ANTAI TECHNOLOGY CO.

, LTD

Load Calculation
 Contents

1 Design Conditions ………… 2

2 Drawing of Mounting System ………… 2
3 Structure Material ………… 3
4 Load inspection ………… 4
5 Fixed Load ………… 4
6 Wind Load ………… 5
7 Snow Load ………… 9
8 Seismic Load for Design ………… 11
9 Calculation and measurement of clamp ………… 12
10 Summary ………… 12

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 1 Design Conditions
a) Panel specification 2094 x 1038 x 35 mm
b) Panel weight 24 kg
c) Orientation Portrait
d) Panel quantity 1 x 27 = 27
e) Tilt angleθ 7 °
f) Wind speed 40 m/s
g) Ground vertical snowfall 0 Kpa
h) Span 1550 mm
i) Terrain Category B
j) Maximum height 14 m
k) Installation site Roof
l) Calculation Standard ASCE 7-10.

2 Drawing of Mounting System

G 5 − W P'

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3 Structure Material
a) Rail CG-010
Material： AL6005-T6 ; σs= 250 2
N/mm ; E= 70000 N/mm2;
L= 28700 mm;

Sectional geometry paramater(mm)

A 254.2954 IP 91670.9843
Ix 62391.5302 Iy 29279.4541
Wx（上） 2338.3754 Wy（左） 1823.4586
Wx（下） 2675.4362 Wy（右） 2315.0389
ix 15.6637 iy 10.7303

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4 Load inspection item (Allowable stress design method)
In order to keep the design strength equal to or higher than the load effect, the
structures, componets and foudations should be compliance with below load
effect combination for design.

Load Combinations (Based on ASD Method)

D： Dead Load
D W： Wind Load
-
D+S S： Snow Load
D+0.6W γ： Wind Direction
γ=180°
D+0.75*0.6W+0.75S
0.6D+0.6W γ= 0°

5 Fixed Load
Module weight G1= 24 x 27 x 9.8 = 6350.4 N
Rail weight G2= 2 x 0.689 x 28.7 x 9.8
= 388 N
Beam weight G3= 0 N

Fix load on Rail G4=G1+G2= 6350 + 388

= 6738 N
Fix load on Beam G5=G3+G4= 6738 + 0
= 6738 N

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6 Wind Load
(1) Basic Wind Speed
The basic wind speed, V , used in the determination of design wind loads on
buildings and other structures.The wind shall be assumed to come from any
horizontal direction.Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in
miles per hour (m/s) at 33 ft(10m) above ground for Exposure C category.

Wind speed is 40 m/s

(2) Wind Directionality Factor

The wind directionality factor Kd shall be determined from Table 6-1. This
factor shall only be applied when used in conjunction with load combinations.

Solar photovoltaic bracket system belongs to main wind force resisting system
,so the Kd is taken as 0.85

Structure Type Directionality Factor Kd

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.9
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Signs 0.85
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95

(3) Topographic Factor

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 If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the
conditions then Kzt is taken 1.0

(4) Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

Based on the exposure category determined in Section 26.7.3, a velocity
pressure exposure coefficient K: or K, as applicable, shall be determined from
Table 27.3-1. For a site located in a transition zone between exposure categories
that is near to a change in ground surface roughness. intermediate values of
K.or K, between those shown in Table 27.3-1 are permitted provided that they
are determined by a rational analysis method defined in the recognized
literature.

Exposure
Height above ground level,
z
B C D
ft (m)

0-15 (0-4.6) 0.57 0.85 1.03

20 6.1 0.62 0.90 1.08

25 7.6 0.66 0.94 1.12

30 9.1 0.70 0.98 1.16

40 12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22

50 15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27

60 18 0.85 1.13 1.31

70 21.3 0.89 1.17 1.34

80 24.4 0.93 1.21 1.38

90 27.4 0.96 1.24 1.4

100 30.5 0.99 1.26 1.43

120 36.6 1.04 1.31 1.48

140 42.7 1.09 1.36 1.52

160 48.8 1.13 1.39 1.55

180 54.9 1.17 1.43 1.58

200 61.0 1.20 1.46 1.61

250 76.2 1.28 1.53 1.68

300 91.4 1.35 1.59 1.73

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 Surface Roughness Categories

Surface Roughness
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
B obstructions
having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30 ft (9.1 m). This
C category includes flat open country, grasslands, and all water surfaces in hurricane prone
regions.

Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane prone regions. This category
D
includes smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.

