You are on page 1of 12

672$7

Issue 4, June 1999


CONTENTS
Coming in July: Version 4.1
P.1
Useful Internet Addresses P.2
STOAT and the Internet

P.2

STOAT and the Year 2000 P.2


Comments on the BODbased models in STOAT

P.3

A STOAT by any other name


P.3
Chloride Inhibition

P.3

Frequently Asked Questions


P.4
Sewage Modelling
Parameters

P.8

STOAT Training Courses

P.10

List of STOAT Users

P.11

Acknowledgments

P.11

COMING IN JULY - VERSION 4.1


WITH IMPROVED USER INTERFACE
7KH ELW YHUVLRQ RI 672$7 9HUVLRQ  ZKLFK SURYLGHG
VLJQLILFDQWLPSURYHPHQWVLQWKHVSHHGRIVLPXODWLRQZDVUHOHDVHG
GXULQJ WKH VXPPHU RI ODVW \HDU 9HUVLRQ  ZKLFK LV DLPHG DW
SURYLGLQJ D VLPSOHU XVHU LQWHUIDFH DV ZHOO DV D QXPEHU RI RWKHU
LPSURYHPHQWV DQG HQKDQFHPHQWV VKRXOG EH VHQW RXW WR \RX
ZLWKLQWKHQH[WPRQWK
(QKDQFHPHQWVPDGHWR672$7LQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJ

x $ QHZ VHW RI V\PEROV GHVLJQHG WR PDNH LW HDVLHU WR GUDZ
VWUDLJKWOLQHVFRQQHFWLQJSURFHVVHV
x $ZL]DUGWKDWZLOOJHQHUDWHWKHPRVWFRPPRQIORZVKHHWVIRU
\RXSURPSWLQJ\RXIRUWKHGDWDWKDW\RXPXVWHQWHU

x $UHYLVHGSURFHVVWRROER[DUUDQJHGKLHUDUFKLFDOO\VRWKDWLWLV
HDVLHU WR ILQG WKH SURFHVV WKDW \RX ZDQW WR SODFH RQ WKH
IORZVKHHW

x 6XSSRUW IRU KDYLQJ WH[W ODEHOV RQ WKH IORZVKHHW KHOSLQJ


LGHQWLI\ZKDW\RXDUHGRLQJ

ENHANCEMENTS TO VS 4.1
CONTINUED
x 7KHUHSRUWV DUH GLVSOD\HG LQ D QHZ JULG ZKLFK ZLOO LQFUHDVH
WKHOLPLWRQWKHQXPEHURIURZVIURPWRELOOLRQ7KH
JUDSKLFVKDYHEHHQFKDQJHGVRVLPXODWLRQVZLWKDQGZLWKRXW
D JUDSK UXQ DW YLUWXDOO\ WKH VDPH VSHHG 7KH QHZ JUDSK
DOORZV HDVLHU FKDQJHV WR UDQJHV RQ D[HV DQG DOORZV WKH
DGGLWLRQRIH[WUDGDWDLGHDOIRUGLVSOD\LQJPHDVXUHGGDWDRQ
WKHVDPHJUDSKDVD672$7SUHGLFWLRQ
x 6XSSRUWIRUWKHQHZ,$:4DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHPRGHOVGDQG


x 6XSSRUWIRU ELRPDVV DV D GHWHUPLQDQG LQ WKH SULPDU\ VHWWOHU


DQGVWRUPWDQN

x %DWFK VLPXODWLRQV FDQ QRZ EH ZDUP VWDUWHG IURP SUHYLRXV


UXQVLQWKHVDPHEDWFK

STOAT AND THE YEAR 2000

7KHFXUUHQWUHOHDVHRI672$7LV<HDUFRPSOLDQWDQG
XVHV GLJLW \HDUV <RX FDQ XVH WZRGLJLW \HDUV ZKHQ
672$7 ZLOO VWLOO EH <HDU  FRPSOLDQW ZLWK WKH
IROORZLQJ OLPLWDWLRQV <RXU YHUVLRQ RI :LQGRZV PXVW EH
<HDU  FRPSOLDQW 7KLV PD\ QRW EH WKH FDVH ZLWK
:LQGRZV [ :LWK :LQGRZV  0LFURVRIW KDYH FKDQJHG
WKHZD\WKDWWZRGLJLW\HDUVDUHWREHXQGHUVWRRGZLWKHDFK
UHOHDVH RI :LQGRZV  FXUUHQWO\ WKUHH  DQG ZLWK HDFK
UHOHDVH RI ,QWHUQHW ([SORUHU  DERXW WKUHH UHOHDVHV 
$OWKRXJKVKRXOGDOZD\VEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVWKH\HDU
 PD\ EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV  RU  GHSHQGLQJ RQ \RXU
YHUVLRQRI:LQGRZVDQG,QWHUQHW([SORUHU
672$7 GRHV QRW XVH DQ\ PDJLF \HDU FRGHV HJ 
672$7 PDNHV XVH RI 0LFURVRIW :LQGRZV 0LFURVRIW
$FFHVVDQG0LFURVRIW9LVXDO%DVLFLQLQWHUSUHWLQJGDWHVDQG
:5FGRHVQRWZDUUDQWWKDWWKHVH0LFURVRIWSURGXFWVGRQRW
XVH DQ\ PDJLF FRGHV EXW ZH DUH QRW DZDUH RI DQ\ LVVXHV
DIIHFWLQJ WKHVH SURGXFWV WKDW DOVR DIIHFW WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK
672$7LQWHUDFWVZLWKWKHVHSURGXFWV$OWKRXJK$FFHVV
LVQRW<HDUFRPSOLDQWZKHQXVLQJ WZRGLJLW \HDUV WKH
GDWHV DUH VHW DQG VDYHG WKURXJK 9LVXDO %DVLF LQ D PDQQHU
WKDW LV <HDU  FRPSOLDQW 672$7 VKRXOG EH GDWH
FRPSOLDQWXSWRWKHHQGRI$'DWZKLFKWLPHIXUWKHU
UHYLVLRQVWRGDWHKDQGOLQJZLOOEHUHTXLUHG
,I IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ <HDU  FRPSOLDQFH LV QHHGHG
SOHDVHFRQWDFW/L]3DOIUH\ DWSDOIUH\BH#ZUFSOFFRXN

STOAT ON THE INTERNET


USEFUL INTERNET ADDRESSES
,$:46SHFLDOLVW*URXSRQ$FWLYDWHG6OXGJH3RSXODWLRQ
'\QDPLFV

ZZZLDZTRUJXNVSJURXSV$63'KWP
XVHUQDPHLDZTPHPEHU
SDVVZRUGGUDJRQIO\
ZZZGQUVWDWHZLXVRUJZDWHUZPZZELRSKRVEDFNJUQGKWP

7KH :LVFRQVLQ 'HSDUWPHQW RI 1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV LV XVLQJ WKH


ZRUOGZLGHZHEWRPDNHDYDLODEOHUHFHQWO\SXEOLVKHGUHVHDUFK
RQ ELRORJLFDO SKRVSKRUXV UHPRYDO <RX FDQ DFFHVV 5HVHDUFK
5HSRUW  :DVWHZDWHU &KDUDFWHULVDWLRQ IRU (YDOXDWLRQ RI
%LRORJLFDO 3KRVSKRUXV 5HPRYDO ,Q DGGLWLRQ \RX FDQ
GRZQORDG WKH GHVLJQ SURJUDP IURP WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
:LVFRQVLQGHYHORSHGE\3URIHVVRU-LP3DUN

Page 2

:H SODQ WR XSGDWH WKH 672$7 :HE SDJH HYHQWXDOO\


SURYLGLQJ D GLVFXVVLRQ IRUXP 'HWDLOV ZLOO EH SRVWHG RQ
ZZZZUFSOFFRXNWDEVVRIWZDUHVWRDWKWP DV VRRQ DV WKH
GLVFXVVLRQIRUXPLVUHDG\

:H ZRXOG DOVR OLNH LQ WKH


IXWXUH WR HPDLO NQRZQ EXJ
IL[HV DQG WKH 672$7
QHZVOHWWHUWRRXUXVHUV

3OHDVH HPDLO /L] 3DOIUH\ DW


SDOIUH\BH#ZUFSOFFRXN
ZLWK \RXU HPDLO DGGUHVV DQG
ZH ZLOO DGG \RX WR WKH OLVW RI
SHRSOHZKRZRXOGOLNHDPRUH
UDSLG UHVSRQVH WR DQ\ NQRZQ
SUREOHPVZLWK672$7

