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udk tumtuG,af y;Ekid rf mS aocsmw,f/
rjzpfpavmuf tpdwft ydkif; uav;
wpfck Oyrm use;f rma&;toduav; qkd
ygawmhAsm/ tJ'gav;u vloef;aygif;
rsm;pGm&JU toufudk u,fwifEkdifw,f
qkdwmudk uRefawmf tckrS odvmcJh&wm
As}} azmifa';&Sif;&JU vkyfief;aqmifwm
awGudk tvGwfoabm oGm;a&muf
avhvmjyD; jyeftvmrSm cifAsm;&JU pum;
oHawG[m iSuzf sm;a&m*g&Siaf wG? AIDS
a&m*g cHpm;&jyD; aoaumifaygif;vJ
jzpfaewhJ vlawGudk ukoay;awmhr,fh
q&m0ef&JU avoHvdkrsKd; (uRefawmfjzifh
rkef;rdao;w,f/)
aygvft,fvifuvnf; awG;awG;
qqeJY ajymcJzh ;l w,f/ ]]uReaf wmfwYkd[m
jyZmwf u ae&ovd k r sKd ; / tcef ; wpf
jyD;&if tcef;ESpf vmr,f/ tJovdk
orm;d;k us b0MuD;om jzpfaer,fq&dk if
xkwfukefwkdif;rSm >cif;csuf
temtqmqk d w m
&S d a umif ; &S d r S m yg/
'gaMumifhvnf; 95
ck E S p f u wnf ; uae
'DaeYtcsdeftxd taumif;qH;k qdw
k hJ
version udk uReaf wmfwdkY
r&Ek d i f a o;wmygyJ /
22
uGefysLwm*sme,f
orkdif;0if
"mwfyHkrSwfwrf;
azmfjyxm;aom"mwfyHkrsm;onf rkduf
udak qmhzu
f rk P
D pwifarG;zGm;cJch sdeEf iS hf
aemifESpfaygif; 30 tMumwGif dkuful;
xm;aom "mwfyHkESpfyHk jzpfonf/
yxr"mwf y H k
du
k u
f ;l ESp^f &uf - 1978 'DZifbmv
7 &uf
ae&m - Shopping Mall
Bob Greenberg ("mwfyt
kH a[mif;rS
tv,fv?l pG,w
f m0wfxm;onf)f ,ck
tech and financial consultant wGif
ief;topfu&vmwJh taMumif;t&m
awG? tcuftcJeYJ cHpm;rIawG? 'gawG[m
uReaf wmfwYkd &&Sv
d mawmhr,fh tD;ar;vf
topfawGvm;Asm/
aemufqHk;naeu cifAsm;eJY pwdAf
abmrm;wdkY 0efxrf;awGeJY ygq,f*drf;
upm;cJMh uwmudk uRefawmf owd&ao;
w,f/ uRefawmf rsuf0ef;awGxJ jrif
a,mifaerdw,f/ tJ'D pwdAfabmrm;
olYrsufESmMuD; eD&Jaew,f/ twGif;rSm
rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;
wm0efxrf;aqmifaeonf/ ,cifu
programmer tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonff/
Paul Allen (nmbufatmufajcwef;
tpGerf v
S )l rku
d u
f dak qmhzf wGzJ uf wnf
axmifol/ ,ck media and sports
mogul
tHMudwx
f m;&vGe;f vdYk ar;d;k awG rmxef
aewm txif;om; jrifae&w,f/ rsuf
vHk;awGu Munfaeayr,fh olYEIwfcrf;
awGu ikdaeMuw,f/ ol wkefwkef ,if
,ifeJY pum;ajymrvkdY x&yfvdkufawmh
0ef x rf ; awG x J u trsKd ; orD ; wpf
a,mufqDu ]]tifh}}ceJ IdufoHwpfcsuf
xGufvmw,f/ ]pwdAf} rsuf&nfawG
0JoGm;w,f/
]]ol . . . bDvf[m . . . uRefawmf
. . . uRefawmfwdkYudk . . . t&m&m . . .
tm;vHk;udk ay;tyf . . . cJhygw,f . . .
