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EC1741- Antenna and Wave Propagation
Unit I
Part-A
1. Define antenna.
An antenna is an electro- magnetic radiator ,a sensor, a transducer and an impedance matching device with extensive
applications in all communication, radar and in Bio-medical systems.
2. Write the properties of antenna .
1.Equality of impedance.
2.Equality of directional patterns,
3.Equality of effective length.
3. List out some of the Antenna parameters.
1. Antenna impedance
2. Antenna Bandwidth.
3. Radiation resistance.
4. Effective length of antenna.
5. Radiation intensity.
6. Directivity
7. Polarization
4. Define Antenna bandwidth.
It is defined as the range of frequencies over which the antenna maintains its characteristics and parameters
5.Define Front-to-Back ratio.
FBR is defined as the ratio of radiated power in desired direction to the radiation power in the opposite direction .
6. Define Polarisation .
It is defined as the direction of the electric vector of the EM wave produced by an
antenna.
Part-B
1..Explain the parameters.
1. Directivity (4)
2. Radiation intensity.(4)
3. Polarisation(4).
4.Front-to-back-ratio.(4)
2. Derive the far field and near field components of the Alternating current element.
3. Derive the Radiated Power and Radiation Resistance of Current Element.
4. Derive the Radiation Resistance of Half-Wave Dipole.
5. Derive the standard wave equation using Maxwells approach. And what is the difference between half wave
dipole and monopole?
UNIT II
Part-A
1.What is an array?
An array antennas are similar to the cascaded electronic amplifiers in increasing Gain.It is also defined as the
antenna which are similar or non-similar and either similarly oriented or non-oriented.Arrays are used to increase the
gain
2.What is a uniform linear arrays.
It is an array where the elements are spaced and excite equally along a straight line.
3.What are called as the nulls?
The minimum value occurs at N /2=K ,K=1,2,3..These minimas are called as nulls and there will be
no signal.
4.Which is called as the first side lobe level.
The first secondary maximum is called as the first side lobe level and it occurs at N /2= (2m+1)/2.
5. What is known as the Null-Null beam width?
The angular difference between the first nulls on either side of the main beam is called as the Null-Null
beam width.
6.What is known as the HPBW?
The angular width between 3 db points of the main beam is called the Half power Beam width.
7.Define First side lobe ratio.(SLR).
The ratio between the First side lobe level to the main beam level. And the SLR for uniform linear array is
-13.5db.
8.Define Broad side array.
It is an array which gives a radiation pattern whose main beam is perpendicular to the axis of the array.
9. Define End-Fire array.
It is an array which gives the radiation pattern whose main beam is along the axis of an array.
10.Write the advantages of the Array antenna.
Array antennas can produce desired shape of electric field of EM wave like electronic circuits produce any
shape of signal wave form.
11. Give some of the synthesis methods used.
1. Source amplitude distribution method
2.Source distribution method.
3.Element space control method.
4.Any combination of above.
12. What is a Short Dipole?
A short dipole is one in which the field is oscillating because of the oscillating voltage and current. It is called so
because, the length of the dipole is short and the current is almost constant throughout the entire length of the dipole.
It is also called as Hertzian Dipole, which is a hypothetical antenna and is defined as a short isolated conductor
carrying uniform alternating current.
13) How radiations are created from a short Dipole?
The dipole has two equal charges of opposite sign oscillating up and down in a harmonic motion. The charges will
move towards each other and electric filed lines were created. When the charges meet at the midpoint, the field lines
cut each other and new field are created. This process is spontaneous and so more fields are created around the
antenna. This is how radiations are obtained from a short dipole.
=[Rr/(Rr+RL)]
Ans=78.95%
25) Find the directivity of 40 turn helix having =18 and circumference equal to one wavelength.
D=(15 N*S*C2)/3
Ans= 45.76db
PART-B
1. What are the types of loop antenna? List them. Explain in detail about any one application of loop antenna.
2. Draw a neat sketch of helical antenna. Describe its principal of operation.
3. What is an antenna array? Explain different cases based on the excitation of individual elements.
4. Derive the expressions for directions of pattern maxima, minima, and beam width of major lobe for an end-fire
array. Make suitable assumptions.
5. Derive the expressions for directions of pattern maxima, minima, and beam width of major lobe for a broad-side
array. Make suitable assumptions.