The height of this project is 14 m ,and it belongs to exposure category

B so the Kz is taken as 0.81

(6) Velocity Pressure

Wind pressure at height Z point shall be calculated in following formula:

= 0.613 * ### * 1.0 * 0.81 * 40 ^2

= 675.3 N/m2

Kd:Wind directionality factor = 0.85

Kzt:Topographic factor = 1.0
=
Kz:Velocity pressure exposure coefficient 0.81
V: Basic wind speed (m/s) = 40

(7)Gust-Effect Factor
The gust-effect factor for a rigid building or other structure is
permitted to be taken as 0.85

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(8) Net Pressure Coefficient

Wind Direction,γ=0° Wind Direction,γ=180°

Lo
ad Obstructed Obstructed Wind
Angel Clear Wind Flow Clear Wind Flow
Ca Wind Flow Flow
se
CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL CNW CNL

A 1.2 0.3 -0.5 -1.2 1.2 0.3 -0.5 -1.2

0
B -1.1 -0.1 -1.1 -0.6 -1.1 -0.1 -1.1 -0.6

A -0.6 -1 -1 -1.5 0.9 1.5 -0.2 -1.2

7.5
B -1.4 0 -1.7 -0.8 1.6 0.3 0.8 -0.3

A -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -1.5 1.3 1.6 0.4 -1.1

15
B -1.9 0 -2.1 -0.6 1.8 0.6 1.2 -0.3

A -1.5 -1.6 -1.5 -1.7 1.7 1.8 0.5 -1

22.5
B -2.4 -0.3 -2.3 -0.9 2.2 0.7 1.3 0

A -1.8 -1.8 -1.5 -1.8 2.1 2.1 0.6 -1

30
B -2.5 -0.5 -2.3 -1.1 2.6 1 1.6 0.1

A -1.8 -1.8 -1.5 -1.8 2.1 2.2 0.7 -0.9

37.5
B -2.4 -0.6 -2.2 -1.1 2.7 1.1 1.9 0.3

A -1.6 -1.8 -1.3 -1.8 2.2 2.5 0.8 -0.9

45
B -2.3 -0.7 -1.9 -1.2 2.6 1.4 2.1 0.4

Notes:
1、CNW and CNL denote net pressures (contributions from top
and bottom surfaces) for windward and leeward half of roof
surfaces, respectively.
2、Clear wind flow denotes relatively unobstructed wind flow
with blocltage less than or equal to 50%. Obstructed
wind flow denotes objects below roof inhibiting wind flow (>50%
blocltage).
3、For values of θ between 7.5° and 45°, linear interpolation
is permitted. For values of θ less than 7.5°, use
monoslope roof load coefficients.
4、Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting towards and
away from the top roof surface, respectively.
5、All load cases shown for each roof angle shall be investigated.

The setting angle is 7 °

When, γ = 0 °,CN =Max(CNW,CNL) = -1.4
When, γ = 180 °,Cp,n =Max(Cp,w,Cp,l)
= 1.6

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 (9) Net Design Pressure
Net design pressure, p, shall be calculated by the following equation:
p=qzGCN

When, γ = 0 °

P= 675.3 * 0.85 * -1
= -803.6 N/㎡
When,γ = 180 °

P= 675.3 * 0.85 * 1.6

= 918.38 N/㎡

Because： qz*G*CN > #####

Then:
qz*G*CN = -803.6 N/㎡ γ=0 °
qz*G*CN = 918.38 N/㎡ γ = 180 °

W=qz*G*CN**Af

Af= 2094 * 1038 * 27 = 58.69 ㎡

Wp = -803.58 * 59 = -47159 N γ=0 °

Wp' = 918.382 * 59 = 53897 N γ = 180 °

7 Snow Load

(1) Ground Snow Loads

Ground snow loads, Pg,to be used in the determination of design snow loads for
roofs.
Ground snow loads Pg is 0 Kpa,equals to 0 N/m2.
(2) Exposure Factor
The exposure factor Ce shall be determined from Table 7-2.
Terrain Category Fully Exposed
Partially Exposed Sheltered

B 0.9 1 1.2

C 0.9 1 1.1

D 0.8 0.9 1.0

Above the treeline in

windswept mountainous 0.7 0.8 N/A
areas.
In Alaska, in areas
where trees do not exist
within a 0.7 0.8 N/A
2-mile (3 km) radius of
the site.
The exposure condition of the solar photovoltaic bracket system is Fully Exposed,
and it belongs to exposure category B so the Ce is taken as 0.9
(3) Thermal Factor
The thermal factor Ct shall be determined from Table 7-3.