Asm/ t&m . . t&m tm;vHk;yg. . . /}}
]]'gaMumifh . . . uRefawmf . .
.aus;Zl;wifygw,f . . . bDvf}}
pwdAfabmrm; toHawG wdrf0if
oGm;w,f/ pwdAif jkd yD; 0efxrf;wkid ;f vdv
k kd
iHkYoGm;Muw,f/ rsuf&nfawG t0Jom;
eJY cifAsm;wdkY vufqGJEIwfqufMuw,f/
Munfhae&if;? Munhfae&if;eJY uRefawmfh
qDavsmfatmif jyefqkdygonf/
Mo*kwf? 2008
23
tifwmAsL;
pGefYOD;vkyfief;&SifESihf tar;tajz
]bDvf*dwf} eJY ]rdkufu,f rdkifvm}wdkY awGUqHk aqG;aEG;cJhw,f/ESpf 30 rQ wm0ef,l aqmif&GufcJhwJh bDvf*dwf&JU
enf;ynmurmxJu olY tcef;u@tjyif oleJY uRefawmfwdkYtay: tem*wf enf;ynmurmMuD;&JU udkifwG,f
vTr;f jcKH r,fh tae txm;wdu
Yk kd aqG;aEG;cJjh cif;ygy/J
uGefysLwm*sme,f
tydkif;(1)
xda&mufatmifjrifreI YJ aoGznf
vGaJ csmrf rI sm;
enf;ynmIaxmihf tjrifrS oHk;oyf&if
cifAsm;&JU tMuD;rm;qHk; atmifjrifrIu
bmvJ/ yDpDudk trsm;ESpfjcdKufvmatmif
zefwD;Edkifjcif;vm;/ 'grSr[kwf *&yfzpf
toHk;jyKolawG&JU Mum;cH aygif;ul;quf
oG,fa&;pepf (Interface) zefwD;EdkifcJh
jcif;vm;/
ta&;tMuD;qHk; t&mu aqmhzf0J
vkyfief;MuD;udk zefwD;rI jzpfw,f/
jyD;awmh b,forl qdk yg0ifa&;om;Edik w
f hJ
tqihfwpfck jzpfvmapwJh ta&;ygrI
ygyJ/ Altair, Commodore PET, TRS80, Atari 800, Apple II awG a y:
tajccH wnfaqmufcw
hJ hJ rdu
k u
f dak qmhzf
&JU vm&mvrf;udk jyefMunfhyg/ ydk*&rf
awG&JU library wpfckudk wnfaqmufcJh
jcif;aMumifh vlawG[m cl;jyD; cyfjyD;om;
toiht
f oH;k jyKEikd Mf uyHu
k kd awGU&vdrrhf ,f/
yD p D a wG ay:xG u f r vmcif u
aqmhzf0Jvkyfief;qdkwm r&Sdbl;av/
tvHk;pHk yOvufqefvGef;wm wpfck
&Sdw,f/ yDpDawG aps;odyfaygvmjyD;
tifwmAsL;
aqmh z f 0 J u k r P D w pf c k u d k enf ; rsKd ; pH k
wnfaqmufaeMuw,f/
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm cifAsm;ajymvmcJw
h m wpfck
&Sdw,f/ enf;ynm&yfaygif; rsm;pGmtay:
cifAsm;&JU IjrifawG;qcsufygyJ/ tJ'D enf;
ynmawGudk atmifjrifcJhw,f qdkayr,fh
oif awG;qxm;oavmufawmh ratmif
jrifcb
hJ ;l / yifra&pD;aMumif;tjzpf qGaJ qmif
Edkifwmudk rawGU&bl;/ SPOT, tablet
PCs, speech recognition, stuff
&Snv
f sm;jy;D wpfcgwpf&H
aES;auG;av;vHwhJ c&D;
tJ'aD wmh vltrsm;pkMu;D awG;xifxm;wm
xuf ydjk y;D tvGet
f rif; &SnMf umoGm;&wm
bmaMumihfvJ/
[kwfygw,f/ t&m&mwdik ;f tcsed f
ydMk umwwfwm "rwmAs/ *&yfzpf in-
Mo*kwf? 2008
29
tifwmAsL;
tjzpf PC computing vkyfief;awG
jzpfay:vmapw,f/ *&yfzpf toH;k jyKol
awG&JU interface jzpfvmw,f/ a'wm
