Hydraulics

Analysis of Water Supply

Distribution Networks

Dr. Mohsin Siddique

Assistant Professor

Schematic
Diagram of
Water Supply
System

Note: Surface water requires

more advanced treatment
then for groundwater

Component of Water Supply System

3

(1). Source
(2). Storage Tanks/Reservoirs

(2).Treatment plant
(3).Water Transmission/distribution

Natural Raw Water Sources

The various natural sources of water can be classified into
two categories:

Surface

sources, such as

Ponds

and lakes;

Streams and rivers;

Storage reservoirs.

Sub-surface

sources or underground sources, such as

Springs; and

Fresh

Groundwater

Other Water Sources

Other non-traditional water sources include:

Ocean water

Desalination of sea water

Brackish underground sources

Desalination

Wastewater

reuse:

Treatment

and re-use of wastewater

Rainwater harvesting (i.e., houses and domes roof, storm water)

Water trading

import/export of fresh water

Brackish water or briny water is water that has more salinity than fresh
water, but not as much as seawater
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Water Resources in UAE

/Seasonal floods

Water Treatment
Water to be used in a public water supply is required to be fit for drinking.
This implies that it poses no danger to health, and it should be colourless,
clear, odourless, sparkling and pleasant to taste.

The

raw or treated water is analyzed by testing their physical, chemical and

bacteriological characteristics:

Physical Characteristics:

Turbidity; Color; Taste and odor; and Temperature

Chemical Characteristics:

pH; Acidity; Alkalinity; Hardness; Chlorides; Sulphates; Iron;
Nitrate, and Dissolved solids.

Bacteriological Characteristics:

Bacterial examination i.e., pathogenic bacteria or non pathogenic bacteria
such as E.Coli,
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Distribution Reservoirs/Tanks

Reservoirs in water distribution systems plays an

important role to:

Provide service storage to meet widely fluctuating demands imposed

on water supply distribution systems
Accommodate fire-fighting and emergency requirements
Equalize operating pressures

Elevated water tank

Jumaira-UAE

Surface water tanks

Fire water tank

water tanks in Kuwait

Water Transmission

Water transmission refers to the transportation of the water from the

source to the treatment plant and to the area of distribution.

It can be realized through

free-flow conduits, (gravity flow)

pressurized pipelines (pumping system) or

a combination of the two (combination of gravity flow and pump).

For small community water supplies through pressurized pipelined

are most common, since they are not very limited by the
topography of the area to be traversed.
Free-flow conduits (canals, aqueducts and tunnels) are preferred in
hilly areas or in areas where the required slope of the conduit more
or less coincides with the slope of the terrain.

Methods of Water Transmission/Distribution

(pumping system)

(1. Gravity flow)

(2. Pumping system)

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(3. Gravity flow and pumping system)

Water Distribution System

A water distribution system consists of complex interconnected

pipes, service reservoirs and/or pumps, which deliver water from
the treatment plant to the consumer.

Water demand is highly variable, whereas supply is normally

constant. Thus, the distribution system must include storage
elements, and must be capable of flexible operation.

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Layouts of Distribution Network

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Design of Water Supply Networks

General Consideration:

A municipal water distribution system includes a network of mains with storage

reservoirs, booster pumping stations (if needed),fire hydrants, and service lines. Arterial
mains, or feeders, are pipelines of larger size that are connected to the transmission lines
that supply the water for distribution. A major water demand areas in a city should be
served by a feeder loop; where possible the arterial mains should be laid in duplicate.
Parallel feeder mains are cross connected at intervals of one to two kilometers, with
valves to permit isolation of sections in case of a main break. Distribution lines tie to each
arterial loop, forming a complete gridiron close loops system that domestic, commercial
consumers and services fire hydrants. The gridiron system illustrated in the Figure 1 is the
best arrangement for distributing water. All of the arterials and secondary mains are
looped and interconnected, eliminating dead ends and permitting water circulation such
that a heavy discharge from one main allows drawing water from other pipes.
The dead-end system shown in Figure 2 is avoided in new construction and can often be
corrected in existing systems by proper looping. Trunk lines placed in the main streets
supply sub-mains, which are extended at right angles to serve individual streets without
interconnections. Consequently, if a pipe break occurs substantial portion of the
community may be without water. Under a some conditions, the water in dead-end lines
develops tastes and odors from stagnation. To prevent this, dead ends may require frequent
flushing where houses are widely separated.

Pipe Network Analysis

Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the pipe flow

rates and pressure heads at the outflows points of the network. The
flow rates and pressure heads must satisfy the continuity and energy
equations.

ANALYSIS METHODS

(1). Hardy-Cross Method (Looped Method)

(2). Nodal Method

(3). Newton-Raphson Method

(1). The Hardy Cross Method

The earliest systematic method of network analysis (Hardy-Cross

Method) is known as the head balance or closed loop method.

This method is applicable to system in which pipes form closed

loops. The outflows from the system are generally assumed to occur
at the nodes junction.

For a given pipe system with known outflows, the Hardy-Cross

method is an iterative procedure based on initially iterated flows in
the pipes.

