CIE 332 QUANTITY SURVEYING AND ESTIMATION

TAKING OFF MEASUREMENTS

LECTURE SIX
LECTURER: ENG. GOODSON MASHEKA
@2021

1
Transportation projects,Dams and bridges

2
Terminology
Culvert
 A culvert is an opening (usually a pipe) in the embankment that allows water to pass
from one side to the other. Culverts are placed in valleys that would otherwise be
dammed by the highway embankment..
 As a general rule, a minimum of 6m of linear waterway should be provided per 15.km of
the road for efficient drainage.
 The types of culverts are:
 pipe culvert
 Slab culvert
 Box culvert
3
Types of Culvert

4
 Terminology
Bridge
 A bridge is a structure having a total length above 6m between the inner face
of the dirt walls for carrying traffic or other moving loads over a depression
or obstruction such as channel, road or railway.
 They are classified as minor or major bridges as per the criteria given below:
 Minor Bridge: Span greater than 6m up to 60m
 Major Bridge: Span greater than 60m

5
Terminology
Abutment
Abutment is the structures at the ends of a bridge whereon the structure's superstructure
joins the bank of waterway. Abutments function as both a vertical load carrying
structure and as an earth retaining structure.

Pier
Single-span bridges have abutments at each end. However, multi-span bridges require
piers to support the ends of individual spans between these abutments.

6
Terminology
Retaining Wall:
A retaining wall is a structure that holds back the soil and prevents it from sliding
or eroding away when there is a drastic change in elevation.
It is designed so that to resist the material pressure of the material that it is holding
back.
.
Return Wall
A return wall is retaining wall built parallel to the center line of a road to retain the
embankment.

Wing Wall
Wing wall is a retaining wall which sustains the embankments of the approaches
where they join the bridge
7
Terminology

Curtain Wall

Cross walls are built across the stream on the up-stream or down-stream in order

to protect the structure from erosion due to strong current of water induced by

the restriction of free passage of water through the water way.

8
Data needed for transportation project quantity
estimations
Horizontal and Vertical
Alignment
 Maximum grade
 Minimum horizontal radius
 Minimum vertical curvature
 Horizontal sight distance

9
Data needed for transportation project quantity
estimations
Typical Structural Design
 River crossings
 Culverts
 Retaining walls
 Soil protection measures

10
Data needed for transportation project quantity
estimations

Typical Cross Section

• Road width
• Maximum earth side slopes
• Pavement width
• Layer thickness
• Ditch details
• Width cleared of vegetation
11
Road cross section

12
Railway Line

13
Units of measurements
The units of measurement shall be :
I. Sub-base ............................................................................ square metre.
II. Base course ........................................................................square metre.
III. Wearing course, friction course, surface dressing...............square metre.
IV. Kerbs, edgings. ....................................................................linear metre.
V. Special kerb sections ............................................................number.
VI. lines ................................................................................linear metre.
VII. letters, characters, figures, symbols, arrows ......................number

14
Procedure for taking quantities

 Always start from chainage 0+000

15
Procedure for taking quantities

16
Computation of Subgrade volumes

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

Question
Compute the amount of Volume which is required to be removed from site when the
designed proposed level of Subgrade is 35.62?

Grid Survey of the proposed site

17
Computation of Subgrade volumes
Grid Existing Proposed Elevation Grid Existing Proposed Elevation
Grade Grade Difference Grade Grade Difference
1 35.90 35.62 -0.28 2 35.86 35.62 -0.24
35.86 35.62 -0.24 35.84 35.62 -0.22
35.86 35.62 -0.24 35.89 35.62 -0.27
35.84 35.62 -0.22 35.88 35.62 -0.26
Total -0.98 Total -0.99
Average -0.25 Average -0.25
Volume -6.13 Volume -6.19

