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The Grapes of Wrath
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The Grapes of Wrath Of Mice And Man

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" ." karl J. Kuepper

:
Literary translation refers to the translation of esthetically
1
oriented texts of literary works of arts.
"
" ) (.
" " Olive Classe " "
Encyclopedia of Literary
Translation into English

:
. Karl J. kuepper, Literary Translation and the Problem of Equivalency, Meta: Translators Journal, Vol. 22, N 4,
1977, P. 243.
Literary translation is read as conventionally distinguished

1
from technical translation.
" " ) (.
" " Peter France "
" Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation

"" :
Literary translation is designed to be read as literature2
" " ) (.
" " " " Gideon Toury " " Literary
Translation " " Translation of Literary
Texts "" Informational .3

" " Clifford E. Landers

4...

""
1
. Olive Classe, Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English, Vol. 2, Taylor & Francis, 2000, P. viii.
. Peter France, The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation, Oxford University Press, UK, 2000, P. xxi.
3
. Gideon Toury, In Search of a Theory of Translation, Porter Institute, Tel Aviv, 1980, P. 36-37, cited in: Theo
Hermans, Literary Translation. In Piotr Kuhiwczak and Karin Littau (Eds.), A Companion to Translation Studies,
Multilingual Matters LTD, Clevedon-Buffalo-Toronto, 2007, P. 78.
4
. Clifford E. Landers, LITERARY TRANSLATION A Practical Guide, Maltilingual Matters LTD, ClevedonBuffalo-Toronto-Sydney, 2001, P. 4.
2

:
Only literary translation lets one consistently share in the
creative process. Here alone does the translator experience the
aesthetic joys of working with great literature, of recreating in a
new language a work that would otherwise remain beyond
reach.1
"

" ) (.
" " Robert Wechsler ""
:
Literary translation is an odd art. It consists of a person sitting
at a desk, writing literature that is not his, that has someone
2
elses name on it, that has already been written
"

" ) (.

. Clifford Landers, LITERARY TRANSLATION A Practical Guide, P. 5.

. Robert Wechsler, PERFORMING WITHOUT A STAGE The Art of Literary Translation, Catbird Press, North
Haven, 1998, P. 4.
1
2

.
"" Goepp "" F. W. Thomas
" " Uncle Toms Cabin "
" Harriet Beecher Stowe

:
the translator is himself an author, and his translation an
1
original work .
" " )(.

.2
" " Mona
Baker " " )Rutledge Encyclopedia of Translation (1998
Studies :
Literary translation is the work of literary translators3
" )(.
"
1
. Colleen Glenney Boggs, Transnationalism and American literature Literary Translation 1773-1892, Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group, NewYork-London, 2007, P. 145.
.2 23 2007 1 .67-66
3
. Mona Baker, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and
New York, 1998, P. 127.

.
" " Alexander Tytler

.1

""

:
The painter employs precisely the same colours the copy will
have the same qualities the translators task is very different.
He uses not the same colours with the original, but is required to
give his picture the same force and effort2
"
...

" )(.
. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Essay on the Principal of Translation, John Benjamins B.V., Amsterdam, 1978, P. 209210.
2
. Ibid., P. 211.

"" "" ""

. ""
""
. ""
.

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.2 :

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.

" " Discoursal Characteristics of Literature""
Indirection"" Indeterminacy"" 1Defamiliarization

.

....
. Kazem Lotfi Pour-Saedi, Analysing Literary Discourse: Implications for Literary Translation,Translators Journal,
Vol. 37, N 2, 1992, P. 198.

1
" " (1965) Victor Shklovsky :
The technique of art is to make things unfamiliar, to make forms
obscure, so as to increase the difficulty and duration of
perception 2
"
"
)(.
"" Textual

....3

" " Peter France

.4

1
. Kazem Pour-Saedi, Analysing Literary Discourse, P. 199.

.Victor Shklovsky, Art as Technique, Russian Formalist Criticism, tr. Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis, University
of Nebraska Press, November 1965, P. 12.
3
. Pour-Saedi, op. cit., P. 200.
4
. Peter France, The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation, P. xxi.
2
10

. " " Kazem Lotfi Pour-Saedi
:
... what is important for the translator in his attempts to
establish translation equivalence is not what the original author
wants to say but also the way he says what he wants to say1
" ...
) " ...
(.

. "
" Song Xiao Shu" " :Cheng Dong Ming
Literary works should also contain artistic images that are
attractive to readers literary translation is to reproduce the
original artistic images in another languages, so that the reader
of the translation may be inspired, moved and aesthetically
entertained in the same way as the native reader is by the
original.2
"
...
1
. Kazem Pour-Saedi, Analysing Literary Discourse, P. 202.

. Song Xiaoshu & Cheng Dongming, Translation of Literary Style, Translation Journal, Vol. 7, N 1, January 2003,
no page, (from: http://www.accurapid.com/journal/), accessed in (17-10-2013).
2
11

" ) (

.
"" Belhaag
:1
).(Expressive
).(Connotative
).(Symbolic
).(Form and Content
)(Subjective
)(Allowing Multiple Interpretation
)(Universal and Timeless

.
.
" " Xiao Cong Huang
:
. Belhaag, 1997, P.20, cited in Bahaa-eddin Abulhassan Hassan, Literary Translation: Aspects of Pragmatic
Meaning, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK, 2011, P. 2-3.
12
Translation is a communicative act, and literary translation is

1
especially an artistic communication
"
" )(.
.3 :

.

.2

.

1
. XIAO CONG HUANG, STYLISTIC APPROACHES TO LITERARY TRANSLATION: WITH PARTICULAR

REFERENCE TO ENGLISH-CHINESE AND CHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION (A thesis submitted to The
University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY), Department of English, School of
English, Drama and American and Canadian Studies, The University of Birmingham, November 2011, P. 26.
2
. Karl Kuepper, Literary Translation and the Problem of Equivalency, P. 244.
13

1 " " Cultural Displacement

.2

" "
Sun Yi. Feng "" " " :
The over-arching aim of literary translation is to instigate the
transference of the literary quality of the original rather than the
mere semantic content. Increasingly, the focus of literary
3
translation has shifted from textual to cultural problems
"
.
"...
) (.
""
:
. Wei Lou, Cultural Constraints on Literary translation, Asian Social Science Journal, Vol. 5, N 10, October 2009,
P. 155 156.
2
. Sun Yi feng, Displacement and Intervention: Re-Creating Literary Texts Through Cross-Cultural Translation,
Neohelicon xxxiv, Vol. 34, N 2, December 2007, P. 105.
3
. Ibid., P. 102.
14
"
) (TL ".1

.

.2

.3
" ":
"
".4

. Catford J. C., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, London, 1965, P. 99, cited in:
2003 1 .56
2
. Sang Zhonggang, A Relevance Theory Perspective on Translating the Implicit Information in Literary Texts,
Journal of Translation, Vol. 2, N 2, 2006, P. 43.
3
. Ibid., P. 54.
.4 .46
15

.1

.2 ""

.3

"" :
"

".4

: Comprehension
"" Interpretation" " Formulation
"" .5 Recreation
1
. Sang Zhonggang, A Relevance Theory Perspective on Translating the Implicit Information in Literary Texts, P.
55.
.2 4 1999 .72
3
& . Lakoff, R., You are what you say,1991. In A. J. Evelyn and A. O. Gary (Eds.), The Gender Reader, Allyn
Bacon, Boston, cited in: Zhonggang, op. cit., P. 58.
4
. Catford J. C., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, P. 94, cited in: 55
5
. Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Press, Oxford New York Toronto Sydney Paris
Frankfurt, 2001, P. 17.
16

""
.1
" " Interference
Linguistique

:
"
".2
. XIAOCONG HUANG, STYLISTIC APPROACHES TO LITERARY TRANSLATION, P. 19.

.2 .72 -71
17
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.1 :
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.1 2001 2 .32
.2 .33
.3 1993 1 .32
.4 1978 4 .66
.5 1992 1 .14
18
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4
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.1 1999 5 :
.364
.2 ) (1986 -1914 1991 1 .25-24
.3 2006 1 .155
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19

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.1 1
1997 .391-390
.2 .287
.3 .183
.4 2006 .31
.5 2000 1 .27
.6 .38
.7 - 2003 .30
. Samah Selim, The Novel and the Rural Imaginary in Egypt 1880-1985, Routledge Curzon, New York and
London, 2004, P. 35.
.9 .185
8
20
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.1 .198
.2 .212
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.5 .77
.6 1979 .40
21
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2.

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.3

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" ".4
. Dalya Cohen-Mor, A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic
Literature, Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York, 2001, P. 86.
2
. Ibid., P. 19-20.
3
. Ibid., P. 112-113.
.4 188 )( 1994 .186 -185
22

1

2

.3

4
.5

.6

"
" 7
" "
.1 .26
.2 ) (1994 -1967 1998 .14
.3 .76
.4 .159
.5
1999 1 .22-21
.6 : 1991-1967 1992 .12 /7
.7 143 1989 .54
23
1Village novels
2

.3
""
'

'...

" " George Eliot" " Hardy Thomas" " Joseph
Conrad" " James Joyce" " Virginia Woolf

.
5
. Samah Selim, The Novel and the Rural Imaginary in Egypt 1880-1985, P. 2.
.2 .138
.3 .220
.4 ) ( 2002 1
.102
. Timothy Spurgin, The English Novel, The Teaching Company Limited Partnership, 2006, Part II, P. 3.
24

.1

.2
"
"
. " " The Sound and the
Fury " " " " Heart of Darkness

" " 3

.4
" " Women in Love
5 " "
"
.6
" "
. Timothy Spurgin, The English Novel, P. 38.

. Jesse Matz, The Modern Novel: A Short Introduction, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, USA-UK-Australia, 2004, P. 9.
3
. Ibid., P. 28.
4
. Ibid., P. 39.
5
. Ibid., P. 72.
6
. Spurgin, op. cit., P. 30.
2
25

.1

' 'injuns
' 'leanto' 'tank houses' 'hollow trees
.2

' 'damn''son-of-a-bitch
.3

4

""

5.
. Patrick Parrinder, Nation and Novel: The English Novel from its Origin to the Present Day, Oxford University
Press, Oxford-New York, 2006, P. 348.
2
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, Penguin Books, 1992, P. 91.
3
. Ibid., P.91.
4
. Jesse Matz, The Modern Novel, P. 45.
5
. Ibid., P. 18.
1
26
"" Preacher The Grapes of
Wrath " " :The Bishops Mantle

Hilary Laurens, young Episcopal priest, has returned to this
home town 2
" )"...(

" " Sons and Lovers "
" .3D. H. Lawrence
"
" Tar Baby" " Goodbye, Columbus
4
The
Grapes of Wrath
.5

.
" " John Apdike" " Mary McCarthy
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. 91.

. Agnes Sligh Turnbull , The Bishops Mantle, Macmillan, 1960, P. 1.
3
. Timothy Spurgin, The English Novel, P. 24.
4
. Lynda G. Adamson, Thematic Guide to the American Novel, Greenwood Press, Westport-Connecticut-London,
2002, P. 81.
5
. Ibid., P. 115.
2
27
" " Divorce
Novels "" .1

" " The Novels of
2Immigration
3. .4

"" The Waves
" " " " T. H. White ""
.5
" " 6
" " 7 "
" 8
.

1
. Kimberly A. Freeman, Love American Style: Divorce and the American Novel (1881-1976), Routledge, New
York & London, 2003, P. 3-4.
2
. Patrick Parrinder, Nation and Novel, P. 414.
3
. Ibid., P. 293.
4
. James F. English, A Concise Companion to Contemporary British Fiction, Blackwell Publishing, USA-UKAustralia, 2006, P. 128.
5
. Parrinder, op. cit., P. 344-345.
.6 - 1988 .290
.7 .
.8 .
28
. " " P. N. Furbank

.2

3
4 " " The Final Passage " "
Caryl Phillips ""

.5 " " ""
6

.7

.1 .14
2
. James F. English, A Concise Companion to Contemporary British Fiction, P. 182.

. Patrick Parrinder, Nation and Novel, P. 390.
4
. Jesse Matz, The Modern Novel, P. 70.
5
. Parrinder, op. cit., P. 391.
6
. Ibid., P. 384.
7
. Ibid., P. 397.
3
29
1
" " " " Joyce Carol

.2
:

.

) (03:
-1 .
-2 .

.

.

.

.

.

-3 .
. Catherine Jurca, White Diaspora : The Suburb and the Twentieth-Century American Novel, Princeton University
Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2001, P. 6.
2
. Ibid., P. 160.
.3 20
.
30
.

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33

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.1 .17
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2005 .113
.3 .114
34

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.3 .119 -118
35

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2

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4.

.

"" ' 'right
.1 "" .69
. Kimberly A. Freeman, Love American Style, P. 7.
.
.
. Ibid., P. 3-4.
.4 .377
36
"" ""

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.2 .16
37
1591 11667
.

' '...
' '...
' 2'...
' ' .

' 'grandfather' 'uncle

3

"" " " " "

.
" " ' 'Sorrow ""
.1 .21
.2 1581 2010/ 11/ 19 :
almothaqaf.com/index.php/maqal/40322.html ).(2013-11-02
. Hussein A. Obeidat, Stylistic Aspects in Arabic and English Translated Literary Texts: A Contrastive Study,
Meta: Translators Journal, Vol. 43, N 3, 1988, P. 3-4.
38
"" .
''sorrow

.1
.3 :

" " Cultural Correspondence
" " Cultural
Equivalence

.2

' 'avalanche
.
.1 .195
. Hassan Ghazala, Essays in Translation and Stylistics, Dar El-Ilm Lilmalayin, Beyrouth, Ed. 1, 2004, P. 79-80.
39
' The station
'received an avalanche of letters ' ' 1

.2

) (...
' 3'you cannot make an omelette without breaking eggs
' )( '

:
'He gave me a pie in the sky' 4
' '
' '
'He saved his bacon' 5
' '
'Its a piece of cake' 6

'Its a small beer' 7
' '
. Michael Mayor, LONGMAN Dictionary of American English, Pearson Longman, 2009, P. 63.
.2 ) (A Textbook of Translation 2006 1 .154
3
. N. E. Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, Warner Books, 1990, P. 331.
4
. Ibid., P. 332.
5
. Ibid., P. 327.
6
. Ibid., P. 328.
7
. Ibid., P. 328.
40

) (26
1 :
2'He threw down the gauntlet' .
3'petticoat government' .
4'Youre in my own backyard' ' '.

'' 'marry'
'! 'Lewis marry Blanche
' !'

.5
.1 .156
2
. N. Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, P. 315.

. Ibid., P. 317.
4
. Ibid., P. 306.
5
. Yowell Y. Aziz, Muftah S. Lataiwish, Principales of Translation, Dar Annahda Alarabiya, Benghazi, Libya, 2000,
2000, P. 115.
3
41

''love my dog love me
' '

' : ' ' '
1 '
'.

.

2
" "
' 'Christmas meal
' ' :

....3
. Hassan Ghazala, Essays in Translation and Stylistics, P. 152.

. Ibid., P. 154.
3
. Hassan Ghazala, Translation as Problems and Solutions, A Coursebook for University Students and Trainee
Translators, Dar wa Maktabat Al-Hilal, Beirut, Ed. 7, 2006, P. 208.
2
42

""
1...
'The king has taken a wise decision' :
' '.2

:
3'He is the bible'
' '.
4'between the devil and the deep blue sea'
' '.
5'Are you Jeremiah?'
' ' Jeremiah
'' .
6'He is a saint' ' 'saint ''
.
. Yowell Y. Aziz, Muftah S. Lataiwish, Principales of Translation, P. 114.

. Hassan Ghazala, Essays in Translation and Stylistics, P. 159.
3
. N. E. Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, P. 393.
4
. Ibid., P. 394.
5
. Ibid., P. 395.
6
. Ibid., P. 396.
2
43

" " :
translation should be slightly more rather than slightly less
erotic than the original.1
" " )(
.4 :

.

