DEFLECTIONS: ENERGY METHODS

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External Work and Strain Energy

Principle of Work and Energy
Principle of Virtual Work
Method of Virtual Work:
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Trusses
Beams and Frames

Castigliano's Theorem
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Trusses
Beams and Frames

External Work and Strain Energy

Most energy methods are based on the conservation of energy principle, which states
that the work done by all the external forces acting on a structure, Ue, is transformed
into internal work or strain energy, Ui.
Ue = Ui
External Work-Force.
F
F=

Ue
F

P
x

U e = Fdx

Eigen work

dU e = Fdx

As the magnitude of F is gradually increased

from zero to some limiting value F = P, the final
elongation of the bar becomes .

P
x) dx
Eigen work

1
P 2
Ue = (
x ) = P
2
2
0

Ue = (

F
F' + P
P
L

n
ge
i
E

rk
o
w

L
Displacement work

'
P
F'

(Ue)Total = (Eigen Work)P + (Eigen Work)F

+ (Displacement work) P
(U e )Total =

1
1
()( P ) + (' )( F ' ) + P (' )
2
2

F
20 kN
L

10 mm
20 kN

0.01 m
Ue =

x (m)

1
(0.01)(20 103 ) = 100 N m
2

F
20 kN
15 kN
L

n
ge
i
E

rk
o
w

Displacement work
7.5 mm
15 kN

7.5 mm
2.5 mm

x (m)
0.0075

0.01

15 kN
5 kN

W=

1
1
(0.0075)(15 103 ) + (0.0025)(5 103 ) + (0.0025)(15 103 )
2
2

= 56.25 + 6.25 + 37.50 = 100 N m

 External Work - Moment.

M
M' + M

n
e
g
Ei

rk
o
w

Displacement work

'

dU e = Md

U e = Md
0
Eigen work
Ue =

1
M
2

-----(8-12)

-----(8-13)

1
1
(U e )Total = M + ' M '+ M '
2
2
(U e )Total =

1
( M + M ' )( + ' )
2

(8 14)

 Strain Energy-Axial Force.

U i = U 0 dV
V

E=

N
A

1
= ( )(dV )
2
V
1 2
= ( ) dV
2 E
V
=
V

1 N 2
( ) dV
2E A

1 N 2
( ) Adx
2
E
A
L

N2
= (
)dx
2
EA
L

1
U o =
2

 Strain Energy-Bending
U i = U 0 dV

P
w

1
= ( )(dV )
2
V

1 2
= ( ) dV
2 E
V

dx
L

1 My 2
(
) dV
2E I
2

1 M 2y
=
( 2 )dV
2E I
V
I

M
d
dx
My
=
I

1
U o =
2

1 M2
=
( 2 )( y 2 dA)dx
A
2E I
L
M2
= (
)dx
2
EI
L

 Strain Energy-Torsion
dx

U i = U 0 dV
V

T
J

1
= ( )dV
2
V
1 2
= ( ) dV
2 G
V

=
V

1 T2
=
( 2 )( 2 dA) dx
2G J A
L

G=

1
U o =
2

1 T 2
( ) dV
2G J

T2
Ui =
dx
2
GJ
L

 Strain Energy-Shear
U i = U 0 dV
V

1
= ( )(dV )
2
V

dy

dx

1 2
= ( ) dV
2 G
V
=

1 VQ 2
( ) dV
2G It
K

A
V
Q
=
(
dA) dx
2
G
It
L
A
2

G=

1
U o =
2

V2
Ui = K
dx
GA
2
L

10

Principle of Work and Energy

P
x
Ue = Ui

L
L

M 2 dx
1
P =
2
2 EI
0

M diagram

1
( Px) 2 dx
P =
2
2 EI
0

-PL

P
M
V

1
P 2 x3
P =
2
6 EI

PL3
=
3EI

+ Mx = 0: M Px = 0
M = Px

11

Principle of Virtual Work

U e = U i

u
A

1
( P11 ) + 1 = U 0 dV + u dL
2
Real Work

P' = 1
Apply virtual load P' first.

Virtual loadings
1

= u dL
Real displacements

In a similar manner,

L
dL

u
A

1
P1

Then apply real load P1.

Virtual loadings
1 =

u dL
Real displacements

12

Method of Virtual Work : Truss

P1

External Loading.

n8

n9

N3
N7
B

n7
B

n5

N
N8 5

P2
N6

n3

N1
n6

n1

N9

1kN
1 =

Where:

nNL
AE

1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
= external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
13

 Temperature
1

dL

= u dL
1 = n ( T ) L

Where:

= external joint displacement caused by the temperature change

= coefficient of thermal expansion of member
T = change in temperature of member

Fabrication Errors and Camber

1

dL

= u dL
1 = nL

Where:

= external joint displacement caused by the fabrication errors

L = difference in length of the member from its intended size as
caused by a fabrication error

14

Example 8-15
The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is
A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
(a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4-kN force is applied to the
truss at C.
(b) If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C
if member AB were 5 mm too short?
(c) If 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted, what would be the
vertical displacement of joint C.

4 kN

3m
A

B
4m

4m

15

SOLUTION

Part (a)
Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.
1 kN
3
8
.
-0

0.5 kN

C
0.667
n (kN)

-0
.83
3

-2
.5

.5
2
+

4 kN
A

4 kN

N(kN)

0.5 kN
1.5 kN

1.5 kN

16

1 kN
C
.8
0
-

33

-0
.83
3

C
0.667

B A

4 kN

-2
.5

.5
2
+

B A

n (kN)

N (kN)

L (m)

=
C
-1

1
4
.
0

10
.41

10.67

nNL (kN2m)
nNL
AE
1
10.67 kN m
=
( 10.41 + 10.41 + 10.67) =
kN
AE
( 400 10 6 m 2 )(200 10 6 2 )
m
= +0.133 mm,

(1 kN )( CV ) =

CV

CV

17

Part (b): The member AB were 5 mm too short

1 kN
33
8
.
-0

-0
.83
3

0.667
n (kN)

B
5 mm

(1)( CV ) = n(L)
CV = (0.667)(0.005)

CV = -3.33 mm,
Part (c): The 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted.
CV = 0.133 - 3.33 = -3.20 mm
CV = -3.20 mm,

18

Example 8-16
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

E
4m

B
4m

C
4m

4 kN

4m
4 kN

19

SOLUTION

Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be

determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.