18
Computation of Subgrade volumes

Grid Existing Proposed Elevation Grid Existing Proposed Elevation

Grade Grade Difference Grade Grade Difference
3 35.89 35.62 -0.27 4 35.92 35.62 -0.30
35.88 35.62 -0.26 35.90 35.62 -0.28
35.92 35.62 -0.30 35.90 35.62 -0.28
35.90 35.62 -0.28 35.90 35.62 -0.28
Total -1.11 Total -1.14
Average -0.28 Average -0.29
Volume -6.94 Volume -7.13

19
Computation of Subgrade volumes

Existing Proposed Elevation Existing Proposed Elevation

Grid Grade Grade Difference Grid Grade Grade Difference
35.9 35.62 -0.28 6 35.86 35.62 -0.24
5 35.9 35.62 -0.28 35.84 35.62 -0.22
35.89 35.62 -0.27 35.84 35.62 -0.22
35.86 35.62 -0.24 35.85 35.62 -0.23
Total -1.07 Total -0.91
Average -0.27 Average -0.23
Volume -6.69 Volume -5.69

20
Computation of Subgrade volumes

Existing Proposed Elevation Existing Proposed Elevation

Grid Grade Grade Difference Grid Grade Grade Difference
35.84 35.62 -0.22 35.88 35.62 -0.26
7 35.85 35.62 -0.23 8 35.87 35.62 -0.25
35.88 35.62 -0.26 35.9 35.62 -0.28
35.87 35.62 -0.25 35.9 35.62 -0.28
Total -0.96 Total -1.07
Average -0.24 Average -0.2675
Volume -6.00 Volume -6.6875

21
Computation of Subgrade volumes
Existing Proposed Elevation Existing Proposed Elevation
Grid Grade Grade Difference Grid Grade Grade Difference
35.9 35.62 -0.28 10 35.9 35.62 -0.28
9 35.9 35.62 -0.28 35.88 35.62 -0.26
35.9 35.62 -0.28 35.86 35.62 -0.24
35.88 35.62 -0.26 35.78 35.62 -0.16
Total -1.1 Total -0.94
Average -0.28 Average -0.24
Volume -6.88 Volume -5.88

 Therefore (-6.13) +(-6.19) + (-6.94) +(-7.13) +(-6.69)+(-5.69)+(-6.00)+

(-5.69) +(-6.88)+(-5.88)= -63.82 m3

22
Computation of volumes of road fill and cuts
A 100m road is to be built on hill by cut and fill excavations. By referring to
the drawing below. Take off the quantities for excavation and filling

23
Computation of volumes of road fill and cuts

Open face excavation

on Hill slope

1/ 100.00 Cut area

100 .00
6.63
6.63
1.39 921.57 1.39
921.57

Excvatioe over site to

reduced level & Filling
with material obtained
from excvations.

24
Computation of volumes of road fill and cuts
Open face excavation on
Hill slope

1/ 100.00 Fill area

100.00
6.68
6.68
2.44 1,629.92 2.44
1,629.92

Earth filling with imported

material obtained offsite,
supplied by the contractor .
100.00
6.63
Ddt . Dtto site excavations
1.39 921.57 (cut)
1,629.92
921.57
708.35
25
Computation of Subbase, base course and wearing course

 This are computed in square meters but the thickness should

be specified in the description column as per engineer’s
drawing

26
Calculation of concrete for Drainage

Prepare a detailed estimate per 1000 meter length for the concrete drain
(1:3:6) proportion having the dimension as shown in the figure below

Detail of RCC drain

27
 Calculation of concrete for Drainage
Ans:
The items of estimation are:
1. Earthwork in excavation
2. Cement concrete work (1:3:6)

28
Calculation of concrete for Drainage
The detail estimates per 1000 mtr length of drain for these items are as follows:

= 618.75 m3

2. Cement concrete work (1:3:6)

= 303.75m3

29
Bridges and Culverts
Bridge
 The detail quantities for bridges must be determined and in the description column, the
chainage and the type of the bridge should be started.
 The quantities includes the excavation and concrete works.
 Care must be taken on the invert levels
Culverts
 The detail quantities for Culverts should be determined and in the description column, the
chainage and the type of the culvert has to be started.
 The quantities includes the excavation and concrete works.
 Make use of the timesing column for the culverts which are of the same size.
30
Kerb stones and Road making

The linear measurement should be used for such kind of quantities.