.

)(

.
. 'to make a clean breast of somthing' :
' 'get up off ones butt ..N. E. Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, P. 347 :
. Hassan Ghazala, Essays in Translation and Stylistics, P. 155-156.
44
.
" " Polysemous Words

' 'party ' 'John joined the party '
' ' '.1
" " Collocations" Phrasal Verbs"
" Fixed Expressions

' 'school of fish ' ' ' '
' 'look after him ' ' ' '
' 'second hand clothes ' ' ' '
' '2
" " Idioms" " Proverbs

' out of the frying pan into
'the fire
. Montasser Mohamed Abdel Wahab Mahmoud, Investigating Some Lexical Problems in English_Arabic
Translation Confronted by Undergraduate Students and Proposing Solutions for them, International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 4, N 4, April 2013, P. 1023.
2
. Ibid., P. 1025.
45
"" ' '

.1

2
" "
:
'and blood is said to be thicker than water' 3

' ' )(

" " The Power & the Glory " " : Greene Graham
' the Mass would soon mean no more to anyone than a black cat
4
'crossing path
.1 .234 -233
.2 .231
.4 .219
. Charlotte Bront, Jane Eyre, Service & Paton, London, Ed.1, 1847, P. 94.
46

. Lexical Gaps
"" Shift /Transposition "" Modulation

:1
''He is shortish
' '
''Her dress is reddish
' '

' 'ploughmans lunch ' '
... 2
:
3'a bread and butter issues' ' '
.
4'a cheese paring man' ' '
.
. .Lexical Holes
.1 .166 -165
2
. Hassan Ghazala, Translation as Problems and Solutions, P. 208.

4
. Ibid., P. 328.
3
47
1'a land of milk and honey' ' '

.
" "
' 'argue for '
' '' 'argue'
'' ' 2'argue for
' / throw up' ' 'throw ''
.

.3 :
4

.
' 'There

' '
1

. Mohammed Ferghal, Lexical and Discoursal Problems in English-Arabic Translation, Meta: Translators Journal,
Vol. 40, N 1, 1995, P. 57.
. ' .'he throwed up an went to sleep : ' 'The Grapes of Wrath . 40
3
. Hassan A. H. Gadalla, Arabic Imperfect Verbs in Translation: A Corpus Study of English Renderings, Meta:
Translators Journal, Vol. 51, N 1, 2006, P. 51.
4
. Ibid., P. 52.
2
48
' There ll be
2'a dead terror " " " )(

"a dead terror will spread out / 3 ""
"" "" 4
.5

" " Compound
Sentences " " Complex Sentence"" Mixed Sentences

Coordinated Sentences
Coordinating Conjunctions 6 :
''He was a saint, thus she fell head over heels in love with him
' '
""
Explicitness " " Cohesive
Connectors " " Thought Connectors 'So Thus

1
. Yowell Y. Aziz, Existential Sentences in Arabic_English Translation, Meta: Translators Journal, Vol. 40, N 1,
1995, P. 50.
2
.3 2008 . 134
4
. Yowell Aziz, Existential Sentences in Arabic_English Translation, P. 51.

. Ibid., P. 53.
.6 135 2008 -227
5
.228
49
'...Therefore Because
Implicit Connectors ''
)/(
.1

" " Evaluative Markers ' ' .

2
Great Expectations .
3
''...I had to find him a little to do and a great deal to eat...
' ' )(.

" " /p/ Bilabial Stop
/b/
' 'Peter' 'Patrick " " ""

.4
. Hussein A. Obeidat, Stylistic Aspects in Arabic and English Translated Literary Texts, P. 3.
. Ibid., P. 4.
3
. Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, 1861, P. 225, (from: http:// www.feedbooks.com), accessed in (09-01-2014).
4
. James Emil Fledge, Robert Port, Cross-Language Phonetic Interference: Arabic to English/ Language and Speech,
Speech, Vol. 24, Part 2, Kingston Press Ltd, Ontario, Canada, 1981, P. 126.
2
50
:

.

...

.

51

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52
53

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.2 .167
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.4 )(.
59
.2.1 :
The
Rule of Metaphor " " Paul Riceour

.1
:
Metaphor is the greatest form of wording. For this alone can
not be grasped from anyone else and is a sign of natural gifts,
since to use metaphors well is to have insight into what is
2
alike.
"

" ) (.

.3

.
1
. Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor The Creation of Meaning in Language, tr. Robert Czerny with Kathleen
McLaughlin and John Costello, Routledge Classics, London and New York, 2003, P. 53.
2
. Aristotle, Poetics, tr. Joe Sachs, Focus Publishing & R. Pullins Company, Newburyport M.A., 2006, P. 56.
3
. Mary Therese Descamp, Metaphor and Ideology Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum and Literary Methods through a
Cognitive Lens, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden-Boston, 2007, P. 19.
60
" " Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary
Theory
][ ][ .

.1
" " Comprehensive Dictionary of Literature "
''
'' ...
") 2 (.
" " The
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms " " Chris Baldick

.
- -
.3
" " Dictionary of Literary and Thematic
Terms :
. J. A. Cuddon, The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, revised by C. E. Preston, Penguin
Books, 1999, P. 507.
2
. Julien D. Bonn, A Comprehensive Dictionary of Literature, Abhishek Publications, India, 2010, P. 98.
. Original text: Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things, without using
the word like or as. Metaphors assert the identity of dissimilar things.Metaphorscan transform people, places,
objects and ideas into whatever the writer imagines them to be.
3
. Chris Baldick, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, Oxford University Press, Ed. 2, 2001, P. 153.
61
Figure of speech in which something (A) is identified with

something else (B) in order to attribute to A a quality associated
with B1
" )( )(
".
Thesaurus Traditional English Metaphors
".
." P. R. Wilkinson
.2
" " David Punter
""
""
:
' '
''James is a beast
''
'' '' ''
.3
" " Murray Knowles" " Rosamund
Moon
. Edward Quinn, A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms, Facts on File, Ed. 2, 2006, P. 257.
. P. R. Wilkinson, Thesaurus of Traditional English Metaphors, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and
New York, Ed. 2, 2002, P. i.
3
. David Punter, Metaphor, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York, Ed. 1, 2007, P. 27.
2
62
.1 '' '
'
''
.
.
" " Jean Ladrire
" "2

. "
" 3 " " Monosemous Words
" " Polysemous Words .

" " .Cognitive Linguistics

18 19 " " Samuel Taylor Coleridge

. Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Meraphor, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and
New York, Ed.1, 2006, P. 2.
2
. Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, P. 351.
. Original text: extension of a dynamism of meaning.

3
. Judith H. Anderson, Translating Investments Metaphor and the Dynamic of Cultural Change in Tudor-Stuart
England, Fordham University Press, New York, 2005, P. 62.
. Original Text : metaphor is the ability to alter and create new codes.
63

.1
" " (1936) I. A. Richards
" "
(1977) Michael Reddy
" " George Lakoff" " Mark Johnsen
" " Metaphors We Live By
" ".2
" " 3
" " Target Domains
" " Source
.Domains " " Metaphorical Expression:

I see what shes saying
' 'to see / ' 'to know /

'' ) ( " "
' Conceptual Metaphor 'knowing is seeing / ' 'see
) (.4
. David Punter, Metaphor, P. 15.

. Mary Descamp, Metaphor and Ideology, P. 20.
3
. Ibid., P. 21.
. Original text: metaphor is a matter of thinking, not a matter of language.

4
. Ibid., P. 21.
2
64

"
"1.
"" "" :
Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination
and the rhetorical flourish matter of extraordinary rather than
ordinary language It is viewed as characteristic of language
alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. we
have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in
everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our
ordinary, Conceptual System, in terms of which we both think
and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature2.
"
...
.

.
") . (.
:
.1 128 2010 .13-12

. George Lakoff & Mark Johnsen, Metaphors we live by, The university of Chicago press, London, 2003, P. 8.
" . .
. .
.

" . : 5 1998 .70
65

.

) (.

.

.

.

.

-

....
. .
66

1'Lifes brief candle' : ' ' ""
Macbeth
.

.
.2 " ":
" " 2 "
" 3 " "4

.

. Julien Bonn, A Comprehensive Dictionary of Literature, P. 98.
.2 2009 1 .15
.3 .
.4 .149
67

" " Geoffrey Neil Leech
" " A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry

'' )('L' /
) (Literal '' )('F' /
) (Figurative .

" " Ditto-marks
''
.
"" Blanks .
"" " " Geoffrey Chaucer"
" :William Wordsworth
68
[a] L: but ye lovers, that

F: //
//
//
gladnesse
bathen in
//
[b] L: the sky

F:
the morning
rejoices in
s birth
: ][

//
//
//
//
:
: ][
01 :
:
and
[c] Literal meaning: the wind

cried
Figurative meaning:
3
over the fallen corn

whimpered //
//

//
//
//
//
___
//
//
//
____ :][
:
02 :
. Geoffrey N. Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, Longman Group Ltd, London & New York, 1969, P.
154.
2
.7 .3
69

- -
)(
"" Tenor " " .Vehicle
1
gladness
[a] TEN: but ye lovers, that
][feel
]bathen in [water, etc

2
][biginning
[looks bright at] the mornings
birth
[animate]s
][howls
" " " :
[b] TEN: the sky
rejoices in
]VEH: [animate
[ blows] and
[c] TEN: the wind
whimpered
][ : ][
VEH:
cried
]VEH: [animate
" ] [ )(
][ ] :[ ] [
: ][
][ ] :[
: ][
)(
][

"
"
"
"
)(
03 :
. Geoffrey N. Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, P. 154.

. Ibid., P. 155.
70
1
2

"" Ground
" " Real Meaning

.1

.
.3 :

.

.
.1.3 ) ( :
.
.1.1.3 :
. Geoffrey N. Leech, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, P. 155.
71
.1.1.1.3 : Definite Metaphor Vehicle
Tenor " " .

)( )( )
(.
.2.1.1.3 :Implied Metaphor
:

)(

) ( .1
.2.1.3 :
.1.2.1.3 :Vehicular Metaphor
- - - 2-
" : ".
" "
)( )(
.
. ' 'Definite metaphor ' '
. ' 'Explicit metaphor
.
. ' 'Implied metaphor ' 'Implicit metaphor
.
.1 .168 -167
.2 .179
72
" : " 1
- - )(.
.2.2.1.3 :Free Metaphor
2
:

.
4
" : " 5

)( )(.
.3.2.1.3 :Topical Metaphor
.
6 ' ' )
( ) ( )(
.
.1.16 /
.2 .179
.3 .180
.4 .179
.5.25 /
.6 .179
73
.3.1.3 :
.1.3.1.3 :Harmony Metaphor
.1
.2.3.1.3 :Disharmony Metaphor
- - .2
": " 3
)(

.4
'' '' ' '
5
''

. " ".
:
.1 .190
.2 .
.3.122 /
.4 .191
.5 .
74
.1.2.3.1.3 :
' ' .1
.2.2.3.1.3 :Sarcastic Metaphor
2 " : " 3
'' .4
.4.1.3 :
.1.4.1.3 : Real, Factual
Metaphor

' ] [ '
5 ": " 6 ''
.
.2.4.1.3 :Fantasy, Fictional, Delusional Metaphor

' '

.1 .191
.
.
.2 .
.3 .21 /
.4 .
.5 .166
.6.6 /
75

.1
.5.1.3 :
.1.5.1.3 :
2 ": " 3
.4
.2.5.1.3 :5 "
" 6 '' '' ''

.
.3.5.1.3 :7 " "
'' ''
'' )
( '' )
(.
.1 .166
.2 .197
.3.99 /
.4 .197
.5 .
.6.41 /
.7 .161
76
.4.5.1.3 :
1 " : " 2
.
.5.5.1.3 :3
" : " 4
.5
.6.5.1.3 :6
'' ": " 7 ''
.

.
.1 .160
.2.154 /
.3 .
.4. 94 /
.5 .199
.6 .
.7.4 /
77
.6.1.3 :
.1.6.1.3 : 1
'' ": " 2
'' .
.2.6.1.3 :
3 :

'' '' '' '' .4

.7.1.3 :
.1.7.1.3 :
.
.2.7.1.3 :
-
": " 5

.
.1 .180
.2.1 /
.3 .181
.4 .186
.5.12 /
78
.2.3 :Ground :
.1.2.3 :Ordinary Metaphor
- -
1 " : " 2
''
.3

.
.2.2.3 :Original Metaphor

.

4 :

.1 .192
.2.168 /
.3 .
.4 .195
79

:
: " " Mental Classification
" "
Henry Watson Fowler" " .David Edward Cooper ""
"" " : " Live Metaphor" " Dead
Metaphor

.1 " "
:
the more we forget that it is being used instead of a literal
2
equivalent, the deader is the metaphor.
"
".
) (.
. Henry Watson Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1926, P. 348-349.
. David E. Cooper, Metaphor , Basil Blackwell, Oxford , 1986, P. 119.
80
1
2
: " " Peter Newmark

.
.1 :Dead Metaphor

.
'
1
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ''points of view
2
' 'buy his share' 'lend a hand' 'seeds of doubt' 'branches of government' world
.'wide web
.2 :Clich Metaphor
.

3
He is head over ' :
4'heel in love ' : ) (' They breathe

5profits; they eat the interest on money The Grapes of Wrath
' '.
.3 / :Standard/ Stock Metaphor

1
. Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, Longman, London, Ed.11, 2006, P. 106.

. Joseph Conrad, The End of the Tether, Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1995, P. 133/ 135 .
3
. Ibid., P. 107.
4
5
2
81
.

1
.
" " Heart of Darkness " " Joseph
:Conrad
Here and there a military camp lost in a wilderness, like a
needle in a bundle of hey cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile, and
2
death
"
" )(.
:
' '
''keep the pot boiling
' '
''Were in vicious circle
.4 :Adapted Metaphor " " Adapted
Stock Metaphor
.
' The
'ball in their court now

.1 ) (A Textbook of Translation .174
. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1995, P. 34.
82

' : ' . ' he holds all
'the cards

" ".1
.5 / :Recent Metaphor

. Womanizer ) head-hunting
( 2
.
.6 :Original Metaphor " " Creative
Metaphors

.
" " " Wilfred Owen
" 3 " "
:
.2 .181-180
.3 .181
83
In the offing the sea and the sky were welded together without a
1
joint
" " )(.

:
" " James Dickins
:
.2
.1 :Lexicalized Metaphors

'Tom knows his onions' : "
' 3 " /jackass" - - .
4 :
.1.1 : . the land is ' :
/ poor ' ' /until his crops fail ] [ '.5

.2.1 : .
' 'throw a new light on ' '.
. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, P. 31.

. James Dickins, Sndor Hervey, Ian Higgins, Thinking Arabic Translation, A course in translation method: Arabic
to English, Routledge, 2002, P. 147.
. " " Lexicalized metaphor " " Stock metaphor
2
" " Idioms .

3
. Ibid., P. 147.
4
. Ibid., P. 149.
5
. John Steibeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. 43.
84
.3.1 : .
' 'head-hunting ' 'with it .
.2 :Non-Lexicalized Metaphor

' 'Tom is a tree whose leaves protect us all ' elephant 1'tiger
' 'turtle ' /red' ' / red country ' 2
.
:
.1.2 :Conventionalized Metaphor

.
. ' bombard
'with questions ' ' ' 'he redeployed his troops

3
The Grapes of Wrath ') 4'words bubbled out
(
. James Dickins, Thinking Arabic Translation, P. 147.
. The Grapes of Wrath ""

"" .
2

. Dickins, op. cit., P. 149.
4
. Steinbeck, op. cit., P. 419.
3
.
'' " "
.
85
') 1'A shadow crossed the womans face ( 2

.
.2.2 :
.