F
0.333

B
4m

0.333 kN

1
0.667

C
4m

4m
D

4m

n (kN) 1 kN 0.667 kN

0A

66
.
-5

4
4

-4

4 kN

B
4m

6
.6
-5

1
47
.
-0
0.667

E
43
.9
-0

1
47
.
-0
0.333

-0.333

C
4m

4 kN

4m

4m
4 kN

N(kN)

4 kN

20

F -0.333

0.333

n (kN) 1 kN

DA

4 kN N(kN) 4 kN

DA

66
5.

4
4

66
5.

4
4

66
5.

6
.6
5
-

1
0.667

-4

6
.6
-5

L(m)

=
F

8
.1
30

7
.0
5
1
5.33

5.33

5.33

1
47
.
-0
0.667

43
.9
-0

1
47
.
-0
0.333

16
10.67 10.67

nNL(

kN2m

nNL
(1 kN )( CV ) =
AE
1
72.4 kN m
CV =
[(15.07 + 3(5.33) + 2(10.67) + 16 + 30.18)] =
kN
AE
(400 10 6 m 2 )(200 106 2 )
m

CV = 1.23 mm,

21

Example 8-17
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. Due to
radiant heating from the wall, members are subjected to a temperature change:
member AD is increase +60oC, member DC is increase +40oC and member AC is
decrease -20oC.Also member DC is fabricated 2 mm too short and member AC
3 mm too long. Take = 12(10-6) , the cross-section area of each member is A =
400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
wall

C 10 kN

3m
B

A
2m

20 kN

22

SOLUTION
Due to loading forces.
1 kN

3m

0
0

A 2m

D 23.33 C 10 kN

23.33 kN

20

3m

13.33 kN

D 31.13
60

0
A
nNL(kN2m)

2m

N (kN)

n (kN)

10
4.
12

0.667 kN

(1 kN )( CV ) =

0
CV =

20

D
3

2
3.
61

D 0.667
-1
.2

0.667 kN

20 kN

-2
4.
04

1 kN

20 kN

C
3

L (m)

nNL
AE

1
(60 + 31.13 + 104.12)
(400)(200)

CV= 2.44 mm,

23

+60

0
0

+40

D
3

n (kN)

-2

3
3

T (oC)

A
L (m)

-1
.2

3.
61

0.667

-2
0

1 kN
C

Fabrication error (mm)

Due to temperature change.

(1 kN )( CV ) = n (T ) L
CV = (12 10 6 )[(1)(60)(3) + (0.667)(40)( 2) + (1.2)(20)(3.61)] = 3.84 mm,

Due to fabrication error.