UNIT III
PART-A
1. Write the range of frequencies of HF,UHF spectrum.
The range of frequency for the HF and UHF spectrum is between 3 MHZ and 1GHz. The above range is
1GHz is branded as Microwave frequency.
2. Write the types of the antennas based on the direction pattern.
The antennas are classified as
1.Isotropic radiators.
2. Directional antennas
3. Omni-Directional antennas.
3. What is meant by an isotropic radiators?
It is defined as hypothetical element which radiates equally in all directions.
Examples:
A point source, A Star.
4. What is meant by Directional antennas?
The antennas which radiate or receive the electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than in others.
Examples Dipoles ,horns ,Paraboloids and so on.
5. What is meant by Omni-Directional antennas?
The antenna which has the non-directional pattern in azimuth and has a directional pattern in elevation .It is
a special type of directional pattern.
Examples.
A circular loop antenna.omni directional antenna refers only to the horizontal plane. In this plane the pattern is a
circle.
6. What is a Resonant antenna.
Resonant antennas are otherwise called as the standing wave antennas where the standing wave exists and
the antennas are open at both the ends. And used at a fixed frequency
7. What is a non-resonant antenna?
These antennas are otherwise called as the Travelling wave and aperiodic antennas. Which have no
reflected waves and has wide bandwidth and in which one end is exited and other end is terminated.
8. What is called as Standing wave?
It is defined as a wave in which the ratio of the instantaneous value of any component of the wave at one
point of that of any other point does not vary with time.
9. What is called as Travelling wave?
It is defined as the wave whose frequency component have exponential variation of amplitude and linear
variation of phase with distance.
10. What are known as the LF antennas?
The antennas which operate at low frequencies(75-160 meter band).Examples of antenna are.
1. Inductance loaded vertical antennas.
2.Inductance loaded Horizontal dipoles.
3.Tower antenna.
11. What are the two major types of arrays?
1. Broadside array.
2. End-Fire array.
12. Define Broad side array.
It is an array which gives a radiation pattern whose main beam is perpendicular to the axis of the array.
13. Define End-Fire array.
It is an array which gives the radiation pattern whose main beam is along the axis of an array.
14. Write about Rhombic antenna.
The antenna in which is in the shape of a rhombus. It is usually terminated in a resistance.
15. Write about the Yagi-Uda Antenna.
The antenna which was developed by Prof.Yagi and Prof.Uda.and it is an array antenna which consists of
one active element and a few parasitic element.
16. Write the applications of Yagi-Uda Antenna.
It is used as a transmitting antenna at HF and used for TV reception at VHF.
17. Write about Log-Periodic Antenna.
It is an array antenna which has structural geometry such that its impedance is periodic with the logarithm
of the frequency which can used to receive a good number of TV channels without any deterioration of the received
field strength.
18. Write about the loop antenna.
An antenna which consists of one or more turns of wire forming a DC short circuit is called loop antenna.
The loop antenna can be of square, circular, or rectangular shape.
19. Write the applications of loop antenna.
It is extensively used in radio receivers, aircraft receivers, for Direction finding and also in UHF
transmitters.
20. What is a Whip antenna?
It is a short vertical monopole used for mobile communication purpose. its standard length is 4 feet for most of the
applications.
21. What is a ferrite rod antenna?
It is an antenna which consists of a ferrite rod on which a coil with a number of turns are wound. It is used
in all transistorized radio receivers
22. Write about the Turnstile antenna.
It is an antenna composed of two dipole antennas perpendicular to each other. They intersect at their midpoints. The current on the two dipoles are equal and in phase quadrature.
23. Write some features of Turnstile antenna.
1.It produces almost an omni-directional pattern.
2.Directivity is improved by the array of turnstile antennas.
3.The super-turnstile antenna can be made of four flat sheets.
24. What is a Discone antenna?
It is an antenna which consists of a disc and a cone. The disc is fixed at the centre conductor of co axial
feed line so that it is perpendicular to its axis. The apex of the cone is connected to the outer shield of the outer
shield of the co axial line.
Driven elements are an active element where the power from the transmitter is fed or which feeds the received
power to the receiver.
9)Why folded dipole antenna is used in yagi antenna?