.
3'Tom is a tree' : The Grapes of Wrath
:
During a night the wind raced faster over the land, dug
cunningly among the rootlets of the corn, and the corn fought
the windWhen the night came again i twas black night, for the
4
stars could not pierce the dust to go down
: " " " "

:
.1 :Strutural Metaphors
" " "
.2 .481
. James Dickins, Thinking Arabic Translation, P. 149-150.

" . " 24 1941
. " "

.
86
" " "

Knowledge Structure .
""
Motion ' 'the time is motion /
:1
' '
'
'1. 'Time Passing is Motion of an Object

2. 'Time Passing is an Observers Motion
'
'over Landscape
:2
][...
)(
a- They were afraid, now that the

3
...
1.
time had come
b- In the weeks following next

Tuesday
" : ][
")(

a- Jus come to pass the time, Ma

4
2.
said daintily.
b- Were getting close to Christmas
.2 )( :Ontological Metaphors
' 'objects / ' 'substances /
. Zoltn Kvecses, METAPHOR, A Practical Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2010, P. 37.
.

.
2
. Ibid., P. 38.
4
. Ibid., P. 418.
3
87

.1
'' life

:
' 'Life is a physical substance' (ontological metaphor) life is a creature
(stractural metaphor).
' ' ) ( ' ' ) (.

' ' :
' ][
You aint tellin me how to skin

2
] ['
my life
' ][ woman got all her life in her

3
'
arm
' 'Personification /
4
:The Grapes of Wrath
' '
]The earth drank the rain, until [it

was full5
. Zoltn Kvecses, METAPHOR, P. 38.

3
. Ibid., P. 577.
4
. Kvecses, op.cit., P. 39.
5
. Steinbeck, op.cit., P. 589.
2
88

.
.3 :Orientational Metaphors

.
' ' Target Domains
' /'
' : /'...1
) (

) ( :
) up (. ) down (.2 .4 :

" " 3
" " 4
. Zoltn Kvecses, METAPHOR, P. 40.
. See: Ibid., P. 40.
.3 .119
.4 .
89
1
2
" " 1
" "2
"
" 3

4
.5
" " " "
Semantic Event Semantic Innovation

:
[Metaphor] is at once an event and a meaning, an event that
6
means or signifies an emergent meaning created by language
"
" )(.
:
in this way, the innovation of an emergent meaning can be
taken as a linguistic creation. And if it is adopted by a significant
part of the linguistic community, it in turn can become a common
.1 .15
.2 .158
.3 : . . 1966 .106
.4 .119
.5 .119
. Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, P. 114 (adapt).
90
meaning and add to the polysemy of lexical entities, thus

1
contributing to the history of the language as code or system
"

" )( .

.
"
" " " :
:

.
: .
: .
:
.
.2
.2 .120
91
:
.1

.

"" ""
.

.
" " Conceptual System
.

"" "" " " :
if we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is
largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience,
2
and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor

.1 .121
. George Lakoff & Mark Johnsen, Metaphors we live by, P. 8.
92

.1

.
"" kindness "" cruelty
" " conceptual metaphors:
' '
''Kindness is heat
' '
''Cruelty is cool

.
:
" "
His voice was warm

3
" ") 4 (
warm
His eyes were warm

5
" " :
. George Lakoff & Mark Johnsen, Metaphors we live by, P. 8.
. 2 . 474
. 4 . 63
93
" "" " :

"
Als voice was cold.'Youre

2
"
"
gonna fight your way in
Her face herdened and her

4
eyes grew cold
'' ''
' ' ' '

.
. 1 . 703
. 3 .117
94
/ :
.1 :

.

1950

Constructivist Approach

Non-Constructivist Approach

.1
.
.
. Andrew Ortony, Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, U.K, Ed. 2, 1993, P. 2.
95
"" Hellsten " "

Semantic Theory "" Words
" " Pragmatic Theories

" " Constructivist Theory

.1

:
.1.1 :Substitution Theory " " The Word
Metaphor

" " "" .2Semiotics

''

.3
1
. Hellsten, I. Monistettu Dolly: johdatusta metafora-analyysiin, 1998. In A. Kantola, I. Moring and E. Vliverronen
(eds.) Media-analyysi: tekstist tulkintaan.Helsingin Yliopiston Lahden tutkimus- ja koulutuskeskus. Tampere:
Tammerpaino, P. 67, cited in: Paula Turunen, Metaphorical expressions used by university students about
themselves as learners of English and about their teachers (A Pro Gradu Thesis in English), Department of
Languages, Faculty of Humanities, UNIVERSITY OF JYVSKYL, 2003, P. 9.
2
. Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, P. 2-3.
3
. Maysoon Zahri, Metaphor and Translation (A thesis submitted to The University of Salford for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY), Department of Modern Languages, University of Salford, 1990, P. 42.
96
" " Pragmatics

.1
:
' '
''Man is human being
' " '
' 'Man is a wolf
' '
""

" " Semantics

' '
' '

''
" " " " . 2Pragmatics
" "

' 'Orange
1
. Chiaki Ohkura, The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics with at Least Two Coordination
Equilibria, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Japan, P. 58.
2
. Ibid., P. 56-57.
97
' 'orange
' 'Orange
) (Adjective ''orange
.1
.2.1 :Comparison Theory " "

.

(1954) (330B.C) Rhetoric
.

" ":
If a writer holds that a metaphor consists in the presentation of
the underlying analogy or similarity, he will be taking what I
2
shall call a comparison view of metaphor
"
)( " )(

*'Implicit reduced analogy' ' 'Richard is a lion
. Mark Johnson, Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor, University of Minnesota Press, USA, 1981, P. 69.
. Max Black, Models & metaphors: studies in language and philosophy, Ithaca. Cornell Univessity Press, 1962,
P.33, cited in: Ibid., P. 71.
* . .
2
98
' 'Richard is brave

'Richard is like a lion, in so far as they are both brave' :
.1
: ) (A ) (B
' 'Identity ) (A) = (B
' 'Resemblances :
)(A) having property (x) is like (B) having property (y
) (A ) (x ) (B )(y
'' .2
" "

'C' Ground
'B' Vehicle : ) (A ) (B ) (A ) (C
' 'B ' 'C
' 'A'. 3'B

1
. Graham Harman, Guerrilla Metaphysics: Phenomenology and the Carpentry of Things, Open Court Publishing,
2005, P. 117.
2
. Sean Day, Synaesthesia and Synaesthetic Metaphors, Psyche, Vol. 32, N 2, July 1996, (from: http: // psyche. cs.
monash. edu. au/v2/ psyche- 2/32- day.html), no page, accessed in (35- 12- 2013).
3
. Cristhian Welter, Metaphors We Drill By? An Analysis of the Metaphors Used in the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Discourse (Bachelor Thesis), GRIN verlag, 2010, P. 7.
99

" " :
Comparison view is a special case of a substitution view. For it
holds that the metaphorical statement might be replaced by an
1
equivalent literal comparison

.2
.
" " :3
A metaphor is a trope, which is expanded from the literal
meaning of the word through the means of analogy. The literal
expression is substituted by a metaphorical expression while the
semantic meaning remains the same, so the metaphor can be
replaced by the original word. A metaphor offers no new
information about the expression.
"

"
) (.
1
. Mark Johnson, Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor, P. 71.

. Graham Harman, Guerrilla Metaphysics, P. 117.
3
. Paula Turunen, Metaphorical expressions used by university students about themselves as learners of English and
about their teachers, P. 10.
2
100
""
The Rule of Metaphor
"" Similarity " " Analogy
:
similarity, , is a vague notion, if not an empty one. , it owes
more to subjective appreciation than to objective observation1
" ...
... " )(.

:

She is a lily of valley
She is a dewy red rose
:
)(
She is beautiful

' '

101

.1
" " Day Sean
'the
'violin gave a sour sound ' '

:
'
' )(.
'the violin gave a sound like or

'?? similar to the sourness of
'
' )(.
'The violins sound was like a

2
'???s sourness
)
( 3

.4
. Chiaki Ohkura, The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics, P. 58.
. Sean Day, Synaesthesia and Synaesthetic Metaphors, no page, (from http: // psyche. cs. monash. edu. au/v2/
psyche- 2/32- day.html), accessed in (5- 12- 2013).
3
. Ohkura, op.cit., P. 58.
4
. Ibid., P. 59.
2
102
""
"
") *1(.

.
.3.1 :Interaction Theory " " " "
Richards, I. A. ) (

2 :
"As the two things put together are more remote, the tension
3
"created is, of course, greater
" ] [
" )(.


. Original text: it is more enlightening to say that the metaphor creates the similatrity than that the metaphor
gives verbal form [expresses] to some pre-existent similarity.
2
3
. Richards, I. A., The Philosophy of Rhethorics, Oxford University Press, 1965, P. 125.
*
103

.1

"" Tenor" " .Vehicle

.
""

" ".2
" " 1954
3Metaphor "" . "

" Focus
" " 4Frame " "
. ' 'a wolf ' 'man is a wolf
' 'man is .5
. Miriam Taverniers, Metaphor and Metaphorology: A Selective Genealogy of Philosophical and Linguistic
Conceptions of Metaphor from Aristotle to the 1990s, Academia press, 2002, P. 21.
3
. Ibid., P.22.
4
& . Ning Yu,The contemporary theory of metaphor: A perspective from Chinese, John Benjamins, Amsterdam
Philadelphia, Netherlands & USA, 1998, P. 10.
5
2
104

.1
"" :
. ) (.Principal or Primary Subject :
. )(.Subsidiary or Secondary Subject :
""
"
" System of Commonplaces
.
.2
""
"" " Transfer " Associated System of
Commonplaces
"" Lens /Filter

. *3
. Miriam Taverniers, Metaphor and Metaphorology, P. 24.

. Eileen Cornell Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands,
1991, P. 46.
3
. Ibid., P. 47.
*
. The original text: the metaphor and the associated system of commonplaces serve as a filter to organize and
highlight certain aspects of the primary subjest and hide other aspects.
2
105

' 'life is a stage

''.1
"" )(
:
Suppose I look at the night sky through a piece of heavily
smoked glass on witch certain lines have been left clear. Then I
shall see only the stars that can be made to lie on the lines
previously prepared upon the screen, We can think of a
metaphor as such a screen and the system of "associated
commonplaces" of the focal word as the network of lines upon
the screen. We can say that the principal subject is seen
2
through the metaphorical expression
"

...

) "...(.
. Maysoon Zahri, Metaphor and Translation, P. 40.

. Miriam Taverniers, Metaphor and Metaphorology, P. 24 - 25.
106

.1
""

.
' 'Man is a wolf

....

" " Shift
of Meaning .2
""
Ideas "" " " System of Ideas
.3
. Eileen Cornell Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, P. 47.

. Ibid., P. 47.
3
2
107

.1
"" :
' '
' '.

.2

.
.
:
.
.
.

.

. Andrew Ortony, Metaphor and Thought, P. 27.
108
1
2
.
.1

.2

:
""

. .
""

"".3

"" Davidson
" ")*4(.
1

. Miriam Taverniers, Metaphor and Metaphorology, P. 25-26.
3
4
*
. The original text: Metaphor belongs exclusively to the domain of use.
2
109
"" ''

1

.2
""

"" :
metaphorical meaning is an effect of the entire statement, but
it is focused on one word, which can be called the metaphorical
3
word
"
" )( .
"" Searle"" ""

3
2
110

.1
""

:
A stubborn and unconquerable flame/ creeps in his veins and
2
drinks the streams of life
" " )(.

' 'fever '' ''
.3

:
.4.1 :Contextual Theory of Metaphor
"" Context

" ... ".4
1

3
. Ibid., P. 50.
.4 47 )( 2004
2
23 2005 .102
111

.1
""

"" Form "" Content
" 2
".3
"" " " Verbal Shifting
4 :
"

".5
. Phillip Stambovsky, The Depictive Image: Metaphor and Literary Experience, The University of Massachusetts
Press, 1988, P. 33.
.2 11 66
1990 .51
.3 .
.4 .
5
. See: The Philosophy of Rhetoric, P. 89 ff.; Ogden, C.K., and Richards, I. A., The Meaning of Meaning. Harcourt,
Brace & Company, New York, 1948, P. 158ff.; Bilsky, M., I. A., Richards Theory of Metaphor, Modern Philology
50, (1952), PP.130- 137; Empson, W., The Structure of Complex Words, Chatto & Windus, London, 1964,P. 331ff.,
. cited in: 52
112
.5.1 :Intuitionistic Theory of Metaphor

""
Intuition .1

.2
"" W. M. Urban

.3
"" M. C. Beardsley ""
"

.1 .52
.2 1997 115
.103
3
. Urban, W. M. , Language and Reality; The Philosophy of Language and the Principles of Symbolism, George
Allen & Unwin, Ltd., London, 1939, P. 462f; Analysis of Metaphor, cited in:
.53 -52
113
.
".1
.6.1 :

2 "
...
...
3"... )
( ) ( . " "

. ""
*.
"" :
:
.
. Beardsley M.C., Aesthetics, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1958, P. 135f; Beyond the Letter, P.82ff, cited
. in: 53
.2 .103 /99
.3 .102
* . : ) = ( / : )
(.
114
:
.1
:
.
""

.2

"

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.7.1 : " " " " .

.
.1 .99
.2 .100
.3 : .107
115
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" " :
1

.

.
" 2

".3
.1 3
2002 .19
.2 .20
.3 .
116
.2 :

.

:
.1.2 Equivalent Message Approach to
:Metaphor Translating " " John Beekman" " John Callow
"
" Translating the word of God, with Scriptures and Topical Indexes
) (1974
.

1
.2
3 .
1
. Beekman J. and Callow J., Translating the word of God, with Scripture and Topical Indexes, Grand Rapids:
Zondervan Pub. House, 1974, P. 150.
2
. Ibid., P. 123, cited in: Toshikazu S. Foley, Biblical Translation in Chinese and Greek, Koninklijke Brill NV,
Leiden, The Netherlands, 2009, P. 41.
3
. Ibid., P. 41.
117

.1
)(
) ( ) (
" "*
Metaphorical Meaning
.2

.3
:
.

.4Gloss
. Beekman J. and Callow J., Translating the word of God, P. 143.

. Ibid., P. 143.
3
. Ibid., P. 144.
1
2
* . : .
118
. Ibid., P. 144.
. 1 .2
. .3

4
.5
.2.2 / :The Source/ Target Languages bias Approach
" " Vanden
Broeck " "

The Limits of Translatability Exemplified by Metaphor Translation .1981
" "
.

.6
. Beekman J. and Callow J., Translating the word of God, P.104, cited in: Toshikazu Foley, Biblical Translation in
Chinese and Greek, P. 42.
2
. Beekman and Callow, op. cit., P. 144.
3
. Ibid., P. 145.
4
. Ibid., P. 145.
5
. Ibid., P. 150.
6
. Raymond Vanden Broeck, The Limits of Translatability Exemplified by Metaphor Translation, Poetics Today,
Vol. 2, N 4, Translation Theory and Intercultural Relations, Summer Autumn 1981, P. 85.
1
119
""
:
.1 :Operational Definition
"" Categories "" Functions
" " Uses .
.2 "" Transferring
"" Modes .
.3 )( .
.4
.1

"
" Lexicalized Metaphors
"" " " "" Private or Bold Metaphors
""
Traditional or Conventional Metaphors
.2

. Vanden Broeck, The Limits of Translatability Exemplified by Metaphor Translation, P. 74.
. Ibid., P. 75.
120
1
2

" " Puns
.1

"
" *2 "" "
" Creative Metaphors" " Decorative Metaphors

** ""
.3

.

. Ibid., P. 77.
*
. The original text: "metaphor may differ in function from text to text , from language to language and from culture
to culture".
** . .
3
. Ibid., P. 76.
2
121

.1

:
.1 :Translation Sensu stricto
- -
:
.
.
.

.
.2 :Substitution
.
.3 :Paraphrase
.
. "" "" Literal translation
Onomasiological translation Semasiological translation Discursive translation .