(1 kN )( CV ) = n(L)
CV = (0.667 )(0.002) + (1.2)(0.003) = 4.93 mm,

Total displacement .
( CV )Total = 2.44 + 3.84 4.93 = 1.35 mm,

24

Method of Virtual Work : Bending

w
C

d
M

d
dx

RA

RB
Virtual loadings
ds = d

1 C = (m )(d ) = (m )
L

M
dx
EI

d =

ds

M
dx
EI

Real displacements

25

Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames

w
C

C
RA

w
B

C
RB

RA

RB
Virtual loadings

Virtual loadings
M
1 C = (m )(d ) = (m )
dx
EI
L

Real displacements

1 C = (m)(d ) = (m )
L

M
dx
EI

Real displacements

26

Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames

Vertical Displacement
Real load

Virtual unit load

w

x1

x1

RA

M2

B
RB

RB

M1

RA

x2

RA

x1

x2

x1

m1

x2

m2

B
V1

V2

x2

v1
RA

RB

1 C = (m )
L

M
dx
EI

v2

RB

27

 Slope
Real load

Virtual unit couple

w

x1

x1
RA

RA

x2

RA

RB

RB

M1
x1

x2

M2

m1

x2

m2

B
V1

V2

x2

v1
RA

RB

1 C = (m )
L

v2

RB

M
dx
EI

28

Example 8-18
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

P
B

C
C

2a

29

Displacement at C

SOLUTION

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
1 kN

x1

x2

2a

x1
a

1
2
m

x1
2

m2 = -x2

-a

1
m M
1 C = dx =
EI
EI
L
2a

2a

x2

2a
P
2
M

3
2

m1 =

3P
2

M1 =

Px1
2

-Pa

M2 = -Px2

1
x1
Px1
(

)(

)
dx
+
0 2 2 1 EI 0 ( x 2 )( Px2 )dx2
a

8Pa 3 Pa 3 Pa 3
Px13
Px23
C = (
+
=

) +(
) =
12 EI a
3EI 0 12 EI 3EI 3EI

30

Slope at C
Virtual Moment m
x1

Real Moment M

x2

P
1 kNm

A
2a

1
2a
m

1
2a

m 1 =

x1
2a

-1
L

mM
1
(1 kN m)( C ) = dx =
EI
EI
0
3
1

2a

x1

A
2a
P
2
M

m 2 = 1
2a

x2
a

3P
2

M1 =

Px1
2

-Pa

M2 = -Px2

1
x1
Px1
(

)
(

)
dx
+
0 2a 2 1 EI 0 (1)( Px2 )dx2
2

1 P x
1 Px2
1 P 8a 3
1 Pa 2
7 Pa 2
C = ( )( )( ) + ( )(
) = ( )( )(
) + ( )(
)= (
),
EI 4a 3 0
EI
EI 4a 3
EI
2 0
2
6 EI

31

Conclusion
P
B

C
2a

C =

Pa 3
3EI

7 Pa 2
C = (
),
6 EI

32

Example 8-19
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m
A

5m

33

SOLUTION

Vertical Displacement at B

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
x

1 kN

5m
x

-1x = m

1 kN

5m
x
2

3x 2

= M
2

v
L

V
5

3 kN/m

3x

m M
1
3x 2
1 3x 3
1 3x 4
234.375 kN 2 m 3
(1 kN )( B ) =
( x)(
)dx =
(
)=
dx =
=

EI
EI 0
EI 0 2
EI 8 0
EI
2
0

234.375 kN m 3
B =
= 0.00469 m = 4.69 mm,
6 kN
6
4
(200 10
)(250 10 m )
m

34

Slope at B

SOLUTION

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
x

1 kNm
B

5m
x

-1 = m

5m
x
2

3x 2

= M
2

1 kNm

3 kN/m

3x

1
3x 2
1 3x 2 1 3x 3
62.5 kN 2 m 3
m M
(1 kN m)( B ) =
( 1)(
= (
) dx =
)=
dx =

2
2
6
EI
EI
EI
EI
EI
0
0
0
0

62.5 kN m 2
B =
= 0.00125 rad ,
6 kN
6
4
(200 10
)(250 10 m )
m

35

Example 8-20
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

5 kN

14 kNm
A

B
2m

2m

3m

36

Virtual Moment m Displacement at B Real Moment M

1 kN

x1
A
0.5 kN
2m

x2

B
2m

m1 = 0.5 x1 1

C
0.5 kN
3m

5 kN

14 kNm x
1

x3

1 kN

14

m 2 = 0 .5 x 2

B
2m

2m

(1 kN )( B ) =
0

x3

C
6 kN

D
3m

M1 = 14 - x1
M2 = 6x2

M
L

x2

m M
dx
EI
2

1
1
1
=
(
0
.
5
x
)(
14

x
)
dx
+
(
0
.
5
x
)(
6
x
)
dx
+
(0)(0)dx3
1
1
1
2
2
2

EI 0
EI 0
EI 0
2

3 2

1
1
1 7 x1 0.5 x1
2
2
=
x

x
dx
+
x
dx
=

(
7
0
.
5
)
(
3
)
(
)(
1
1
1
2
2
EI 0
EI 0
EI
2
3
B =

20.667
20.667
=
= 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm,
EI
(200)(60)

1 3x
+ ( )( 2 )
3 0
EI
0

37

Slope at B

Virtual Moment m
x1

x2

A
0.25 kN
2m
m

1 kNm
2m

14 kNm x
1

x3
C
0.25 kN
3m

Real Moment M

x2

1 kN

m1 = 0.25x1
0.5

5 kN

2m

2m

x3

C
6 kN

D
3m

M1 = 14 - x1

14

M2 = 6x2

M
m2 = -0.25x2

-0.5
L

mM
1
1
1
(1 kN m)( B ) = dx =
(
0
.
25
x
)(
14

x
)
dx
+
(

0
.
25
x
)(
6
x
)
dx
+
(0)(0) dx3
1
1
1
2
2
2

EI
EI
EI
EI
0
0
0
0
2

1
1
2
2
=
(
3
.
5
x

0
.
25
x
)
dx
+
(

1
.
5
x
2 ) dx 2
1
1
1
EI 0
EI 0
2

B =

3
1

1 3.5 x1 0.25 x
1
1.5 x2

(
) +
(
)
EI
EI
2
3
3
0
0

2.333
2.333
=
= 0.000194 rad ,
EI
(200)(60)

38

Example 8-21
From the structure shown. Determine the slope and displacement at C. Take E =
200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4.

20 kN

30 kNm
EI

2EI
A

B
4m

Hinge
3m

39

20 kN

30 kNm
EI

2EI
A

Hinge

4m

3m
30 kNm
C

B
10 kN
20 kN

120 kNm

30 kN
A

30/3 = 10 kN

10 kN
B
30 kN

30 kN

30

M (kNm)

-120

x (m)

40

Displacement at B
Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
20 kN

120 kNm
A

2EI
4m

30 kNm
EI

-120 M1 = -30x1

2EI

EI

4m
10 kN

x1

3m

30 kN
M (kNm)

1 kN

4 kNm

x2

30

M2 = 10x2

3m
0 kN

1 kN
x1

M (kNm)

-4

m1 = -x1

x2

m2 = 0

dx
mM
B = i i dx = ( x1 )(30 x1 ) 1 + 0
2 EI
Ei I i
0
L
1 30 x 3 4
=
)
(
2 EI 3 0
32
32
=
=
= 0.008 m
EI 40 103

41

Slope at the left of B

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
20 kN

120 kNm
A

2EI
4m

30 kNm
EI

C
10 kN

x1

x2

BL

2EI

30

EI

0 kN
x1

M (kNm)

M2 = 10x2

3m

-1
-120 M1 = -30x1

1 kNm

4m

3m

30 kN
M (kNm)

1 kNm

m1 = -1

x2

-1

m2 = 0

dx
mM
=
dx = (1)(30 x1 ) 1 + 0
Ei I i i
2 EI
L
0
1 30 x 2 4
=
)
(
2 EI 2 0
120
120
=
=
= 0.003 rad
EI 40 103

42

Slope at the right of B

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
20 kN

120 kNm
A

2EI

30 kNm
EI

4m
x1

x2

-120 M1 = -30x1

4m

30

M2 = 10x2

1 kNm

2EI

3m
10 kN

BR

30 kN
M (kNm)

4/3 kNm

EI
3m

1/3 kN

1/3 kN
x1

M (kNm)

