Introduction to Circuit Theory

First-Order Circuits

2012-10-12
Jieh-Tsorng Wu
National Chiao-Tung University
Department of Electronics Engineering

Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The Source-Free RC Circuit

The Source-Free RL Circuit
Singularity Functions
Step Response of an RC Circuit
Step Response of an RL Circuit
First-Order OPAMP Circuits

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

The Source-Free RC Circuit

dv v
dv 1
0

v0
dt R
dt RC
RC Time Constant
V0 e t

iC iR 0 C
v(t ) V0 e t RC

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Natural Response and Time Constant

The natural response of a circuit refers to the behavior of the circuit itself, with no
external sources of excitation.
The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay by a
factor of 1/e or 36.8% of its initial value.

2
3
4
5

7. First-Order Circuits

v(t ) V0
0.36788
0.13534
0.04979 5%
0.01832 2%
0.00674 1%

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Effect of Time Constant

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Power and Energy of a RC Circuit

v t V0 e t

RC

v t V0 t
e
R
R
V2
p t viR 0 e2t
R

iR

V2
V2
1

wR t pdt 0 e 2t dt 0 e 2t CV02 1 e 2t
R
R 2
0 2
0
0
t

1
As t , wR CV02
2
7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

The Key for RC Circuit Analysis

Find the initial voltage v(0)=V0 across the capacitor.
Find the time constant =RC.
R is the resistance as seen by the C.

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RC Circuit Example 1

Req 520 4

Req C 4 (0.1) 0.4 s

vC (t ) vC (0)e t 15e t 0.4 V

vx vC

12
9e 2.5t V
8 12

7. First-Order Circuits

ix

vx
0.75e 2.5t A
12
Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RC Circuit Example 2

For t<0
9
15 V
39

vC (0) 20

1
wC (0) CvC 2 (0)
2
1
wC (0) (20m) 152 2.25 J
2
For t 0
Req 1 9 10

t<0

t>0

Req C 10 20m 0.2 s

v(t ) vC (0)e t 15e t 0.2 V

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

The Source-Free RL Circuit

di
di R
Ri 0
v0
dt
dt L
L
Time Constant
V0 e t
R

vL vR 0 L
i (t ) I 0 e tR L
7. First-Order Circuits

10

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Power and Energy of a RL Circuit

L
R
vR i (t ) R I 0 Re t

i t I 0 e t

p t vR i I 02 Re 2t

wR t pdt I Re
2
0

As t , wR

7. First-Order Circuits

2 t

dt I R e 2t LI 02 1 e 2t
2
0 2
2
0

1 2
LI 0
2
11

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

The Key for RL Circuit Analysis

Find the initial voltage i(0)=I0 through the inductor.
Find the time constant =L/R.
R is the resistance as seen by the L.

7. First-Order Circuits

12

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RL Circuit Example 1

2(i1 i2 ) vo 0 3i1 4i2 2(i2 i1 ) 0 vo 2i1 2i2

1
vo i1
3

Req

vo vo 1
L 0.5 3

s
io i1 3
R 13 2

i i (0)e t 10e (2/3)t A v L

ix

5
i2 i1
6

10
di
2
0.5 10e (2/3)t e (2/3)t V
3
dt
3

5
v
e (2/3)t A
2
3

7. First-Order Circuits

13

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RL Circuit Example 2

For t 0

t<0

40
12

6A
i (0)
2 (412) 12 4
For t 0
Req 16(12 4) 8

2 1
L
s
Req 8 4

t>0

i (t ) i (0)e t 6e4t A
7. First-Order Circuits

14

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RL Circuit Example 3

For t 0
10
2 A vo (0) 3 i (0) 6 V
i (0)
23
For t 0
2
L
Req 36 2
1 s
Req 2

t<0

i (t ) i (0)e t 2e t A
vL L

v
2
di
4e t V io L e t A
6
3
dt

7. First-Order Circuits

15

t>0

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Singularity Functions
Singularity functions are functions that either are discontinuous or have
discontinuous derivatives.
The three most widely used singularity functions in circuit analysis are
Unit step function, u(t).
Unit impulse function, (t).
Unit ramp function, r(t).