A[dkrS &,lay;wJh PC-based server
awG ay:xGufvmapw,f/ Fortune
r*Zif;rSm azmfjywJh aqmif;yg;wpfy'k u
f kd
uReaf wmf trSwfw&&Sdaew,f/ tcsKdU
(Workstation) tvkyfXmeawG[m yDpD
awG aqmif&GufEdkifwJh wdk;wufrIEIef;
xuf ydkrdkMuD;rm;cJhaMumif; azmfjywJh
aqmif;yg;yJ/ yDpDta&twGuf odyf
enf;wkef;u jzpfyHk&w,f/ tJ'D tvkyf
XmeawG aqmif&u
G cf w
hJ hJ t&m&mwdik ;f udk
jyKvkyaf y;wJh PC-based system awGukd
zefwD;wJh enf;vrf;ay:xGufvmw,f/
uReaf wmfwYkd[m txl; pDrx
H m;wJh function (tvkyfvrf;aMumif;)awGudk vTJ
ajymif; wm0ef,lEdkifHkrQom ruygbl;?
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;aygif; rsm;pGmtwGuf
pH c sd e f p H E I e f ; jynf h r D w J h ud & d , mvnf ;
jzpfvmapEdkifcJhw,f/
tJ'Dvdk tHhtm;oihfzG,f aumif;wJh
t&mawG[m aqmhzf0Jtqihfudk tajccH
jyD; aqmif&u
G w
f hJ owif;tcsuftvuf
pD;yGm;a&;ynmudk jzpfxGef;apcJhw,f/
tJ'gawG jzpfay:vmzdkYtwGuf tcsdef
,lcJh&w,f/ aeYcsif;ncsif; jyD;wJht&m
bmrQ r&Sdygbl;/
t&mtm;vHk;[m ,cktxd wpfpHk
vH;k wd;k wufjzpfxeG ;f aew,f/ 'gayr,fh
tjcm;wpfzufrmS vnf; wpfpw
d w
f pfyikd ;f
jzpfxGef;aewJh t&mawG &Sdw,f/ Tablet PC, Internet TV eJY Natural user
interface wdkYudk qdkvdkygw,f/ acwfeJY
wpfajy;nD aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; r&Sdbl;vdkY
oifajymEdik w
f hJ ud&,
d m oH;k rsKd;ygyJ/ tJ'D
ud&d,mawG[m b,favmuftxd wm
xGufjrefovJ qdkwJhtay: uRefawmfh&JU
taumif;jrif cefYrSef;csufudk cifAsm;
trdt& qkyfudkifEdkifr,fqdk&if tJ'D
ud&,
d mawG&UJ aemufu,
G rf mS uRefawmf
30
uGefysLwm*sme,f
tifwmAsL;
tcef; (3)
tifwmeufawmfveS af &;udk
pD;eif;jcif;
tifwmeuf awmfvSefa&;MuD;wpfckvHk;
cifAsm; aemufaMumif;jyef MunhfI avhvm
wJt
h cgrmS rdu
k u
f dak qmhz&f UJ zefw;D rIawGxJ
rSm bmawGrSefjyD; bmawG rSm;aeovJ/
uRefawmfwdkY&JU rSefuefwJh zefwD;rI
aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh t"duuswhJ t&m
uawmh yDpDaygif; oef; 100 ausmfudk
csdwfqufay;Edkifjcif;yJ/
jyD;awmh tJ'Dvdk aqmif&GufrIudk
Iaxmihf tenf;i,frS oHk;oyfEdkifyg
w,f/ yDpcD sw
d q
f ufEikd rf &I UJ ukeu
f sp&dwf
IaxmihfuMunfh&if rSefuefwJh Iaxmifh
jrifuGif;ay:vmr,f/ vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;
(protocol) tjzpfvnf; aumufcsuf
qG,
J &l vdrrfh ,f/ wuov
kd f y&0kPx
f rJ S
xGuaf y:vmwJh ARPAA protocol awG
bDv*f w
d v
f kd jzpfz&Ykd m