-4/3

m1 = -x1/3

x2

-1

m2 = -1 + x2/3

mM
x
dx
x
dx
=
dx = ( 1 )(30 x1 ) 1 + (1 + 2 )(10 x2 ) 2
Ei I i i
3
2 EI 0
3
EI
L
0
3

1 10 x1 4 1
10 x2 10 x2 3
(
)0+
(
)0
=
+
2 EI
3
2
9
EI
106.67 1
91.67
=
+
(45 + 30) =
= 0.0023 rad
EI
EI
40 103

43

20 kN
EI

2EI
A

B
4m

Deflected Curve

30 kNm

Hinge

3m

B = 8 mm BR = 0.0023 rad

BL = 0.003 rad

44

Example 8-22
(a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
(b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4

5m
B

C 4 kN
EI

2 kN/m
1.5 EI

6m

45

Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m

x2

5m
B

C 4 kN
EI

2 kN/m

M2= 12 x2

M1= 16

EI

12 kN

1.5 EI

x1

x2

x1

16 kN

1.2 kN

m1= x1
A

A
12 kN

1 kN
1.2 kN

1 CH

m2= 1.2 x2

1.5 EI

6m

x1- x12

C 1

1
m M
1
2
= dx =
(
x
)(
16
x

x
)
dx
+
(1.2 x 2 )(12 x2 )dx2
1
1
1
1

EI
1
.
5
EI
EI
L
0
0
6

1
1
2
3
2
=
(
16
x

x
)
dx
+
(
14
.
4
x
) dx2
1
1
1
2

1.5 EI 0
EI 0
3

CH

1 16 x1 x1
1 14.4 x2
552 600
1152
=
(
) +
(
) =
+
=
= +28.8 mm,
1.5 EI
3
4 0 EI
3
(
200
)(
200
)
EI
EI
0

46

Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m

x2

5m
B

C 4 kN
EI

2 kN/m

M2= 12 x2

M1= 16

EI

12 kN

1.5 EI

x1

x2
m2= 1-x2/5

1.5 EI

6m

x1- x12

x1

16 kN

1/5 kN

m1= 0
A

1 kNm

0
1/5 kN

12 kN
6

1
mM
1
x2
2
1 C = dx =
(
0
)(
16
x

x
)
dx
+
(
1

)(12 x2 )dx2
1
1
1

EI
1
.
5
EI
EI
5
L
0
0
2

1
12 x2
= 0+
(
12
x

)dx2
2

EI 0
5
2

50
50
1 12 x2 12 x2
C =
(

) =
=
= +0.00125 rad ,
EI
2
5 3 0 EI (200)(200)

47

CH = 28.87 mm
5m
B

C 4 kN

C = 0.00125 rad ,

12 kN

2 kN/m

6m
A 16 kN
12 kN

60

4
-

V , kN

60
-12

+
M , kNm

16

48

Example 8-23
Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.

5 kN
C

3m

60o

B
2m
A

49

Displacement at C

Virtual Moment m

1 kN

1 kN
3m

C
x1

Real Moment M

x1

v1

30o

5 kN
3m

C
x1

30o

30o
m1 = -0.5x1

n1

1.5 m
1.5 kNm

1 kN

1 kN
1.5 kNm

x2
n2

1 CV

m M
= dx
EI
L

V1

30o
M1 = -2.5x1

N1

7.5 kNm
2m

x2
V2

x2
A

m2 = -1.5

7.5 kNm

N2

M2 = -7.5

1
1
=
(

0
.
5
x
)
(

2
.
5
x
)
dx
+
(1.5)(7.5)dx2
1
1
1

EI 0
EI 0
3

CV

5 kN

5 kN
x2
v2

1.5 m

x1

7.5 kNm

1.5 kNm
2m

5 kN

1 1.25 x1 3 1
2
=
(
) +
(11.25 x2 )
0
EI
EI
3

2
0

33.75
33.75
=
= 11.25 mm ,
EI
(200)(15)

50

Slope at C

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
5 kN

1 kNm
3m

C
x1
30o

1 kNm
x1

v1

C
x1

m11 = -1

n1

x1

30o

30o

1.5 m
1 kNm

3m

5 kN

V1

2m

n2

5 kN
7.5 kNm

x2
v2

M1 = -2.5x1

N1

7.5 kNm

1 kNm

x2

30o

1.5 m

5 kN
1 kNm

7.5 kNm
x2
V2

x2

2m

m22 = -1
3

N2

M2 =
=--7.5
7.5

1
1
=
(

1
)
(

2
.
5
x
)
dx
+
(1)(7.5)dx2
1
1

EI 0
EI 0

mM
1 C = dx
EI
L
2

1 2.5 x1 3 1
C =
(
) +
(7.5 x2 )
0
EI
EI
2

2
0

26.25
26.25
=
EI
(200)(15)

= 0.00875 rad,

51

Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature
Axial Load

U i = n d = n (
L

N
)dx
EA

Where
n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load
N = internal axial force in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material

52

 Bending

d
U i = m d = m(
L

M
)dx
EI

Where
n = internal virtual moment cased by the external virtual unit load
M = internal moment in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the the neutral axis

53

 Torsion
d
U i = t d = t (
L

T
)dx
GJ

Where
t = internal virtual torque caused by the external virtual unit load
T = internal torque in the member caused by the real loads
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section, J = c4/2, where c is the
radius of the cross-sectional area

54

 Shear
d
U i = v d = v (
L

KV
) dx
GA

Where
v = internal virtual shear in the member, expressed as a function of x and caused
by the external virtual unit load
V = internal shear in the member expressed as a function of x and caused by the
real loads
K = form factor for the cross-sectional area:
K = 1.2 for rectangular cross sections
K = 10/9 for circular cross sections
K 1 for wide-flange and I-beams, where A is the area of the web
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
A = cross-sectional area of a member

