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=
-1
Richard Gambin, the Radical Tradition (London 1978), Chapter 1.

-2 : - , -
.
-3 Gustav Landauer ) (Die Revolution London 1978 ,
tpoia , , utopia -- --
. , .
F. L. Carsten, Revolution in Central Europe (1918/1919) (London, 1972), p.125ff.

4-

-5 , :
A. Schwarz, die Weimarer Republikk (Corstanz, 1958), p.28-9.
P. Brou Rvolution en Allemagne (Paris, 1971), ch.6.

6-

7- P. von Oertyen, Betriebstrte in Novemberrevolution (Dusseldorf, 1963), p.71 ff.

Brou op. cit. , And E. Kolb, die Arbeiterrte in der deuschen Innenpolitik (Dusseldorf, 1962), p. 60.

8-

Kolb, op. cit. Pp. 88-90.

9-

10- ibid. Pp. 91-92.

-11 , O. K. Flechtheim ,
. Die K. P. D. In der Weimarer Republikk (Frankfurt, 1969), ch. 2:

-12 , :
R. Grunberger, Red Rising in Bavaria (London 1973).

:
G. Schmolze (ed.), Revolution und Rterepublik 1918-1919 in Augenzeugenberichten (Dosseldorf 1969.

-13 1917 . :
R. L. Toks, Bla Kun, and the Hungarian Soviet Republic (New Zork, 1967), p. 38 F.

:
Vlgyes The Hungarian Soviet Republic (Stanford, 1970).
Toks, op. cit., p. 120.

14-

ibid, p. 161.

15-

-16 33 17 , 14 , , 2 ) .
, (137
-17 1910 , ,
.

37

www.kavoshgar.org

, ,
. ,

18- G. D. H. Cole and R. Postgate, The Common People (London, 1968), p. 518.
19-

ibid, p. 546-57.

20- Cf. B. P ribicevic, The shop Strewards` Movement and Workers` Control, 1910-1922 (Oxford,
1959), p. 99 ff.

21- ibid, p. 144.

22- A. Tasca, Naissance du fascisme (Paris, 1967), p. 45.
23- ibid, p. 54.
24-

ibid, p. 103-4.

25- H. Prouteau, Les occupations dusines en France et en Italie (1920-1936) (Paris, 1967), p. 40.
26- J. M. Cammet, Antonio Gramsci and the origins of Italian Communism (Stanford, 1967), p. 74.
27- Sindicati e consigli`, Ordine Nuovo (11 October 1919), in A. Gramsci, LOrdine Nuovo 1919-1920
(n. p., 1955), p. 34-9 (henceforth referred to as Opere).

: :
Selections from Political Writings 1910-1929 (London 1977), pp. 98-102.

28- `Sindicalismo e consigli, Ordine Nuovo (8 Nivember 1919) and second article, `Sindicati e consigli,
(2 June 1920) in Opere, p. 44-48, p. 131-5.

: :
Selections from Political Writings 1910-1929 (London 1977), pp. 109-113, 265-268.

29- `Democrazia operaia`, Ordine Nuovo (21 July 1919), Written in collaboration with Palmiro Togliatti
in Opere, p. 10-13.

: :
Selections from Political Writings 1910-1929 (London 1977), pp. 65-68.
See also J. M. Piotti, La pense politique de Gramsci (Paris, 1970), p. 260.

30- Commett, op. cit., p. 88.

31- Cf. `Il problema del pottere`, Ordine Nuovo (29 November 1919) and `partito di governo e classe di
governo`, (6 March 1920) in Opere, p. 56-60, 91-96.

: :
Selection from Political Writings 1910-1929 (London 1977), pp. 130-134, 167-172.

32- `Sindicati e consigli`,op. cit. (20 Jun 1920).

33- `Il partio e la revoluzione`, Ordine Nuovo (27 December 1919) in Opere, p. 67-71.
: :
Selections from Political Writings 1910-1929 (London 1977), pp. 142-146.

34- Along similar lines see Piotte, op. cit. p. 263.

38

www.kavoshgar.org

-35 "" ) 34 125 (.

:
P. C. Masini, Antonio Gramsci e l`Ordine Nuovo. Visti da un libertario (n. P., 1956).

36- Cited by piotte, op. cit., p. 271.

37- ibid, p. 373.
(1878-90) Sozialistengeseze -38 .
:
C. E. Schoeske, German Social Democracy (1905-17) (Cambridge, Mass, 1955).