COMMENTS ON THE BOD-BASED MODELS IN STOAT


Alan Stokes, Birmingham University
(GLWRUV 1RWH $ODQ 6WRNHV KDV VRPH FRPPHQWV DERXW WKH
DSSOLFDWLRQ RI %2' EDVHG PRGHOV 6RPH FDUH PD\ EH QHHGHG
ZKHQKLJKOHYHOVRI1UHPRYDODUHUHTXLUHGRUZKHQRSHUDWLQJ
DWYHU\ORQJRUVKRUWVOXGJHDJHV8QGHUWKHVHFRQGLWLRQV:5F
UHFRPPHQGVWKHXVHRI$6$/PRGHOVZLWKGDWDWRDVVLVWZLWK
FDOLEUDWLRQ

x 7KH $6$/ DVVXPSWLRQ RI D ORZ PDLQWHQDQFH R[\JHQ


GHPDQGEXWDKLJKVXEVWUDWHR[\JHQUHTXLUHPHQWPDNHVLW
WHQG WR RYHUHVWLPDWH R[\JHQ UHTXLUHPHQWV DW KLJK )0
!  DQG XQGHUHVWLPDWH DW ORZ )0   $W KLJK
)0 D ODUJH SURSRUWLRQ RI LQIOXHQW %2' LV QRW R[LGLVHG
DV DVVXPHG E\ WKH PRGHO EXW DVVLPLODWHG DV QHZ VOXGJH
DQG ZDVWHG LQ WKH H[FHVV VOXGJH 7KH $6$/ PRGHO
DOORZVWKHGHIDXOWVYDOXHVIRUWKHVHWZRSDUDPHWHUVWREH
DGMXVWHGWRJHWDEHWWHUILWDJDLQVWFDOLEUDWLRQGDWD

x 7KH$6$/PRGHOVPDNHGHQLWULILFDWLRQDPRUHILUVWRUGHU
UHDFWLRQ ZLWKUHVSHFWWRQLWUDWH WKDQWKH,$:4PRGHOV
1RVWXGLHV,FDQILQGVKRZWKLVILUVWRUGHUEHKDYLRXU7KLV
KDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHVLJQLQJDQR[LF]RQHV,QWKH$6$/
PRGHOVWKHGHIDXOWKDOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUQLWUDWHLV
PJOFRPSDUHGWRPJOIRUWKH,$:4PRGHOV

x :KHQ1+1LVDSRRUHVWLPDWHRIWKHQLWURJHQDYDLODEOHIRU
QLWULILFDWLRQWKHQODUJHGLVSDULWLHVDSSHDUEHWZHHQWKH$6$/
DQG $6$/,$:4 PRGHOV 7KLV DIIHFWV WKH SUHGLFWLRQV RI
VOXGJH SURGXFWLRQ DQG QLWUDWH LQ WKH HIIOXHQW 8QGHU WKHVH
FRQGLWLRQVWKH$6$/RU,$:4PRGHOVVKRXOGEHXVHG
x :KHQWKHQRQELRGHJUDGDEOHIUDFWLRQRIWKHLQFRPLQJ766LV
VLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPVXFKDVLQDQR[LGDWLRQ
GLWFKWUHDWLQJUDZVHZDJHWKHQ$6$/2;,'PD\QRWEH
DQDSSURSULDWHPRGHO

x ,I PRGHOV DUH FDOLEUDWHG ZLWKRXW VROLGV ZDVWDJH GDWD WKHQ


HUURUV LQ \LHOGV DQG QRQELRGHJUDGDEOH VROLGV HVWLPDWHV ZLOO
WHQG WR UHVXOW LQ SUHGLFWLRQV RI H[FHVV VOXGJH ,I 0/66
FRQWUROLV XVHG DV DQ H[SHGLHQW ZD\ RI JHWWLQJ D ILW EHWZHHQ
WKH PRGHO DQG WKH PHDVXUHG GDWD WKLV LV OLNHO\ WR PDNH WKH
HUURUV LQ VOXGJH SURGXFWLRQ ODUJHU DQG FHUWDLQO\ PDVNV WKH
SUREOHPV

A STOAT BY ANY OTHER


NAME
:HDUHRIWHQDVNHGZKDWLVD672$7)RUWKRVHRI\RXZLWKD
672$7PRXVHPDW\RXFDQVHHZKDWWKH\ORRNOLNH,I\RX
KDYHQWJRWDPRXVHPDWSOHDVHFRQWDFW/L]3DOIUH\ZKRZLOO
VHQG\RXRQHZKLOHVWRFNVODVW
(QJODQG (UPLQH/HDVW:HDVHO6KRUWWDLOHGZHDVHO
*HUPDQ\6ZHGHQ'HQPDUN +HUPHOLQ
)UDQFH&DQDGD +HUPLQH
*UHHQODQG 8NDOLDWVLTU7RTXXWVLVRRUDT
'HQPDUN /rNDW
1HWKHUODQGV +HUPHOLMQ
8QLWHG6WDWHV (UPLQH
7KDQNVWR(UPLQH7HFKZZZHUPLQHFDHUPLQH

Page 3

x 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH GHQLWULILFDWLRQ VWRLFKLRPHWU\


FRPSDUHG WR WKH ,$:4 PRGHOV JLYH ULVH WR SRWHQWLDO
GLIIHUHQFHVLQFDUERQVRXUFHUHTXLUHPHQWV

x &RXSOLQJ PDLQWHQDQFH HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHPHQWV H[FOXVLYHO\


WRR[\JHQPDNHVWKH$6$/PRGHOVXQVXLWDEOHIRUGHVLJQ
DQG DQDO\VLV RI SRVWGHQLWULILFDWLRQ V\VWHPV VXFK DV
%DUGHQSKR RSHUDWHG IRU QLWURJHQ UHPRYDO RU WKH
:KXUPDQSURFHVV

CHLORIDE INHIBITION
,Q D UHFHQW PDLOLQJ WR DQ ,QWHUQHW GLVFXVVLRQ JURXS ZKHUH
WKH WRSLF ZDV WKH HIIHFW RI FKORULGH OHYHOV RQ WKH WUHDWPHQW
HIILFLHQF\DWDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSODQWV*HU.HOO\IRUWKH,ULVK
(3$VWDWHG
,QP\H[SHULHQFHDQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSODQW FDQ WDNH DERXW
 PJO FKORULGH ZLWKRXW LQKLELWRU\ HIIHFWV +RZHYHU
WKLV LV DV D FRQVWDQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG LI \RX DUH WDONLQJ
DERXW VKRFN ORDGV RI FKORULGH LW ZLOO SUREDEO\ EH DEOH WR
KDQGOH FRQVLGHUDEO\ OHVV >/RDG@ %DODQFLQJ ZLOO EH
LPSRUWDQW

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS


4 , DP KDYLQJ SUREOHPV UHDGLQJ DQ ROG GDWDEDVH LQ D QHZ
YHUVLRQRI672$7

<RX FDQQRW QRUPDOO\ RSHQ DQ ROG 672$7 GDWDEDVH LQ D QHZ
YHUVLRQRI672$7<RXPXVWILUVWXSGDWHWKHROGILOHVWRWKHQHZ
IRUPDW<RXGRWKLVE\UXQQLQJWKH672$7'DWDEDVHFRS\XWLOLW\
DQG XVLQJ WKLV WR PDNH D FRS\ RI \RXU ROG GDWDEDVH LQ D QHZ
GLUHFWRU\$IWHUWKLV\RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRRSHQWKHQHZ672$7
GDWDEDVHLQWKHQHZYHUVLRQRI672$7
4 , KDYH LQVWDOOHG 672$7 EXW , JHW WKH 'RQJOH QRW IRXQG
PHVVDJH

7KHUHDUHWZRSRVVLEOHUHDVRQV7KHILUVWLVPRVWFRPPRQO\VHHQ
RQ&RPSDTVEXWKDVEHHQVHHQRQRWKHU3&V7KH672$7LQVWDOO
SURJUDP VKRXOG PRGLI\ \RXU 6<67(0,1, ILOH WR OHW :LQGRZV
NQRZ DERXW WKH GRQJOH <RX FDQ FKHFN WKDW WKLV KDV EHHQ GRQH
DQGPDNHWKHFKDQJHPDQXDOO\LIQHFHVVDU\E\WKHIROORZLQJ


)URPWKH6WDUWEDUVHOHFW5XQ



<RXVKRXOGKDYHDZLQGRZRSHQHGFDOOHG6\VWHP(GLWRU
ZLWKVHYHUDOZLQGRZVZLWKLQLW









7\SHV\VHGLW ZLWKRXWWKHTXRWHV DQGSUHVV2.