Thermal Condition Ct
All structures except as indicated below: 1.0
Structures kept just above freezing and others with cold,
ventilated roofs in which the thermal resistance (R-value)
1.1
between the ventilated space and the heated space
exceeds 25°F x h x ft2/Btu (0.4 K x m2/w).
Unheated structures and structures intentionally kept
1.2
below freezing.
Continuously heated greenhouses with a roof having a
thermal resistance (R-value) less than 2.0°Fx hx ft 2/Btu 0.85
(0.4 K x m2/w)
In the snowy condition,the solar photovoltaic bracket system belongs to
the unheated structures,so the Ct is taken as 1.2

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(4) Importance Factor
An importance factor, I (snow loads), for the building or other structure shall be
determined from Table 1.5.2 based on building and structure categories listed in
Table 1.5.2

Category Importance Factor I

I 0.8
II 1
III 1.1
IV 1.2
Solar photovoltaic bracket system belongs to occupancy category I,so the I
is taken as 0.8
(5) Flat Roof Snow Loads
The snow load, Pf , on a roof with a slope equal to or less than 5°
(1 in./ft = 4.76°) shall be calculated in lb/ft2 (kN/m2) using the following formula：

Pf =0.7CeCt IPg
= 0.7 * 0.9 * 1.2 * 0.8 * 0
= 0 N/m2

Ce: Exposure factor = ##

Ct: Thermal factor = 1
I: Importance factor = 1
Pg: Ground snow loads = 0 N/m2

(6) Roof Slope Factor

For cold roofs with Ct = 1.2 and an unobstructed slippery surface that will allow
snow to slide off the eaves, the roof slope factor Cs shall be determined using the
dashed line on Fig. 6-2c.

The setting angle of this project is 7 °so the Cs is taken as 1.00

(7) Sloped Roof Snow Loads

Snow loads acting on a sloping surface shall be assumed to act on the horizontal
projection of that surface. The sloped roof snow load, Ps, shall be obtained by
multiplying the flat roof snow load, Pf , by the roof slope factor, Cs.
Ps =Cs Pf
= 1 * 0
= 0 N/m2

Cs:Roof slope 1.00

= factor
0.0 N/m2
Pf: Flat roof =snow loads

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8 Seismic Load for Design

Load Combinations Of Rail

G4= 6738.06 Wp'= 53896.57

Wp= -47159.50 S= 0.00

G4+0.6Wp' 39076.00 N
γ=180°
D+0.75*0.6Wp'+0.75S 30991.51 N

γ= 0° 0.6G4+0.6Wp -24252.86 N

The Value K is from below sheet：

Rails with 2 spans Rails with 3 spans
The The
bending bending
coefficie Kσ 0.125 coefficien Kσ 0.1
nt of t of
fulcrum fulcrum
The The
deflectio deflectio
n n
Kδ 0.521 Kδ 0.677
coefficie coefficien
nt in the t in the
spans spans

Rails with 4 spans Rails with 5 (or more) spans

The The
bending bending
coefficie Kσ 0.107 coefficien Kσ 0.105
nt of t of
fulcrum fulcrum
The The
deflectio deflectio
n n
Kδ 0.632 Kδ 0.644
coefficie coefficien
nt in the t in the
spans spans

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 so it should calculate the structure load in the case of storm.

400 18 * 1550 400

F= 39076 / 2 = 19538 N
L= 28.70 M
q= 681 N/M
Lq= 1.55 M Ls= 0.4 M

Calculation within the span

Stress
σmax=Kσ*q*Lq^2/Zx
= 0.105 x 681 x 1.55 ^2 / 2.34
= 73.4 N/mm2
Material to be used is AL6005-T6, allowable stress is 250/1.67=149.7 N/mm2.
73.4 /149.7<1, is within the safe range

Deflection δ
δmax=Kδ*q*Lq^4/(100*E*Ix)
= 0.64 x 681 x 1.55 ^4/( 100 x 6.9x 6.239 )
= 0.588 cm
= 5.88 mm
Strut and the pitch of strut 1550 mm,
The maximum amount of displacement 5.88 mm
（ 5.88 / 1550 ） <(1/100), is within the safe range

9 Calculation and measurement of clamp

The total load in the case of headwind：

|0.6G4+0.6Wp| = 24253 N
The force on each clamp

F= |0.6G4+0.6Wp| / 38 = 638.2 N

10 Summary

Structure
Allow Allo
Deflec Safety Rate
Stress able wabl
Load tion
（N/m Stress e Judgement
Combinati m²） （mm （N/ Defle
ons ）
mm ction Fσ/σ δ/δmax
σ δmax Fσ δ

G4+0.6Wp' 73.44 5.88 149.7 15.5 204% 264% 0K

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