-39 . , ) .( 1919
: www.marxists.org :

-40 1907 . Die Tribune :

-41 , . ) Robert

(Michels ) 1906 SPD(

.
: Robert Michels, Political Parties (London 1962) :
-42 ) ( J.P. Nettl Rosa Luxamborg (London 1966) :

43- H. M. Bock, ``Zur Geschichte un Theorie der hollndische marxistischen Schule``, in A. Pannekoek
and H. Gorter, Organisation und taktik der proletarischen Revolution (Frankfurt, 1968), p. 12 speaks of 500
members; F. Kool (ed.) in his introduction to Die Linke gegen die Partieherrschaft (Olten, 1970), p. 89 puts
the figur at 700.

44- A. Pannekoek, Die taktischen differenzen in der arbeiterbewegung (Hamborg,1909).

: :
Serge Bricianer Pannekoek and the workers Councils (St. Louis, 1978), ch. 2.

45- A. Pannekoek, ``Masseaktion und Revolution``, Die Neue Zeit Vol. 1, 1912 p.543 and ``Die
Eroberung der Herrschaft`` Leipziger Volkszeitung, no. 210 (1912).

: :
Serge Bricianer Pannekoek and the workers Councils (St. Louis, 1978), ch. 3

46- A. Pannekoek, `` Marxistische Teorie und revolutionre Taktik``, Die Neue Zeit Vol. 1, 1912 p. 27281, 365-73.

: :
D. A. Smart (ed.) pannekoek and Gorters Marxism (London, 1978).

" " :
H. M. Bock, Szndicalismus und Linkskommunismus von 1918-1923 (Meisenheim am Glan, 1969).

-47 .
:
39

www.kavoshgar.org

J. Miller `` Zur Geschichte der linken Sozial- demokraten in Bermen (1906-1918)`` in Zeitschrift fr
Geschichtswissenschaft (Sonderheft, 1958), pp. 202-17.

-48 ,
. -198
1917 , . :
Karl Libknecht, Politische Aufzeichnungen aus seinen Nachlass (Berlin, 1921). See also Bock, op. Cit., pp.
65-66.

49- Arbeiterpolitik (Bermen), no. 1 (24. Januar 1916), and no. 7 (17. February 1917), see the editirials.
-50 , , ISD .
, .

51- Arbeiterpolitik (Bermen), no. 15 (14. April 1917), and no. 10 (26. august 1916).
52- ``Zur Einfhrung`` Verbut (1. Januar 1916), unsigned.
53- A. Pannekoek, ``Bolschewismus und Demokratie``, Arbeiterpolitik (Bermen), no. 5 (December 1918).
: :
Serge Bricianer Pannekoek and the workers Councils (St. Louis 1978), pp. 150-152.

-54 . ,
. .
, , ,
, .
-55 , . ) USPD
(1917 , Fritz Ruck
.
H. M. Bock, Szndicalismus und Linkskommunismus von, op. Cit., p.62.

-56 , , ).(1920
Program der Kommunistschen Arbeiter- Partei Deutschlands.
: http://www.left-dis.nl/uk/kapd1920.htm :

-57 AAUD 1919 .

Bock ,130-132 :
)F. Wolffheim Betriebsorganisationen order Gewerkschften (Hamborg, 1919, the text dates from August
: AAUD 1921 Workers dreadnought .

-58 Massenaktion ) KAU (1933 AAUD-E .

, ,
, AAUD-E . ,
, . :
Die Allgemeine Arbeiter- Union (Einheitsorganisation). Was sie ist und was sie will! (frankfurt am Main
)1927t

40

www.kavoshgar.org

1923 .209 , Bock -59

.145 , F. Kool - 20000
. , : -60
. 1918 ,
. 1918 ( 1959 " " )

61- A. Pannekoek. ``Bolschewismus und Demokratie``, op. Cit., See also his article: ``Der Anfang``
Arbeiterpolitik (Bermen), no. 48 (30 November 1918).

62- V. Lenin, State and Revolution, (Moscow, 1970).

www.marxists.org : :

63- V. Lenin, State and Revolution, (Moscow, 1970) (italic in the original text).
www.marxists.org : :

64-O. C. Flechtheim, Le Parti communiste sous la Rpublique de Weimar (Paris, 1972), p. 85 ff.
.295 . 1919 Brou

65- Letter in Kommunistische Arbeiter-Zeitung (Hamburg), no.191 (1919)

66- V. Lenin, Left-wing Communism: an Infantile Disorder (Peking)
67- Bericht ber Moskau Die Aktion, no. 39/40 (1920)
: " " :
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/moscow.htm

68- Manifestse, thses et rsolutions des quatre premiers congrs mandiaux de l'Internationale
communiste (Paris, 1934; fascimile repr. Paris 1970) pp.47,49

: :
Theses, Resolutions and manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Third International (London 1980) ,
The Second Congress of the Communist International (London 1977) , Workers of the world and Oppressed
People
Unite! : Proceedings and Documents of the Second Congress, 1920 (Communist International in Lenins
Time) (New York, 1922)