In the description column the full descriptions of the size of the kerb
stone have to be started.

31
Road furniture

The signage are given in numbers, i.e stop signs

The timesing column should be used for starting

the numbers

32
Structure of Dam

33
Components of Dam
Foundation Level: It is the level at which the foundation of a dam rests. Generally
foundation for a dam is built on hard strata. Before laying the foundation proper
treatment (like grouting) has to be done to the ground underneath to prevent
excessive uplift pressure due to seepage, slipping of rocky layers over each other
etc.
Upstream River Bed Level: This is Bed Level or Bottom most level of the River at
the point where the Dam built.
Dead Storage Level: It is minimum amount of water level to be maintained in the
Dam. Generally, the water beneath the Dead Storage level is used exclusive for
Drinking water purposes (in case of drought situations only).

34
Components of Dam
FRL or Full Reservoir Level:
 This is water level when the Dam is filled to its Full Capacity.
 Amount of water between the FRL and Dead Storage level is called Live Storage.
 Water in Live Storage is utilized for various purposes like Irrigation, Power Generation,
Industries, Drinking Water etc. Live Storage gradually reduces with the age of the Dam
due to silting up of the upstream portion of the Dam.
MWL or Maximum Water Level:
 The level when water is flowing over the Spillway at Design Flood Discharge.

35
Components of Dam

Spillway Level
 The top most level of spillway.
Crest Level
 The top most level of the Dam. Various components like Hoist Platforms,
Rails Parapet Walls and Inspection Path (also serves are Roadway for
Vehicular Movement) will be placed here.

36
Components of Dam

Stilling Basin Level:

 Stilling Basin is an arrangement provided decrease the Energy
of the water as the water falls from great height over the spill
way.
 Tail water Level:
 The level where the over flown water from spillway meets the
natural course of the river.
37
Components of Dam
Location of Sluice Gates
For flushing off deposited silt from the Dam.
 Location of Fish Pass: Fishes in the river has the right to travel across
the Dam. So, in-order to protect the aquatic environment and enable
the movement of fish, Fish pass is provided.
 Location of Stop Log Gates: Stop Log Gates are temporary
arrangements used to hold water when the spillway gates need repairs.
.

38
Components of Dam
Location of Drainage Galleries:
 Drainage Galleries are tunnel like structures which run all along the Dam
at different levels.
 Number of Galleries to be provided depends upon the size of the Dam.
 They are provided so as to allow Seepage water to get out of the Dam
safely without causing any damage to the Dam wall.

 When taking off all various components have to be determined

starting with the foundation level to the fill material

39
Water and sanitation projects

40
Layout of water supply

41
Layout of water supply

42
Layout of water supply
At the top of the system is the catchment - this is the land where the rain falls and
springs discharge
groundwater and collectively form a stream.
Water is pumped from the streams at the water supply intakes and piped to the
water treatment plants.
The treatment plant removes all the dirt and bugs, Chlorine is added to keep the
water safe.
Trunk mains (pipes) are used to move the water to reservoirs, where the treated
water is stored.
From the reservoirs the water is piped through the reticulation system to homes,
businesses and other water users around the town.
43
Order of taking off

Should be the order of the way water/sewerage is conveyed

Intake works –Distribution
Trench excavations – Given in linear measurement with the
depth
Pipe – Liner measurement
Valve chambers- Categorized in the depth

44
References
Seeley, I.H. and Winfield, R. (1999) Building Quantities Explained
5th ed. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Hampshire

45
THANK YOU

46