122

.1
""

2

Contextual Information
Socio-Cultural Information .*3Intertextual Information
" " Poetic Metaphors ""

.


. Ibid., P. 78.
3
. Ibid., P. 79.
*
. Contextual information = Linguistic level / Socio-cultural information = Situational or Extra-linguistic level /
Intertextual infprmation = Literary-aesthetic level.
2
123
1
:
) 'the Midas touch' ( :

"
"" "
.
) 'to open up a Pandoras box' ( :
""
""
.
) 'to cut the Gordian knot' ( :
""

.

""

3
1

. Nick Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, P. 385.
. 'David and Goliath' 'mumbo jumbo' :
'...'to be in cloud cuckoo land' 'a Milch cow' 'real McCOY' 'the walls of Jericho' 'manna from Heaven.
. Broeck, op. cit., P. 81.
124

. ""

.1
"" :

.

.

.

.2
"" :
. .
. " "

""
. Ibid., P. 84.
125
1
2
Contextual "" Semantic "" Pragmatic ""

Poetic " " .Metalingual
.

" " .Non-Cultural Bound Metaphor
- -

1 "
" "
' ' ".2
. Henri Meschonnic, Potique du traduire, Editions Verdier, Paris, 1999, P. 83/ 108.
.2 1 )( 2010 .61
. Le texte original: traduire un pome, Meschonnic la dit, cest dabord en crire un , cit dans: Antoine
Berman, La Traduction et la Lettre ou Lauberge du Lointain, Editions du Seuil, Paris, Ed. 1, novembre 1999 P. 40.
126
. Creative
Metaphors

.1
.3.2 :Literal Translation Priority Approach "
" " " Approaches to Translation

:
.1.3.2 :Reproducing the Same Image in the TL
""

One Word Metaphors ' 'ray of hope
' 'despoir Rayon " " Complex
Metaphors ""
'sa vie ne tient qu un fil' : 'his life hangs on a
'thread ''cast a shadow over

' ' jeter un ombre sur .
"" '' Ground
'' Event '' Quality '' Entity
. Raymond Broeck, The Limits of Translatability Exemplified by Metaphor Translation, P. 84.
127

.'Golden hair /cheveux dor' : ""

''
.1
.2.3.2 Replacement of
:the Image in the SL with a Standard TL Image

""

.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do
Jump into the lions mouth
Il faut hurler avec les loups

Se fourrer dans la gueule du loup
' 'leg ''pied

"" "" " " Euphemism

.2
.3.3.2 Translation of Metaphor by
:Simile

. Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, P. 88.

. Ibid., P. 89.
128
1
2

""
.1

"" :
'these crypt like areas where
'beauty is manufactured
'ces zones cryptuaires o

)slabore la beaut' (Barthes
'The painters brush spreads the
'La brosse de peinture tartine le

corps humain sur dnormes
surfaces' (Claudel).
human body over vast surfaces,

like butter over bread' 2
.4.3.2 ) ( Translation of
*
) :Metaphor by Simile plus Sens (or occasionally a Metaphor plus Sens

" " " " Semantic and
Communicative translation

.


. Ibid., P. 90.
1
2
* .
) (same metaphor combined with sense

' the tongue is a fire : '
' A fire ruins things; what we say also ruins things : .
.91
129

.
"" :
'a whole repertoire of medical quackery
'such as Molire might have
'Tout un vocabulaire
)moliresque' (Barthes
'He is as sharp and cunning as a fox' 1
''Cest un renard
.5.3.2 :Conversion of Metaphor to Sense

.
""
" " Original
2Metaphor

.3
. Peter Newmark, Approaches to translation, P. 90.
. .
. Ibid., P. 90.
. SL TL
TL :
)( ) ( . )( SL TL . .

: . : .266
. Ibid., P. 91.
130
.6.3.2 :Delition

.1

.

. -
- *
.
. Peter Newmark, Approaches to translation, P. 91.
* .
' 'dowry
. Michael Mayor, LONGMAN
.Dictionary of American English, P. 303
131
:

.

.
:

:

132
:
.

"" "" :
""
:
. " "

:

.

""

.
133

.

.

134
""
.
" "
The Grapes of Wrath
"" " " " "
" " "
" " " .
135

The Grapes of Wrath

:
" "
" " The Grapes of Wrath

.

"" "" ""
"" .
137
/ :
.1 :
" " 1902
"" Salinas "".1
""
2 ""

.
"" 1919 31925
.4

1925

) . (
""
"" " "
. Cynthia Burkhead, Student Companion to John Steinbeck, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut London,
2002, P. 1.
2
. Ibid., P. 2.
3
. Ibid., P. 3.
4
. Ibid., P. 6.
138
Cup of Gold 11929 " "

To a God Unknown .
"" " " Carol Henning 1930
"" ""

In Dubious BattleOf Mice and Man
The Grapes of Wrath

)2 (.
""

1943
The Moon
is Down ""
. Cynthia Burkhead, Student Companion to John Steinbeck, P. 4.
. "" ""

.. Ibid., P. 5 :
. Ibid., P. 5.
. "" The Grapes of Wrath Of Mice and Man

1943 ""
"" " " " " Gwyn
Conger ""
"" "" ..Ibid., P. 7-8 :
139

.1
"" "" 1944

Cannery Row
1945
""
1945
2
"" 1951
3East of Eden )41952 (.

1954 "" Sweet Thursday

""

. Ibid., P. 8.
1
2
. "" ""

A Russian Journal "" East of
Eden ""
1948 "" ""
..Ibid., P. 8-9 :
. Ibid., P. 9.
. Ibid., P. 10.
3
4
. "" " " Elaine Scott ""

"" 1951 .. Ibid., P. 9 :
140
The Short Reign of Pippin IV 1957

.1
""

" " Propaganda Novel
The Moon is Down
2The Grapes of Wrath
"" .1940

1961 1962 "" The Winter of
Our Discontent Travels with Charley .

""

The Grapes of Wrath
)3
(.
"" 1966

1

. Ibid., P. 11.
3
. Ibid., P. 12.
2
141
1968

) 1 (.
.2 :
1938 The
Grapes of Wrath "" :

If I could do this book properly it would be one of the really fine
2
books and truly an American book
"
" )(
""
" " *3

"" " " :Carl Wilhelmson
4
Never worked so hard in my life nor so long before
" " )(
""
1929 1939

1
. Cynthia Burkhead, Student Companion to John Steinbeck, P.13.

. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. VII.
3
. Joseph R. McElrath, Jesse S. Crisler, Susan Shillinglaw, John Steinbeck The Contemporary Reviews, Cambridge
University Press, 1996, P. 156.
*
. The original text: perhaps the greatest single creative work that this country has produced.
4
. Steinbeck, op. cit., P. VIII.
2
142

.1

"" ""

.2

3
"" :
Well, maybe a fella aint got a soul of his own, but ony a
4
piece of a big one
" " Interchapters

" " Survival 5
"" Change 6
""


. Rebecca Wolffberg, Gaihede Troels, The Grapes of Wrath, Truth or Myth, Arvidsson, Hkan, Jun 2005, no page.
3
. James Gray, John Steinbeck, Pamphlets on American Writers, N94, University of Minnesota PressMinneapolis,
1971, P. 43.
4
5
. Joseph R. McElrath, John Steinbeck The Contemporary Reviews, P. 153.
6
. Ibid., P. 171.
2
143
:2 1' /We' ' /I'

For here I lost my land is changed; a cell is split and from
its splitting grows the thing you hate_ We lost our land.The
danger is here, for two men are not as lonely and perplexed as
one. And from this first we there grows a still more dangerous
thing: I have a little food plus I have none. If from this
problem the sum is We have a little food the thing is on its way,
the movement has direction.Only a little multiplication now, and
this land, this tractor are oursThis is the beginning_from I to
we.
"The Grapes of Wrath ""

" 3Contrapuntal Structure "
Narrative Chapters "
Lyrical Chapters " "
4Parables " "

.5""
The final effect is symphonic, with the interchapters providing
the effect of the full orchestra and those chapters focusing on the
Joad family providing the solos.
. See: John T. Matthews, A Companion to the Modern American Novel 1900 1950, Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
2009, P. 362. And Cynthia Burkhead, Student Companion to John Steinbeck, P. 67.
2
3
. Ibid., P. XI.
4
. James Gray, John Steinbeck, P. 15.
5
144
""
1 ""

" "*2
:3 ""
Wilson jumped up. Why, sure. Why, wed be proud. We
certainy would. You hear that, Sairy?
Its a nice thing, said Sairy. Wouldn be a burden on you
folks?
No, by God, said Pa. Wouldnt be a burden at all. You d
be helpin us.
Wilson settled back uneasily. Well, I donno.
Whats a matter, don you wanta?
Well, ya see_ I ony got bout thirty dollars lef, an I wont
be no burden,
Ma said, You wont be no burden. Eachll help each, an
well all get to California. Sairy Wilson heped lay Grampa out,
and she stopped. The relationship was plain.
Al cried, That carll take six easy. Say me to drive, an
Rosasharnan Connie and Granma. Then we take the big light
stuff an pile her on the truck. An well trade off ever so often.
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. XI.

*
. Words portrayed by characters are profane, lewd and blasphemous: fuck, shit, screw, etc.
3
. Steinbeck, op.cit., P. 202.
2
145

""
Elision

:1
Tom said, Im [am] gonna go down an [and] take a
]bathHows [is] Granma [Grandmother]?...Couldn [Couldnt
seem to wake her up
Tom says we get the livin [living] Jesus burned outa [out
of] us
]Shes [is] jes [just] wore outAnybody comin [coming
with mewell, were [are] herewhat ya [do you] think, Pa
?][father

" " Eucharist
""
"" ""
""

. :
we got to get [going to] gonna [public road] highway [people] folks [to be or to have + not] aint [men] Fellas
.[you cant repair it] you cant fix her (the car) [we have to sleep] some sleepJohn Steinbeck, The Grapes of :
.Wrath, P. 201/203
1
. Ibid., P. 276-277.
146
"" "" "" Ananias

1 :2
I figgered about the Holy Spirit and the Jesus road. I
?figgered, Why do we got to hang it on God or Jesus
honesty in the preachers eyes. You cant hold no
church with idears like that,
The preacher said slowly_heres you that I baptized right
when I was in the glory roof-tree.
?Well_did you take any good outa that baptizin
" " Alternate Chapters

""
""
"" 3

4 5

:6
A gentle wind followed the rain clouds, driving them on
northward, a wind that softly clashed the drying cornThe wind
grew stronger, whisked under stones, carried up straws and old
1
. Harold Bloom, Blooms Guides, Comprehensive Research and Study Guides, John Steinbecks The Grapes of
Wrath, Chelsea House Publishers, 2005, P. 58/ 60.
2
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. 32-33.
3
4
5
. McElrath, op.cit., P. 182.
6
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. 4-5.
147
leaves, and even little clods, marking its course as it sailed

across the fieldsDuring a night the wind raced faster over the
land, dug cunningly among the rootlets of the corn, and the corn
fought the wind with its weakened leaves until the roots were
freed by the prying windthe wind cried and whimpered
When the night came again it was black night, for the stars could
not pierce the dust to get down
The Grapes of Wrath

"" 1
2

31992
.4
.3 :
The Grapes of Wrath

. ""

""
1

. Steinbeck said that the one commandment of life is to be and survive. His work may be said to fulfill that
commandment.
3
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. IX.
4
. Ibid., P. X.
2
148

.1
The Grapes of Wrath :
" .1 " :Joad, Tom The Grapes of Wrath
"" .
" " Jim Casey

.2
""
""

.3

.4
" .2 " :Casy, Casey, Jim ""

1

. Jeffrey Schultz, Luchen Li, Critical Companion to John Steinbeck: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work,
Facts On File, Inc., USA, 2005, P. 108.
3
. Burkhead, op. cit., P. 70-71.
4
. Schultz, op. cit., P. 108.
2
149
"" ""
"" 1 ""

""

""
There aint no sin and there aint :
2no virtue. Theres just stuff people do

.3 Maybe all men got one big soul everbodys a part of :
""

.4
" .3 " :Joad, Ma "" Noah" " Tom" " Rose Of
Sharon"" Al"" Ruthie"" Winfield .The Grapes of Wrath
. Jeffrey Schultz, Critical Companion to John Steinbeck P. 106.
. .

. Ibid., P. 33.
4
3
150
1

2
:
The eyes of the whole family shifted back to Ma. She was the
3
power. She had taken control
:
" .1 " ) :Rose Of Sharon (Rosasharn " " Connie Rivers
"" The Grapes of Wrath

.4
" .2 " ) :Joad Pa (Old Tom " " "
" "" "" " " "" ""
.
. Jeffrey Schultz, Critical Companion to John Steinbeck, P. 107.

3
. Note : Minor characters are driven by theme rather than by plot requirements.
4
. Jeffrey Schultz, Critical Companion to John Steinbeck, P. 108-109.
2
151

) 1 ( .

" "
.2
" .3 " ) :Joad, Grampa (William James Joad
. ""
""

""
.
""
"" .3Bethany
" .4 " :Joad Granma
"" .
. The original text is: He is a lean, aging man, whose authority as head of the family is slowly ceded to his wife as
he gives in to the helplessness of their situationhe is unable to adjust and effectively respond to the series of
misfortunes besetting his family. See: Ibid., P. 108.
2
3
. Jeffrey Schultz, Critical Companion to John Steinbeck, P. 106 107.
152

"".1
" .5 " :Graves Muley

. "" ""
" "
.2Uncle John
""
"" ""
""
.3
" .6 " :Joad, Uncle John " " The Grapes
of Wrath ""

""

" "

. Ibid., P. 106.
3
2
153

"".1
" .7" :Joad, Al "" ""

.
"" "" ""
""

" " Aggie Wainright

2 ""
""
.3
" .8 " :Joad Noah ""
4
.

. Ibid., P. 106.
3
4
. Schultz, op. cit., P. 107-108.
2
154
"" ""

.1
" .9 " :Rivers Connie " "

.2 .3
".10 " :Joad Ruthie ""
"" .
"" "" " " Hooper
Ranch ""
.4
".11 " :Joad Winfield ""
.5
" .12 " :Feeley, willy
""
.6

. Ibid., P. 74.
3
4
. Ibid., P. 108.
5
. Ibid., P. 108.
6
. Ibid., P. 106.
2
155
" .13 " :Knowles, Floyd

""

.1
".14 " :Thomas, Mister ""
"" " " Valley
Growers Association "" Weedpatch
.2Camp
".15 " :Wainright Family ""
""
"" "" ""
"" .3
".16 " :Wilsons, The "" Ivy "" Sairy
""
""
"" . ""
""

. Ibid., P. 109.
3
. Ibid., P. 109.
2
156

"".1
.4 :
""
"" " "

.
"" " "
""
.
"" ""
"" ""
"".
66
"" . "
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"" "" .
"" ""
.
157
"" ""
"" ""
. ""

.
"" ""

"" "" "
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"" Hooverville
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""
.
158
""
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.
""

.
"" ""

""
" " .
"" ""
.
"" "" ""
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"" .
159
""

. ""

.

.

""
.
160
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" " 1926

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" " Surface Meaning and Deep Meaning
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. .
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, the last rains came gently, and they did not cut the
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scarred
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//
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//
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' fissured, cracked, /
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167

.
' 'the scarred earth

1
" " Eamonn McGrath :The Charnel House
at least until summer came in and clothed a scarred earth
with kindliness
" " John Fowles :The magus

A hundred yards ahead a long line of men trotted slowly across
the scarred earth towards some shattered trees and broken
2
walls
" " :
" ... "
" " " " Eugene Nida

" ...
. Madhusree Mukerjee, The Scarred Earth: Tsunami-Spawning Quake leaves Geophisical Changes, Scientific
American, Scientific American, INC., March 2005, P. 18.
. Eamonn McGrath, The charnel house , The Black staff Press Ltd, Belfast, 1990 : British :
(BNC) National Corpus www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk : 100
:

....
2
. See: London J. Fowles, The magus, Pan Books Ltd, 1988, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk), accessed in (03-062014).
.3 .5
168
" 1

" " ' 'the scarred earth ' ' ' cracked
'earth
"" .
" " Litaral Meaning " " Figurative
Meaning ""

.
:
" "
:
In the last part of May the sky grew pale 2
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pale.
//
//
]grew [dim,unbright, light colored

pale
//
//
//
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//
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3English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
' 'pale sky
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" " Ruth Rendell Master of the Moor
:
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phosphorescence rather than illuminate it, the region resembled
4
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.310
2
. Macmillan Dictionary and Thesaurus (from: www.macmillandictionary.com/), accessed in (03-06-2014).