55

Temperature Displacement :
Axial

U i = n( T ) dx
L

d
Bending

U i = m
L

Where

T
)dx
2c

= Differential temperatures:
- between the neutral axis and room temperature, for axial
- between two extreme fibers, for bending
= Coefficient of thermal expansion

56

 Temperature

T1
O

dx

T2 > T1

T2

d
Tm =

T1 + T2
2
M

T1

T1

T
=
2c

y
T2 > T1

T = T2 - T1

c
T2

T2

T
y
2c

y
T1

T
y ) dx
2c
T
(d ) = ( )dx
2c

( d ) y = (

U temp = md
L

U temp = m(
0

T
)dx
2c

57

Example 8-24
From the beam below Determine :
(a) If P = 60 kN is applied at the mid-span C, what would be the displacement at
point C. Due to shear and bending moment.
(b) If the temperature at the top surface of the beam is 55 oC , the temperature at
the bottom surface is 30 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.
What would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C and the
the horizontal deflection of the beam at support B.
(c) if (a) and (b) are both accounted, what would be the vertical displacement of
the beam at its midpoint C.
Take = 12(10-6)/oC. E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35
(103) mm2. The cross-section area is rectangular.
C

A
2m

B
2m

58

 Part (a) :

SOLUTION
P
x
A
2m

P/2
V
diagram

M
diagram

B
2m

0.5 kN

P/2

P
x
2

m
diagram

x Px dx
mi M i
2 Px 3
=
dx = 2 ( )( )
=
(
)
2
2
EI
EI
EI 4 3
0
L
L/2

shear

1 P dx
Kv V
= i i dx = 2 K ( )( )
2 2 GA
GA
0
L

0.5 kN

0.5

0.5

L/2

bending

v
diagram
P/2
PL/4

P/2

P
x
2

1 kN

KPx
=
2GA

C = bending + shear = 2 + 0.026 = 2.03 mm,

L/2
0

L/2
0

0.5x

0.5x

PL3
60(4) 3
=
=
= 2 mm,
48 EI 48(200)(200)

KPL
1.2(60)(4)
=
4GA 4(80)(35000)

= 0.026 mm,

59

SOLUTION
260 m

Part (b) : Vertical displacement at C

C

55 oC,

30
2m

oC

2m
1 kN

Tm =

260 mm
x

T2=30oC

B
0.5 kN

m
diagram

T1=55oC

55 + 30
= 42.5
2

Troom = 25 oC ,

Temperature profile

0.5 kN

0.5x

0.5x

- Bending
m (T )
dx
(1 kN )( C ) =
c
2
0
L

=2

(T ) 2
2c

(12 10 6 )(25) 0.5 x 2

0 (0.5x)dx = 2 (260 103 ) ( 2 )

C = -2.31 mm ,

2
0

60

 Part (b) : Horizontal displacement at B

260 m
A

55 oC

30
2m

oC

2m

T1=55oC
Tm =

260 mm

x
1 kN A

Troom = 25 oC ,

T2=30oC

1 kN

55 + 30
= 42.5
2

Temperature profile

n
1
diagram

- Axial

(1 kN )( BH ) = n (T )dx
L

Cv = 2.31 mm ,

BH = 0.84 mm

= (T ) (1)dx
0

= (12 10 )(42.5 25)( x)

Deflected curve

4
0

BH = 0.84 mm ,

61

 Part (c) :
BH = 0.84 mm

P
260 m

30 oC

C 55 oC

C = -2.03 + 2.31 = 0.28 mm,

P
A

C = 2.03 mm

+
C = 2.31 mm
55 oC,
A

30

oC

62

Example 8-25
Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.If the
temperature at top surface of member BC is 30 oC , the temperature at the bottom
surface is 55 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.Take = 12(10-6)/oC, E = 200
GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35(103) mm2 for both members.
The cross-section area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.
5m
B

C 4 kN
260 mm

2 kN/m

EI,AE,GA

1.5 EI,1.5AE, 1.5GA

6m

63

5m

Virtual load

x2

C 1

1.2

1.2 kN

Axial, n (kN)

6m

x1
A

1 kN

1.2

1.2 kN
B
1

C
-1.2

1
C

1.2x2

-1.2
1x1
Shear, v (kN)

1
A

Moment, m (kNm)

64

Real load

x2
5m
B

12 B

C 4 kN

4
C

12 kN

2 kN/m

Axial, N (kN)

6m
x1
16 kN

12 A

60

12 kN
4

16 - 2x1

C
-12

-12
Shear, V (kN)

16

60

12x2

Moment, M (kNm)

16x1 - x12

65

Due to Axial
1.2

x2

1
C

12 B

4
C

AE
1.5AE
Virtual Axial, n (kN)

Real Axial, N (kN)

6m

x1
1.2

5m
12 A

A
(1 kN )( CH ) =
=

ni N i Li
Ai Ei

(1.2)(12)(6) (1)(4)(5)
+
AE
1.5 AE

77.6 kN 2 m
=
AE

CH =

77.6 kN m
(35000 10 6 m 2 )(200 10 6

kN
)
m2

= 1.109(10 5 ) m = 0.0111 mm,

66

Due to Shear

x2
GA

B
1

-1.2
1.5GA
x1
1
A

-1.2

GA

-12
Real Shear, V (kN)

16

-12

6m

5m

(1 kN )( CH ) = K (

16 - 2x1

Virtual Shear, v (kN)

) dx
5

(1)(16 2 x1 )
(1.2)(12)
= 1.2
dx1 + 1.2
dx2
0
1.5GA
GA
0
6

1.2
2 x1
1.2
134.4 kN 2 m
)(16 x1
) + ( )(14.4 x2 ) =
=(
1.5GA
2 0 GA
GA
0

CH =

134.4 kN m
= 4.8(10 5 ) m = 0.048 mm,
kN
(80 106 2 )(35000 10 6 m 2 )
m

67

Due to Bending
B

x2

60

1.2x2

12x2

60

EI
16x1 - x12

1.5EI

1x1
x1

Virtual Moment, m (kNm) 6 m

Real Moment, M (kNm)