uGefysLwmenf;ynme,fy,frSm 35 ESpfwmrQ MuD;pdk;tEdkif,lcJhwJh bDvf*dwfwpfa,muf ,ckESpf
ZGefv 27 &ufrSm olY&JU rdkufudkaqmhzfudk vufjyEIwfqufvdkufygw,f/ jidrf;csrf;pGm cGJcGmcJhw,f
qdkayr,fh bDvf*dwfvdk yk*dKvfrsKd;ae&mudk b,fvdk tpm;xkd;r,fqdkwm ar;cGef;awG
ay:vmygw,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh aemufxyf bDvf*dwfwpfOD; b,fvdk jzpfvmEdkifovJqdkwmyg/
32
uGefysLwm*sme,f
tifwmAsL;
rwljcm;em;wJh tkyfpkawGudk &&SdaerSmyg
yJ/
tJ'v
D kd jzpfxeG ;f aewmaMumifh tifwmeuf
vufeufu&d ,
d mawG jzpfMuwJh site awG
udk wdk;wufzGHUjzdK;a&;twGuf cifAsm;wdkYu
tcsdeftrsm;MuD; toHk;jyKcJh&w,f/ tJ'Dvdk
aqmif&GufrIrSm bmawG rSm;jyD; bmawG
rSecf Jo
h vJ/
cifAsm; tvkyf qufvkyfaewJh
umvwpfavQmufrSm avhvmoif,l
p&mawG trsm;MuD;&SdrSmyJ/ uRefawmf
wdkYu tck cifAsm;jyefajymaewJh t&m
wcsKdUudk 0,f,lcJhw,f/ uRefawmfqdkvdk
wmu uRefawmfwdkY[m ygwDcef;rMuD;
xJu axmihfwpfaxmihfrSm ajErysuf
&Sad eMuolawGy/J ,rumcGux
f rJ mS awmh
wpf0ufusK;d aejyDayghAsm/ vl 10 a,muf
ydkifwJh aqmhzf0J ukrPDawG&JU wefzdk;udk
a':vm 2 bDvD,HvdkY cifAsm; wGufxm;
csmwdwfb0rSm pzdkYvdkw,f
bDvf*dwfu i,fi,fav;xJu uGefysLwmeJY &if;EDS;cJhwmyg/
tv,fwef;ausmif;om;b0rSm ydk*&rfawGudk a&;aeygjyD/
uav;omom t&G , f j zpf a yr,f h *d w f u ta&;ygwJ h
tcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfEdkifcJhygw,f/ vlMuD;jzpfvmawmh olYrSm
wnfjidrfwJh MuHqrIawG vHkvHkavmufavmuf &dSaeygjyD/ olY&JU
yifukdt&nftcsif;uvnf; tjrJwrf; tm;jznfhay;aeyg
w,f/
Mo*kwf? 2008
33
tifwmAsL;
avaMumif;vdik ;f vufrw
S af &mif;wJh udp
eJY ywfoufvmw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY[m
Expedia, Slate, sidewalk, MSN wdYkukd
zefwD;cJhw,f/ Hotmail udk 0,f,lcJh
w,f/ Link Exchange udk 0,f,lcJh
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY tl;trl; wyfruf
pGm 0,f,lcJhwmawGudk odyfrrSwfrdEdkif
awmhbl; qdkwmudkawmh avmif;&Jyg
w,f/
uReaf wmfwYkd ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f aqmif&u
G f
EdkifwJht&mu tifwmeufeJY olwdkYu
vkyfoihfw,fqdkwmeJY ywfoufjyD; bd
Zeuf vkyfief;udk tultnDay;aeyg
w,f/ 'gudk uRefawmfwdkY aumif;
aumif ; MuD ; aqmif & G u f E d k i f c J h w ,f /
azmufonftMudKuf wd;k yGm;vmwJh t&m
awGxJu tcsKdUeJY zrf;qkyfEdkifr,fh t&m
odkYr[kwf zrf;qkyfEdkifpGrf; r&Srd ,ft
h &m
tcsKUd eJY ywfoufjyD;awmh tqef;wMu,f