. English Language & Usage Stack Exchange (from: http://english.stackexchange.com/), accessed in (03-062014).
4
. See: Ruth Rendell, Master of the moor, Arrow Books Ltd, London, 1988, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/),
accessed in (11-06-2014).
3
170

"".
' 'the sky grew pale " " :
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2
' 'pale '' ''
" "
- - Verbal Word Order
- - 3Nominal Word Order ''
' 'grew pale ' 'grew '.'pale
''
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.'...
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).(2014-06-13
.
'' ' '... ''
.
.3 2005 .44
171

""

"" .1
:
until the roots were freed by the prying wind 2
1. Literal meaning: until the roots were ____ by the prying wind
//
//
//
//
freed
//
//
were [ pulled up] by the prying wind

][animate
//
freed
//
//
//
roots
][animate
//
Figurative
2. Tenor: until the

//
//
Vehicle:

' 'freed ''
' 'pulled-up roots /

' 'Okies .

.3 )-( 2003 1 .557
172
1
2
' 'roots were freed

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.
" " :
" "
""
"" "
" 2 ''
' 'the wind could finally destabilize its roots/
'' ' '

""

3
4
'' "
.1 .7
.2 .13
. ' ' ' 'destabilization of its roots .
http://ar.glosbe.com/ar/en/ : ).(2014-06-07
. .
. HasanGhazala, TRANSLATION AS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS, P. 246.
. .
.4 11 .221
173
" 1

.
' roots were
'pulled up
.
'' ''
:
" "
:
, and the wind cried and whimpered over the
fallen corn 2
________ over the fallen corn.
//
//
//
//
whimpered

//
//
//
1. Literal meaning: and the wind ____ and
//
][howls
whimpered
cried
//
//
//
//
Figurative
2. Tenor: and the wind [blows] and

//
cried
][animate
//
Vehicle:
''cry
' 'whimper
.1 4 .181
. : ) (cause ) (effect .
. '' destabilization ''.pulling up
. - - .
174
""

"".
British National Corpus ' 'the wind cried' ][wind
'whimpered
.
:
" ... "

' 'cried ""
2
.
' 'whimpered ''
.

' '
.1 . 7
. Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, P .91.
175
" " "

":1

' ' ' ' :
"
"
' the wind cried and
'wimpered:
" "
:
3
; sleeping life waiting to be spread and dispersed
life waiting to be spread and dispersed.

//
//
//
//
//
waiting to be spread and dispersed.

//
//
//
// //
//
//
//
life
][animate
______ 1. Literal meaning:

: sleeping
//
Figurative
][quiet, unmoving
sleeping
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:

"" ' 'sleeping
' 'quiet life /
.1 : " " " " www.dorar-aliraq.net/.../1004- : ---
al-hakawati.net/arabic/civilizations/diwanindex6a28.pdf :
).(2014-06-13
.2 132 44269 12 1429 19 )( 2008
www.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2008/2/.../AMOD5.HTM ).(2014-06-13
176

""

] [
.
' 'sleeping life
Dark Dance
" " :Tanith Lee

1
''yours is only a sleeping life
" " Ruth
Rendell .2A Sleeping Life

:
" "
"" "
" Antoine Berman "

" 4
1
. Tanith Lee, Warner Books, London, 1993, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in (16-09-2014).
. Ruth Rendell, A Sleeping Life, Hutchinson & Doubleday, Ed. 1, UK - US, 8 May 1978. See: en. wikipedia. org/
wiki/ A_Sleeping_Life, accessed in (16-09-2014).
.3 .23
2
.4 .48
. :
Hypertextuel renvoie tout texte sengendrant par imitation, parodie, pastiche, adaptation, plagiat, ou toute autre
espce de transformation formelle, partir dun autre texte dj existant , cit dans: Antoine Berman, La
Traduction et la Lettre ou Lauberge du Lointain, P. 29.
177

'' ''
' 'life' 'sleeping .

.
:
, the wheels screamed and a cloud of dust boiled up 1
_______ .
and a cloud of dust
boiled up
//
//
//
//
//
_______ 1. Literal meaning: the wheels

screamed
//
//
//
Figurative
]2. Tenor: the wheels [made a rubbing sound] and a cloud of dust [rose in the air
boiled up
//
//
//
//
screamed
//
]Vehicle: [animate
' 'the wheels screamed''a cloud of dust boiled up

' 'screamed '' 2
.

' /boiled up'

.2 .1247
. / .
178

.
' 'the wheels screamed''a cloud of dust boiled up
BNC
" "
Nina Bawden :A Woman of My Age
We were coming up to a twist in the precipitous road; as we
swung round it, the wheels screamed and we seemed to swerve
1
towards the edge of the precipice

.BNC
"" :
" "

""
3
"" ""

1
. See: Nina Bawden, A woman of my age, Virago Press Ltd, London, 1991, (cited in: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/),
.2 .25
3
179
' /scream'
The Grapes of Wrath ""

' 'boil up
1 ""
"" .

'the sound of wheels raised and a cloud of dust rose up' :

:
" "
.1 : .157
180
:
the land is poor. You scrabbled at it [land] long enough1
_________ it long enough.
//
//
//
1. Literal meaning: the land is ____ You

poor
scrabbled at
//
//
//
is [unfertile] You [farmed, cultivated] it long enough

//
//
//
scrabbled at
poor
//
//
//
Figurative
the land
2. Tenor:
]Vehicle: [animate
' 'the land is poor

2
' 'poor '' ' unfertile
'land
.

' 'scrabble ' ' 3 ' 'farm
' 'cultivate

.
' 'the land is poor

.2 .1074
.3 .1246
181
CAMBRIDGE
:1Advanced Learners Dictionary

The land is so poor here that it cannot support any crops
a poor harvest
:2LONGMAN Dictionary of American English

The soil in this part of the country is poor
' 'the land is poor ' 'You scrabbled at it

BNC
.
" " :
" "

' 'poor ''
' '
""

.
. Elizabeth Walter, CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learners Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, Ed. 3, 2008, no
page.
2
.Michael Mayor, LONGMAN Dictionary of American English, P. 377.
.3 .49
. '' '.'weak
182

" " Littralisation
.
" " ' You scrabbled at it
'(land) long enough ' '

' 'you cultivated it
"" "

][ ] [ ...
'' ".2

:
" ][ "
. ' '
.
.1 : .60-59
.2 .55
. :
La traduction doit offrir un texte que lauteur tranger naurait pas manqu dcrire sil avait crit, par exemple
en franais. Ou encore : luvre doit faire la mme impression sur le lecteur darrive que sur le lecteur
dorigine . Voir: Antoine Berman, La Traduction et la Lettre ou Lauberge du Lointain, P. 35.
. ' 'the land is poor .
183
:
If they could only rotate the crops they might pump blood
back into the land 1
1. Literal meaning: they might __________________ the land
pump blood back into
the land
][the human body
//
][improve the fertility of

pump blood back into
//
Figurative //
they might
//
//
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:

' ' ' pump blood
'back
' 'render the land more fertile

.

BNC
"" The
.Grapes of Wrath
" " :
184
"
"

"" ""
" lAnalogie de
2Forme '' 'pump'

' 'inject / -
3-... .

.
:
" "
:
, a bank or a company cant do that, because those
creatures dont breathe air, 4
1. Literal meaning: because those ________ dont breathe air
//
//
//
creatures
//
//
//
Figurative
.1 .49
. '' ''
.
.2 .14
. .
.3 : .711
185
[institutions] dont breathe air

//
//
//
because those
creatures
//
//
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:

' 'creatures 1
' 'banks and companies

.
' 'creatures

Lahart Justin .2Central Banks Are Creatures of Financial Crises
" " :
"... "...
" " Traduction
Hypertextuelle "" "

" 4
" " ' 'creatures
''
.1 .335
. Justin Lahart, Central Banks Are Creatures of Financial Crises, The Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2009.
.3 .50
.4 .56
186

.
:
The bank _ When the monster stops growing, it dies 1
___ 1. Literal meaning: When the _______ stops growing, it
dies
//
//
//
monster
]stops growing, it [goes bankrupt

dies
//
//
//
//
//
][the bank
the monster
//
Figurative
When
//
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:
''monster
' ' Loch Ness Monster'

' Big Foot " " 2
' 'the bank /

.

' /dies'
' 'bankruptcy

.
.2 .352
187

British
.National Corpus
" " :
" "

" "Traduction Ethnocentrique ' 'monster
'' 2 ''
' 'bogey ''
"" " "3
''

4
.1 .50
. " " ' '
. :
47 .
.2 .893
.3.5 /
.4 .. 38 12453 16
1423 www.alriyadh.com/Contents/26-07.../MIS_37.php : www.almaany. com/
home. php? language.. ).(2014-09-13
188
' 'monster
.
" " ''it [bank] dies
.

.
:
" "
:
Cars lined up, noses forward, rusty noses1
____ 1. Literal meaning: Cars lined up, ____ forward, rusty
noses
//
//
noses
//
//
//
Figurative
]Cars lined up, [fronts] forward, rusty [fronts

noses
//
noses
//
//
//
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:

' 'nose '' 2 ' 'front

.
.2 .935
189

' 'nose
CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learners Dictionary :
The symbol was painted on each side of the planes nose1
Gliding safety :
it is his responsibility to decide whether the glider should be
manned at the nose or tail 2
:BNC
The nose cone of the plane was shrouded in shadow 3
From a trimmed 135 kts IAS I raised the nose and released the
wheel at 120 kts. 4
"" :
" "

""
'' ' 'noses
.6
1
. Elizabeth Walter, CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learners Dictionary, no page.

. Derek Piggott, Gliding safety, A & C Black (Publishers) Ltd, London, Ed. 2, 1998, P. 16.
3
. Alistair MacLean, Santorini, Fontana Press, London, 1987, (cited in: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in (0207-2014).
4
. Flyer, Insider Publications Ltd, 1991, (cited in: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in (02-07-2014).
2
.5 .94
.6 .935
190

" ""
")1(

''
" " :1-
" 1-
.
55 18.5 2014 "
""
:
" "
:
You re buying years of work, toil in the sun; youre buying
a sorrow that cant talk 3
1. Literal meaning: you are buying, _______ that cant talk
//
//
//
a sorrow
//
//
//
//
Figurative
you are buying [a land full of sad memories] that cant talk
//
//
//
][feel
[a deep] sorrow
//
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:
. :
To state that in poetry, any metaphor must always be replaced by another is an invitation to inaccuracy and can
only be valid for original metaphors
.2 1 - 11 ) ( 2014
www.alquds.co.uk/?p=132813 : ).(2014-09-16
191

' 'sorrow ' '

""

.
' 'Youre buying a sorrow
""
.
" " :
" .
"
"" " "

' 'Youre buying a sorrow
' 'buying' 'sorrow '' ''
.1 .1333
.2 .133
. . : 14 .35
192

.

.
:
"
1 "
:
And some day _ the armies of bitterness will all be going the
same way 2
________ will all be going the same way
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
bitterness
1. Literal meaning: the armies of

//
[bitter, angry people] will all be going the same way

will be accumulated
bitterness
//
//
//
the armies of
Figurative
2. Tenor:
]Vehicle: [a great deal of

' 'bitterness ' '
. ' 'sorrow ''

.
.1 " " . : 3
.381
. '' ''
'' '' .
193
1
' 'bitterness / ' 'bitter people /
.

""

.
' 'the armies of bitterness
Evolution So Far
.2
" " :
" "
.1 : .142
. " " Personifying metaphor

""
""
.
2
. See: Evolution So Far, The Armies of Bitterness, 8 juin 2004, (from: www.allmusic.com/album/...armies-ofbitterness.../cre, accessed in (16-09-2014).
.3 .134
194

""
' 'bitterness
' ' '
' 1 -
-
.
""

.
:
" "
. " : : " . : 4
.133-132
. .
. Michael Mayor, LONGMAN Dictionary of American English, P. 93.
. ' ' " : "

' ' . www.safsaf.org/09-2009/adab- :
fan/heyam.../1.htm ).(2014-06-17
. ' 'bitterness
.
195
:
There is a warmth of life in the barn, and the heat and
smell of life 1
1. Literal meaning: There is a warmth of life in the barn, and _____________ of life
Figurative
//
//
// //
//
//
//
//
//
2. Tenor: There is a warmth of life in the barn, and

Vehicle:
//
// //
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
the heat and smell
[sign, meaning]
of life
the heat and smell [sth concrete]

' /smell' ' /heat'
'signs & sensation of life'

.
' the heat and smell of life'

: BNC
The sweet smell of the mass of bananas left her feeling hollow:
it was no longer the smell of life on St Vincent
Mr. G The Smell Of Life

2
: Summer Heights High

1

. Mr G is an effeminate thirty-six-year-old drama teacher and one of the three fictional characters portrayed by
Chris Lilley in the Australian mockumentary (musical comedy) series, Summer Heights High.
2
. Helen "Greg" Gregson, best known as Mr G, The Smell of Life. In the TV Series 'Summer Heights High'
Episode 8, 2007. See these two electronic links: (vimeo.com/39251616) & (www.youtube.com/watch?v=ls0BPDuVx0) , accessed in (17-09-20104).
196
The smell of life,

The smell of children.
;The smell of doing it together
The smell of life.
'' :
" "

' 'heat' 'smell
'' '' 2 ' 'life '' 3
.
'' '' '' '' '' ''
''
.

.
.1 .175
.2 637 1318 .
.3 .796 -795
197
:
the tractor man drives home to town, perhaps twenty
miles away, and he need not come back for weeks or months,
for the tractor is dead 1
____
dead
1. Literal meaning: he need not come back [], for the tractor is
//
//
]is [broken, not working

dead
//
//
//
tractor
][animate
//
//
//
//
//
//
Figurative
2. Tenor: he need not come back [], for the

//
//
//
//
//
//
Vehicle: //

' /dead'
' 'damaged tractor

.
' 'the tractor is dead
' 'dead
2
: LONGMAN Dictionary of American English

? Is the battery dead
The phones went dead during the storm
" " :

198
1
2
" . .
"
" " Katharina
Reiss
" :

" 2 "
" 3
"" ""
' 'dead ''
.
""

" "
" '' ] [ ...
' '
. ''.
.1 .175
Katharina Reiss, la critique de la traduction, ses possibilits et ses limites, p.45 .2 :

.14
.3 ) 14(.
199
Sur-Traduction "1

:
" ][
:
66 is the path of a people in flight, refugees from dust and
shrinking land, from the thunder of tractors 2
of tractors
//
//
_____ 1. Literal meaning: refugees from dust and [], from the
thunder
//
//
//
//
//
//
Figurative
//
2. Tenor: refugees from dust and [], from the [loud noise, roll] of tractors
//
//
thunder
//
//
//
//
//
//
Vehicle:

' /thunder'

''
.1 ) 62(.
. :
Le contrat fondamental qui lie une traduction son originalinterdit tout dpassement de la texture de loriginal.
Il stipule que la crativit exige par la traduction doit se mettre toute entire au service de la r-criture de
loriginal dans lautre langue, et ne jamais produire une sur-traduction dtermine par la potique personnelle du
traduisant , cit dans : Antoine Berman, La traduction et la Lettre ou Lauberge du Lointain, P. 40.
. .
2
200
1
""

.
' 'thunder of tractors
' 'thunder
' 'tractors BNC .
' 'thunder
CAMBRIDGE Advanced
Learners Dictionary :2
I couldnt hear what he was saying over the thunder of the
waterfall
'' ' 'thunder of tractors :

" 66
"
"" ""
" " " "
' 'thunder '' '/
.1 2 .127
. Elizabeth Walter, CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learners Dictionary, no page.
.3 .178
201
'blare, splashing
1
.
' 'thunder of tractors ' '

:
' 'crush, clap or roll of /
'' ''' ' ''
.