5m
A

A
L

(1 kN )( CH ) =
0

mM
dx
EI
6

1
1
2
=
(
x
)(
16
x

x
)
dx
+
(1.2 x2 )(12 x2 ) dx2
1
1
1
1
EI 0
1.5 EI 0
3
1

1 16 x
1 14.4 x2
1152 kN 2 m 3
x1
=
(
) +
(
) =
1.5 EI
3
4 0 EI
3
EI
0
CH

1152 kN m 3
=
= 0.0288 m = +28.8 mm,
kN
(200 106 2 )(200 10 6 m 4 )
m

68

Due to Temperature
30oC

55oC
260 mm
x2
Troom = 25oC

1.2x2

1.2

1x1
m (kNm)
1.2

260 mm

Tm= 42.5oC

5m

T1=30oC

1
C

x1
A

n (kN)

- Bending
m ( T )
(1.2 x2 )(12 10 6 )(55 30) 2
(1 kN )( CH ) =
dx =
dx
3
c
2
(
260

10
)
0
0
5

CH = 0.0173 m = 17.3 mm ,
T2=55oC

Temperature
profile

- Axial
L

(1 kN )( CH ) = n ( T ) dx = (1)(12 10 6 )(42.5 25)dx2

CH = 0.00105 m = 1.05 mm ,

69

Total Displacement
( CH )Total = ( CH ) Axial + ( CH ) Shear + ( CH ) Bending + ( CH )Temp

= 0.01109 + 0.048 + 28.8 + (17.3 + 1.05) = 47.21 mm

CH= 47.21 mm
B

C 4 kN

2 kN/m

70

Castiglianos Theorem
P1

P2

Pi

P1

P2

Pi + dPi

Pi
P

Pi + dPi

P
(dPi)Pi = dU*
U
dU =
dPi
Pi

dPi

dU =

U*

U
dPi
Pi

U
Ui = f (P1, P2,, Pn)

U = U*
dU = dU*
U
dPi = ( dPi ) Pi
Pi
U
Pi =
Pi

71

Load Displacement :
Axial Load

N2
N N
Pi =
(
dx) = ( )
dx
Pi L 2 AE

P
AE
i
L

n
Bending

M2

(
dx)
Pi =
Pi L 2 EI

= (

M M
)
dx
Pi EI

m
Shear
Where

KV 2

V V
(
dx) = K ( )
Pi =
dx
Pi L 2GA
Pi GA

v
= external displacement of the truss, beam or frame
P = external force applied to the truss, beam or frame in the direction of
N = internal axial force in the member caused by both the force P and the loads
on the truss, beam or frame
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by both the force P and the real loads on the beam
V = internal moment in the beam or frame caused by both the force P and the real
loads on the beam

72

Temperature Displacement :
Axial

Pi =

N
( N ( T )dx) = ( )( T ) dx
Pi L
Pi

n
Bending

Where

Pi =

T
M
T
)(
)dx
( M (
)dx) = (
2c
Pi
2c
Pi L

m
= Differential temperatures:
- between the neutral axis and room temperature, for axial
- between two extreme fibers, for bending
= Coefficient of thermal expansion

73

Slope :

Mi =

Bending

Mi

U
M i

M2
M M
=
(
dx) = (
)
dx
M i L 2 EI
M i EI
L

m
Where

= external slope of the beam or frame

Mi = external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by both the force P and the real loads on the beam

74

Castiglianos Theorem : Truss

P1

N3
N7
B

N
N8 5

P2
N6

N1
N9

= (

N i N i
Li
)
P AE

Where:

= external joint displacement of the truss

P = external force applied to the truss joint in the direction of
N = internal force in a member cause by both the force P and the loads on the truss
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member

75

Example 8-26
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown in the figure
below. The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure
is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

4 kN

3m
A

B
4m

4m

76

SOLUTION

C 4 kN

5m

-2
.5

.5
2
+

4 kN

3m

4m

B
1.5 kN

N: Real Load
-1

A
CV = N (

4m

N L
)
P AE

-0

1.5 kN

CV =

+
A
0.5P

-0
.83
3P

N: Virtual Load P 0.5P

10
.41

10.656
N(

N
)L
P

1
10.67 kN m
(10.41 + 10.41 + 10.67) =
kN
AE
(400 10 6 m 2 )(200 106 2 )
m

CV = 0.133 mm,

C
0.667P

1
4
.
0

3P
3
.8

77

Example 8-27
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

E
4m

B
4m

C
4m

4 kN

4m
4 kN

78

SOLUTION

4m

4m

4 kN

4m

4 kN

4 kN
F
5.33

CV =

N L
)
P AE

0.333P

C
P

5.33

1P
7
1P
.4
-0
0.667P 0.667P

0.667P

N: Virtual Load P

16
10.67 10.67

C
N
N ( )L
P

1
72.4 kN m
[15.07 + 3(5.33) + 2(10.67) + 16 + 30.18)] =
kN
AE
( 400 10 6 m 2 )(200 106 2 )
m