At each junction these flows must satisfy the continuity criterion, i.e.
the algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipe meeting at a junction,
together with any external flows is zero.
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(1).The Hardy Cross Method

The method is based on

Continuity Equation:

Inflow = outflow at nodes

Qa = Qb + Qc

Qb

Qa

Qc

Energy Equation:

Summation of head loss in closed loop is zero

hl (loop ) = 0 K (Q + Q ) = 0
n

(1).The Hardy Cross Method

The relationship between head loss and discharge must be maintained

for each pipe

Darcy-Weisbach Equation

hl ( pipe) = KQ

8 fL
n=2 K
g 2 D 5

Exponential friction formula Hazen-Williams

hl ( pipe) = KQ

17

10.67
n = 1.85 K = 1.85 4.87
C d

(1). Hardy Cross Method (Derivation)

Q = Qa +

K (Q

KQ

+ nK Qa

KQa + nK Qa
n

n 1

n 1

+ ) = 0

n 1
n2
+
nK 2Qa +... = 0
2

=0

KQa
nKQ

18

n
n 1

(1). Hardy Cross Method

Problem Description

Network of pipes forming one or more closed loops

Given

Demands @ network nodes (junctions)

d, L, pipe material, Temp, and P @ one node

Find

Discharge & flow direction for all pipes in network

Pressure @ all nodes & HGL

19

(1). Hardy-Cross Method (Procedure)

1. Divide network into number of closed
loops.
2. For each loop:
a) Assume discharge Qa and direction for
each pipe. Apply Continuity at each node,
Total inflow = Total Outflow. Clockwise
positive.

d) Calculate hf / Qa for each pipe and sum

for loop hf/ Qa.
e) Calculate correction
= hf /(nhf/Qa).
NOTE: For common members between 2
loops both corrections have to be made.
As loop 1 member, = 1 2. As loop
2 member, = 2 1.

b) Calculate equivalent resistance K for each f) Apply correction to Q , Q =Q + .

new
a
a
pipe given L, d, pipe material and water
temperature.
g) Repeat steps (c) to (f) until becomes
very small and hf=0 in step (c).
c) Calculate hf=K Qan for each pipe. Retain
sign from step (a) and compute sum for
h) Solve for pressure at each node using
loop hf.
energy conservation.
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Example: 5-1

Neglecting minor losses in the pipe,

determine the flows in the pipes and
the pressure heads at the nodes

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Example: 5-1

Solution:

Identify loops

Loop 1 and Loop 2

Allocate estimated flows in

each pipe

Compute head loss

coefficient of each pipe

K=

8 fL
g 2 D 5

Discharge Sign Convention

Compute head loss in each

pipe
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hl = h = KQ 2

Moodys Diagram
or Colebrook Eq.
e/ D
1
2.51
= 2 log
+
3.7 Re f
f

CW=+ve

CCW=-ve

1st Iteration
Assumed Discharged
f

e/D

Correction

e/D

Corrected Discharge
Q=Q+Q
120+14.23=134.23
10+14.23=24.23
-60+14.23=-45.77
-100+14.23=-85.77

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1st Iteration
Assumed/corrected Discharged
f

Correction

Corrected Discharge
Q=Q+Q
50-2.23=47.77
10-2.23=7.77
-20-2.23=-23.23
-24.23-2.23=-26.46

24

2nd Iteration
f

134.23-1.92= 132.31
26.46-1.92= 24.54
-45.77-1.92= -47.69
-85.77-1.92= -87.69

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2nd Iteration

Proceed to loop 2 again and continue iterating until hl=0

70-30

70-25-6.59

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Example:
Find the flows in the loop given the inflows and outflows.
The pipes are all 25 cm cast iron (e=0.26 mm).

0.32 m3/s

0.28 m3/s

100 m
0.10 m3/s

200 m

0.14 m3/s

Example:

Identify Loop
Assign a flow to each pipe link
Flow into each junction must equal flow out of the
junction
assumed
0.32 m3/s

0.32
0.00

0.10 m3/s

0.28 m3/s

0.04

0.10

0.14 m3/s

Example:

Calculate the head loss in each pipe

h f1 = 34.7 m

h f = KQ 2
8 fL
K = 5 2
gD

f=0.02 for Re>200000

h f 2 = 0.222m
h f 3 = 3.39m
h f 4 = 0.00m
4

fi

= 31.53m

i =1

8(0.02)(200)
2

s
k1 =
= 339
(9.8)(0.25) 5 2
m5

0.32

m3/s

A
4

0.10 m3/s

k1,k3=339
k2,k4=169

0.28 m3/s

Sign convention
+CW
3

0.14 m3/s

Example:

The head loss around the loop isnt zero

Need to change the flow around the loop

clockwise
the ___________
flow is too great (head loss is positive)
reduce the clockwise flow to reduce the head loss

Solution techniques

optimizes correction
Hardy Cross loop-balancing (___________
_________)
Use a numeric solver (Solver in Excel) to find a change in
flow that will give zero head loss around the loop
Use Network Analysis software (EPANET, WaterCad, etc.)