' 'thunder of tractors ' '
''
' : ' 2' '
:
" 66
"
. ...
.1 5 .258
. .
.2 .. 25 )( 2014
alroeya.ae/2014/08/25/174029 : ).(2014-09-16
3
. 07 )( www. Alittihad .ae / 2009
details .php?id=16131&y=2009 ).(2014-09-16

202
:
listen with the palm of your hand on the gear-shift
lever; listen with your feet on the floor boards 1
___________________________________ 1. Literal meaning : listen with
the palm of your hand on the gear-shift lever
//
//
with [your ears] to the vibration, rhythm of the gear-shift lever

the palm of your hand on the gear-shift lever
//
//
Figurative
2. Tenor: listen
]Vehicle:[check

' 'palm of the hand ' ' ' /ears'

.

.
' 'listen with the palm of your hand
:
" '' "
.2 .180
203
" "
Novel Metaphors "" ""
" Kloephfer )
1
(" ' listen with the palm of your
'hand ""
' '
'' ' ' ' 'listen' 2'palm of the hand
.
:
his whole body listening to the car, his restless eyes jumping
from the road to the instrument panel 3
from the road to the instrument panel
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
______
1. Literal meaning: his eyes
jumping
//
[moving constantly] from the road to the instrument panel

][one place to another
jumping
//
//
//
Figurative
his eyes
2. Tenor:
]Vehicle: [animate

' 'jumping '' ""
""

.1 "" Garant
28 )( 2011 .
.2 : ) -( .992 /803
204

.
' 'his eyes jumping

.

' 'eye jumping ' 'eye twitching

.1
'' :
" "
"" ""
' 'his eyes jumping
' 'his eyes''jumping
'' ''
" " Literal Meaning" " Figurative
Meaning .
1
. See: why does my right eye keep jumping? on Helthtap web site (from: https://www.healthtap.com /topics
/jumping-eye-nerve.), accessed in (16-09-2014).
2
. .186
205
""

.
:
And Ma sat beside Granma, one elbow out the window, and
the skin reddening under the fierce sun 1
_____ sun
fierce
sun
][animate
1. Literal meaning: [] and the skin reddening under the

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Figurative
]the skin reddening under the [sweltering; extremely hot
fierce
//
//
//
//
//
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:
""
2
' 'fierce ' ' ''sweltering

.
' 'fierce sun
' 'fierce ' 'sun
BNC:
.2 ) -( .523
. : .
206
At Khartoum North there were two platforms in an overall shed

affording some protection from a fierce sun1
She did not stay there long, but retreated from the fierce sun to
the stern-cabin that she would be sharing with Ellen 2
Scent trails are baked dry and odourless by the fierce sun3
She held up her hand to shade her eyes against the fierce sun4
:LONGMAN Dictionary of American English

The two teams are in a fierce battle for first place 5
:' fierce sun'

"
6
"

"
' ' ' fierce sun' 7"
' ' Foreignness " "
.
1
. Jeffrey Richards and John M. MacKenzie, The railway station: a social history, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1988, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in (07-07-2014).
2
. Bernard Cornwell, Crackdown, Michael Joseph Ltd, London, 1990, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in
(09-07-2014).
3
. David Attenborough, The trials of life, David Collins & sons, London, 1990, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/),
4
. Lynne Pemberton, Platinum coast, HarperCollins, London, 1993, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in
(09-07-2014).
5
.187 .6
.62 .7
: .
amener sur les rives de la langue traduisante luvre trangre dans sa pure tranget , cit dans: Antoine
Berman, La Traduction et la Lettre ou Lauberge du Lointain, P. 41.
207

.
:
"
"
'' ' 'fierce

1 ' '
' 'fierce sun
.
:
the causes are, hunger for joy and some security,
multiplied a million times 2
for joy and some security
//
//
//
//
//
______ 1. Literal meaning:

: hunger
//
Figurative
2. Tenor: [urgent & exigent need, strong wish or desire] for joy and some security
][food
hunger
//
Vehicle:

' /hunger'
.1 : 4 .83
208

.
' 'hunger for joy 1
' 'hunger for ' 'kindness' 'affection
LONGMAN Dictionary
of American English :
a hunger for power2
:
" "
' hunger for joy and some

'security ' 'hunger '' ' 'joy''security
'' '' .

'' ''
.1 " "Jan Worth Nelson ' Village Life : She has an irrepressible
'hunger for joy ' 'East Village 30 .2011 :

www.eastvillagemagazine.org/.../16180-village-life-s.. ).(2014-09-16
.3 .229
209
''
" " " " Henri Meschonnic"
" Lawrence Venuti
1
" '' ][ ' ' )2"(syntactiques
'' '' ' 'joy' 'security
' 'joy ' ' 3 '' ' 'fun
' 'security

.

:
. ' ' for ' 'hunger ' 'hunger for sth
'' '' ' '
.
. ' ' ' ' " :
. " . : 2000 15 27
www.laro7ak.com/index.php?cat_id=26&art_id... : ).(2014-07-23
.1 Antoine Berman, La Traduction et la Lettre ou Lauberge du Lointain, P. 41 : Henri Meschonnic, Pour la
Potique, II, Epistmologie de lcriture, Potique de la traduction, Gallimard, Paris, Vol. 2, 1973, P. 308
Albrecht Neubert Gregory M. Shreve Translation as Text
2002 .5 /2
.2 .54
.3 ) -( .749
210
" ][ "
:
Joads and Wilson scrawled westward as a unit 1
1. Literal meaning: Joads and Wilsons _______ westward as a unit
//
//
// //
crawled
//
[moved slowly] westward as a unit

//
// //
//
crawled
//
//
//
Joads and Wilsons
Figurative
2. Tenor:
]Vehicle: [Joads and Wilsons' car
"" "" 66
"" ' 'crawl ' '
2 "" ' 'slow movement

"" ""

.
" "Joads and Wilsons crawled
BNC:
. '' ' 'hunger ' ' ' ' ' 'hunger for
.
. ""
'' '' .
.2 ) -( . 334
211
increasingly
becoming
was
he
that
obvious
was
It
uncomfortable,[...]; and in the blackout the train crawled

exasperatingly1
A two-mile tail-back of stretch limos crawled towards the
Shrine Auditorium2
:LONGMAN Dictionary of American English

We got stuck behind a truck crawling along at 25 mph3
:
" '' '' "

' 'crawled '' ''Joads and Wilsons
' '' ''
.

''
.
. Irene Young, Enigma variations, Mainstream Publishing Company Ltd, Edinburgh, 1990, (from: www. natcorp.
ox.ac.uk/), accessed in (12-06-2014).
2
. Celia Brayfield, The prince, Chatto & Windus Ltd, London, 1990, (from: www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/), accessed in
(12-06-2014).
3
.4 .250
212
:
and spies were sent to catch the murmuring of revolt so
that it might be stamped out 1
of revolt
//
________
murmuring
//
of revolt
1. Literal meaning: spies were sent to catch the

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Figurative
]2. Tenor: spies were sent to catch the [hidden plans or signal
]of [revolters
murmuring
//
//
//
//
//
//
Vehicle:

' 'murmuring

.
' 'murmuring of revolt
.
" " :
.2 ) -( .906
213
" "
''murmuring
'' ' 'revolt ''

' 'murmuring
'' ''
' 'whispering

" " 2

.
" "
' '
' 'murmuring of revolt .
:
. ''.
.1 .370
.2 3 .293
.
. : 4 .322
214
" "
:
Well, by God, I m hungry,said Joad. Four solemn years
I been eatin right on the minute. My guts is yellin1
______
is yellin
1. Literal meaning: My guts

//
][ is rumbling, gurgling intensely

is yellin
//
//
My guts
Figurative
2. Tenor :
]Vehicle: [animate
""
' 'yelling 2
' 'rumbling

.
" " :
"
"
. '' '' ''

.
.2 ) -( .1638
.3 .74
215

" " 1
' 'my guts '' ''is yellin
''
.

:
The migrant people, [] dug for pleasure, [], and they
2
______ pleasure
dug for
pleasure
were hungry for amusement
1. Literal meaning: The migrant people

//
//
//
Figurative
//
]2. Tenor : The migrant people [looked desperately for
][concrete object
dug for
//
//
//
Vehicle:

' 'dig for ' '
1
. Le texte original : on aura un romantisme sourcier qui tendrait ethnologiser la littrature, produire des
textes exotiques en langue-cible . Voir: Jean-Ren Ladmiral, La langue viole?, Palimpsestes, N 6, 1991, P. 26.
. " " Jean Ren Ladmiral
. ' 'guts '' ''.

. ' ' ' '
. www.al-bayyna.com/modules.php?name=News. :
forumdawn.blogspot.com/2011/.../blog-post_9946.ht ).(2014-09-16
216
' /look for'

.
' 'The migrant people, [] dug for pleasure

" " The New York Times Ben Ratliff
1
: ROCK REVIEW; 'Underground' Means Digging for Pleasure
" " :
"
"

""3 ''
' 4'dive ' 'dig for
1
. Ben Ratliff, ROCK REVIEW; 'Underground' Means Digging for Pleasure, The New York Times, October 2,
2002, (from: www.nytimes.com/.../rock-review-underground-mean), accessed in (16-09-2014).
.2 .509
3
.4 ) -( .424
217

.

' 'they dive after pleasure
' 'they dug for pleasure

.

.
" ":
" "
. ' 'Okies "" "" .

218
:
In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and
growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage 1
1. Literal meaning: ________ of wrath are filling and growing heavy
//
//
//
//
filling and growing heavy

//
//
//
//
is
//
[lots, a great deal] of wrath
[wine] are
//
//
: the grapes
//
Figurative
//
the grapes
2. Tenor:
Vehicle:

' 'grapes '' 2
' /lots of '

"" .
' 'the grapes of wrath
The Grapes of Wrath
"" The Battle Hymn of the Republic

Julia Ward Howe .
. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P.477.
.2 ) -( .605
.Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord:
;He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored
219
:
" "

'' ' 'wrath

2
' 'anger' 'wrath' 'apoplexy' 'benny' 'bile' 'bitterness' 'fury' 'irritation''outrage
' 'spleen
3 ''wrath -
- ''anger

' 'anger/ "" ' 'wrath.

' 'grapes ''
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword:
His truth is marching on.
.1 .547
.2 : ) ( 366/226/282.
3
. See: Elizabeth Walter, CAMBRIDGE Advanced Learners Dictionary, SMART thesaurus categories, Anger and
displeasure.
.
Wrath is a violent indignation or scorn aroused by something felt to be unfair, unworthy, or wrong. See: Collins
English Dictionary-Complete and Unabridged-, Harper Collins Publishers, Ed. 8, 2006.
:Anger .
:Wrath . :
) -( .1629 /51
220
' ' ' ' ' '

.
' 'The Grapes of Wrath ' ' '
'
' The Bunches
'of Anger' 'The Grapes of Anger

:
"
] [ "
:

" the last rains came gently, ...
and they did not cut the
scarred earth
"
" In the last part of May the
:
) (
)(

" until the roots were freed by
sky grew pale
the prying wind
" ...
"
. '' '' '' ' 'wrath

. : 10 .70-69
. .
221
and the wind cried

..." and whimpered over the
:
+
" sleeping life waiting to be

spread and dispersed
"
:
+
fallen corn
" the wheels screamed "
"
" and a cloud of dust boiled "

up
" the land is poor "
10
11
] " You scrabbled at it [land "
" If they could only rotate the

crops they might pump blood
back in to the land
long enough
"
..." a bank or a company cant do
that, because those creatures
dont breathe air,

"...
12
the
" The bankWhen

monster stops growing
"
13
:
+
. '' '' ''

'' .
222
14
15
..." ...it [bank] dies ][ "
" Cars lined up, noses forward,

rusty noses
"
" You re buying years of

work, toil in the sun; youre
buying a sorrow that cant .

talk "
16
:
+
:
+
:
''

' 'sorrow

" And some day the armies of

bitterness will all be going the
same way "
17
18
19
" There is a warmth of life in
:
+
" .
.

:
+
the barn, and the heat and
smell of life "
the tractor man drives

home to town, perhaps twenty
miles away, and he need not
come back for weeks or
months, for the tractor is
dead.
"
20
66 is the path of a people in

flight, refugees from dust and
shrinking land, from the
thunder of tractors
" 66

"
223
" listen with the palm of your

21
;hand on the gear-shift lever
" his whole body listening to
" And Ma sat beside Granma,
the skin reddening under the

fierces un
" a hunger in a single soul,
security, multiplied a million

times "
restless
his
car,
the
jumping from the road to the

instrument panel "
one elbow out the window, and
23
+
:
+
eyes
22
'' "
"
hunger for joy and some

'' ''
24
" Joads and Wilson scrawled

25
westward as a unit
''
''
"
" and spies were sent to catch

the murmuring of revolt so
that it might be stamped out "
26
224
:
+
:

" Well, by God, I m
solemn years I been eatin right

on the minute. My guts is
yellin "
" The migrant people, [] dug
Four
27
Joad.
hungry,said
for pleasure, [], and they
28
were hungry for amusement

"
" In the souls of the people the

grapes of wrath are filling and
growing heavy, growing heavy

for the vintage"
:
''

''wrath
29
The title: The Grapes of Wrath :
30
:

' The
'Bunches of Anger
:01

.
225
the scarred earth
sky grew pale
roots were freed
" "
the wind cried
and whimpered
" "
sleeping life
" "
wheels screamed
" "
cloud of dust boiled up
" "
the land is poor
You scrabbled at it [land] 10

11
12
they might pump blood

back in to the land
those creatures [banks or

]companies
" "
" "
" "
" "
"
"
" ]
[ "
13
] The monster [the bank
" ][ "
14
it [the bank] dies
" ][ "
.

.
.

.
226
15
rusty noses
16
youre buying a sorrow
17
armies of bitterness
18
the heat and smell of life
19
tractor is dead
20
thunder of tractors
21
listen with the palm of
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
your hand
22
eyes jumping
" "
23
the fierce sun
" "
24
hunger for joy and some
25
"
security
Wilson
and
Joads
"
"
"
scrawled
26
murmuring of revolt
" "
27
My guts is yellin
" "
28
dug for pleasure
" ][ "
29
the grapes of wrath
" "
30
" "
The Grapes of Wrath
:02
. '' nose
.
227
:

""

:
) (.
) (.
) (.
.
""
" " :

""
1
18
% 60
% 16.67
%0
%0
%0
228
% 20
% 3.33
30
% 100
:03
" "
18 30 % 60
6 % 20
% 16.67 5 30
% 3.33

.

% 60 .% 40

229

.
""
:
04
22.22
18
14
77.78
100
05
00
00
05
06
00
00
06
100
01
00
00
01
100
30
14
46.67
16
53.33
:04

""
14 18 %78

230

.
12
5

.
" " ""
%47

.
-

.

.
231
17
02
6.66
19
63.33
02
6.66
02
6.66
06
20
01
3.35
11
36.67
30
100
56.66
:05

19 % 63.33 17
% 56.66
.% 6.66

% 37 11 30 11

. ''
.
232
% 6.66
7
.% 24
04 05

. % 55

% 40 12 30
.
18
% 60
% 16.67
% 20
% 3.33
18
% 60
17
% 56.67
% 3.33
% 00
% 00
14
% 46.67
233
00
% 00
00
% 00
00
% 00
19
% 63.33
17
% 56.67
02
% 6.66
02
% 6.66
02
% 6.66
07
% 23.35
13
% 43.33
00
% 00
14
% 46.66
+ +
) (
12
% 40
% 40
% 55
:06
234
:

.
:

" " Implicit Metaphor " "
.Explicit Metaphor

236

.

