2. Power delivered?
Power delivered must equal power dissipated!
2

nBS

nBS
2
P= I R=
2 f sin ( t ) R = R
2
R

R nBS
2
P =
2 R

f sin 2 ( t )

P36 - 35

Problem 3: Amperes Law

d
d

d
L

J0 Consider the two long

current sheets at left, each
carrying a current density J0
XJ
0
(out the top, in the bottom)

a) Use Amperes law to find the magnetic field for all z.

Make sure that you show your choice of Amperian
loop for each region.
At t=0 the current starts decreasing: J(t)=J0 at
b) Calculate the electric field (magnitude and direction)
at the bottom of the top sheet.
c) Calculate the Poynting vector at the same location
P36 -36

z
d
d

Solution 3.1: Amperes Law

3
2
1

J0
X

z=0
Region 1:

B ds = I

0 enc

J0

By symmetry, above the

top and below the bottom
the B field must be 0.
Elsewhere B is to right

B = 0 J 0 z B = 0 J 0 z

Region 2:

B ds = I

0 enc

B = 0 J 0 d B = 0 J 0 d

Region 3:

B = 0 ( J 0 d J 0 ( z 2d ) )
B = 0 J 0 ( 3d z )

P36 - 37

Solution 3.2: Amperes Law

z
d
d

J
X

d B
C E d s = dt

Why is there an electric field?

Changing magnetic field
Faradays Law!

Use rectangle of sides d, s to

find E at bottom of top plate

J is decreasing B to right is decreasing induced

field wants to make B to right E out of page

d
d
dJ
2
2sE = ( Bsd ) = sd ( 0 dJ ) = sd 0
dt
dt
dt
E = 12 d 2 0 a out of page
P36 -38

z
d
d

Solution 3.3: Amperes Law

E

J Recall

E = 14 d 2 0 a out of page

B = 0 Jd to the right

Calculate the Poynting vector (at bottom of top plate):

S=

E B =

1
4

d 0 a ) ( 0 Jd ) z
2

That is, energy is leaving the system (discharging)

If this were a solenoid I would have you integrate

over the outer edge and show that this = d/dt(1/2 LI2)

P36 -39

Problem 4: EM Wave

The magnetic field of a plane EM wave is:

((

B = 10 cos m
9

-1

) y + ( 3 10 s ) t ) i Tesla
8 -1

(a) In what direction does the wave travel?

(b) What is the wavelength, frequency & speed of the wave?

(c) Write the complete vector expression for E

(d) What is the time-average energy flux carried in the wave?
What is the direction of energy flow? (o = 4 x l0-7 in SI
units; retain fractions and the factor in your answer.)

P36 -40

Solution 4.1: EM Wave

((

B = 10 cos m
9

(a)

(b)

(c)

-1

) y + ( 3 10 s ) t ) i Tesla

8 -1

Travels in the - j direction (-y)

2
-1
= 2m
k =m =
k
3
8 -1
8 -1
=3 10 s f =
= 10 s
2 2

8 m
v = = f = 3 10
k
s

((

E = 3 10 cos m
1

-1

) y + ( 3 10 s ) t ) k V/m

8 -1

P36 -41

Solution 4.2: EM Wave

((

B = 10 cos m
9

(d)

S =

-1

) y + ( 3 10 s ) t ) i Tesla
8 -1

S points along
direction of travel: - j

EB

1 1
E0 B0
=
2 0
1
1
W

1
9
3 10 10
=
2
7
2 4 10
ms

)(

P36 - 42

Problem 5: Interference

In an experiment you shine red laser light (O=600 nm)

at a slide and see the following pattern on a screen
placed 1 m away:

You measure the distance between successive

fringes to be 20 mm
a) Are you looking at a single slit or at two slits?
b) What are the relevant lengths (width, separation if
2 slits)? What is the orientation of the slits?
P36 - 5

Solution 5.1: Interference

First translate the picture to a plot:

Intensity

(a) Must be two slits

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

Horizontal Location on Screen (mm)

80

a
d
P36 - 6

Solution 5.2: Interference

Intensity

m
y = L tan L sin = L
d

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

Horizontal Location on Screen (mm)

80

1)( 600nm )
(
m
= (1m )
d=L
y
( 20mm )
= (1m )

6
10
(
)

( 2 10 )
2

= 310 m

At 60 mm

a sin = (1)

a 1
=
d sin = ( 3) d 3
a = 105 m

P36 -45

Why is the sky blue?

400 nm

Wavelength

700 nm

Small particles preferentially scatter small wavelengths

You also might have seen a red moon last fall

during the lunar eclipse.

When totally eclipsed by the Earth the only light

illuminating the moon is diffracted by Earths

atmosphere

P36 -46