External work
External work
The category of external works
is dedicated to any features
that can be used to finish the
external environment of a
project, whether it be a
residential, commercial,
industrial or a community
project. Within most projects
external features are needed
to ensure the functionality of,
and to add value to, the end
result.
Road ?
For motorised
traffic to move
from one place to
another.
A line of communication using a
stabilized base open to public
traffic, primarily for the use of
road motor vehicles running on
their own wheels
As a way used for
travelling between
places, usually
surfaced with
asphalt or concrete.
USAGE OF ROAD
for moving vehicles
park vehicles
pedestrians and other non-vecihular traffic
people and freight accessing abutting property
non transport utilities.
Example: water, power, telecommunication using
easements within the road reservation.
URBAN ROADS
stationary or slowmoving traffic is
expected
RURAL ROADS
low traffic volumes
EXPRESSWAY (PLUS-HIGHWAY)
o main national grid North Highway
o primary framework of national
transport for fast travelling
ARTERIAL ROAD (JALAN ARTERI)
o main continuous urban road
transportation system from residential
development area towards area
COLLECTOR (JALAN PENGUMPUL)
o a collector road to arterials road or
distribution road of traffic between
arterial and local road system
LOCAL STREET ( JALAN TEMPATAN)
o basic road network within a
neighborhood road and serve primarily
to offer direct access to abutting land.
o link to the collector road and thus
serve short trip length
EXPRESSWAY
o divided highway through traffic
with full control access
HIGHWAY
o link up direct/indirect federal
capital and point of the entry or exit
to the country
PRIMARY ROAD
o basic network of the road link state
capital or major town
SECONDARY ROAD
o link up major town within District
Regional Development Area
MINOR ROAD
o mainly local traffic with short trip
length and no access control
Administration of roads according to authority within the area
a) Federal Road
- road link to the State Capital, Airport, Railway Station Ports.
- Maintenance are the responsibility of the Federal Government
and done by State JKR.
b) State Road
- Within State outside the jurisdiction of the Local Authority
District Office.
- Maintenance are the responsibility of the State Government,
done by State JKR.
c) Local Authority Road
- Maintained by the responsible local authority.
d) Kampong
- Under the jurisdiction of the District Office.
- Maintenance is the responsibility of District Office.
Works of survey and site clearance including
check the site , cutting of trees ,Removing
the tree stumps ,Removing the hedges ,
Removing the shrubs and bushes, Removing
& Relocating the turf or grass ,removing &
relocating the topsoil
Current methods of this work is
filling, incineration, and removal from
the site, or a combination of these
means.
Machineries that involved is like
excavator , bulldozer and other.
EARTHWORK
Earthworks are concerned with the preparation of the
soil to bring it to correct levels, gradients, profiles, and
strength required
The finished level of such earthworks is referred to as
formation level. Earthworks for road construction are
formed by cut-and-fill method
Pavement construction
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
Flexible pavement is any kind of pavement that is not constructed using concrete.
In Malaysia the pavement is commonly, constructed by using flexible pavement.
Pavements with very low flexural strength and are flexible in their structural
behaviour when under a load are called flexible pavements
Pavement construction
RIGID PAVEMENT
Cement concrete roads
are very high standard.
They are costliest than all
other types of roads. These
roads provide excellent
riding surface and pleasing
appearance. They are
called rigid pavements
because they do not allow
any flexibility.
An edge between a sidewalk and a roadway consisting of a line
of curb stones
To assist
drainage.
To improve
channelization
and delineation of
traffic flows.
To reduce
maintenance of
shoulders.
FUNCTION:-
Improvement of
aesthetic values
of the road
alignment.
To protect
pedestrians.
DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
A drainage system is necessary
to remove excess water from
the irrigated land. This excess
water may be e.g. waste water
from irrigation or surface
runoff from rainfall. It may also
include leakage or seepage
water from the distribution
system.
ROAD DRAINAGE
Storm water drainage to prevent flooding and water
ponding on road to aquaplaning
To provide drain with sufficient capacity to deal with
serve storm condition
Are laid to fall and flow by gravity into sewer/main
drain and discharge to natural water condition
Factor to considered:
variation of rate of intensity of storm rainfall
Degree of impermeability of the soil
Storage capacity of sewer system/ main drain system
Time taken for rain to flow into drain
Encompasses all roadside objects
used for safety and control of traffic
in addition to those for assisting the
driver.
Provide drivers with the necessary
warnings, rules, distance and
directional information in order to
travel roads and thoroughfares safely.
Do you know
MARRIS ?