.

.
.
" :01 " ) (

Richard is a lion
" :02 " ) (

The tractor is dead

.

.
.
Personification .
""
' 'monster ' 'bank The Grapes of Wrath
237
""
.
""
' 'scarred ''scarred earth

' 'fissured ""
' /scarred
' ' /earth' .

The Grapes of Wrath
- -

.

.
.
'the land is poor' :' 'thunder of tractors'.'hunger for joy
238

.

.
:
nuances
'' monster ''
bogeyman'' sorrow '' sadness '' murmur ''
whisper '' wrath '' .anger

bitterness

.

' 'hunger for ' '
' ' Preposition ' 'hunger

239
'' ''

.

' 'the wheels screamed

' '

"
" ' the wind
'cried ' 'roots were freed ' '

' 'cry

'.'freed

240

' 'pump blood back into the land
' '
' '
' 'hunger for joy ' ' ""

.
" "

""

.

.

241
242
Summary
AN EVALUATION OF SAAD ZAHRANS TRANSLATION OF THE METAPHOR IN

THE GRAPES OF WRATH BY JOHN STEINBECK
GAIN OR LOSS?
-AN ANALYTICAL AND CRITICAL STUDYMetaphors are literary devices of a big ornamental and communicative
value in literary texts. They are rhetorical tropes where comparison can be
made between two seemingly unrelated things. In addition to the asthaetic role
they play in language and the unlimited contribution they make to enrich the
lexicon with new meanings, they have a key role in transmitting the different
extra-linguistic signs and contents they may include from one person to
another. This makes metaphors translatablity the less possible among all figures
of speech susceptible to translation and the most difficult to handle for the
majority of translators in the field of literature.
Works of translation in general and literary translation in particular are
always prone to errors that may deviate the translated text from the exact
meanings communicated through original texts. Such errors are multiplied
when it comes to translating figures of speech such as simile, metonemy,
personification and, mainly, the metaphor. In translating metaphors, the role of
the translator goes beyond the processing of words and metaphorical
expressions by replacing them with their equivalents, in form and content, to
243
conveying the internal feelings and personal experiences included within these
metaphors to the reader in the welcoming culture. The translator also needs to
retain, as much as possible, the aesthetic effect of the original metaphor in the
target text along with the different linguistic and stylistic features which
correspond with it in the target language.
On this basis, the present study aims at providing a short overview of the
main rhetorical problems encountred in Zahrans translation of the metaphor
in the novel of The Grapes of Wrath. A sample of metaphor instances is
identified in the original text and compared with their corresponding
translations in the target languge -30 mataphor instances from the different
chapters were randomly selected. The different translation strategies adopted by
the translator to render these metaphors into Arabic and the extent to which he
succeded in translating both the form and content as well as the aesthetic effect
of the original metaphor to the target language have been highlighted in the
research. Our evaluation is built on the following questions:
Did Zahran succeed in accurately and appropriately translating the
metaphor in the novel of The Grapes of Wrath? In other words, to
what extent the ideas and meanings imbedded in the source text were
precisely perceived on the part of the translator and, on that basis,
conveyed to the reader in the target language.
244
Which language the translator took as his main point of reference when
translating metaphors? Was it the source text language and, thus, he
adopted the literal translation, or the target text language and, hence, the
resort would be to the semantic translation? What might push the
translator to adopt the second alternative if he was not obliged to? In
other words, does metaphor translation require the transmission of the
form or the content, and does the reliance on one of them require the
presence of the other or necessarily impose its absence?
Did the translator successfully meet the expectations of the readers of the
target culture, and did he bring the same aesthetic effect intended by the
author of the novel and, therefore, as perceived by the readers of the
source culture?
What are the main approaches and strategies adopted by the translator
when translating metaphor? Did he select the accurate strategy each time,
or did he just resort arbitrarily to a different strategy each time? Were his
motives and choices personal? Or was it just the culture and context
requirements that imposed the adoption of such strategies? On which
basis we can evaluate his selections?
The answers proposed to the aforementioned research questions are
worked out in the research hypotheses stated below:
245
The translator was unsuccessful in his translations of metaphor and this may be
due to the following reasons:
1. Subjective reasons related to the inefficiency of the translator and his
ignorance of the aesthetic and symbolic value of metaphors and their
important role in evoking the feelings and experiences of the writer.
2. Objective reasons related to the language, culture, ideology, methods
and strategies adopted or/ and structural and stylistic features of the novel
and metaphor in the TT.
3. Both of the reasons cited above.
Having established the questions and hypothesis of the research, it has
become clear to us that the translator has failed in his attempt to translate
English metaphors into Arabic, i.e although he succeded in rendering the
content of the majority of metaphors - if not all of them- he remarkably failed
in retaining their linguistic form or aesthetic effect.
The translator has practically adopted the literal translation priority in
rendering most of metaphors; 18 out of 30, but this does not explain his resort
with the rest of cases to other secondary procedures as: convertion into sense,
equivalent translation and deletion, though he had a good reason to opt for
literal translation.
What made things worse is that the translator was not successful in many
cases in retaining the aesthetic and rhetorical sides of the original metaphors in
246
the TT, owing to the fact that the translator has dropped many metaphors in
the process of translation either by deletion or convertion to sense while he
rendered other live metaphors just by dead ones.
And what remains firm in all of this is that the translator is strongly adviced to
adopt the literal translation procedure when it comes to translating metaphors
because it is the only way the translator can take to render the three levels of
metaphor: literal meaning, figurative meaning and aesthetic effect.
Thus, the most important reasons that led to the translators failure in
rendering metaphors are summed up as follows:
Translators failure to recognize the nuances of meaning existing
between some English words led to a flaw in the choice
of their
appropriate equivalents in Arabic: a 'monster' is not a 'bogeyman',

'murmur' has a different meaning from 'whisper'; 'sorrow' and 'wrath' are
respectively different in meaning from 'sadness' and 'anger'.
Misunderstanding of the meanings of some words used by the novelist,
for example, the word 'bitterness' does not have only the meaning of
something unpleasant or of a bad sharpe taste, but it can also be used to
express the feeling of anger and extreme resentment that the writer
wanted to convey through his novel but the translator has missed it out
in his translation.
247
The translator did not respect the distinct nature and the different
linguistic and stylistic feachers of the Arabic language during the process
of translation, and this is obvious in his translation of the English phrasal
verb 'hunger for' by () , which is concidered as a wrong and
unacceptable construction in Arabic, i.e to the contrary of English that
allows combining the preposition for with the word hunger to form
the phrasal verb hunger for that means the longing and yearning for
something, the Arabic language does not permit that because if we add
the preposition ( )to the word ( )to form the prepositional
expression ( ) the outcome would be a strange and unfamiliar
expression that is devoid of any meaning.
The translator underestimated as well the aesthetic and allusive role of
metaphors within literary texts, that is why he dropped many metaphors
from the TT; for example the expression 'the wheels screamed' carries a
lot of beauty and elegance in its language due to the assignment of one of
the attributes of human beings which is screaming to an inanimate
wheels of the vehicle, but this is not the case with the translated form
'the earth cracked' ( ) that merely rendered the literal meaning
without the metaphorical one. Another case of this kind of flaws can be
easily seen in the two metaphorical expressions : the roots were freed by
the wind translated into Arabic as until the winds could finally
248
destabilize their roots( ) and the wind cried
( ) that has been dropped in the translation; in these two examples

the translator has failed in rendering all the allusions and implicit
meanings that the original metaphors carry like weeping and wailing of
immigrants over their tragic life and obscure fate demonstrated by the
word cry and longing for freedom and fighting for someones rights
against unjust and oppressive people established by the vehicle freed.
The Translator, most probably, has no idea about the different strategies
and mechanisms of metaphor transltion. He may not as well be informed
of the various theories and approaches that tackled this issue, and this is
pretty obvious from the random choices he made to render this
rhetorical feature; he adopted in some cases the translation by
equivalence where there was a desperate need for the literal transltation
for some semantic and allusive considerations, e.g. pump blood back
into the land ( ;) whereas he opted in some other
cases for the literal translation where it was quite impossible to have this
choice for a linguistic and stylistic reasons related to the target language,
e.g. 'hunger for joy' () .
On the light of what have been said before and as an ultimate answer for
the research hypothesis set above we say that: "Saad Zahran" has failed in
rendering English metaphor into Arabic, and this is due to subjective reasons
249
related to his unfamiliarity with the various theories and strategies concerning
the translation of metaphor and his misuse of the of Peter Newmarks seven
methods of metaphor translation, in addition to his ignorance and underestimation for the high artistic and allegorical value of rhetorical metaphors
within literary texts in general and novels in particular.
To conclude, we have summarized the most important results obtained
from the present research as follows:
Metaphor in Arabic: one element is explicitly mentioned and the other is
deleted. If the tenor mouchabbahis deleted, it is called Definite
metaphor (Istira tasrihiya), but if the vehicle mouchabbah bihi is
deleted, then it should be called Implied metaphor (Istira makniya).
However, in English metaphors, if tenor is deleted, it is called Implicit
metaphor, but if both tenor and vehicle are maintained then it will be
called Explicit metaphor.
The focus of metaphor in Arabic is the vehicle almoustar as it
represents the soul of the imagery and the source of its eloquency and
exaggeration; whereas, in english metaphors it is the tenor almoustar
laho and not vice versa. And the proof to what we say is that the
criterion on the basis of which we judge an Arabic metaphor as being
implied or not lies in the vehicle: If this vehicle is maintained, it is a
Definite metaphor; if it is deleted, it is no doubt an implied metaphor.
250
However, In English rhetoric we tend to categorize metaphors, whether

being implicit or explicit, according to their tenors: if the tenor is
implied, they are implicit metaphor; if it is retained along with the
vehicle, they must be explicit metaphors.
Implicit metaphors in English Correspond to Definite metaphors in
Arabic. They are almost identical in terms of shape and rhetorical
features.
Explicit metaphors in English may correspond to eloquent similes
(tachbih baligh) or implied metaphors in Arabic.
( " " ) :01
Richard is a lion
tenor
vehicle
The tractor is dead ( " " ) :02

Metaphor in Arabic is a figure of speech that is distinct from all other
rhetorical figures like: simile, metonymy and synecdoche. However, it
may include all figues of speech stated above in the English language.
Metaphor in Arabic is merely an ornamental and decorative linguistic
tool, whereas in English it exeeds this traditional rhetorical perspective to
a more abstract one labelled conceptual metaphor.
Literal translation is the only method that conveys both literal and
figurative meaning of the metaphor in the target language.
251
Personifying metaphors in English may correspond to implied metaphors

in Arabic.
Leachs model of metaphor analysis is consistent with its Arabic
counterpart when it comes to identifying the two components of the
implicit metaphor, i.e according to Leachs model, the word 'monster'
that refers to the 'bank' in the novel of The Grapes of Wrath is the
vehicle and the implied meaning that it holds is the tenor, and this
applies also to the Arabic method of analysis, which sees the ( )as a
vehicle and the ( )as a tenor.
Leachs model of metaphor analysis is inconsistent with its Arabic
counterpart when it comes to determining the two elements of explicit
metaphors. So, If the word 'scarred' in the English personifying metaphor
'scarred earth' is the vehicle and its implied meaning 'fissured' is the tenor
according to Leachs model of metaphor analysis; it is the implied deleted
word 'man' ( )that represents the vehicle in the Arabic standards of
analysis and the explicit word 'earth' ( )that is meant to be the tenor.
In the end, we hope that we have been successful in highlighting even a
small part of the problematic issue of metaphor translation, and we are sorry if
we have failed.
We also renew our thanks for everyone who gave us a helping hand, led
by Professor: Saida Kohil
252
Rsum
UNE EVALUATION DE LA TRADUCTION DES METAPHORES DANS

LES RAISINS DE LA COLERE DE JOHN STEINBECK TRADUIT
EN ARABE PAR SAAD ZAHRAN
-ETUDE ANALYTIQUE ET CRITIQUELa mtaphore est une figure de style dune grande valeur ornementale et
communicative dans les textes littraires. Il s'agit dun trope rhtorique o une
analogie est faite entre deux sujets apparemment sans rapport. Donc, en plus de
son rle esthtique dans la langue et sa contribution illimite enrichir le
lexique avec de nouvelles significations et constructions linguistiques, elle a
aussi un rle important dans le transfert de divers contenus linguistiques et
signes extra-linguistiques quelle peut inclure dune personne une autre, et ce
qui fait de lui le moins parmi toutes les figures de style susceptible la
traduction et le plus difficile aborder pour la majorit des traducteurs
littraires.
Lacte de traduire n'est pas dpourvu d'obstacles et de risques potentiels
qui peuvent carter le texte traduit des significations exactes du texte original.
Ce risque est doubl quand il s'agit de traduire l'une des figures de style les plus
complexes qui est la mtaphore, du fait que le rle du traducteur n'est pas
seulement de traiter les mots et les expressions mtaphoriques en les remplaant
par leurs quivalents dans la deuxime langue, mais aussi de transfrer les
sentiments et des expriences personnelles incluses dans ces mtaphores aux
254
nouveaux lecteurs de la culture d'accueil et de conserver autant que possible

leffet artistique et rhtorique de la mtaphore originale dans la mtaphore
quivalente en respectant les caractristiques linguistiques et stylistiques de la
langue cible.
Au del, la prsente tude vise fournir un aperu sur les principaux
problmes rhtoriques poss lors de la traduction de mtaphore; on commence
par identifier un nombre limit de mtaphores dans le roman de Les Raisins
de la Colre et on les compare avec leurs traductions quivalentes dans la
langue cible, puis on essaye de dduire les diffrentes stratgies de traduction
adoptes par "Saad Zahran" pour rendre ces mtaphores en langue arabe et le
taux de son succs transmettre la forme, le contenu, ainsi que leffet
esthtique de la mtaphore originale la langue arabe.
Pour cette raison, nous avons slectionn 30 chantillons mtaphoriques de
diffrents chapitres du roman pour les analyser et critiquer afin quon puisse
rpondre aux interrogations suivantes:
Saad Zahran avait-il gagn ou perdu traduire la mtaphore? A quel
point a-t-il gagn ou perdu bien-comprendre puis transmettre les ides
de l'auteur incluses dans la mtaphore, puis quels sont les points de profit
ou de la perte? Quest-ce que pourrait ce traducteur gagner et quest-ce
quil va perdre: est-ce la forme ou le contenu ou la forme et le contenu
ensemble?
255
Quel est le but ultime du traducteur lors de la traduction des mtaphores?