6HOHFWWKHZLQGRZFDOOHG6<67(0,1,

8VH(GLW)LQG WRORFDWHWKHWH[W>(QK@ DJDLQGRQRW


W\SHWKHTXRWHV

/RRNIRUDOLQHWKDWUHDGV
GHYLFH F?ZLQGRZV?V\VWHP?PQ[[ EHIRUHWKHQH[WRSHQ
EUDFNHW>
,IWKDWOLQHLVQRW WKHUHWKHQDGGLW5HERRWWKH3&

7KHGRQJOHVKRXOGQRZEHGHWHFWHG,ILWLVQRWFKHFNIRU
W\SLQJHUURUVZKHQDGGLQJ
GHYLFH F?ZLQGRZV?V\VWHP?PQ[[

2EYLRXVO\LI\RXU:LQGRZVLQVWDOODWLRQLVVRPHZKHUHHOVH
WKHQUHSODFHWKHF?ZLQGRZV SDUWDERYHZLWKWKHFRUUHFW
ORFDWLRQ

,I WKH OLQH LV WKHUH DQG WKH 3& VWLOO IDLOV WR UHFRJQLVH WKH GRQJOH
WKHQWU\WKHIROORZLQJ







5HERRWWKH3&

'XULQJ WKH ERRW VHTXHQFH WKHUH ZLOO EH D PHVVDJH WR WKH
HIIHFW RI 3UHVV NH\! WR HQWHU 6(783 7KLV LV WKH
KDUGZDUHVHWXSIRUWKH3&7KHNH\!YDULHVIURPPDFKLQH
WR PDFKLQH DQG FRXOG EH IRU H[DPSOH >VSDFH EDU@
>'HOHWH@>$OW@>&WUO@>'HOHWH@

<RX ZLOO QRZ EH LQ WKH PDFKLQH VHWXS 7KLV YDULHV IURP
PDFKLQH WR PDFKLQH /RFDWH WKH HQWU\ WKDW GHVFULEHV WKH
SULQWHUSRUWSRVVLEO\FDOOHGWKHSDUDOOHOSRUW
,ILWLVVHWWR%LGLUHFWLRQDO(QKDQFHG RU(3&3 FKDQJHLWWR
8QLGLUHFWLRQDO1RUPDO RU6WDQGDUG
6DYHWKHFKDQJHV

672$7VKRXOGQRZUHFRJQLVHWKHGRQJOH

4 672$7 IDLOV WR UXQ ZLWK DQ HUURU PHVVDJH DERXW 2/(
DXWRPDWLRQHUURUVDQGDQHUURUQXPEHURI
$FFRUGLQJWR0LFURVRIWWKLVLVOLNHO\WREHFDXVHGE\RQH RI WKH
IROORZLQJ

Page 4





<RXXVHG5HJ&OHDQRUWRWLG\XS\RXUUHJLVWU\
7KLV GHOHWHV 2/( DXWRPDWLRQ <RX VKRXOG XSGDWH WR
5HJ&OHDQDQGGRZQORDGWKHILOH,',63(;(IURP
WKH0LFURVRIW:HEVLWH
<RXDUHXVLQJ:LQGRZV17DQGKDYHXSJUDGHGWR
6HUYLFH3DFNRU\RXKDYHUHFHQWO\LQVWDOOHGVRIWZDUH
XVLQJ9LVXDO%DVLF7KLVSUREOHPLVPRVWOLNHO\WR
DIIHFW JUDSKV RQO\ LQ 672$7 &RQWDFW :5F IRU D
ZRUNDURXQGWRWKHSUREOHP

4 :KHQ , LQVWDOO 672$7 , DP WROG WKDW VRPH V\VWHP


ILOHV DUH RXW RI GDWH DQG KDYH WR EH UHSODFHG $IWHU
WKDW,DPWROGWRUHERRWWKHFRPSXWHU%XWZKHQWKH
FRPSXWHU UHERRWV WKH LQVWDOO SURJUDP DJDLQ UHSRUWV
WKDWVRPHV\VWHPILOHVDUHRXWRIGDWHDQGQHHGWREH
UHSODFHG:KDWFDQ,GR"
7KHILOHVWKDW672$7ZLVKHVWRUHSODFHDUHWRGRZLWK2/(
$XWRPDWLRQ DQG LV QRUPDOO\ D VLJQ WKDW \RX DUH XVLQJ DQ
ROGHUYHUVLRQRI:LQGRZV

7KLV SUREOHP LV FDXVHG E\ KDYLQJ WKH :LQGRZV WHPSRUDU\


ILOH RQ D GLIIHUHQW GULYH WR :LQGRZV 7KH GLIIHUHQW GULYH
GRHV QRW KDYH WR EH D SK\VLFDOO\ GLIIHUHQW GULYH LW LV
SRVVLEOH WR SDUWLWLRQ RQH GULYH WR EH DFFHVVHG E\ GLIIHUHQW
GULYHOHWWHUVZKHQWKHVDPHSUREOHPZLOORFFXU
%HIRUH LQVWDOOLQJ 672$7 VHW WKH HQYLURQPHQW YDULDEOHV
703DQG7(03WRDIROGHURQWKHVDPHGULYHDV:LQGRZV
HJ
6(7703 &?:,1'2:6?7(03
6(77(03 &?:,1'2:6?7(03

7KHUH VKRXOG EH QR VSDFH EHWZHHQ WKH  V\PERO 7KHVH


WZR YDULDEOHV DUH GHILQHG LQ \RXU &21),*6<6 RU
&21),*'26ILOH
7KHLQVWDOODWLRQVKRXOGWKHQSURFHHGVXFFHVVIXOO\

4 +RZ FDQ , HGLW WKH 672$7,1, ILOH WR FKDQJH WKH


GLUHFWRU\WRRQHWKDWKDVVSDFHVLQWKHQDPH"
6XUURXQGWKHQDPHZLWKTXRWHV)RUH[DPSOH
672$7B86(5B',5
)LOHV?0\'DWDEDVH

 &?3URJUDP )LOHV?0\ 672$7

4 0\ 3& DSSHDUV WR KDQJ ZKHQ , GR D 672$7


VLPXODWLRQ
7KLVFDQEHDVLJQRIVHYHUDOWKLQJV

 <RXDUHDWWHPSWLQJWRXVHRQHRIWKHQHZELRILOPPRGHOV
ILOWHUV %$)V 5%&V 6%&V RU IOXLGLVHG EHG  ZLWK WKH
GHIDXOW LQWHJUDWLRQ PHWKRG &KDQJH WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ
PHWKRGWR0(%')DQGFKDQJHWKHUHODWLYHDQGDEVROXWH
LQWHJUDWLRQWROHUDQFHVIURPDQGWRDQG

 6RPHWKLQJ DERXW WKH SUREOHP \RX DUH VROYLQJ SRVHV D


GLIILFXOW SUREOHP  WKLV LV W\SLFDOO\ ODUJH SXPSV LQ VPDOO
WDQNV  VR WKDW 672$7 LV XVLQJ D VPDOO LQWHJUDWLRQ WLPH
VWHS WR FRQWURO QXPHULFDO DFFXUDF\ &KHFN WKDW WKH
SUREOHP \RX DUH VROYLQJ LV PHDQLQJIXO IURP DQ
HQJLQHHULQJYLHZSRLQW

2Q VRPH PDFKLQHV WKHUH LV D SUREOHP ZLWK PHPRU\


DOORFDWLRQ &RQWDFW :5F IRU DQ XSGDWHG ILOH WKDW ZLOO ZRUN
DURXQGWKLVSUREOHP

4 :KHQ , WU\ WR YLHZ UHVXOWV LQ 672$7 , JHW DQ HUURU
PHVVDJH WHOOLQJ PH WKDW , KDYH UXQ RXW RI PHPRU\
+RZHYHU,KDYHDODUJHPHPRU\FRPSXWHUDQGSUHYLRXV
YHUVLRQVRI672$7GLGQRWUHSRUWWKLVHUURU
7KLV DSSHDUV WR EH D FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ 672$7 DQG 0LFURVRIW
,QWHUQHW([SORUHU,ISRVVLEOHLQVWDOO672$7RQDPDFKLQH
WKDW GRHV QRW KDYH ,(  7KH IRUWKFRPLQJ 672$7 UHOHDVH
YHUVLRQZLOOVROYHWKLVSUREOHP
4 +RZFDQ,SULQWWKH672$7IORZVKHHW"
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOSRVVLELOLWLHV




0DNHVXUHWKHIORZVKHHWVFUHHQLVVHOHFWHG)URPWKH)LOH
PHQXVHOHFW3ULQW 7KLVGRHVQRWDOZD\VZRUNLWVVXFFHVV
GHSHQGVRQ\RXUVFUHHQUHVROXWLRQDQGQXPEHURIFRORXUV
7KH ORZHU WKH UHVROXWLRQ DQG WKH IHZHU WKH FRORXUV WKH
PRUHOLNHO\WKLVLVWRZRUN

3UHVVWKHNH\V>$OW@DQG>3ULQW6FUHHQ@WRJHWKHU$FRS\RI
WKH672$7VFUHHQZLOOEHSXWRQWKHFOLSERDUG)URPDQ\
VXLWDEOH :LQGRZV DSSOLFDWLRQ VXFK DV D ZRUG SURFHVVRU
HJ :RUG :RUG 3HUIHFW RU :RUG 3UR  RU SUHVHQWDWLRQ
SURJUDP HJ 3RZHU 3RLQW )UHHODQFH RU +DUYDUG
*UDSKLFV \RXFDQWKHQSDVWHWKHLPDJHDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\
WLG\XSWKHLPDJHE\UHPRYLQJXQZDQWHGERUGHUV

4 :KDWVRUWRIVSHHGXSZLOO,VHHZLWKWKHELWYHUVLRQ
RI672$7"

7KLV GHSHQGV RQ WKH VRUW RI SUREOHP WKDW \RX DUH PRGHOOLQJ
6LPXODWLRQV WKDW GLG QRW ODVW ORQJ ZLWK WKH ELW YHUVLRQ ZLOO
QRW VHH D ODUJH VSHHGXS DV WKH PDLQ VORZ GRZQ WKHUH ZDV
VDYLQJUHVXOWVWRWKHKDUGGLVN7\SLFDOO\\RXFDQH[SHFWD
IROG VSHHG XS :H NQRZ RI RQH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH PRGHO WKDW
WRRNKRXUWRVLPXODWH\HDUDQGQRZWDNHVDERXWPLQXWHV
:H DOVR NQRZ RI D GLIIHUHQW DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH PRGHO WKDW ZDV
WDNLQJPLQXWHVWRPRGHOGD\VDQGQRZWDNHVVHFRQGV
4 'RHV $6$/ WDNH WKH WHPSHUDWXUH IURP WKH UXQ VHW XS
PHQXRUWKHLQIOXHQWGDWDILOH"

$6$/ WDNHV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH IURP WKH LQIOXHQW GDWD ILOH QRW
WKHUXQVHWXSPHQX
4

,I \RX PHDVXUH RQO\ SDUWLFXODWH %2' DQG 966 KRZ


GR \RX FDOFXODWH WKH %2' FRQWHQW RI D XQLW PDVV RI
YRODWLOHVROLGV"

$W SUHVHQW WKH DGYLFH IURP :5F LV WR GLYLGH WKH SDUWLFXODWH
%2' E\ WKH 966 KRZHYHU WKLV DVVXPHV WKDW DOO 966 LV
ELRGHJUDGDEOH
,I\RXPHDVXUH
x
x
x
x

SDUWLFXODWH%2'
SDUWLFXODWHXOWLPDWH%2'
SDUWLFXODWH&2'
966

WKHQ \RX PD\ FDOFXODWH WKH SDUWLFXODWH &2'966 UDWLR ,I


%2' RU XOWLPDWH %2'  LV GLYLGHG E\ WKLV UDWLR WKHQ WKH
ELRGHJUDGDEOH 966 FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG ,I WKH SDUWLFXODWH %2'
LVWKHQGLYLGHGE\WKLVELRGHJUDGDEOH966YDOXHVWKHQDYDOXH
IRUWKH%2' FRQWHQWRIDXQLWPDVVRIELRGHJUDGDEOH966FDQ
EHHVWLPDWHG7KLVZRXOGDOORZIRUDOOWKHSDUWLFXODWH%2' WR
EHK\GURO\VHGEXWVWLOOOHDYHVRPH966EHKLQG

Page 5

4 :RXOG \RX VXJJHVW D UDQJH RI FRQFHQWUDWLRQV IRU


KHWHURWURSKVDQGDXWRWURSKVIRUWKHELRILOWHUPRGHO

7KLV LV ZKHQ XVLQJ WKH 2ULJLQDO ELRILOWHU PRGHO LW GRHV QRW
DSSO\ WR WKH :5F %2' DQG &2' PRGHOV 7KH WDEOH EHORZ
JLYHVDVXJJHVWHGUDQJH
/RDGLQJ
+LJK
/RZ
1LWULIL\LQJ

+HWHURWURSKV
0HDQ 0D[







0LQ




$XWRWURSKV
0HDQ 0D[







0LQ




7KHVH YDOXHV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH HTXDWLRQ LQ 672$7


1HZVOHWWHU  ZLWK W\SLFDO ORDGLQJ UDWHV DQG VHZDJH
VWUHQJWKV *RLQJ RXWVLGH WKH PD[LPXP YDOXHV IRU D JLYHQ
SUREOHP VKRXOG QRW EH VHHQ DV D PDMRU SUREOHP  LW PRUH
OLNHO\UHIOHFWVKLJKHUORDGLQJUDWHVVWURQJHUVHZDJHVHWFIRU
WKDWVLWH
4 8QGHUZKDWFRQGLWLRQVVKRXOG,XVHWKHYDULRXVPRGHOV
LQ 672$7" :K\ GRHV 672$7 RIIHU %2' PRGHOV
ZKHQPRVWSHRSOHXVHRQO\&2'PRGHOV"

+LVWRULFDOO\ DOO PRGHOV DURXQG WKH ZRUOG ZHUH %2'EDVHG


7KH 6RXWK $IULFDQV EHJDQ GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH &2' PRGHOV
IRU WKH VWURQJ DFDGHPLF UHDVRQ WKDW &2' LV D EHWWHU
GHWHUPLQDQGWKDQ%2'LWLVHDVLHUWRPHDVXUHDQGKDVEHWWHU
PDVVEDODQFHSURSHUWLHV

7KH SUREOHP ZLWK &2' DURVH ZKHQ WKH PRGHOV UHTXLUHG


VSOLWWLQJ &2' XS LQWR  IUDFWLRQV +RZ GR \RX PHDVXUH WKH
VROXEOH DQG ELRGHJUDGDEOH IUDFWLRQV" 7KH VWULFW ,$:4
DSSURDFKLVWKDWVROXEOHLVQRWWKHVDPHDVILOWHUDEOHVRPHRI
WKHILOWHUHG&2'LVVXIILFLHQWO\KLJKPROHFXODUZHLJKWWKDWLW
VKRXOG EH WUHDWHG DV SDUWLFXODWH ,Q WKH UHVHDUFK ODERUDWRULHV
WKLV ZDV QRW D SUREOHP DV WKH\ KDG DFFHVV WR UHVSLURPHWHUV
WKDWKHOSHGTXDQWLI\WKHELRGHJUDGDEOHIUDFWLRQ