69- M. Bock, op. cit., p.257

) ( -70
, ." "
. ,

71- H. Gorter, Offener Brief an den Genossen Lenin, eine Antwort auf Lenins Broschore: Der
Radikalismus, eine Kinderkrankheit des Kommunismus (Berlin, n. d. 1921)

: :
41

www.kavoshgar.org
Workers Dreadnought Vol. VII no. 51 to Vol. VIII no. 13 March - June 1921

: :
Wildcat pamphlet, Open Letter To Camerade Lenin (London 1989)

: Communist Left
http://huizen.dds.nl/~left-dis/UK/open0.htm

72- F. Wolfheim, Betreibsorganisationen oder Gewerkschaften (Hamburg, 1919) and A. Pannekoek,

Weltrevolution und Kommunistische Taktik (Viena 1920)

: :
D. A. Smart (ed.) Pannekoek and Gorters Marxism (London, 1978), pp. 93-141
online World Revolution and Communist Tactics: http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panworl1.htm

73-

'Der Parlamentarismus in der proletarischen Revolution', Proletarier (Berlin), no. 2 (November 1920).

74- 'Zur Frage der Einheitschule', Arbeiterpolitik (Bremen), no. 7 (17 February 1917). Cf. also Bock, 'Zur
Geschichte und Theorie der hollndschen marxistischen Schule', op. cit., p. 17.
Ferdinand Domela Niewenhuis ,

-75

, 1890 . ,
,
: . ,
Socialisme en danger, 3rd edn (Paris, 1897), pp. 48, 72, 216. id

76- O. Rhle, Von der brgalichen zur proletarischen Revolution (Berlin, 1970), p. 32 (the text dates from
1924).

: :
From the Bourgeois to the Proletarian Revolution - Otto Rhle (1924)
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/borpro.htm

77- ibid., pp. 38-43, and A. Pannekoek, Workers' Councils (Melbourne, 1950: English version of De
arbeidersraaden, published in Amsterdam, 1946, under the pseudonym of P. Aartsz), p. 65. See also his
'Five Theses on the Class Struggle', Southern Advocate for Workers' Councils (Melbourne, May 1947).
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/wcontitl.htm : :

78- J. Harper [A. Pannekoek], 'Trade Unionism', International Council Correspondence (Chicago), no. 2
January1936).
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panunion.htm : :

79- H. Gorter, 'Partei, Klasse und Masse', Proletarier, no 4 (February-March 1921), and A. Pannekoek,
'Der neue Blanquismus', Der Kommunist (Bremen), no. 27 (1920).

80- [A. Pannekoek], 'Partei und Arbeiterklasse', Rtekorrespondenz (published by the GIC, the Dutch
International Communist Group), no. 15 (March 1936), and J. Harper [A. Pannekoek], 'General Remarks on
the Question of Organization', Living Marxism (Chicago), no. 5 (November 1938).

: :
42

www.kavoshgar.org
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panparty.htm
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panorgan.htm

81- 'Arbeiterrte und kommunistische Wirtschaftsgestaltung', Rtekorrespondenz, no 5 (October 1934). ,

p.161

82- A. Pannekoek, Workers' Councils, op. cit., section 1: 'The Task'. , p.161
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/wcontitl.htm#toc : :

83- J. H. [A. Pannekoek], 'The Workers' Councils', International Council Correspondence, no. 5 (1936).
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panwc36.htm : :

84- K. Horner [A. Pannekoek], Sozialdemokratie und Kommunismus (Hamburg, 1919).

: :
Serge Bricianer Pannekoek and the workers Councils (St. Louis 1978), ch. 6

85- K. Schroder, Vom Werden der neuen Gesellschaft (Berlin, n.d. [1920]); O. Ruhle, VVVon der
brgerlichen zur
proletarischen Revolution, (op. cit. in footnote 92 with online link:
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/borpro.htm); J. Harper [A. Pannekoek], 'General Remarks on the
Question of Organization', (op. cit. in footnote 96 with online link:
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panorgan.htm ) See also the first programme of the KAPD (1920),
(op. cit. in footnote 72 with online link http://www.left-dis.nl/uk/kapd1920.htm )

". , KAPD , -86

( "Bock ) KAPD "
. ,47 "
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/wcontitl.htm : :

87- A detailed bio-bibliography of Gorter will be found in S. Bricianer, op. cit., and in Kool (ed.), Die
Linke gegen die Parteiherrschaft, op. cit. p.161

88- H. Gorter, 'Partei, Klasse und Masse', op. cit., and Die Klassenkampf-Organisation des Proletariats
(Berlin,1921). See also his Offener Briefan den Genossen Lenin. . ., (op. cit. in footnote 71 with online link
: http://huizen.dds.nl/~left-dis/UK/open0.htm)

: . SPD 1926 -89

Kool's introduction to Kool, op. cit., and Otto Rhle Schriften (Hamburg, 1971).

