INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT (IDP)

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SEMESTER 1 SESSION 2020/2021

By
I r. D r. M o h a m m a d S o f f i M d N o h
 Scope of Structural Design
Reading and understanding of architectural drawings
Preliminary structural layout planning
Types of structural system
Location of column and beam
Types of staircase
Types of substructure
Dimension of the structural elements
Preliminary analysis
STRUCTURES
Structural analysis and design (Design Software)
Structural design verification (Manual)
Structural drawing and detailing
Submission requirement
Cost estimation of structural elements
Reading and understanding
of architectural drawings
 Project Procedure
Construction project is an outcome of a collaborative venture involving
several stakeholders such as:
Civil &
Structural
Client / Engineer
Mechanical
Building Land
& Electrical
owner surveyor
Engineer
Contractor

CONSULTANT
Quantity
Architect
surveyor
Project Procedure
• An architect and engineer both participate in designing and building a structure, whether it
is a house or a skyscraper.
• An architect designs and draws up plans for buildings, bridges, and other structures. The goal
of an architect's design is to satisfy the customer's requirements, making the
appearance of the structure to the customer's liking and performing quality work.
• Civil and structural engineers have the responsibility of applying an architect's design and
carrying it through to construction. The goal of these engineers is to satisfy the customer's
requirements and make the design functional and safe.
• Other engineers that may be involved in building design are electrical engineers for the
lighting systems, mechanical engineers for the elevator, and plumbing engineers for the
plumbing system, among others.
• The key difference between an architect and an engineer is that an architect focuses more
on the artistry and design of the building, while the engineer focuses more on the
technical and structural side.
Project Procedure
• In designing any structure, an architect has to plan out his/her ideas by making a
scaled drawing. Before an engineer can approve an architect's design, they have to
analyze the design and select materials that can safely uphold the structure.
• An engineer takes the blueprint presented by an architect and determines whether or
not it is possible to build, and what are the best materials to use. Different materials
have different advantages, such as greater strength or greater flexibility.
• There are a lot of decisions that go into every minor detail of designing and
building structures.
• In order to design safe structures that will last for many decades, engineers must
stay current on the properties of materials, know about design flaws and
research new engineering technology.
Architectural drawing
• Architectural Drawings are an essential part of any design or build
project. They are a type of Communication. Translating the ideas of
the client or designer into a collection of drawings and documents that
clearly and accurately outline WHAT is to be built, WHERE it is to be
built, and HOW it is to be built.
• They provide information and specifications to not only the client, but
any additional consultants required on the project.
• Architectural drawings normally consists of site plan, floor plan, roof
plan, elevations (front, rear, and side), and section.
Architectural drawing
Site plan
• Architect will start their drawing by
preparing the site plan which is a
view looking down at a building from
above.
• The site plan was created to illustrate
the location and orientation on a plot
land.
• It’s provide information about the
site’s topography, landscaping
utilities, and site work. It's also very
importance for the architect to make
a site plan to illustrates the existing
natural & built features.
 Location Plan
General
Note

Key Plan

Site Plan Legend

Architectural drawing
Floor plan
• A floor plan is the most fundamental architectural diagram, a view from above
showing the arrangement of spaces in building in the same way as a map, but
showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building.
• Technically it is a horizontal section cut through a building, showing walls, windows
and door openings and other features at that level.
• The plan view includes anything that could be seen below that level: the floor, stairs
(but only up to the plan level), fittings and sometimes furniture.
• Geometrically, plan view is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an object
on to a horizontal plane, with the horizontal plane cutting through the building.
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Roof Plan
Architectural drawing
Elevation
• Is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one facade.
• The most common view used to describe the external appearance of a building.
• Each elevation is labelled in relation to the compass direction it faces, e.g. looking
toward the north you would be seeing the southern elevation of the building.
• Buildings are rarely a simple rectangular shape in plan, so a typical elevation may
show all the parts of the building that are seen from a particular direction.
• Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal orthographic projection a building on to a
vertical plane, the vertical plane normally being parallel to one side of the building.
Front Elevation
Left Elevation
Rear Elevation
Right Elevation
Architectural drawing
Cross Section
• Also simply called a section, represents a vertical plane cut through the object.
• Everything cut by the section plane is shown as a bold line, often with a solid fill to
show objects that are cut through, and anything seen beyond generally shown in a
thinner line.
• Used to describe the relationship between different levels of a building.
• Combination of a cross section, with elevations of other parts of the building seen
beyond the section plane.
• Geometrically, a cross section is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building
on to a vertical plane, with the vertical plane cutting through the building.
Section X-X
Section Y-Y
Architectural drawing Structural Layout Plan

What is the structural engineer's concern?