Est-ce le texte source ainsi quil adopte la traduction littrale ou le texte
cible, puis le recours serait la traduction smantique? Quest-ce qui
pourrait pousser le traducteur adopter la seconde option sil n'tait pas
oblig? En dautres termes, la traduction de mtaphores ncessite-elle
rendre la forme ou le contenu, et le recours lun d'eux ncessite-il la
prsence de lautre ou ncessairement impose son absence?
Le traducteur a-t-il russi atteindre les horizons dattentes des lecteurs
du texte traduit et porter le mme effet esthtique qui est grav dans
son esprit et lesprit des lecteurs du texte original pour le nouveau texte?
Quelles sont les approches et stratgies principales adoptes par le
traducteur pour traduire la mtaphore? Pourquoi avait-il recours
chaque fois des stratgies diffrentes: taient-ils des choix personnels;
comment a-t-il choisi, et quels sont les critres sur la base desquels nous
pouvons dire quils taient les meilleurs choix? Ou bien les exigences de
la culture et du contexte qui les imposaient sur lui?
Le traducteur doit-il rendre une mtaphore dans le texte original par une
autre dans le texte cible, ou bien de la supprimer ou convertir en un sens
au cours de la traduction?
Dans lespoir que cette recherche rponde aux interrogations ci-dessus,
nous avons labor lhypothse suivante:
256
Le traducteur a chou traduire la mtaphore et cela peut tre d aux

raisons suivantes:
1. Raisons subjectives lies l'inefficacit du traducteur et son ignorance
de la valeur esthtique et symbolique des mtaphores et leur rle
important dans lvocation des sentiments et expriences personnelles
vcues par lcrivain.
2. Raisons objectives lies la langue, la culture, lidologie, les
stratgies adoptes pour traduire la mtaphore et/ ou les
caractristiques structurelles et stylistiques distinctes du texte original
et texte cible.
3. Les deux raisons invoques ci-dessus.
Ainsi, Il est devenu clair travers l'tude que nous avons men que le
traducteur a chou traduire les mtaphores anglaises en langue arabe, bien
qu'il a russi rendre le contenu de la majorit des mtaphores, il a
remarquablement chou maintenir leur forme ou effet esthtique.
Le traducteur a pratiquement adopt lapproche de la Peter Newmark en
traduction pour rendre la plupart des mtaphores anglaises en langue arabe; 18
sur 30, mais cela ne justifie pas le recours dautres procds secondaires
comme: la traduction quivalente, conversion en sens, et suppression avec le
reste des cas.
257
Le pire de tout cela, cest que le traducteur na pas russi aussi, dans de
nombreux cas, retenir les aspects esthtiques et rhtoriques des mtaphores
originales dans le texte cible, du fait quil a abandonn ces mtaphores dans le
processus de traduction, soit par suppression ou conversion en un sens dun
cot ou par transfert des mtaphores vivantes par dautres qui sont mortes de
lautre cot.
Et ce qui reste ferme dans tout cela, cest que le traducteur a d fortement
adopter une traduction littrale quand il sagit de traduire les mtaphores
anglaises vers la langue arabe parce quelle est le seul procd qui permet de
rendre les trois niveaux de la mtaphore: le sens littral, le sens figur et leffet
esthtique.
Les causes les plus importantes qui ont conduit lchec du traducteur
rendre les mtaphores sont rsumes comme suit:
L'chec du traducteur raliser les nuances de sens existant entre certains
mots anglais lui a conduit choisir leurs mauvais quivalents dans la
langue arabe: un monstre n'est jamais un ogre, le mot murmure a
un sens diffrent du mot chuchotement; chagrin et rage sont
respectivement diffrentes dans leur sens des mots tristesse et colre.
Mconnaissance de traducteur du sens de certains mots utiliss par le
romancier, par exemple, le mot amertume na pas seulement le sens de
quelque chose qui est dsagrable ou de mauvais got, mais il peut aussi
258
tre utilis pour exprimer le sentiment de colre mlang avec la tristesse

que lauteur a voulu transmettre travers la mtaphore, mais le
traducteur a manqu dans sa traduction.
Le traducteur na pas respect les aspects linguistiques et stylistiques
distincts de la langue arabe au cours de lopration traductionnelle, et cela
est vident dans sa traduction du verbe prpositionnel anglais 'hunger for'
(avoir faim pour) par () , ce qui est considr comme une fausse
structure dans la langue arabe: au contraire de la langue anglaise qui
autorise lajout de la prposition for au mot hunger pour former la
structure verbale hunger for, larabe naccepte pas cette formule, disant
que si l'on ajoute la prposition ( )au mot ( )pour former l'expression
prpositionnelle ( ) le rsultat serait certainement une expression
ambige et trange qui est dpourvu de toute signification logique.
Le traducteur a sous-estim aussi le rle esthtique et allusive des
mtaphores dans les textes littraires, c'est pourquoi il a supprim
beaucoup de mtaphores dans le texte traduit; par exemple lexpression
'the wheels screamed' (les roues criaient) a beaucoup de prestige et
lgance dans sa structure en raison de l'attribution de lun des traits de
ltre humain qui est screaming cris un object inanim wheels of
the vehicle les roues du vhicule , cette lgance qu on peut pas
sentir dans la formule traduite '( ' la terre craquele) qui a
259
simplement rendu le sens littral sans mtaphorique. Un autre cas de ce

genre de problmes peut tre facilement remarqu dans les deux
expressions mtaphoriques: the roots were freed by the wind (les
racines ont t libres par le vent) traduit en arabe par '
'( jusqu' ce que les vents pourraient enfin dstabiliser leurs
racines) et the wind cried (le vent cria) qui a t abandonn dans le texte
traduit; dans ces deux exemples, le traducteur n'a pas russi rendre
toutes les allusions et les significations implicites que les mtaphores
originales portent comme laction de pleurer et gmir dimmigrants pour
leur vie malheureuse et tragique et qui a t tablie par le mot cry
pleurer ainsi que laspiration la libert des Okies et leur lutte pour
leurs droits contre toutes les personnes injustes et oppressives marque
par le vhicule freed (libr).
Le traducteur, sans doute, na aucune ide sur les diffrentes stratgies et
mcanismes de la traduction de mtaphore. Il se peut aussi qu il nest pas
inform de toutes les thories et approches qui ont abord ce sujet, et
c'est assez vident partir des choix alatoires qu'il a fait pour traduire
cette figure de style; il a adopt dans certains cas, la traduction
quivalente alors qu il y avait un grand besoin pour la traduction littrale
pour des raisons smantiques ou allusives, un exemple est lexpression
pump blood back into the land (repompe du sang dans la terre) traduite
260
en arabe par '( ' rinjecte du sang dans la terre); il a

opt dans dautres cas pour la traduction littrale o il tait tout fait
impossible davoir ce choix pour des raisons linguistiques et stylistiques
lies la langue cible, par exemple lexpression,' hunger for joy' (faim
pour joie) qui a t traduit en arabe par '' .
Aprs avoir prsent un rsum au lecteur du contenu de ce mmoire,
nous tenterons la fin, de rpondre lhypothse qui sest dgage des
interrogations en disant que: Saad Zahran" a chou rendre les mtaphores
anglaises vers larabe, et cela est d des raisons subjectives lies au manque du
savoir et connaissances sur les diffrentes thories et stratgies concernant la
traduction de la mtaphore et lutilisation abusive et alatoire des sept procds
de la traduction de mtaphore par Peter Newmark, ainsi que lignorance et
sous-estimation de la valeur artistique et allgorique des mtaphores dans les
textes littraires en gnral et les romans en particulier.
Pour conclure, nous avons essay de rsumer les rsultats les plus
importants obtenus partir de la prsente tude comme suit:
Dans la mtaphore arabe un lment est explicitement mentionn et
l'autre est supprim. Si le terme mtaphoris teneur (mouchabbah) est
supprim, elle est appele une mtaphore dclarative (Isti'ra tasrihiya),
mais si le vhicule (mouchabbah bihi) est supprim, alors elle devrait
tre appele une mtaphore non-dclarative (Isti'ra makniyya).
261
Cependant, dans la mtaphore anglaise, si le teneur est supprime, elle est

appele mtaphore implicite, mais si les deux composants teneur et
vhicule sont maintenus alors elle sera appele mtaphore explicite.
le centre focal de la mtaphore arabe est le vhicule (almousta'r), car il
reprsente le centre de limagerie; tandis que, dans la mtaphore anglaise,
c'est le compar 'almousta'r Laho' qui est la source de son loquence et
exagration. Et la preuve de ce que nous disons est que le critre sur la
base duquel nous jugeons une mtaphore arabe comme tant une
mtaphore dclarative ou non, dpend du vhicule. Si ce vhicule est
maintenu, cest une mtaphore dclarative; sil est supprim, elle est sans
doute une mtaphore non-dclarative. Cependant, dans la rhtorique
anglaise, nous avons tendance classer la mtaphore, implicite ou
explicite, en fonction de son teneur: si le teneur est impliqu, elle
constitue une mtaphore implicite; sil est retenu en mme temps que le
vhicule, elle doit tre une mtaphore explicite.
Les mtaphores implicites en anglais correspondent aux mtaphores
dclaratives (Isti'ra tasrihiya) en arabe. Elles sont presque identiques en
ce qui concerne les caractristiques rhtoriques et la forme.
Les mtaphores explicites en anglais peuvent correspondre des
comparaisons loquentes (tachbih baligh) ou mtaphores nondclaratives (Isti'ra makniyya) en arabe.
262
Richard est un lion

teneur
vehicule
( " " ) :01

Le tracteur est mort ( " " ) :02

La mtaphore en arabe est une figure de style qui se distingue de toutes
les autres figures de style comme: la comparaison, la mtonymie et la
synecdoque. Cependant, elle peut comporter toutes les figures cite cidessus, dans la rhtorique anglaise.
La mtaphore en arabe est simplement un outil linguistique et
ornemental, alors quelle dpasse en anglais, ce point de vue rhtorique
traditionnelle un autre plus abstrait quelle appelle mtaphore
conceptuelle.
La traduction littrale est le seul procd qui permet de transmettre le
sens littral et figur de la mtaphore originale la langue cible.
La personnification en anglais peut correspondre la mtaphore nondclarative en arabe.
Le modle danalyse de mtaphore de Leach est compatible avec son
homologue arabe quand il s'agit didentifier les deux composants de la
mtaphore implicite : selon le modle de Leach, le mot monstre dans
le roman de Les Raisins de la Colre est le vhicule, et le sens implicite
banque quil dtient est le teneur ; cela sapplique aussi la mthode
263
arabe danalyse de la mtaphore, qui voit le mot monstre ( )comme

un vhicule et le sens banque ( )comme un teneur.
Le modle danalyse de mtaphore de Leach est incompatible avec le
modle arabe quand il s'agit de dterminer les deux lments constituant
la mtaphore explicite: si le mot scarred (cicatris) dans la mtaphore
anglaise scarred earth (terre cicatrise) est le vhicule selon le modle de
Leach, et que son implicite signification fissure est le teneur; cest le
mot supprim homme ( )qui reprsente le vhicule dans les
normes danalyses arabes et le mot explicite terre ( )qui est cens
tre le teneur.
A la fin de ce travail, nous esprons que nous avons russi mettre en
vidence la problmatique de la traduction de mtaphore, et nous sommes
dsols si nous avons chou.
Nous renouvelons nos remerciements pour tout le monde qui nous a donn un
coup de main, surtout notre professeur superviseur Madame: Saida Kohil.
Qu'AllAh bnisse notre ProPhte MuhAMMAd PAix soit sur lui et
ses coMPAgnons,
et louAnge AllAh, seigneur des Mondes
264
)(

"
" :
" :

"
"

" :

.
" "

"
: .
".
"

" :
) (
266
"

. :
)(
ENGLIsH_ ARABIC GLOSSARY
Adapted metaphor
Adapted stock metaphor
Allowing multiple interpretation
Alternate chapters
Analogy
Associated system of commonplaces
Bilabial stop
Blanks
Bold metaphor
267
Categories
Clich metaphor
Cognitive linguistics
Cohesive connectors
Collocations
Comparison theory
Complex metaphors
Complex sentences
Compound sentences
Comprehension
Conceptual metaphor
Conceptual system
Conceptual theory
Connotative
Constructivist approach
Constructivist theory
Content
Context
268
Contextual
Contextual theory of metaphor

Contrapuntal structure
Conventional
Conventionalized metaphor
Conversion of metaphor to sense
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinated sentences
Creative
Creative metaphors
Cultural correspondence
Cultural displacement
Cultural equivalence
Dead metaphor
Decorative metaphors
Defamiliarization
Definite metaphor
269
Delition
Discoursal characteristics of literature
Discursive
Disharmony metaphor
Ditto marks
Divorce novels
Down
Entity
Equivalent message approach to metaphor

translating
Euphemism
Evaluative markers
Event
Explicitness
Expressive function
Fantasy, Fictional, Delusional metaphor
270
Figurative meaning
Filter
Focus
Foreignness
Form
Frame
Free metaphor
Functions
Gloss
Ground
Harmony metaphor
271
Ideas
Identity
Idioms
Implicit metaphor
Implied metaphor
Indeterminacy
Indirection
Implicit connectors
Implicit reduced analogy
Interaction theory
Interchapters
Interference linguistique
Interpretation
Intertextual information
Intuition
Intuitionistic theory of metaphor
272
Knowledge structure
Lens
Lexical gaps
Lexicalized metaphors
Life
Linguistic formulation
Literal meaning
Literal translation priority approach
Literary translation
Littralit
Littralisation
Live metaphor
Lyrical chapters
273
Mental classification
Metalingual
Metaphor
Metaphorical expressions
Mixed sentences
Modulation
Monosemous words
Motion
Narrative chapters
- -
Nominal word order
Non cultural bound metaphors
Non-Lexicalized metaphors
Nuances
274
Objects
One word metaphors
Ontological metaphors
Operational definition
Ordinary metaphor
Orientational metaphors
Original metaphor
Personification
Phrase
Phrasal verbs
Poetic metaphors
Polysemous words
Pragmatic
Pragmatics
Preposition
275
Principal or Primary subject

Private metaphors
Propaganda novel
Puns
Quality
Real, Factual metaphor
Real meaning
Recent metaphor
( )
Recreation
Semantic theory
Semantics
276
Standard /Stock metaphor
T
Traduction ethnocentrique
Traduction hypertextuelle
Up
277

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The Grapes of Wrath

The Grapes of Wrath

" " " "

oriented texts of literary works of arts.

Translation into English

Literary translation is read as conventionally distinguished

from technical translation.

Texts "" Informational .3

elses name on it, that has already been written

. Clifford Landers, LITERARY TRANSLATION A Practical Guide, P. 5.

" " )(.

. Kazem Pour-Saedi, Analysing Literary Discourse, P. 199.

. Kazem Pour-Saedi, Analysing Literary Discourse, P. 202.

).(Form and Content

Translation is a communicative act, and literary translation is

especially an artistic communication

. XIAO CONG HUANG, STYLISTIC APPROACHES TO LITERARY TRANSLATION: WITH PARTICULAR

translation has shifted from textual to cultural problems

. XIAOCONG HUANG, STYLISTIC APPROACHES TO LITERARY TRANSLATION, P. 19.

" " ' '... "

Conrad" " James Joyce" " Virginia Woolf

Fury " " " " Heart of Darkness

. Timothy Spurgin, The English Novel, P. 38.

"" Preacher The Grapes of

Wrath " " :The Bishops Mantle

" " John Apdike" " Mary McCarthy

. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath, P. 91.

" " Divorce

. " " P. N. Furbank

. James F. English, A Concise Companion to Contemporary British Fiction, P. 182.

.2 1581 2010/ 11/ 19 :

' The station

'received an avalanche of letters ' ' 1

'He saved his bacon' 5

'Its a piece of cake' 6

. N. Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, P. 315.

. Hassan Ghazala, Essays in Translation and Stylistics, P. 152.

. Yowell Y. Aziz, Muftah S. Lataiwish, Principales of Translation, P. 114.

"" ' '

'and blood is said to be thicker than water' 3

"" Shift /Transposition "" Modulation

''Her dress is reddish

. Hassan Ghazala, Translation as Problems and Solutions, P. 208.

1'a land of milk and honey' ' '

. N. E. Renton, Metaphorically Speaking, P. 330.

2'a dead terror " " " )(

Sentences " " Complex Sentence"" Mixed Sentences

Connectors " " Thought Connectors 'So Thus

. Yowell Aziz, Existential Sentences in Arabic_English Translation, P. 51.

''...I had to find him a little to do and a great deal to eat...

' ' )(.

" " " " "

Rule of Metaphor " " Paul Riceour

" " Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary

Figure of speech in which something (A) is identified with

. Original text: extension of a dynamism of meaning.

.Domains " " Metaphorical Expression:

I see what shes saying

' 'to see / ' 'to know /

. David Punter, Metaphor, P. 15.

. Original text: metaphor is a matter of thinking, not a matter of language.

.1 128 2010 .13-12

[a] L: but ye lovers, that