:5FGHYHORSHGWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHPRGHOLQWKHHDUO\V
ZKHQ DOO VXFK PRGHOOLQJ XVHG %2' 7KH PRGHO XVHG WKH
FRQFHSW RI YLDEOH DQG QRQYLDEOH ELRPDVV DQG SURYHG WR EH
KLJKO\ VXFFHVVIXO LQ SUHGLFWLQJ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH EHKDYLRXU
7KH WKHRUHWLFDO OLPLWDWLRQV RI %2' DUH OHVV DSSDUHQW XQGHU
UHDOZRUOGXVHZKHUHELRGHJUDGDEOH&2'LVQRWFRPPRQO\
PHDVXUHG7KHDFFXUDF\RI%2'DQG&2'EDVHGSUHGLFWLRQV
LQ :5F H[SHULHQFH KDV WXUQHG RXW WR EH FRPSDUDEOH 7KH
:5F PRGHO E\ XVLQJ QRQYLDEOH ELRPDVV KDV GHFRXSOHG
%2' R[LGDWLRQ IURP VOXGJH SURGXFWLRQ ,Q WKH &2'EDVHG
PRGHOV &2' R[LGDWLRQ LV GLUHFWO\ OLQNHG WR VOXGJH
SURGXFWLRQ VR WKDW DGMXVWPHQWV WR VOXGJH \LHOGV DQG JURZWK
UDWHVDUHUHTXLUHGPRUHRIWHQ7KH%2'PRGHOXVHVD ORZHU
VOXGJH\LHOGXQGHUDQR[LFFRQGLWLRQVWKH&2'PRGHOXVHVD
FRQVWDQWVOXGJH\LHOG7KDWWKHVOXGJH\LHOGLVGLIIHUHQWXQGHU
DQR[LFDQGDHURELFFRQGLWLRQVKDVEHHQNQRZQVLQFH DW OHDVW
WKH V :KHUH WKHUH DUH ODUJH DQR[LF UHJLRQV WKH ,$:4
PRGHO PD\ QHHG ODUJH DGMXVWPHQWV WR WKH GHIDXOW VOXGJH
\LHOGV 7KH ,$:4 KDYH UHOHDVHG D QHZ PRGHO 0RGHO 
WKDW FRUUHFWV WKLV GHIHFW DQG WKLV PRGHO LV LQFOXGHG LQ
672$7
0RUH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ $FWLYDWHG 6OXGJH
0RGHOOLQJ E\ 2UKRQ DQG $UWDQ RU E\ FRQVXOWLQJ WKH 3K'
7KHVLVRI$ODQ6WRNHVIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%LUPLQJKDP

7KH :5F DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH PRGHO ZRXOG QRW QRUPDOO\ EH


DSSOLFDEOH IRU VOXGJH DJHV LQ H[FHVV RI  GD\V DV WKH PRGHO
GRHVQRWLQFOXGHIXOOHQGRJHQRXVUHVSLUDWLRQ%HORZGD\VWKH
PRGHOV DVVXPSWLRQV DUH YDOLG 3URYLGLQJ \RX DUH WUHDWLQJ
GRPHVWLFVHZDJHDQGWKHK\GUDXOLFUHWHQWLRQWLPHLVLQH[FHVVRI
KRXUVWKHUHGRHVQRWDSSHDUWREHDQHHGWRUHFDOLEUDWHPRGHOV
$6$/2;,' $W VKRUW UHWHQWLRQ WLPHV \RX VKRXOG XVH
$6$/2;,' DQG ZLWK QRQGRPHVWLF ZDVWHZDWHU RU ZKHUH
\RX ILQG WKDW WKH PRGHO GRHV QHHG UHFDOLEUDWLRQ \RX FDQ XVH
$6$/2;,'
7KHVLWXDWLRQ ZLWK &2'EDVHG PRGHOV LV VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW 7KH
PRGHOVDUHQRWUHFRPPHQGHGIRUXVHZLWKVOXGJHVDJHVLQH[FHVV
RI  GD\V QRU EHORZ  GD\V ,Q WKH UDQJH ZKHUH WKH
DVVXPSWLRQV EXLOW LQWR WKH PRGHO DUH YDOLG WKH ,$:4
UHFRPPHQGWKDWYDULRXVSDUDPHWHUVVKRXOGDOZD\V EHHYDOXDWHG
EHFDXVH WKH\ FRPPRQO\ QHHG UHFDOLEUDWLRQ 7KHVH SDUDPHWHUV
DUH
x
x
x
x
x
x

QLWULILHUJURZWKUDWH
KHWHURWURSKLFGHFD\FRHIILFLHQW
DQR[LFGHUDWLQJSDUDPHWHUVIRUJURZWKDQGK\GURO\VLV
K\GURO\VLVFRHIILFLHQWV
KHWHURWURSKLFJURZWKUDWH
&2'KDOIVDWXUDWLRQSDUDPHWHU

,QXVDJHWKHQXPEHURISDUDPHWHUVUHTXLULQJFKDQJLQJKDYHEHHQ
UHGXFHGWR
x DXWRWURSKLFJURZWKUDWH
x KHWHURWURSKLFGHFD\FRHIILFLHQW
x KHWHURWURSKLF\LHOGFRHIILFLHQW

7KHUHIRUH IRU FRPPRQ XVDJH ZKHUH %2' LV DQ DFFHSWDEOH


PRGHOOLQJ GHWHUPLQDQG  WKLV LV FRPPRQO\ WKH FDVH LQ WKH 8.
DQG 86$ EXW OHVV VR HOVHZKHUH  ZH ZRXOG DGYLVH XVLQJ WKH
%2'EDVHGPRGHOVDVVWDQGDUG

:KHUH ZH ZRXOG VXJJHVW WKDW WKH &2' PRGHOV EH XVHG LQ
SUHIHUHQFHDUH

x ORQJVOXGJHDJH
x UHTXLUHPHQW IRU PRGHOOLQJ QLWURJHQ F\FOH LQ JUHDW GHWDLO 
XVXDOO\OLPLWVRQWRWDO1UDWKHUWKDQDPPRQLD
x QRQGRPHVWLFZDVWHV
x RXWVLGHWKH8.DQG86$
)RU WKH ILOWHU PRGHOV RXU H[SHULHQFH KDV EHHQ PRVWO\ ZLWK WKH
%2' ILOWHU PRGHO $JDLQ ZH ZRXOG DGYLVH XVLQJ WKDW LQ
SUHIHUHQFH WR WKH &2' PRGHO H[FHSW ZKHUH 1 PRGHOOLQJ LV
SDUDPRXQW ,I WKH HIIOXHQW LV VSHFLILHG RQO\ DV DQ DPPRQLD
FRQVHQWUDWKHUWKDQDWRWDO1WKHQWKH %2' PRGHO VKRXOG VWLOO
EH VHHQ DV DFFHSWDEOH 7KH RULJLQDO %2' ILOWHU PRGHO DOZD\V
UHTXLUHG FDOLEUDWLRQ VR GR WKH QHZ PRGHOV )RU WKH RULJLQDO
PRGHOWKHFDOLEUDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVZHUH
x
x
x
x

KHWHURWURSKLFELRPDVV
DXWRWURSKLFELRPDVV
%2'DWWDFKPHQWFRHIILFLHQW
%2'EUHDNGRZQUDWH

)RUWKH&2'PRGHOWKHSDUDPHWHUVUHTXLUHGDUHWKRVHDERYHIRU
WKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHPRGHOSOXV
x ELRILOPGHQVLW\
x ELRILOPGHWDFKPHQWUDWHFRQWUROOHGE\WZRSDUDPHWHUV
x VROLGVDWWDFKPHQWUDWH

Page 6

4 :RXOG \RX JLYH PH DQ H[DPSOH RI KRZ \RX SURFHVV
%2'DQG66GDWDZKHQFUHDWLQJDQLQIOXHQWILOH"
672$7FRQWDLQVGHIDXOW YDOXHVIRUVHZDJHZKHQ\RXXVHWKH
FRQVWDQWGLXUQDORUVLQXVRLGDOSDWWHUQV<RXFDQDQGVKRXOG
FKDQJHWKHVHGHIDXOWYDOXHVWRYDOXHVDSSURSULDWHIRU\RXU
RZQVHZDJH

5LJKWFOLFNRYHUWKHLQIOXHQWV\PERORQFH\RXKDYHFUHDWHGD
QHZUXQ6HOHFW*HQHUDWHSURILOH WRFUHDWHDQHZSURILOH<RX
ZLOO EH JLYHQ WKH SDWWHUQ PHQX  FRQVWDQW GLXUQDO RU
VLQXVRLGDO SURILOHV :KHQ \RX KDYH GLXUQDO GDWD XVH WKH
GLXUQDO SDWWHUQ <RX PD\ KDYH GDWD IRU D VLPLODU ZRUNV WKDW
\RXDUHZLOOLQJWRXVHDVWKHGLXUQDOSDWWHUQIRUWKHZRUNVWKDW
\RXKDYHWRPRGHO,I\RXGRQRWKDYHVXFKGDWDWKHQXVHWKH
VLQXVRLGDOSDWWHUQ