• Location and site condition.
• Structural system and materials to be used.
• Function of the floors, location of voids and types of finishes.
• Floor levels, Finished Floor Level (FFL) and drop / rise up floor level.
• Location of the RC wall/brickwalls, thickness and opening (door &
window).
• Location of column and proposed column dimension by architect.
• Location of staircase, support condition and proposed dimension of
riser/going/threat/waist.
• Location and capacity of water tank. (hose reel/hydrant/water storage)
• Type of roofing systems.
Preliminary structural layout
planning
 Structural Layout Plan
• Engineering drawing - plan or set of plans for how a building or other structure will be
built. Generally prepared by structural engineers after getting an architectural plan of the
buildings.
• This involves determination of the following.

Position and
Positioning of Spanning of Selecting proper
orientation of Layouts of stairs
beams slabs type of footing
columns

• Primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure.

• Consists of structural element size and types of materials to be used, as well as the
general demands for connections.
• Communicate the design of the structures to the authority to review and approval.
• Part of the contract documents which guide contractors in detailing, fabricating, and
installing parts of the structure.
Structural Layout Plan
Positioning and Orientation of Columns
• Following are some of the building principles, which help in deciding the
columns positions.
Columns should preferably be located at (or) near the corners of
a building, and at the intersection of beams/walls.

Select the position of columns so as to reduce bending

moments in beams.

Avoid larger spans of beams.

Avoid larger centre-to-centre distance between columns.

Columns on property line.

Structural Layout Plan
Positioning and Orientation of Columns
• The projection of columns outside the wall in the room should be avoided as they
not only give bad appearance but also obstruct the use of floor space, creating
problems in placing furniture flush with the wall.
• The width of the column is required to be kept not less than 200 mm to prevent the
column from being slender.
• The spacing of the column should be considerably reduced so that the load on
column on each floor is less and the necessity of large sections for columns does not
arise.
• Orient the column so that the depth of the column is contained in the major plane
of bending or is perpendicular to the major axis of bending. This is provided to
increase moment of inertia and hence greater moment resisting capacity. It will also
reduce the span to depth ra-tio resulting in increase in the load carrying capacity of
the column.
Structural Layout Plan
Positioning of Beams
• Following are some of the principles, which help in deciding the beams
positions.
• Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated
load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.
• Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria. The
increasing in span L which results in greater deflection for larger span.
• Beams shall normally be extended as function to support the secondary beam or
to provide rectangular shape of slab.
Structural Layout Plan
Spanning of slabs
• This is decided by supporting arrangements. When the supports are only on opposite
edges or only in one direction, then the slab acts as a one way supported slab.
• When the rectangular slab is supported along its four edges it acts as a one way slab
when Ly/Lx > 2. In one way slab, main steel is provided along with short span only
and the load is transferred to two opposite supports.
• The two way action of slab occur when Ly/Lx ≤ 2. Since, the slab is also supported
over the short edge there is a tendency of the load on the slab by the side of support
to get transferred to the nearer support.
• A two way slab is generally economical compare to one way slab because steel along
both the spans acts as main steel and transfers the load to all its four supports.
Structural Layout Plan
Layout of Stairs
• It is constructed to provide ready, easy, comfortable and safe ascent/descent.
• It consists of a flight of steps, usually with one or more intermediate landings
provided between the floor levels.
• The dimension of stair should be such as to give the maximum comfort to the
users, which depends on the use of the building.
• The basic guideline of staircase layout was clearly stated in Uniform Building by
Law, UBBL,1984 and BS5395-1 : 2010. Normally, an architect will provided all
information required in designing the staircase.
• It structurally designed to consist of upper and lower supports.
• In normal practices, an architectural design provided the dimension of riser,R and
going,G/threat,T.
Structural Layout Plan
Footing type
• The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and the bearing
capacity of the supporting soil.
• The soil under the foundation is more susceptible to large variations. Even under one
small building the soil may vary from soft clay to a hard sand. It is necessary to
conduct the survey in the areas for soil properties.
• For framed structure, isolated column footings are normally preferred except in case
of exists for great depths, pile foundations can be an appropriate choice.
• If columns are very closely spaced and bearing capacity of the soil is low, raft
foundation can be an alternative solution.
• For a column on the boundary line, a combined footing or a raft footing may be
provided.
How to prepare structural layout plan?
Grid
Dimension
Grid Mark
• Follow an architectural grid marks.
• Numeric & alphabet inside circle