7. First-Order Circuits

16

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Unit Step Functions

0, t 0
u (t )
1, t 0

7. First-Order Circuits

0, t t0
u (t t0 )
1, t t0

17

0, t t0
u (t t0 )
1, t t0

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Unit Step Function and Equivalent Circuits

7. First-Order Circuits

18

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Unit Impulse (Delta) Function

t0
0,
d

t u t Undefined, t 0
dt
0,
t 0

7. First-Order Circuits

(t )dt 1 (t ')dt ' u (t )

19

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Unit Impulse (Delta) Functions

f (t ) 5 (t 2) 10 (t ) 4 (t 3)
7. First-Order Circuits

20

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

10

Unit Impulse Function and Sampling

y (t ) f (t ) (t t0 ) f (t0 ) (t t0 )

f (t ) is sampled at t t0

Let a t0 b,

b
a

f t t t0 dt f t0 t t0 dt f t0 t t0 dt f t0
b

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

21

Unit Ramp Functions

r t

u t ' dt ' tu t

r t t0

t0

0,

t t0 ,

0,
r t
t,

t0

7. First-Order Circuits

22

r t t0

t t0
t t0

0,

t t0 ,

t t0
t t 0

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

11

Singularity Function Example 1

7. First-Order Circuits

23

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Singularity Function Example 2

i (t ) 10u (t ) 20u (t 2) 10u (t 4)

idt 10r (t ) 20r (t 2) 10r (t 4)

7. First-Order Circuits

24

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

12

Singularity Function Example 3

7. First-Order Circuits

25

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Singularity Function Example 4

u (t ) 1 u (t )
7. First-Order Circuits

26

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

13

Step Response of an RC Circuit

At t 0, v(0) V0
For t 0, v(0 ) V0 , and from KCL,
iC iR 0
dv v VS

0
dt
R
dv
RC v VS
dt
Let v(t ) a1e t / a2
C
For t > 0

a1 t /
e a1e t / a2 VS a1 a2 V0

RC a2 VS a1 V0 VS
RC

7. First-Order Circuits

27

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Step Response of an RC Circuit

t0
V0 ,
v(t )
t
VS V0 VS e , t 0
If V0 0, then, for t 0
v(t ) VS 1 e t
i (t ) C

V
dv C
Vs e t S e t
dt
R

7. First-Order Circuits

28

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

14

Natural Response and Forced Response

Complete Response = Natural Response + Forced Response
(Stored Energy) (Independent Source)

For t 0
v(t ) VS V0 VS e t

V0 e t VS 1 e t
vn (t ) v f (t )

vn (t ) V0 e t

v f (t ) VS 1 e t
7. First-Order Circuits

29

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Transient Response and Steady-State Response

Complete Response = Transient Response + Steady-State Response
(Permanent)
(Temporary)

For t 0
v(t ) VS V0 VS e t
vss vt (t )
vss VS
vt (t ) V0 VS e t

Transient response is the circuits temporary response that will die out with time.
Steady-state response is the behavior of the circuit a long time after the an
external excitation is applied.
7. First-Order Circuits

30

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

15

Transient Response and Steady-State Response

v(t ) v() v(0) v() e t

v(0)

or
v(t ) v() v(t0 ) v() e

t t0

v()

v(0) is the initial value

v() is the final steady-state value
is the time constant of the circuit

7. First-Order Circuits

31

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RC Circuit Step Response Example 1

For t 0, v(t ) v() v(0) v() e t /

v(0) v(0 ) 24

5k
15 V
3k 5k

v() 30 V
4k 0.5m 2 sec
v(t ) 30 [15 30]e 0.5t 30 15e 0.5t V
7. First-Order Circuits