-Malaysian Road Records Information
System (MARRIS) used for the purpose
of recording data throughout the state
roads include State Road, Road Town,
Cheap Housing Estate Road, Back
Lane, Village Roads and Roads.
-MARRIS is an annual allocation for
road repair work and drain.
-Forms that have been submitted by
the Local Authority (Council-Municipal
and District Councils) and the Public
Works Department (PWD) office will
be reviewed and approved by each
state PWD before being sent to the
Treasury Financial Management
Advisory Services Division (BNPK) for
data entry .
Case
study
site
My case study is a construction of
Multimedia University (MMU)
Branch Campus. The construction
process that will be observed for our
case study will be the construction of
building of branch campus, landscape
work, road, pavement, drainage and
road marking.
The construction period for this
project is 15 month. It is starting on 20
November 2012 and was expected to
complete on 20 January 2014 but had
been subjected for extension of time
due to external factors such as worker
attitude, weather, material problem
and other internal problem. The
person who helped in our case study
are Mr. Hafizuddin (Supervisor).
OBJECTIVE
This Work Method Statement is to outline
the apply and lay pavement for the road
construction consisting of sub-base of
granular material, road base of crusher
run, asphaltic concrete binder course and
asphaltic concrete wearing course.
MATERIAL
Sand
Crusher run
Asphaltic Concrete
Binder Course ACBC 28
Asphaltic Concrete
Wearing Course ACBC 20
Bituminous Prime Coat
Bituminous Tack Coat
SCOPE
This method statement shall apply for all
roadwork. The intention of this work
method statement is to give general
guideline for the roadwork construction.
Details of the procedures contained
herein may be modified based upon
actual ground condition and site
requirements
WORK SEQUENCE FLOW
Compacted sub-grade
Laying 50mm sand material sub-base
Laying 300m crusher run road base
compacted in 2 layers
Laying 65mm Asphaltic Concrete Binder
Course
Laying 50mm Asphaltic Concrete
Wearing Course
THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE ROADWORKS
Survey and Setting
Out
Laying of Wearing
course
Road Marking
Site clearing
Laying of Binder
course
Drainage works
Road-Base
Road furniture(
Signage/Guardrail
& etc.)
Sub-base
Traffic Lights (if
required under
contract).
Earthwork
Preparation of the
Sub-grade.
CRITICAL PATH METHOD(CPM)
Type of road
The type of road used at this site is U3, type of the road used in
this project is flexible road. The width of lane is 6m wide.
Besides that, surface water drainage of this project also
reconstructed to gain best condition in construction process
without any water stagnant.
The section of pavement in this site
can be summarizing as in the figure
below:
50 mm thick premix wearing course
A layer of bituminous tack coat
A layer of bituminous prime coat
65 mm thick asphaltic concrete binder course
300 mm thick crusher run stones compacted in 2
layers
50 mm thick compacted sand base
compacted sub grade
PAVEMENT
compact the sub grade
making the road surface
The sub grade is
compacted using
roller
next layer of the road is sand base as the
blanket course
function of sand is to separate
the layer of sub base from mix with
subgrade layer
300mm thick crusher run is laid as road base
After that,65mm thick
asphaltic concrete is spread
over the crusher run
Then a layer of prime coat then tack
coat are sprayed above the base
course
Paver
Trencher
For drainages excavation
Backhoe Loader
For laying the premix
For excavation, drainage
and shoulder work
MACHINARIES DURING
CONSTRUCTION Roller
Bulldozer
To push large
quantities of soil,
sand, rubble, etc
Grader
To prepare the base
course
Scrapper
For moving earth
To compact soil,
gravel, concrete, or
asphalt
|material wastage|
|weather|
|security|
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
|accidents|
|drainage|
|formation level|
The crime case is also always occurred on site, especially is theft. The
materials of construction such as culvert, storm water pipe, precast concrete
kerb and other kinds of materials always are stealing by thief. That is due to
the current economic of construction materials is very expensive
The ways to prevent theft of storage are:
SECURITY
Restrict access to storage areas
Each storage area attached to a security fence.
Unless site is security, if not, have avoided storing the materials on site.
The owner can also hire security guard to look after the site after working
hours especially night time so as a safety measure to minimize the number
of occurrence of the theft cases which leads to loss of property. The owner
would suffer from a bigger loss if no immediate actions are taken to
prevent theft.
WEATHER
The climate change has become a consideration
for road builders. Installation of road is
prohibited during a rainy day. This is because it
would increase the risk for accident to occur
during a rainy day.
we cant avoid natural event cause by weather so
proper management of progress of work are
important to overcome this problems.