tajzwpfck uRefawmfwdkYrSm r&SdcJhbl;/
okawoejyKwJh t&mwpfck[m
bmaMumifh rdkufudkaqmhzf[m 'Dxuf
apmwJh okawoejyKumvuwnf;u
ydjk yD; aumif;rGew
f hJ vkyif ef;wpfck aqmif
&Gujf cif; rjyKcJw
h mvJ}}qdw
k hJ oihf awmif;
qdkrI e,fy,fxJrS ckefxGufvmaew,f/
[kwfyghAsm? uRefawmfwdkY[m t&m&m
wdkif;udk rjyKvkyfEdkifygbl;/ t&m&m
wdkif;udk aqmifMuOf;Edkifr,fvdkYvnf;
arQmfrSef;cJhjcif; r&Sdygbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY
tawmfrsm;rsm; aqmif&GufaeMuw,f/
tm;vH;k xuf tcsed u
f mv ydrk kd Mumjrihpf mG
wnfwHhaeygw,f/
tJ ' D a e&mrS xG u f a y:vmwJ h
ork'&mwpfpif; &Sdw,f/ {&mrvIdif;vHk;
MuD; tcsKdU pwifdkufcwfaew,f/ bm
jzpfw,fvdkY rod&ao;cif vIdif;vHk;
wnf&meJY vIdif;acgif;jzLMuD;awG wzGm;
zGm; vGihfwufvmawmhr,fh ae&mrSm
ae&m,lrSefwJh vlMuD;vlaumif; wpf
taMumif;jycsufawGeJY
pnf;urf;csdK;azmufwwf&r,f/
36
uGefysLwm*sme,f
tifwmAsL;
vuf a wG U usrI a wG e J Y trS e f w u,f
xdpyfrI&Sdaew,f/ ydkjyD; xkwfvkyfay;
EdkifwJh tvkyform;awGudk oif b,fvdk
zefw;D ay;Edik rf vJ/ IT Xme wpfct
k wGi;f
u temtqmawGu bmawGvJ/ yl;
aygif;xm;wJh site wdk;wufzHGUjzdK;a&;eJY
ywfoufwJht&mu bmawGvJ/ q,f
pkESpf twefMum uRefawmfwdkY wnf
aqmufxm;cJhwm wpfck &Sdw,f/ olwdkY
aqmhzf0Judk b,fvdk aqmif&GufrvJeJY
olwdkY bmvkyfrvJqdkwmawG ywfouf
wJh bdZeufvkyfief; tcsif;csif; us,f
jyefYpGm aqG;aEG;rI jzpfxGef;vmapr,fh
t&nftaoG;ppfppf wpfckygyJ/ uRef
awmfwdkYrSm tvGef tiftm;MuD;rm;wJh
taetxm;wpf&yf &Sdw,f/
owif ; tcsuf t vuf tvk y f
orm;awG[m ,aeYumvxuf vm
r,fh 10 ESpfwm umvtwGif;rSm bm
aMumifh aqmif&Gufay;aeovJqdkwmudk
yHk&dyfudk wnfaqmufyg/
Mo*kwf? 2008
37
tifwmAsL;
Windows tqihu
f aqmif&u
G rf eI YJ
rSew
f pfck b,frmS &So
d vJ} ar;cGef;wpfck
tjrJ&SdcJhzl;w,f/ oihfrSm Bandwith
ydkus,fjyD; Latency ydkenf;avav
uGefysLwmvkyfief;udk cGJjzefYa&;eJY ywf
oufjyD; oihfrSm ydkjyD; ajymif;vG,f jyif
vG,&f v
dS mavavyJ/ tcsed rf Qa0jcif;[m
a'oE& vHk;0eD;yg; rjzpfEdkifwJht&yfrSm
armfeDwmeJY cvkwfcHktpHkawG &SdvmcJh
w,f/ 'g[m character-based display, a 3270 odkYr[kwf X Protocol
wpfckckjzpfEdkifw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf olwdkY
&JU wifjyjcif;uawmh A[dkpkpnf;rI&Sd&Sd
jzpfysufaejcif;ygyJ/ 'gu tifwmeuf
ray:cif yDpDudk ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfw,f/
tJ'aD wmhrS cifAsm; Local Device ay:rSm