32

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

16

RC Circuit Step Response Example 2

For t 0, v(t ) v() v(0) v() e t /

t<0

v(0) v(0 ) 10 V
20
20 V
10 20
1 20 1 5
(1020) sec
4 3 4 3
v(t ) 20 [10 20]e 0.6t 20 10e 0.6t V
v() 30

7. First-Order Circuits

33

t>0

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Step Response of an RL Circuit

For t 0, i (0) I 0
For t 0, i (0 ) VS / R, and from KVL,
vL vR VS
di
Ri VS
dt
V
L dv

v S
R dt
R
t /
Let i (t ) a1e a2
L

For t > 0

V
L a1 t /
e a1e t / a2 S a1 a2 I 0
R
R
V
V
L

a2 S a1 I 0 S
R
R
R
7. First-Order Circuits

34

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

17

Step Response of an RL Circuit

If I 0 0, then, for t 0

v(t )

VS
V
I0 S
R
R

t
e

VS
1 et

R
di L VS t
v(t ) L
e VS e t
dt R

t0

i (t )

7. First-Order Circuits

35

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Step Response of an RL Circuit

i (t ) i () i (0) i () e t
or
i (t ) i () i (t0 ) i () e

t t0

i (0) is the initial value

i () is the final steady-state value
is the time constant of the circuit

7. First-Order Circuits

36

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

18

RL Circuit Step Response Example 1

For t 0,
i (t ) i () i (0) i () e t /
i (0) i (0 )

10
5 A
2

10
2A
5
1 1 1

sec
3 5 15
i (t ) 2 [5 2]e 15t 2 3e 15t A
i ( )

7. First-Order Circuits

37

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

RL Circuit Step Response Example 2

(I) For t 0, i (t ) 0

(II) For 0<t 4, i (t ) i () i (0) i () e t /

i (0 ) i (0 ) 0 A i ()

40
L
5 1
4 A RTh 10
sec
46
RTh 10 2

i (t ) 4 [0 4]e 2t 4 1 e2t A
7. First-Order Circuits

38

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

19

RL Circuit Step Response Example 2

(III) For 4<t ,

i (t ) i () i (4) i () e (t 4)/
i (4) i (4 ) 4(1 e 2t ) 4(1 e 8 ) 4 A
2
4
10
20 V
42
42
22

RTh (42) 6
3
V
20
30

2.272 A
i ( ) S
RTh 22 / 3 11

VS 40

5
15
L

sec
RTh 22 / 3 22

i (t ) 2.727 [4 2.727]e1.467(t 4)
2.727 1.273e 1.467(t 4) A
7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

39

First-Order Opamp Circuit Example 1

v(0) V0

v ( ) 0

RTh R1 R1C

v(t ) v() v() v(0) e t / V0 e t /

i (t ) C

V
dv
C
V0 e t / 0 e t /
dt

R1

v0 (t ) R f i (t )

7. First-Order Circuits

40

Rf
R1

V0 e t /

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

20

First-Order Opamp Circuit Example 2

v(0) V0

v ( ) 0

RTh R f

Rf C

v(t ) v() v() v(0) e t / V0 e t /

v0 (t ) v(t ) V0 e t /

7. First-Order Circuits

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

41

First-Order Opamp Circuit Example 3

v(0) V0

v ( ) 0

50k 1 0.05
v(0) 0
20k
2V
10k 20k
50k
vo () v1 1
7 V
20k
v() v1 vo () 5 V
v1 3

v(t ) v() v(0) v() e t /

5 [0 5]e 20t 5 5e 20t V
v0 (t ) v1 v(t ) 7 5e 20t V
7. First-Order Circuits

42

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

21

First-Order Opamp Circuit Example 4

vi (t ) 2u (t ) V Vab (t )
vo (0) 0 vo () 2

Rf
R1

Ro 0 RTh R2R3
vo (t ) vo () 1 e t /
7. First-Order Circuits

Rf

R1

vi (t ) 2

Rf
R1

u (t ) V

R3
R2 R3

R2 R3
RThC
R2 R3

43

Circuit Theory; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

22