Example:

Numerical Solver
Set up a spreadsheet as shown below.
the numbers in bold were entered, the other cells are calculations
initially Q is 0
use solver to set the sum of the head loss to 0 by changing Q
the column Q0+ Q contains the correct flows

Q
pipe
P1
P2
P3
P4

0.000
f
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02

L
200
100
200
100

D
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

k
Q0 Q0+Q
339 0.32 0.320
169 0.04 0.040
339
-0.1 -0.100
169
0 0.000
Sum Head Loss

hf
34.69
0.27
-3.39
0.00
31.575

Example
Solution to Loop Problem
Q0+ Q
0.218
0.062
0.202
0.102

0.32 m3/s

0.218

0.102

0.10

m3/s

0.062
0.202

0.28 m3/s

0.14 m3/s

You must be able to make a hand calculation before opting for a

better solution using software with a GUI.

(2). Nodal Method

Fig shows a branched pipe system delivering water from impounding

reservoir A to the service reservoirs B, C and D. F is known direct out flow
from J.

Eq. (1)

33

(2). Nodal Method

Eq. (2)

Eq. (1) can be written as

Eq. (3)

Iteration of ZJ can be performed such that QIJ from Eq. (3)

satisfies Eq. (2).
If (QIJ-F)0 then a correction, ZJ, is applied to ZJ such that

34

Example 5-4

f
35

Example 5-4

36

Example 5-4

37

Newton Raphson Method

NewtonRaphson method is a powerful numerical method for solving

systems of nonlinear equations.

Suppose that there are three nonlinear equations F1(Q1, Q2, Q3) = 0,

F2(Q1, Q2, Q3) = 0, and F3(Q1, Q2, Q3) = 0 to be solved for Q1, Q2,
and Q3.

Adopt a starting solution (Q1, Q2, Q3).

Also consider that (Q1 + Q1, Q2,+ Q2, Q3 + Q3) is the solution
of the set of equations. That is

Eq. (1)

38

Newton Raphson Method

Eq. (2)

Eq. (3)
Solving Eq (3)., we get

39

Eq. (4)

Newton Raphson Method

Eq. (5)

40

Procedure

The overall procedure for looped network analysis by the Newton

Raphson method can be summarized in the following steps:

Step 1: Number all the nodes, pipe links, and loops.

Step 2: Write nodal discharge equations as

where Qjn is the discharge in nth pipe at node j, qj is nodal

withdrawal, and jn is the total number of pipes at node j.
Step 3: Write loop head-loss equations as

where kn is total pipes in kth loop.

41

Procedure
Step 4: Assume initial pipe discharges Q1, Q2, and Q3., . . . satisfying
continuity equations.
Step 5: Determine friction factors, fi, in all pipe links and compute

corresponding Ki using

Step 6: Find values of partial derivatives Fn / Qi and functions Fn,

using the initial pipe discharges Qi and Ki.
Step 7: Find Qi. The equations generated are of the form Ax = b,
which can be solved for Qi.
Step 8: Using the obtained Qi values, the pipe discharges are
modified and the process is repeated again until the calculated Qi
values are very small.
42

Example

The pipe network of two loops as shown in Fig. has to be analyzed by the
Newton Raphson method for pipe flows for given pipe lengths L and pipe
diameters D.
The nodal inflow at node 1 and nodal outflow at node 3 are shown in the
figure. Assume a constant friction factor f = 0.02.

43

Single looped network

Example

Solution. The nodal discharge functions, F, are

hl ( pipe) = KQ n

n=2 K

8 fL
g 2 D 5

and loop head-loss function

CW+

44

Example

Solution. The nodal discharge functions, F, are

hl ( pipe) = KQ n

n=2 K

8 fL
g 2 D 5

and loop head-loss function

CW+

The derivatives are

45

Example

The generated equations are assembled in the following matrix form:

Substituting the derivatives, the following form is obtained:

46

Example

Assuming initial pipe discharge in pipe 1as Q1 = 0.5 m3/s, the other pipe
discharges obtained by continuity equation are

Q1 = 0.5 m3/s

Q2 = 0.5 m3/s

Q4 = 0.1 m3/s
Q3 = 0.1 m3/s

47

Example

Substituting these values in the above equation, the following form is

obtained:

Using Gaussian elimination method, the solution is obtained as

48

Example

Using these discharge corrections, the revised pipe discharges are

The process is repeated with the new pipe discharges. Revised

values of F and derivative F=Q values are obtained. Substituting
the revised values, the following new solution is generated:

49

Example

As the right-hand side is operated upon null vector, all the

discharge corrections Q = 0. Thus, the final discharges are

50

Problem

Write solution matrix for analysis using Newton Raphson Method

Node Eqns.=No. of nodes-1

Loop Eqns. =3

51

Problem: Solution

Nodal and loops equation in their general form are given below

Discharge_in=+ve
Discharge_out=-ve

CW=+ve
CCW=-ve

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Thank You
Feel Free to Contact

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