The folded dipole has high input impedance. If the distance between the driven and parasitic element is decreased, it
will load the driven element so input impedance of driven element reduces. But this will be compensated.
10)What is beam antenna?
If three-element array are used then such a type of yagiuda is referred to as beam antenna.
11)What is a frequency independent antenna?
An antenna in which the impedance, radiation pattern and directivity remain constant as a function of frequency is
called as frequency independent antenna. Eg, Log periodic antenna.
12)What is LPDA?
LPDA means log periodic dipole array. It is defined as an antenna whose electrical properties repeat periodically
with logarithm of the frequency.
13)What are the different regions in log periodic antenna and how are they differentiated?
Inactive region L< l
Active region L l
Inactive reflective region L>l
14)What are the applications of log periodic antenna?
HF communication
Television reception
All round monitoring
15)What are the applications of Rhombic antenna?
HF transmission and reception
point to point communication.
16)Define rhombic antenna.
An antenna which consists of four straight wires arranged in the shape of diamond, suspended horizontally above
the surface of the earth is called as a rhombic antenna. It is otherwise called as diamond antenna or traveling wave
antenna.
17)What are the two types of rhombic antenna design?
Alignmentdesign
Maximum field intensity design
18)What are the limitations of rhombic antenna?
It needs a larger space for installation
Due to minor lobes transmission efficiency is low.
19)Define lens antenna?
An antenna, which collimates the incident divergent energy to prevent it from spreading in undesired directions, is
called as lens antenna
.
20) What are the different types of lens antenna?
dielectric lens or H plane metal plate lens
E plane metal plate lens antenna
21)What is a dielectric lens antenna?
Dielectric lens antennas are the antennas in which the traveling wave fronts are delayed by lens media
Variation of signal strength occur on line of sight paths as a result of the atmospheric conditions and it is called .It
cannot be predicted properly.
8)What is meant by diversity reception?
To minimize the fading and to avoid the multi path interference the technique used are diversity reception. It is
obtained by two ways. Space diversity reception. Frequency diversity reception. Polarization diversity.
9)Define Space diversity Reception.
This method exploits the fact that signals received at different locations do not fade together. It requires antenna
spaced at least 100 l apart are referred and the antenna which high signal strength at the moment dominates
.
10)Define frequency diversity Reception.
This method takes advantage of the fact that signals of slightly different frequencies do not fade synchronously.
This fact is utilized to minimize fading in radio telegraph circuits
.
11)Define polarization diversity reception.
It is used in normally in microwave links, and it is found that signal transmitted over the same path in two
polarizations have independent fading patterns. In broad band dish antenna system, Polarization diversity combined
with frequency diversity reception achieve excellent results.
12)What is meant by Faradays rotation?
Due to the earths magnetic fields, the ionosphere medium becomes anisotropic and the incident plane wave entering
the ionosphere will split into ordinary and extra ordinary waves/modes.When these modes re-emerge from the
ionosphere they recombine into a single plane wave again. Finally the plane of polarization will usually have
changed, this phenomenon is known as Faradays rotation.
13)What are the factors that affect the propagation of radio waves?
Curvature of earth. Earth s magnetic field. Frequency of the signal. Plane earth reflection.
14)Define gyro frequency.
Frequency whose period is equal to the period of an electron in its orbit under the influence of the earths magnetic
flux density B.
15)Define Magneto-Ions Splitting.
The phenomenon of splitting the wave into two different components (ordinary and extra-ordinary) by the earths
magnetic field is called Magneto- Ions Splitting.
16)Define LUHF?
The lowest useful HF for a given distance and transmitter power is defined as the lowest frequency that will give
satisfactory reception for that distance and power. It depends on
The effective radiated power
Absorption character of ionosphere for the paths between transmitter and receiver.
The required field strength which in turn depends upon the radio noise at the receiving location and type of service
involved.
18)Define skip distance.
The distance with in which a signal of given frequency fails to be reflected back is the skip distance for that
frequency.The higher the frequency the greater the skip distance.
19 )Define Optimum frequency?
Optimum frequency for transmitting between any two points is therefore selected as some frequency lying between
about 50 and 85 percent of the predicted maximum usable frequency between those points.
20)Name the possible modes of propagation?
Ground wave propagation
Sky wave propagation
Space wave propagation.