Grid Line
• x and y axis
• Line type = Centreline

Preparing Grid
Structural
element
Beam Line

Beam Mark & Size

• GB 15 (200 x 450)
• GB 34 (200 x 400 / 450)

Slab Mark, Thk. & Distribution

• One way @ two way slab
• FS 1, FS15
• Thk. : 175 = 175 mm thickness
• Dp. 50 = Drop 50 mm
• FFL = Finished Floor Level

Column Mark
• C15, C20
Structural
arrangement Column Orientation & Offset
• Orientation of rectangular column
• Offset (Beam flush / wall flush)

Slab cut section

• Reinforcement arrangement & detailing of slab

Layout of Staircase
• Dimension of riser and going / landing
• Lower & upper support of staircase

Main & Secondary beam

• Secondary beam will be supported
by main beam
Preliminary Element Size
• One of the main loads that a structure must support is its own weight (selfweight), so
it's essential to know this information so that the different parts of the building can
be dimensioned.
• The size of structural elements normally can be determined based these criteria.
• Architectural design
• Magnitude of actions
• Span of element and deflection criteria.
• Fire resistance requirement
• Structural design experience
Preliminary Element Size
RC Beam
• From structural point of view, the selection of beam sizes is often dictated by
deflection control criteria.
• Span to overall depth (L/h) ratios of 13 to 18 are generally found to be economical in
the case of simply supported and continuous beam.
• The recommended ratio of width to overall depth (b/h) in rectangular beam section is
in the range of 0.3 to 0.6.
• Beside of that, the beam sizes also control by an architectural detailing and fire
resistance requirement.
• EC2 gives recommendation to determine the dimension of beam based on:
• Minimum width, bmin based on fire resistance (Tables 5.5 and 5.6, BS EN 1992-1-2)
• Effective depth, deff for deflection control (Table 7.4N).
Preliminary Element Size
RC Beam
• Minimum width, bmin of beam (simply support) based on fire resistance requirement.

Table 5.5 BS EN 1992:1:2

Preliminary Element Size
RC Beam
• Minimum width, bmin of beam (continuous) based on fire resistance requirement.

Table 5.6 BS EN 1992:1:2

Preliminary Element Size
RC Beam
• Effective depth, deff of beam based on deflection control

Table 7.4 BS EN 1992:1:1

Preliminary Element Size
RC Slab
• The selection of slab thickness from structural viewpoint is often dictated by
deflection control criteria.
• In practice, the overall depths of slabs are often fixed in relation to their spans. The
span of the slab normally limited to 36h in order to prevent against severe crack to
occur.
• Span to overall depth ratios of 20 to 30 are generally found to be economical in the
case of simply supported and continuous slabs.
• Estimated for deflection control:
• This is based on the ratio of span/effective depth as in Table 7.4N BS EN 1992-
1-1:2004.
• The minimum thickness for fire resistance is stated in Table 5.8 BS EN 1992-1-2.
Preliminary Element Size
RC Slab
• Minimum tihickness of one and two way slab based on fire resistance requirement.

Table 5.8 BS EN 1992:1:2

Preliminary Element Size
RC Column
• EC2 Clause 5.3.1(7) defines column as a compression member where the greater
cross-sectional dimension does not exceed 4 times the smaller dimension (h ≤ 4b).
• To estimate the size of the column requires an understanding of the interaction
between the floor structure and the columns. This is due to the transfer of an axial
load and bending moments from one element of the structure to another.
• In structural design practice, the column dimension was first determined by
considering the design of architect’s due to asthetic purposes. If the size is not
applicable, the engineer’s should propose the new column sizes as to meet the
structural design requirements with consent from an architect.
• The minimum size of a column must meet the fire resistance requirements given
in Table 5.5 EN 1992: 1: 2.
Preliminary Element Size
RC Column
• Minimum dimension of rectangular and circular RC column based on fire resistance
requirement.

Table 5.2a BS EN 1992:1:2

TERIMA
KASIH