6HOHFW WKH SDWWHUQ W\SH  GLXUQDO RU VLQXVRLGDO <RX ZLOO EH


JLYHQ D OLVW RI FXUUHQWO\ GHILQHG SDWWHUQV 7KHUH LV DOZD\V DW
OHDVW RQH WKH GHIDXOW 6HOHFW ZKLFKHYHU LV WKH PRVW
DSSURSULDWH$WWKHVWDUWRIXVLQJ672$7\RXZLOOKDYHRQO\
RQH WKH GHIDXOW EXW ODWHU \RX ZLOO DOVR KDYH WKRVH WKDW \RX
KDYHFUHDWHG
6HOHFW(GLWSDWWHUQ <RXZLOOEHJLYHQDOLVWRIGHWHUPLQDQGV
,I\RXVHOHFWWKHGLXUQDOSDWWHUQ\RXZLOOEHDVNHGWRHQWHUWKH
DYHUDJH YDOXH DQG WKH  KRXUO\ UDWLRV 7KHVH UDWLRV DUH WKH
DFWXDOYDOXHDWWKDWWLPHGLYLGHGE\WKHDYHUDJHYDOXH,I\RX
KDYHWKLVGDWDRQDVSUHDGVKHHWWKHQLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFRS\WKH
FROXPQRQ WKH VSUHDGVKHHW  DYHUDJH DQG  KRXUO\ YDOXHV 
DQGSDVWHWKHVHLQWRWKH672$7FROXPQ
,I \RX VHOHFW WKH VLQXVRLGDO SDWWHUQ WKHQ \RX ZLOO QHHG WR
VSHFLI\ WKH DYHUDJH YDOXH WKH DPSOLWXGH UDWLR RI WKH
PD[LPXPYDOXHWRWKHDYHUDJHVDPHDV>SHDNLQJIDFWRU@
$ SHDNLQJ IDFWRU RI  LV DQ DPSOLWXGH RI   DQG WKH
SKDVHWLPH1RUPDOO\LI\RX DUH XVLQJ WKH VLQXVRLGDO SDWWHUQ
\RX GR QRW KDYH D ORW RI GDWD DERXW WKH SKDVH WLPH VR \RX
ZRXOGOHDYHWKLVDWWKHGHIDXOW
7KHGHWHUPLQDQGVWKDW\RXVKRXOGVSHFLI\DUHWKHIROORZLQJ
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

IORZ PK
WHPSHUDWXUH R&
VROXEOH%2' PJO
SDUWLFXODWH%2' PJO
YRODWLOHVROLGV PJO
QRQYRODWLOHVROLGV PJO
DPPRQLD PJO

7KHOLVWDERYHLVWKHPRVWFRPPRQZKHQFDUU\LQJ RXW %2'


PRGHOOLQJ<RXZRXOGVHOHFWDGLIIHUHQW VHW RI GHWHUPLQDQGV
ZKHQXVLQJ&2'

1RUPDOO\ DOO RWKHU GHWHUPLQDQGV WKHUH DUH ORW RI WKHP  FDQ
EHOHIWDWWKHGHIDXOWYDOXHV7KHUHZLOOEHQRQHHGWRFKDQJH
WKHP

:KHQHQWHULQJWKHGDWDRUUHTXHVWLQJGDWDIURPWKHODEV\RX
XVHWKHIROORZLQJ
%2'

x 6ROXEOH%2'SDUWLFXODWH%2' WRWDO%2'FRPPRQO\
MXVWFDOOHG%2'
x 6ROXEOH%2'FDQEHDSSUR[LPDWHGDVILOWHUHG%2'
x 3DUWLFXODWH %2' FDQ EH DSSUR[LPDWHG DV WRWDO %2' 
ILOWHUHG%2'

,I WKHUH DUH QR IRU VROXEOH DQG SDUWLFXODWH %2' WKHQ XVH WKH
UDWLRV
x 6ROXEOH%2' [WRWDO%2'
x 3DUWLFXODWH%2' [WRWDO%2'
6ROLGV
x
x
x
x

9RODWLOHVROLGVQRQYRODWLOHVROLGV VXVSHQGHGVROLGV
&RPPRQO\
9RODWLOHVROLGV [VXVSHQGHGVROLGV
1RQYRODWLOHVROLGV [VXVSHQGHGVROLGV

,I \RX KDYH %2' DQG VROLGV GDWD WKHQ \RX VKRXOG HQVXUH WKDW
YRODWLOHVROLGV[%2'YRODWLOHVROLGVUDWLR!SDUWLFXODWH%2'

7KHGHIDXOWYDOXHIRUWKH%2'YRODWLOHVROLGVUDWLRRQWKHILUVW
SDJHRIWKH5XQ PHQXLV<RXVKRXOGFKDQJHWKLVWRHQVXUH
WKDWLWLVDOZD\VJLYHQE\
3DUWLFXODWH%2'YRODWLOHVROLGV %2'YRODWLOHVROLGVUDWLR

:H XVXDOO\ JR IRU WKH HTXDOLW\ EXW LW LV 2. WR JR IRU WKH
LQHTXDOLW\  WKLV PHDQV WKDW VRPH RI WKH YRODWLOH VROLGV VROLGV
WKDW FDQ EH EXUQW  DUH QRW ELRGHJUDGDEOH VROLGV WKDW EDFWHULD
FDQEUHDNGRZQ 
4 672$7DSSHDUVWREHSURGXFLQJWKHZURQJUHVXOWVZLWK
DYDULDEOHYROXPHWDQN

&KHFN WKDW WKH WLPH WR ILOO DQG HPSW\ WKH WDQN LV FRPPLVHUDWH
ZLWKWKHUHSRUWLQJLQWHUYDOWKDW\RXDUHXVLQJ,IWKHWDQNFDQJR
IURP IXOO WR HPSW\ LQ  VHFRQGV EHFDXVH RI \RXU FKRLFH RI
SXPSVHWWLQJVWKHQWKHGHIDXOWUHSRUWLQJLQWHUYDORIPLQXWHV
ZLOOPLVVPDQ\RIWKHILOODQGGUDZF\FOHV
4 :KDW LV WKH EHKDYLRXU RI QLWURJHQ FRPSRXQGV LQ WKH
DQDHURELFGLJHVWHU"

$OO QLWURJHQ FRPSRQHQWV DUH DVVXPHG WR EH LPPHGLDWHO\


UHOHDVHG DV DPPRQLD ,Q D ODWHU UHOHDVH ZH ZLOO SURYLGH D QHZ
PRGHO WKDW EUHDNV GRZQ RUJDQLF QLWURJHQ SURUDWD RQ VROLGV
GHVWUXFWLRQ
4 , ZDQW WR PRGHO D ZHW ZHOO ZLWK PRUH WKDQ WKH WZR
SXPSVWKDW672$7SHUPLWV

8VHDODGGHUORJLFFRQWUROOHUZLWKWKHZHWZHOO7KHODGGHUORJLF
FRQWUROOHUVKRXOGEHVHWIRU&RQWLQXRXVUDWKHUWKDQWKHGHIDXOW
RI'LVFUHWH$VDQH[DPSOHVXSSRVHWKDW\RXZDQWWRKDYHWKUHH
SXPSV6HWWKHILUVWSXPSLQWKHZHWZHOODVQRUPDO

6HW WKH YROXPH RQ DQG RII OHYHOV IRU WKH VHFRQG SXPS WR EH
WKRVHIRUWKHVHFRQGSXPSWKHWKLUGSXPSZLOORQO\FRPHRQ
ZKHQWKHVHFRQGSXPSLVDOUHDG\RQDQGZLOOJRRIIEHIRUHWKH
VHFRQGSXPS
,Q WKH ODGGHU ORJLF FRQWUROOHU VHW WZR LQSXWV 7KH ILUVW LV WKH
YROXPH LQ WKH ZHW ZHOO DQG WKH VHFRQG LV WKH RXWSXW IURP WKH
ODGGHU ORJLF FRQWUROOHU 6HW WKH RXWSXW RI WKH ODGGHU ORJLF
FRQWUROOHUWREHWKHIORZUDWHRIWKHVHFRQGSXPS

3XPSKDVDSXPSLQJUDWHRI4PKDQGWKHSXPSLVVHWWR
FRPHRQDWDYROXPH9DQGRIIDWDYROXPH9ZKHUH9
 9 3XPS  KDV D SXPSLQJ UDWH RI 4 PK FRPHV RQ DW
9RIIDW9DQG99DQGDOVR9!9
7KHODGGHUORJLFRSHUDWLRQVKRXOGEHVHWXSDVIROORZV

x 6HWWLQJ9ROXPH!9OHVVWKDQODUJHSXPSVHWWLQJ
LQWKHUDQJHWR!42XWSXWLV447KLVVZLWFKHV
SXPSRQ

x 6HWWLQJ  9ROXPH !  OHVV WKDQ 9 SXPS VHWWLQJ LQ


WKHUDQJH!4WR!42XWSXWLV47KLVVZLWFKHVSXPS
RIISURYLGLQJWKDWLWZDVRQ

x 6HWWLQJ9ROXPH!9OHVVWKDQODUJHSXPSVHWWLQJ
LVLQWKHUDQJHWR!4RXWSXWLV47KLVHQVXUHVWKDW
WKH GHIDXOW SXPS VHWWLQJ LV IRU SXPS  FRQWUROOHG DV
QRUPDOE\WKHZHWZHOO.