90- O. Ruhle, Die Revolution ist keine Parteisache ! (Berlin, 1920),

: :
London Workers Group Bulletin Issue 14, October 1983.
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/rulpart.htms : :
and Von der brgerlichen zur proletarischen Revolution, (op. cit. in footnote 92 with online link:
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/borpro.htm)

43

www.kavoshgar.org

91- A. Pannekoek: 'Historical Materialism', article published in Dutch in Nieuwe Tijd, 1919 (French
translation in Cahiers du communisme de conseils, no. 1, 1968), and 'Marxismus und Idealismus',
Proletarier, no. 4 (February-March 1921).
Bock . Die linke gegen die Parteiherrschaft

. , Organisation und Taktik der proletarischen Revolution

:
John Gerber Anton Pannekoek and the Socialism of Workers' Self-Emancipation 1873-1960 (Amsterdam,
1989).

: :
Anton Pannekoek and the Quest For an Emancipatory Socialism - John Gerber
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/2379/GERBER.HTM

92- 'Prinzip und Taktik', Proletarier, no. 8 (August 1927);

: :
Serge Bricianer Pannekoek and the workers Councils (St. Louis 1978), pp. 231-244
'Partei und Arbeiterklasse', Rtekorrespondenz, no. 15 (March 1936).

http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/panparty.htm : :

93- Workers' Councils, op. cit., p. 101

http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/wcon205.htm : :
and 'The Party and the Working Class', International Council Correspondence, nos. 9 and 10 (September
1936).
Cornelius ) Pierre Chaulieu
Cahiers du communisme de . -( Castoriadis

. conseils, no. 8 (May 1971) p.161

ISD .Bock, op. cit., pp. 73ff. , Revolutionshoffnungen (Berlin, 1917) : -94

. " "

95- ibid , p.220

96- H. Canne Meijer, 'Das Werden einer neuen Arbeiterbewegung', Rtekorrespondenz, nos 8-9 (April
1935), partial English translation in International Council Correspondence no. 10 (August 1935). See also
Die Linke gegen die Parteiherrschaft, op. cit., p. 613, n. 261.

: :
'The Rise of a New Labour Movement' : http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/canne.htm

97- 'stlicher und westlicher Kommunismus', Proletarier, no. (October 1920); Gorter, Offener Brief an
den Genossen Lenin..., passim (http://huizen.dds.nl/~left-dis/UK/open0.htm); and Gorter, 'Partei, Klasse
und Masse' (1921), op. cit.

98- 'Lehren der Marz-Aktion', Proletarier, no. 5 (April-May 1921); [A. Pannekoek], 'Sowjetrussland und
der westeuropische Kommunismus', op. cit. (June 1921).

44

www.kavoshgar.org

( 1920 ) Erich Muhsam

( Bricianer, op. cit., p p. 215-17 )
: :
Serge Bricianer Pannekoek and the Workers' Councils (St Louis, 1978), pp. 222-225

99- 'Bericht uber Moskau', Die Aktion, nos 39-40 (September 1920). (op.cit. in footnote 83 with online
link )

100- 'Die russische Staatspolitik und ihre Konsequenzen fur die Kommunistische Internationale',
Proletarier no. 6 (June 1922); 'Thesen ber Moskau', Rtekorrespondenz, no. 3 (August 1934):Von
brgerlichen zur proletarischen Revolution, (op. cit. in footnote 92 with online link), ch. 2, 'Das russische
Problem'.

101- Workers' Councils, section ii, ch. 5, 'The Russian Revolution'. ,

http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/wcon204.htm

102- Cf. The New World, pamphlet published by the 'Groups of Council Communists Holland'
(Amsterdam 1947), and A. Pannekoek, Workers' Councils, final section, 'The Peace', as well as his article
'The Failure of the Working Class', Politics, vol. 3 no. 8 (September 1946), cited by Bricianer, op. cit., pp.
283ff.

: " " :
http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/pannfail.htm

( KAPD ) , -103
P. Long (ed.) The New Left (Boston 1969) . .
Les origines du gauchisme (Paris, 1971), ch. 4 : ,

(English Translation: The Origins of the Modern Leftism, Penguin Books, 1975)

1940 . 1930 " " -104

.126 ( 225-7 . 99 )
, :
: .
Theory of the Collapse of Capitalism http://www.geocities.com/~johngray/pannfail.httm

105- 'The Workers' Councils', International Council Correspondence, op.cit.[footnote 99]

106- Ruhle, Von brgerlichen zur proletarischen Revolution, op. cit. [see footnote 92], p. 51

45