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Power Supply Assignment 3 PDF
Power Supply Assignment 3 PDF
Section
Page Number
Index
1.Synopsis
2.Introduction
3.Experimental Procedure
3.11 Objective
3.12 Procedure
3.21 Objective
3.22 Procedure
6
7
5.Disscussion
10
10
10
10
11
11
5.4 Calculation of TM
12
6.Conclusion
13
7.Reference Material
14
8.Equipment used
14
15
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1.Synopsis
The aim of the experiment was to investigate the operation, inverse characteristic
and to determine the purpose of time and plug settings for overcurrent relays in
electrical supply systems.
By configuring these settings correctly, and by co-ordinating the operation of the
relays, it is possible to isolate the smallest section of the system in the shortest time
possible, thereby minimising unnecessary disruption to other consumers whilst
preventing damage to equipment within the faulty section.
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2.Introduction
In a radial feeder configuration, supplied from one end only, discrimination of faults
can be achieved by incorporating time delays at each relay point. This enables the
relay closest to the fault to trip, isolating the faulty circuit without affecting the other
non-faulty circuits. A disadvantage of this system is that for faults near the source the
fault current can be much greater than at the opposite end of the feeder due to the
impedance.
Low impedance =
high fault current
Greater impedance =
less fault current
AC
A
1.5s
B
1.0s
C
0.5s
For a fault at F in fig.1, the circuit breaker at C opens before those at A and B,
leaving most of the feeder operational. The relays have a time grading of 0.5s (to
allow for relay and circuit breaker operation plus error allowance), illustrating
discrimination by time grading only.
The disadvantage can be overcome by employing relays with an inverse current /
time characteristic i.e. the time delays are reduced for higher currents. These relays
are known as IDMT relays (inverse definite minimum time). A minimum time of
operation is incorporated to ensure co-ordination between the relays when the fault
level does not vary along the feeder.
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3.Experimental Procedure
3.1 Injection of a single IDMT overcurrent relay
3.11 Objective
To investigate the inverse characteristic and to determine the purpose of time and
plug settings.
3.12 Procedure
Variac
A2
Timer
module
Fault 1
10:1
Current
transformer
Ammeter
The relay to be tested is at position A2. An ammeter was connected in series via a
10:1 current transformer. With fault switch F1 closed and circuit breaker A2 activated,
power is applied and a timer activated. The current can be varied by the variac.
Using currents in the range 1 to 10A, obtain a family of time/current graphs for:
A) A constant ps=100% (plug setting) and a set of TMs (time multiplier) of
0.5,0.75 and 1
B) A constant TM=1 and a set of pss of 0.5, 0.75, 1
From the above the Standard characteristic of the relay can be determined (i.e. t vs.
p.s.m)
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B2
B1
Fault on 2
Load
Load
C1
C2
Supply
Fault on 3
Fault on 1
A2
A1
Only relays A2, B2 and C2 have timing facilities. An ammeter should be connected
between the ammeter terminals. Series resistors (representing feeder impedances) in
the primary circuit are set to give currents of 5A and 3A for the faults at F2 and F3
respectively if the variac is set to have 10A for a fault at F1.
All timers are started by closure of A2. Circuit breakers at B2 and C2 can be
prevented from tripping by connection of the appropriate trip link. However, all timers
will be stopped by the appropriate relay.
The following steps were taken:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
-5-
vi)
vii)
Relay C2 was disabled by setting TM very high. With the fault at F3, the
TM of B2 was adjusted by trial and error until it tripped at (t3+0.5)s. The
value of B2 TM and operation time was noted (TM=0.28 and 1.10s). B2
and C2 were now co-ordinated.
Relays B2 and A2 were now co-ordinated in a similar manner with the
operation of relay A2 being 0.5s slower than B2. (t2=1.30s, t1=0.8s, A2
TM=0.24)
The circuit was now tested to ensure correct operation and co-ordination
of the relays in the clockwise direction.
Relay
TM
position
A2
0.24
B2
0.28
C2
0.1
Relays operated:
A2,C1
B2,B1
C2,A1
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4.Results
4.1 Tabulated results.
Current (I) Time (S)
2.10
13.34
3.05
7.68
4.00
5.78
5.05
4.74
6.13
4.08
7.10
3.66
8.20
3.32
9.35
3.06
10.00
2.96
p.s.m.
4.20
6.10
8.00
10.10
12.26
14.20
16.40
18.70
20.00
Fig. 4 Current and time readings with calculated psm for tm=1 and ps=0.5
p.s.m.
2.99
4.40
5.87
7.20
8.53
10.07
11.60
13.20
Fig. 5 Current and time readings with calculated psm for tm=1 and ps=0.75
p.s.m.
2.90
4.00
5.10
6.15
7.25
8.30
9.55
Fig. 6 Current and time readings with calculated psm for tm=1 and ps=1.0
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4.Results (cont.)