CV = 1.23 mm,

8
.1
30

07
.
15
5.33

N: Real Load

CV = N (

4 kN

4m

0.333P

E
3P

1P
7
.4
-0
0.333P

-0.333P

4
.9
-0

F
7

0A

7
65
.
-5

-4

5
.6
-5

5.
65
7

79

Example 8-28
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

wall

C 10 kN

3m
B

A
2m

20 kN

80

SOLUTION

-2
3.6 4.03
6
1

20

13.333 kN

20

3m
A

2m

0.667P
3m

D 0.667P

60

1P

0
0

0.667 P

D 31.126 C

10
4.
12
4

D 23.333 C 10 kN

23.333 kN

1P

-1
.2
P

20 kN

A 2m

0
A

20 kN

N: Virtual Load P

N: Real Load
CV = N (

N(

0
B

N
)L
P

N L
)
P AE

195.25 kN m
1
=
CV =
(60 + 31.13 + 104.12)
kN
AE
(400 10 6 m 2 )(200 10 6 2 )
m
CV= 2.44 mm,

81

Castiglianos Theorem : Beams and Frames

Displacement
w
C

A
x1
RA

B
x1

x2
P

RA

RB

= (
L

Where:

M1

M2

B
V1

V2

x2
RB

M M
)
dx
P EI

= external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
P = external force applied to the beam or frame in the direction of
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame

82

 Slope
w

M1

B
x1
RA

x2
RB

RA

= (

M M
)
dx
M ' EI

Where:

x1

M2

B
V1

V2

x2
RB

= external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
M = external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame

83

Example 8-29
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

P
B

C
2a

84

Displacement at C

SOLUTION

x1

x2

2a
M
diagram

P
2

3P
2

M1 =

M M
C = (
)
dx
P EI
L

1
=
EI

2a

1
=
EI

2a

Px1
2

M2 = -Px2

-Pa
a

1
M 2
M 1
(
)(
M
)
dx
(
+
0 P 1 1 EI 0 P )(M 2 )dx2
a

x1
Px1
1
(

)(

)
dx
+
0 2 2 1 EI 0 ( x2 )( Px2 )dx2
3

1 P x1
C =
( )( )
EI 4 3

2a
0

1
x
+
( P)( 2 )
EI
3

a
0

Pa 3
=
,
EI

85

Slope at C

A
0.5 P +

B
2a

M
2a

1.5 P +

x1

M
2a

x2

M1 = (0.5 Px1 +
A
0.5 P +

V1

M
2a

Mx1
)
2a

M2= Px2 M

x1

V2

2a

x2

M
C

1
M 2
M 1
(
)(
M
)
dx
(
+
0 M 1 1 EI 0 M )(M 2 )dx2
0
0
2a
a
1
x1
Mx1
1
=
(

)(

0
.
5
Px

)
dx
+
( 1)( Px2 M ) dx2
1
1
EI 0 2a
2a
EI 0

1
C =
EI

1 P x1
C =
( )( )
EI 4 3

2a
0

1
x
+
( P)( 2 )
EI
2

a
0

2 Pa 3 Pa 2 7 Pa 3
=
+
=
,
3EI 2 EI
6 EI

86

Example 8-30
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m
A

5m

87

Displacement at B

SOLUTION
x
3 kN/m

( B ) = (
L

M M
)
dx
P EI

0
1
3x 2
=
( x)( Px
) dx

EI 0
2

1 3x 3
=
EI 0 2

Px

5m
x
2

3x
=M
2

3x

1 3x 4
=
(
EI 8

5
0

234.375 kN 2 m 3
=
EI
234.375 kN m 3
=
kN
(200 106
)(250 10 6 m 4 )
m

B = 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,

88

slope at B
x
3 kN/m

B = (
L

M M
)
dx
M ' EI

0
1
3x 2
=
( 1)( M '
)dx

EI 0
2
5

M '

5m
x
2

3x
= M
2

Deflected curve

3x

1 3x 2
=
EI 0 2

1 3x 3
=
(
EI 6

5
0

62.5 kN 2 m 3
=
EI

B = 4.69mm,

B = 0.00125 rad

62.5 kN m 3
=
kN
(200 106
)(250 10 6 m 4 )
m

B = 0.00125 rad,

89

Example 8-31
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

5 kN

14 kNm
A

B
2m

2m

3m

90

Displacement at B

SOLUTION
14 kNm x
1
A

x2

14
M
diagram

7 P

2 2
2m

V
diagram

( B ) = (

x3

2m

7 P
+
2 2
3m

M M
)
dx
P EI

1
x1
7 x1 x1 P
(
)
(
14

+
)dx1

EI 0 2
2
2
5
2
1
x2 7 x2 Px2
+
(
)(
+
) dx2

EI 0 2
2
2
3

7 P
( )
2 2

+ (0)(0)dx3

7 P
( + )
2 2

M 1 = 14

7 x1 Px1
+
2
2
Px
7x
M2 = 2 + 2
2
2

1
1
2
2
=
(
7
x

0
.
5
x
)
dx
+
(
3
x
1
1
1
2 ) dx2
EI 0
EI 0
2

1 7 x1 0.5 x1 2
1 3x
) + ( )( 2 )
= ( )(

0
2
3
3
EI
EI

2
0

20.667
20.667
=
(200)(60)
EI

B = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm,

91

Slope at B

SOLUTION
14 kNm x
1
A

5 kN

B
M'
4
2m

x2
M

B = (

x3

M M
)
dx
M ' EI

0
x1
M'
1
=

x
+
)dx1
(
)
(
14
1
EI 0 4
4
0
2
x2
M ' x2
1
+

)dx2
(
)(
6
2
EI 0
4
4
0

M'
6
4

2m

3m

V
diagram

14
M
diagram
A

+ (0)(0)dx3
0

M'
)
M'
(6
)
4
4
M'
) x1
M 1 = 14 (1
4
M'
) x2
M 2 = (6
4

(1

B B = 1.72 mm
C
B = 0.000194 rad

1
2
=
(
3
.
5
x

0
.
25
x
1
1 ) dx1
EI 0
2

1
2
+
(

1
.
5
x
)dx2
2

EI 0
2

1 3.5 x1 0.25 x1 2 1
1.5 x2
=
(

)0+
(
)
EI
EI
2
3
3
2.333
2.333
=
=
(200)(60)
EI

B = 0.000194 rad,

2
0

92

Example 8-32
Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the figure
below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4.