4 :K\ GR \RX XVH DQ H[SRQHQWLDO IXQFWLRQ LQ 672$7


WR FDOFXODWH WKH HIIHFW RI WHPSHUDWXUH RQ JURZWK
UDWHV"0RVWWH[WERRNVXVHDSRZHUUHODWLRQVKLS
7KH FRPPRQ H[SUHVVLRQ IRU WHPSHUDWXUH HIIHFWV LV WR
PXOWLSO\WKHJURZWKUDWHDWDVWDQGDUGYDOXH XVXDOO\ R&
E\T7&RPSXWHUVFDOFXODWHWKLVDVH[S OQ T  7 VR
IRUFRPSXWHUSURJUDPVLWLV TXLFNHU WR XVH H[S $ 7  
GLUHFWO\
4 :K\ GR WKH %2' PRGHOV KDYH QR WHPSHUDWXUH
GHSHQGHQF\RQWKHGHDWKUDWHV"

7KH %2' PRGHOV E\ GHIDXOW KDYH QR WHPSHUDWXUH


GHSHQGHQF\ EHFDXVH WKH PRGHO GHYHORSHU GLG QRW LQFOXGH
VXFKDGHSHQGHQF\672$7DOORZV\RXWRFKDQJHWKLVLI\RX
KDYH WKH GDWD 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH %2' PRGHOV ZDV
VXEVWDQWLDOO\ FRPSOHWH LQ  DQG WKH ODFN RI D
WHPSHUDWXUH HIIHFW SUREDEO\ UHIOHFWV WKH GDWD WKDW ZDV WKHQ
DYDLODEOH
4 :K\GRHVP\QLWULILFDWLRQVLPXODWLRQVKRZWKDWWKHUH
LV VLJQLILFDQW QLWULILFDWLRQ HYHQ DW VKRUW VOXGJH DJHV
VXFKDVGD\VZKHQ,ZRXOGQRWH[SHFWQLWULILFDWLRQ
WRWDNHSODFH"

672$7 E\ GHIDXOW DVVXPHV WKDW WKHUH LV D QLWULILHU IHHG RI


PJO$OWKRXJKQLWULILHUVDUHIDLOLQJWRJURZEHFDXVHRI
WKH VKRUW VOXGJH DJH WKH\ VWLOO DFFXPXODWH LQ WKH DHUDWLRQ
WDQNEHFDXVHRIWKLVVHHGLQJ
<RX FDQ UHGXFH WKH GHIDXOW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ WR  PJO WR
UHGXFHWKHHIIHFWRIVHHGLQJIURPWKHLQIOXHQW

7KH HIIHFW RI VHHGLQJ LV QRW QRUPDOO\ D SUREOHP XQGHU


QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV ,W RQO\ DIIHFWV WKH VWDELOLW\ RI WKH ZRUNV
ZKHQ FORVH WR ZDVKRXW 7KLV LV UHFRJQLVHG LQ RWKHU PRGHOV
DQG IRU H[DPSOH WKH ,$:4 0RGHO  UHFRPPHQGV WKDW
VRPHDOORZDQFHIRUVHHGLQJDOZD\VEHXVHG
4 :KHQ , UXQ WKH &KHPLFDOO\$VVLVWHG 6HGLPHQWDWLRQ
&$6 PRGHOQRWKLQJVHHPVWRKDSSHQ:K\"

&$6XQLWVDUHRSHUDWHGDWPXFKJUHDWHURYHUIORZYHORFLWLHV
WKDQ QRUPDO VHGLPHQWDWLRQ WDQNV 7KLV LV EHFDXVH RI WKH
SUHVHQFHRIDVWDEOHVOXGJHEODQNHW7KHGHIDXOWIRUWKH&$6
PRGHOLVWKDWWKHUHLVQRVOXGJHEODQNHW<RXPXVWWKHUHIRUH
HLWKHU FKDQJH WKH GHIDXOWV WR HQVXUH WKDW WKHUH LV D VOXGJH
EODQNHW RU VWDUW WKH &$6 XQLW XS DW RYHUIORZ YHORFLWLHV
FRPSDUDEOH WR FRQYHQWLRQDO VHGLPHQWDWLRQ ZKHQ D VOXGJH
EODQNHW ZLOO IRUP EHIRUH VZLWFKLQJ WR WKH KLJKHU RSHUDWLQJ
FRQGLWLRQVW\SLFDORI&$6XQLWV

Page 7

SEWAGE MODELLING PARAMETERS


$V\RXFDOLEUDWH672$7\RXPD\QHHGWRFKDQJHVRPHRIWKH
GHIDXOWYDOXHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHW\SHRILQIOXHQWDQGRSHUDWLQJ
FRQGLWLRQV\RXDUHXVLQJ7KHIROORZLQJWDEOHVPD\JLYH\RXD
IHHOIRUWKHUDQJHRIYDOXHVZKLFK\RXFRXOGWU\
7KH IROORZLQJ VXJJHVWLRQV IRU GHIDXOW YDOXHV DQG UDQJHV KDV
EHHQ DGDSWHG IURP & %RUQHPDQQ HW DO 3XWWLQJ '\QDPLF
6LPXODWLRQ LQWR 3UDFWLFH SUHVHQWHG DW WKH $TXDWHFK
FRQIHUHQFHLQ$PVWHUGDP
,Q WKH WDEOH SHUFHQWDJHV DUH UHODWLYH WR WKH WRWDO &2'
FRQFHQWUDWLRQXQOHVVRWKHUZLVHVSHFLILHG

<+
<$
L;%
L;3
I3
P+PD[
.6
.2+
.12
E+
E$
KJ
KK
NK
.;
P$PD[
.1+
.2$

ND
.$/.+
.$/.$
.2$1

J+$1
.1+12

3DUDPHWHU

)UDFWLRQ
6,
66
;,
;6
;%+
;%$
;3
62
612
61+
61'
;1'
6$/.

+HWHURWURSKLF\LHOG J&2'J&2'
$XWRWURSKLF\LHOG J&2'J1
1LWURJHQLQELRPDVV J1J&2'
1LWURJHQLQUHVLGXDOELRPDVVIROORZLQJGHFD\ J1J&2'
3DUWLFXODWHLQHUWIUDFWLRQRIGHFD\SURGXFWV
+HWHURWURSKLFJURZWKUDWH G
+HWHURWURSKKDOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWRQ&2' PJ&2'O
+HWHURWURSKKDOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWRQR[\JHQ PJ2O
+HWHURWURSKKDOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWRQQLWUDWH PJ121O
+HWHURWURSKLFGHFD\FRHIILFLHQW G
$XWRWURSKLFGHFD\FRHIILFLHQW G
&RUUHFWLRQIDFWRUIRUKHWHURWURSKLFJURZWKXQGHUDQR[LF
FRQGLWLRQV
&RUUHFWLRQIDFWRUIRUK\GURO\VLVXQGHUDQR[LFFRQGLWLRQV
+\GURO\VLVUDWH G
+DOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUK\GURO\VLV
$XWRWURSKLFJURZWKUDWH G
+DOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRU1+1XSWDNH PJ1+1O
+DOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUR[\JHQXSWDNHE\DXWRWURSKV PJ
2O
$PPRQLILFDWLRQUDWH OPJG
$ONDOLQLW\KDOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUKHWHURWURSKV PPROO
$ONDOLQLW\KDOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUDXWRWURSKV PPROO
+DOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUK\GURO\VLVXQGHUDQDHURELF
FRQGLWLRQV PJ&2'O
&RUUHFWLRQIDFWRUIRUK\GURO\VLVXQGHUDQDHURELFFRQGLWLRQV
+DOIVDWXUDWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRU121IRUKHWHURWURSKV PJ1O

