FlowControlandMeasurement

Weirs
i.Broadcrestedweir
ii.Sharpcrestedweir
Spillways
SluiceGates
ThroatedFlumes
Th t dFl

BroadCrestedWeir

SharpCrestedWeir

V t h Weir
V-notch
W i

Weirs
y The primary purpose is to measure discharge
y Broad crested weirs are robust structures spanning

width of a channel, can be rectangular, triangular,

trapezoidal and round crested
y Sharp crested weirs (plate weirs) are generally limited to
l b t i
laboratories,
smallll channels
h
l and
d streams
t
th
thatt d
do nott
carry debris and sediments
y The V
V-notch
notch weir overcomes the problem of loss of
accuracy at low flows in rectangular weirs

BroadCrestedWeir
Iftheheightofweirpissufficienttocausecriticalflowthen
thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenH
h i di
l i
hi b
H1 andQthatcanbeused
dQ h b d
todeterminetheflowrateQ.
v12/2g
D1

vc2/2g
H1

Dc
p

Mi i
Minimumheightofweircanbeobtainedfrom:
h i h f i b b i df

v12 / 2g + D1 = vc2 / 2g + Dc + p

BroadCrestedWeir

D1

H1

Dc
p

D3

Modularflow:freedischargeoccursi.e.H1Qrelationshipnot
upsetbydownstreamlevels.
Drowned/submergedflow:tailwaterlevelaffectsupstream
levels.
levels
ModularLimit:definedbyparticularvalueoftailwaterdepthD3
whichbeginstoaffectflowovertheweir.
g

BroadCrestedWeir
Modularflow
Drowned/submerged
g
flow!

EnvironmentAgency

Broadcrestedweirdischargeformodularflow
g
V1
widthb

D1

H1

Ifb=B
Ifb
B
Q=AcVc =BDcVc
Atcriticalflow,
,
V2 = Vc = g
gDc

Vc

weir

Dc

Q = BDc gD
Dc = B g (Dc )

33// 2

2Ec
Dc =
3
2Ec
Q = B g

3/ 2

2
2g
3/ 2
(Ec )
= B
3
3

Broadcrestedweirdischargeformodularflow
g
ApplyBernoullisEquationfrom1toc
E1 = Ec + p
V12
2g

V1 isnotknownbutcanbe
incorporatedintoacoefficient,so
toocannonparallelstreamlines
andenergylosses,givingthe
stagedischarge(QH1)
relationship:

+ D1 = Ec + p

V12
V12
Ec =
+ D1 p =
+ H1
2g
2g

2
2 g V12
Q = B
+ H1
3
3 2g

3/ 2

2
2g 3 / 2
Q = C d Cv B
H1
3
3

3/ 2

Qideal

= 1.705 B + H1
2g

Qreal

V12

= Cd 1.705 B + H1
2g

2
1

3/ 2

coefficientof
discharge

upstreamvelocity
correction

Dischargeoverasharp crestedweir
Dischargeoverasharpcrestedweir
Dischargeperunitwidthofthe
weir
H

q = V2dh =
H /3

(2gh +V )

2 1/ 2
1

dh

H /3

()
(1)

H/3

H
h1

( )
(2)
h

V1

h2

2 3/ 2
2 3/ 2

V1
2
V1
1/ 2
= (2g ) H +
3
2g

2g

2
1/ 2
2
0.81 (2g ) H 3/ 2 (whereV1 is neglected.)
3

Inpractice,thecoefficient0.81isreplacedbyconstant
coefficientC
ff
w.

Dischargeoveravnotchweir
Dischargeoverav
notchweir
Duetonatureoftriangularslot:
Asdischargedecreasessodoeswidth,preservingaccuracy
Foraparticulardischargelargerheadthanoverarectangular
weir V10
Butforlargerdischargesupstreamwaterlevelsincreased
B tf l
di h

t
t l l i
d
considerably

1/ 2
Q = C D tan (2 g ) H 5 / 2
15
2

/2
H

whereCD istypically0.58for45
istypically0.58for45<
< <120
<120

Spillways
Structurethatsafelyenables
watertoflowfromadamtoa
lowerlevel(river,stillingbasin
etc).
Overflowspillway
O fl ill
commonfor
f
concretedamsbutnotearth
whichwoulderode,sometimes
ejectswaterfarfrombaseofdam
walltoavoidscour
Chutespillway steep,veryfast
flow
Shaftspillway
Shaftspillway bellmouth
entranceletswaterfallvertically
down

wwwgeoimages.berkeley.edu

Sluicegate
AlsocalledUnderflowgate
Controlflowinrivers/manmadechannels
Canbeusedtomeasuredischarge,ifcalibrated
Freeordrowned

Hamillp315

Throated
Flume
Flow passes through
critical depth in the throat.
Hydraulic jump in
diverging channel
channel.
Same equation
q
as a
broad-crested weir but a
slightly higher coefficient.
Tarsuswastewatertreatmentplant

Example1
Waterflowsalongarectangularchannelataadepthof1.3m
whenthedischargeis8.74m3/s.Thechannelwidthis5.5m,
thesameastheweir.
Ignoringenergylosses,whatistheminimumheightofa
rectangularbroadcrestedweirifitistofunctionwithcritical
depthonthecrest?
HamillEx9 6
HamillEx9.6
[0.42m]

Example2
Waterflowsoverabroadcrestedweir0.5mhighthat
completelyspansarectangularchannel10.0mwide.
Whenthedischargeis19.0m3/s,estimatethedepthofflow
upstreamoftheweir.
Assumenolossofenergyandthatcriticaldepthoccursonthe
weircrest.
HamillEx9 7
HamillEx9.7
[1.49m]

Example3
Arectangularchannel4mwidehasaManningscoefficientof
0.015s/m1/3.Abroadcrestedweirhasbeenconstructedacross
thefullwidthofthechannel.
Assumethattheflowconditionsdownstreamoftheweirdonot
affecttheflowprofileattheweir.
Ifthebedslopeis1:500andthenormaldepthofflowis2m
determinetheminimumheightoftheweircrestabovethe
channelbedforcriticalflowtooccur.