10 kNm
A

Hinge
I
4m

20 kN
C

2I
3m

3m

93

SOLUTION
x1

20 kN

x2

x3

10 kNm
A

I
4m

3m

10 kNm

2I
3m

2.5 kN
0
P

20 kN

2.5 kN

75 + 6P

22.5 + P

2.5 kN
10 kNm
x1
2.5 kN

M3 = (22.5 + P)x3 - (75 + 6P)

M1 = 10 - 2.5x1
V1

75 + 6P

V3 x3

x2

22.5 + P

M2 = -(2.5 + P)x1
2.5 kN

V2

94

x1

20 kN

x2

x3

10 kNm
A

I
4m

10 kNm

3m

3m
M3 = (22.5 + P)x3 - (75 + 6P)

M1 = 10 - 2.5x1
x1

2.5 kN

75 + 6P

V1

2I

V3 x3

x2

22.5 + P

M2 = -(2.5 + P)x2
2.5 kN

V2

0
0
4
3
M M
1
1
B = (
)
dx =
( x2 )(2.5 x2 x2 P)dx2
(0)(10 2.5 x1 )dx1 +

P
EI
EI 0
2 EI 0
L
0
0
3
1
+
( x3 6)(22.5 x3 + x3 P 75 6 P)dx3
2 EI 0
3

1
1
2
2
= 0+
x
dx
+
(
22
.
5
x
210 x3 + 450)dx3
(
2
.
5
)
2
2
3
2 EI 0
2 EI 0
B =

11.25 303.75 315

315
+
=
=
EI
EI
EI (200)(200)

= 7.875 mm,

95

Example 8-33
Determine the displacement of hinge B and the slope to the right of hinge B
of the steel beam shown in the figure below.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4.

30 kNm

5 kN/m

20 kN
Hinge

C
EI
3m

2EI

B
4m

96

20 kN

SOLUTION
30 kNm

5 kN/m

C
EI
3m
15 kN

30 kNm

2EI

B M
4m

5 kN/m
B

A
2.5 kN

17.5 kN
P
C

17.5 kN

4(P + 17.5) + M

2EI
P + 17.5

97

20 kN
x1
30 kNm

x2

5 kN/m

4(P + 17.5) + M

C
EI
2.5 kN
3m

30 kNm
A

x1

2.5 kN

4m

5x1
M1

2EI

B M

5x
= 30 1 2.5 x1
2

V1

P + 17.5

M3= (P + 17.5)x2 - 4(P+17.5) - M

4(P + 17.5) + M
V3

2EI C
x2 P + 17.5

The displacement of hinge B

1
M
M
(
)dx
EI L
P
20
20
0
4
1
= 0+
( Px2 + 17.5 x2 4 P 70 M ' )( x2 4)dx2

2 EI 0

B =

800
800
=
= 0.01 m = 10 mm,
2 EI 2(200)(200)

98

20 kN
x1
30 kNm

x2

5 kN/m

4(P + 17.5) + M

C
EI
2.5 kN
3m

30 kNm
A

x1

2.5 kN

4m

5x1
M1

2EI

B M

5x
= 30 1 2.5 x1
2

V1

P + 17.5

M3= (P + 17.5)x2 - 4(P+17.5) - M

4(P + 17.5) + M
V3

2EI C
x2 P + 17.5

The slope to the right of hinge B

B =

1
M
M
(
)dx
EI L
M '
20
20
0
4
1
= 0+
( Px2 + 17.5 x2 4 P 70 M ' )(1)dx2

2 EI 0
=

300
300
=
= 3.75 10 3 rad
2 EI 2(200)(200)

99

Example 8-34
Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4

5m
B

C 4 kN
EI

2 kN/m
1.5 EI

6m

100

x2

2 kN/m

SOLUTION
5m
B

M2 = (

C P

EI

12 kN
x1

Horizontal Displacement at C

36 6 P
+
5
5

M1= ( P + 12) x1 x1
6m

1.5 EI

CH

36 6 P
+
5
5

12 + P

36 6 P
+
5
5

4
4
6
5
1
6 x2 36 x2 6 Px2
1
2
M i M i
=
x
x
P
+
x

x
dx
+
+
)dx2
)(
(
)
(
12
)
(
1
1
1
1
1
= (
)
dx

EI 0 5
5
5
1.5 EI 0
P EI
L
6
5
1
1
2
3
2
=
(
16
x

x
)
dx
+
(
14
.
4
x
1
1
1
2 ) dx2
EI 0
1.5 EI 0
3

CH

x2

x1
A

36 6 P
+
5
5

V2

V1

2x1

A 12 + P

36 6 P
) x2
+
5
5
C P

1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 552 600

1152
=
) +
+
=
(
(
) =
= + 28.8 mm ,
0
EI
EI (200)(200)
1.5EI
3
4 0 EI
3

101

x2

Slope C

2 kN/m

5m

M2= M '+ (12

4 kN

C
EI

12 kN
x1

M'
12
5

1.5 EI

M1 = 16 x1 x1
6m

12

M'
5

x1

16

A
12

V2

4N

x2

V1

2x1

A 16

M'
) x2
5
M

M'
5

12

M'
5

0
0
0
5
L
x2
M ' x2
1
1
2
M i M i
=
x

x
dx
+

M
+
x

)dx2
(
0
)
(
16
)
(
1
)(
'
12
C = (
)
dx
1
1
1
2

EI 0
5
1.5 EI 0
5
M ' EI
0
6

1
12 x2
= 0+
x

)dx2
(
12
2
EI 0
5
2

1 12 x2 12 x2 5 50
50
C =

=
(
) =
EI
2
5 3 0 EI (200)(200)

= + 0.00125 rad ,

102