4.2 Graphical results
Current versus time
12.00
10.00
Current (I)
8.00
ps=0.5
ps=0.75
ps=1
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
Time (s)
Current in amps
10.0
8.0
tm=0.5
tm=0.75
tm=1
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Time in seconds
Fig. 8 Current versus time graph for various values of tm (ps=1)
-8-
4.Results (cont.)
4.2 Graphical results
Time versus plug setting multiplier
30.00
Time in seconds
25.00
20.00
ps=0.5
ps=0.75
ps=1
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Time in seconds
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Fig. 10 Standard characteristic of the relay derived from the results obtained in fig. 8
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5.Disscussion
5.1 IDMT operation.
The IDMT relay works on the induction principle, where a aluminium or copper disc
rotates between the poles of an electromagnet and a damping magnet. The fluxes
induce eddy currents in the disc which interact and produce rotational torque. The
disc rotates to a point where it operates a pair of contacts that break the circuit and
remove the fault condition.
5.11 The effect of plug setting (p.s.)
The plug setting (p.s.) of the relay changes the number of turns in the exciting coil.
The winding of the coil is provided with seven taps, which are brought to the front
panel and the required tap is selected by a push-in plug. With the plug in the first
position (0.5), the whole of the coil is utilised, and the relay is most sensitive. In the
seventh position (2.0), only a quarter of the coil is utilised and hence four times more
current is required to operate the relay. The seven plug positions are marked 0.5,
0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 (or 50%, 75%, 100% etc). Should the plug be
removed altogether, the relay automatically defaults to the 2.0 or 200% setting.
The effect of altering the plug setting is that for a given current, the greater the
plug setting, the longer the time of operation (see fig.6).
E.g.:
For a fault current of 6A (from fig.6):
Plug Setting
0.5
0.75
Approximate Operation Time (s) 4.74 6.66
1
8.88
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
18
36
54
72
90
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Fig.12 Table of degrees of disc rotation for differing time multiplier settings
The effect of altering the time multiplier setting is that for a given current, the
greater the time multiplier setting, the longer the time of operation (see fig.7).
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5.Disscussion (cont.)
5.2 Standard Characteristic of relay
The standard characteristic is a graph of time versus the plug multiplier setting
(psm), this avoids one graph with many curves and can be used to calculate the
actual time of operation for the relay.
Psm can be calculated where:
Is
p.s. Ir
Where Is=secondary current in amps, p.s.=plug setting and Ir=rated current (either 1A
or 5A)
p.s.m. =
As the standard curve is for a TM = 1, then the actual time of operation (Ta) is given
by:
Ta = T.M. T1
Where T1 = time obtained from standard characteristic graph for given fault condition.
Example
Using fig.9,
A 5A relay is supplied via a 200/10 current transformer with a plug setting of 175%
and a time multiplier of 0.2. Find the operating time if the fault current is 1.5kA.
Secondary current Is=(150010)/200=75A
p.s.m. =
Is
75
= p.s.m. =
= 8.57
p.s. Ir
1.75 5
- 11 -
5.Disscussion (Cont.)
5.4 Calculation of TM
Given that the assumed fault currents for F1=10A, F2=5A and F3=3A, calculate the
TM for B2 and A2 (CT=1:1) and compare with measured results, give % difference
and possible sources of error.
If ps=1 then:
Is
5
= p.s.m. =
=5
p.s. Ir
1 1
With reference to fig.9, T1=9
Ta=1.1 s (measured value)
T 1.1
If Ta = T.M. T1 , then T.M. = a =
=0.122
T1 9
(B2) p.s.m. =
Is
10
= p.s.m. =
=10
p.s. Ir
1 1
With reference to fig.9, T1=4.8
Ta=0.8 s (measured value)
T 1.3
If Ta = T.M. T1 , then T.M. = a =
=0.271
T1 4.8
(A2) p.s.m. =
- 12 -
6.Conclusion
The purpose of protection is to monitor for unwanted conditions and when such
conditions arise to remove the fault condition in the shortest time possible whilst
leaving unaffected areas operational. The design of the system must have a high
level of sensitivity to fault conditions whilst remaining operational during non-fault
conditions.
- 13 -
7.Reference Material
8. Equipment used
Equipment number
Ammeter
Current transformer
Relay (A1)
Relay (B1)
Relay (C1)
Relay (A2)
Relay (B2)
Relay (C2)
Timer (A2)
Timer (B2)
Timer (C2)
Variac
Description
7157
5087
EE6602
EE6273
EE6271
EE6601
EE6580
EE6278
EE6380
EE6381
EE6378
EE732
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Description
Radial feeder
Circuit diagram for testing of single IDMT relay
Power system simulator
Current and time readings with calculated psm for tm=1 and ps=0.5
Current and time readings with calculated psm for tm=1 and
ps=0.75
Current and time readings with calculated psm for tm=1 and ps=1.0
Current versus time graph for various values of ps (tm=1)
Current versus time graph for various values of tm (ps=1)
Time versus plug multiplier setting
Standard characteristic of the relay derived from the results
obtained in fig. 8
Example of differing times of operation for different plug settings
Table of degrees of disc rotation for differing time multiplier settings
Serial numbers of equipment used
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