t&m&mwdik ;f udk aqmif&u
G v
f mEdik w
f ,f/
File Store wpfc&
k dS rkH QeYJ vHak vmuf w,f/
tjcm;vkyfief;awGrSmawmh ta0;u
aejyD; xdef;csKyfwJh Database store udk
tm;&auseyfaevdkY r&yg
udk,hfudkudk,fodyg/
38
uGefysLwm*sme,f
tifwmAsL;
toHk;jyKw,f/ 'gayr,fh cifAsm; aqmif
&Guaf vht&Sdq;kH u wifjyjcif;? wnf;jzwf
jcif;eJY tjyeftvSef qufoG,f vIyf&Sm;
jcif;awGudk tJ'Dud&d,meJY vkyfudkifwJh
bdZeufvkyfief; jzpfw,f/ tJ'D aqmif
&GufrIeJY tvSw&m;[m Offline udk
cifAsm; aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ygyJ/ cifAsm;
[m MuD;rm;us,fjyefYwJh wkHYjyefrIawGudk
t&,laew,f/ Latency eJY ywfouf
jyD; cifAsm;rSm pdk;&drfp&m r&Sb
d ;l / tcsed f
rQa0jcif;tay: jyefvnfIjrif&if; tcsdef
rQa0jcif; oabmudk od&Sd em;vnfpGm
MuD ; jyif ; vmMuwJ h uRef a wmf w d k Y [ m
tjcm; MuD;rm;wJh pGrf;&nfudk &&Sd&if
awmifrS 'DpGrf;&nfavmuf MuD;rm;rSm
r[kwfbl;/
tckqdk&if cifAsm; ydkjyD; [efcsuf
ndvdkY&aejyD/ HTML [m terminal
model udk ausmdk;jyKxm;w,f/ HTML [m Protocol trsm;qHk; wifjyEdkif
wmxuf ydkjyD; pGrf;aqmifEdkifwJh enf;
vrf; jzpfayr,fh cifAsm;[m 0ufbf
qdkufwpfckxJudk 0ifMunfhwJh tcsdefrSm
'g[m wifjyjcif;jyKaewJh Protocol
wpfck jzpfaew,f/ tckawmh cifAsm;[m
Aetice Controls xJrSm odkYr[kwf Local script rSm xm;&SdrI aygif;pyfxm;
w,f/ AJAX stuff tm;vHk;u cifAsm;
udk code execution tcsKdUudk jyKvkyfap
Edkifw,f/ 'gayr,fh cGuswm wpfck &Sd
w,f/ aumif;rGefwJh 0ufbfqdkufawG
[m HTML udk toHk;rjyKMubJ local
execution udk toHk;jyKaeMujcif; jzpf
w,f/
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Mo*kwf? 2008
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Chapter (6)
6.6.1 STUDYING THE FILEBROWSER DIALOG METHOD
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FileDialog Method
1 . import java.awt.*;
2 . import java.awt.event.*;
3.
4 . public class AWTFileDialog extends
Frame {
5.
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6.
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7.
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( ) );
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10.
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18.
19.
20. // getString ( )is used to return the
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21.
22.
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