5DZVHZDJH





PJO
PJO
PJO
0HDVXUH
0HDVXUH
RI66
RI;6
PPROO

9DOXH


























6HWWOHGVHZDJH





PJO
PJO
PJO
0HDVXUH
0HDVXUH
RI66
RI;6
PPROO

7HPSHUDWXUH
IDFWRU










5DQJH




















7KHIROORZLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLVLQWKHSXEOLFGRPDLQDQGFDQEHXVHGE\672$77KHVHWWOHPHQWSDUDPHWHUVGHVFULEHGDVVXPHDVLQJOH
PRGHOIRUSLUPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\VHWWOHPHQWZKLFKLVHTXLYDOHQWWRWKHJHQHULFDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHWDQNLQ672$7
7KHWDEOHVJLYHWKHYDOXHVIRUILYHVLWHVWKUHHVLWHVLQ(DVWHUQ&DQDGDRQHLQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPDQGRQHLQ:HVWHUQ&DQDGD

Page 8

&58'(6(:$*(3$5$0(7(56
3DUDPHWHU
%2'
766
7.1
&2'966UDWLR
966IUDFWLRQ
6ROXEOHLQHUW&2'
1+7.1UDWLR
$ONDOLQLW\

8QLWV
PJO
PJO
PJO
J&2'J966

PJO
PRODU

$








(DVWHUQ&DQDGD
%
&















8.









6(77/('6(:$*(3$5$0(7(56
3DUDPHWHU
&2'
%2'
766
7.1
)LOWHUHG&2'
)LOWHUHG%2'
966IUDFWLRQ
&2'966UDWLR
6ROXEOHELRGHJUDGDEOH&2'
9)$
6ROXEOHLQHUW&2'
3DUWLFXODWHELRGHJUDGDEOH&2'
$FWLYHELRPDVV
1+7.1UDWLR
$ONDOLQLW\

8.

8QLWV
PJO
PJO
PJO
PJO
PJO
PJO












PJO
PJO&2'
PJO
PJO
PJO&2'






PRODU

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PARAMETERS


3DUDPHWHU

*URZWKUDWH
6XEVWUDWHKDOIVDWXUDWLRQ
<LHOG
$XWRWURSKJURZWKUDWH
<LHOG
1LWURVRPRQDV
1LWUREDFWHU

(DVW&DQDGD
$
%
+HWHURWURSKSDUDPHWHUV
G


PJO&2'


J&2'J&2'


$XWRWURSKSDUDPHWHUV
G


J&2'J1
   
 

8QLWV

&







8.

:HVW&DQDGD

 


 

 
 

Page 9

PRIMARY CLARIFICATION PARAMETERS


3DUDPHWHU
0D[LPXPVHWWOLQJ
YHORFLW\
9HVLOLQGVHWWOLQJ
YHORFLW\
+LQGHUHGVHWWOLQJ
SDUDPHWHU
'LVFUHWHVHWWOLQJ
SDUDPHWHU

8QLWV
PG

$


(&DQDGD
%
&



8.

:&DQDGD

OPJ766











PG

OPJ766













 









FINAL SETTLING TANK PARAMETERS


3DUDPHWHU
0D[LPXPVHWWOLQJ
YHORFLW\
9HVLOLQGVHWWOLQJ
YHORFLW\
+LQGHUHGVHWWOLQJ
SDUDPHWHU
'LVFUHWHVHWWOLQJ
SDUDPHWHU

8QLWV
PG
PG

OPJ766




OPJ766

$


(&DQDGD
%
&



8.

:&DQDGD


































STOAT TRAINING COURSES


:5FFDQRIIHUWUDLQLQJRQWKHXVHRI672$7,QWUDLQLQJFRXUVHVZHUHUXQIRU1RUWK:HVW:DWHU6RXWKHUQ:DWHU1RUWK2I
6FRWODQG:DWHU&DPGHQ&RXQW\DQGYDULRXVRWKHU672$7XVHUV7KHWUDLQLQJFRXUVHQRUPDOO\ODVWVWKUHHGD\VDQGFDQEHJLYHQDW
\RXUVLWH)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQSOHDVHFRQWDFW/L]3DOIUH\DWWKHDGGUHVVRQWKHEDFN

Page 10

LIST OF STOAT USERS...


June 1999

2SHUDWRUV

$63,9,WDO\
$0*$,WDO\
%UHVFLD:DWHU'HSDUWPHQW,WDO\
$0183DUPD,WDO\
&ODEVD6SDLQ
&&08$&DPGHQ1-86$
3KLODGHOSKLD:DWHU'HSDUWPHQW3$86$
3DVVDLF9DOOH\6HZHUDJH&RPPLVVLRQHUV1-86$
$QJOLDQ:DWHUSOF8.
1RUWK:HVW:DWHUSOF8.
6HYHUQ7UHQW:DWHUSOF8.
6RXWKHUQ:DWHUSOF8.
7KDPHV:DWHUSOF8.
1RUWKRI6FRWODQG:DWHU8.
:HVWRI6FRWODQG:DWHU8.
.HUU\&RXQW\&RXQFLO(LUH
:DWHU([HFXWLYH1RUWKHUQ,UHODQG
3DQHYH]\V'LVWULFW0XQLFLSDOLW\/LWKXDQLD
*UHDWHU0D]XUVNLFK/DNHV)RXQGDWLRQ3RODQG
+HOVLQJERUJ6ZHGHQ
6\GQH\:DWHU'HSDUWPHQW$XVWUDOLD
2WKHUV

%LUPLQJKDP8QLYHUVLW\8.
&UDQILHOG8QLYHUVLW\8.
/RXJKERURXJK8QLYHUVLW\8.
/HHGV8QLYHUVLW\8.
/RFDO*RYHUQPHQW&RPSXWHU6HUYLFHV%RDUG(LUH
8QLYHUVLW\RI2WWRZD&DQDGD
8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWK&DUROLQD86$
:DUVDZ8QLYHUVLW\3RODQG

&RQVXOWDQWV

0RQWJRPHU\:DWVRQ8.
6RXWKHUQ:DWHU7HFKQRORJ\*URXS8.
%HFKWHO:DWHU8.
(QYLURQPHQWDO&RQVXOWDQWV/WG8.
%DEFRFN:DWHU(QJLQHHULQJ/WG8.
0RWW0DF'RQDOG8.
(QWHF8./WG
0DXQVHOO/WG8.
3UHDXFHVV(QJLQHHULQJDQG6FLHQFH8.
$XVWUDOLDQ:DWHU7HFKQRORJLHV$XVWUDOLD
'+,'HPDUN
6*,,WDO\
1,9$1RUZD\
0HMRUDV(QHUJHWLFDV6SDLQ
9%%9,$.6ZHGHQ
(DUWK7HFK86$
&KDVWDLQ6NLOOPDQ86$
&DPS'UHVVHU0F.HH86$
$JHQWVIRU

$XVWUDOLD
&KLQD
&URDWLD
&]HFK5HSXEOLF
+RQJ.RQJ0DFDX7DLZDQ
,WDO\
1HZ=HDODQG
5XVVLD
6RXWK.RUHD
6SDLQ
6ZHGHQ1RUZD\)LQODQG
7XUNH\
86$DQG&DQDGD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
:5FZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKHIROORZLQJSHRSOHIRUWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWWRWKLVQHZVOHWWHU

$ODQ6WRNHV/DXUD%XUURZV(YH$PRV1DWDOLH'LOORQ$QGUp0H\HU&ODHV+HUQHEULQJ%MRHUQDU1RUGHLW+RZDUG&UDEWUHH

Page 11

&RS\ULJKW:5FSOF

)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW672$7SOHDVHFRQWDFW
/L]3DOIUH\

7HOHSKRQH   672$7KHOSOLQH


   VZLWFKERDUG
)D[  

,QWKH8.(PDLOVWRDW#ZUFSOFFRXN

,QWKH86(PDLOVWRDW#ZUFJURXSFRP

Page 12

You might also like