Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LTSpice Final
LTSpice Final
LTSpice Final
Electronics
Principles & Applications
8th Edition
Charles A. Schuler
LTspice IV
McGraw-Hill
LTspice IV
A freeware SPICE circuit simulator written by Mike
Engelhardt at Linear Technologies http://www.linear.com/
SPICE I and SPICE II were written using the FORTRAN
programming language. SPICE III was written using the
C programming language (U.C. Berkeley, 1985).
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/IcBook/SPICE/)
LTspice was written to support circuit designers who
evaluate or use Linear Technology products.
It includes an extensive library of Linear Technology
devices.
It has schematic capture and is much easier to use than
traditional text-based SPICE.
Traditional SPICE requires a text file called a netlist
that describes the circuit to be simulated.
With schematic capture, the user can enter a circuit
using schematic symbols via a graphical user interface.
LTspice IV
Is powerful and fast, but is not as intuitive for
beginners as simulators such as Multisim
Requires more knowledge about SPICE directives
and terminology
Has a limited (mostly proprietary) device library
LTspice has only basic behavioral gates for digital
circuits. It is expandable, but this requires knowledge
about SPICE and device behavior.
Drawing a circuit
is easier if the grid is active. Click
on View and then Show Grid. Or,
you can type Ctrl+G.
Delete tool
Rotated components
Mirrored components
10
11
or
12
13
14
Place Diode
Place Inductor
Tool Bar
Summary
Place Capacitor
Place Resistor
Label Node
Place Ground
Draw Wire
Simulate
Zoom In
Pan
Move
Drag
Find
Zoom Out
Auto Scale
Delete
Undo
Redo
Rotate
Mirror
Copy
Paste
Place Comment
Place SPICE Directive
15
Place a resistor
and right click it
to enter its values.
16
17
18
19
20
CMRR
Here it is!
21
BFR540 NPN
IS = 1.04516E-015
BF = 1.84359E+002
NF = 9.81774E-001
VAF = 4.16981E+001
IKF = 1.00000E+001
ISE = 2.32436E-013
NE = 2.02825E+000
BR = 4.39917E+001
NR = 9.92532E-001
VAR = 2.09773E+000
IKR = 1.66296E-001
ISC = 1.29849E-016
NC = 1.06486E+000
RB = 5.00000E+000
IRB = 1.00000E-006
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.ENDS
RBM = 5.00000E+000
RE = 3.53552E-001
RC = 1.34000E+000
EG = 1.11000E+000
XTI = 3.00000E+000
CJE = 1.97895E-012
VJE = 6.00000E-001
MJE = 3.32695E-001
TF = 7.45719E-012
XTF = 1.14072E+001
VTF = 3.15854E+000
ITF = 1.56917E-001
CJC = 7.93745E-013
VJC = 1.85522E-001
MJC = 8.41656E-002
22
23
Click OK.
Place the model on your schematic with a left click.
This method is often preferred when sharing circuits with
others.
The necessary model or models are imbedded in the circuit
file.
24
25
26
Subcircuits (.SBCKT)
Are often used when repetition occurs.
Better than cluttering the schematic with redundant
information
27
28
29
30
31
CMRR
SPICE directive
for dc analysis
32
33
After a DC operating point analysis, moving the cursor over the schematic reveals the 34
various node voltages, currents, and the dissipations in each component. These values
are displayed in the lower left portion of the screen.
Summing the dissipations in this
circuit produces zero. The negative
signs at V1 and V2 indicate that
they are power sources.
-24V
40W
9.6W
-12V
-88W
1.2W
28.8W
12W
Placing the
cursor here
shows the
current and the
dissipation in R5,
as shown below.
-3.6W
35
It is also possible to display the dc voltage at one or more nodes on the schematic.
Run the simulation and then right-click any empty area on the schematic and select
View Place .op Data Label as shown below.
36
Then, move the rectangular cursor to the desired node and click it. The dc voltage
at that node will be displayed on the schematic. Repeat the procedure to add
nodes.
37
After you have one or more nodes selected, you can change circuit values and rerun the simulation to see the effect on the selected dc node voltages.
R2 has been
changed from 20
ohms to 10 ohms.
38
You can choose horizontal orientation for voltage labels by placing the small square
at the bottom of the selection rectangle on a horizontal wire.
39
Waveforms
Waveforms are what one sees on an
oscilloscope (graphs of instantaneous
voltages versus time).
Waveforms can be viewed via the
transient analysis option. Click on
Simulate, Edit Sim Command, and then
select the Transient tab.
The next three slides show the procedure.
40
41
Move the cursor to the desired node. When the cursor changes
to a probe, click the left mouse button to view the waveform.
42
Move the cursor to the collector. Left click and now two waveforms are shown.
43
44
45
46
CMRR
47
For a basic
analysis, this is
often all that
needs to be
specified.
48
49
Box
50
51
52
1.572 kHz
53
To obtain the voltage difference across two nodes, move the cursor to the first
node and left click when it changes to a red voltage probe and then without
releasing the mouse button, move to the second node and when the cursor
changes to a black voltage probe, release the mouse button.
54
55
56
57
58
59
No data compression
60
61
62
63
64
Input (TRIG)
Threshold waveform
Output
There are
three
important
waveforms
here.
555 one-shot
Three plot
panes add
clarity.
V(b1)+2
dc offset
65
66
+6 dc offset
+4 dc offset
+2 dc offset
0 dc offset
67
Current waveforms
Moving the cursor to the inside area of a
component, after a transient analysis has
been run, displays the current waveform in
that component.
When the cursor morphs to a current
probe:
left click to see the current waveform.
68
The current probe, like the voltage probe, shows time variations after
a transient analysis. Here, the current in R1 averages 2 mA (which
was measured earlier in a dc analysis) and the current fluctuations in
R1 are easy to see.
69
70
71
Ctrl+left-click
72
AC Analysis
Provides the frequency response of a circuit
Both the amplitude and the phase angle are graphed
as a function of frequency (Bode plot).
73
Amplitude
AC Analysis provides the frequency response of a
circuit. One of the signal sources must be designated
as the input by specifying an AC Amplitude for Small
signal AC analysis. Run the simulation and then probe
the output for the Bode plot.
Phase
Output
Input
Spice
directive
74
75
2N3904
BFR540
76
AVG
MAX
MIN
PP
RMS
INTEG
77
Run->View->View SPICE Error Log will show the instantaneous value at 1 ms.
78
The SPICE .STEP directive has been added to show the charge and discharge
curves for capacitor values from 0.2 microfarads to 1.2 microfarads in 0.2
microfarad steps.
79
Here,
bandwidth is
measured.
(8.5 Hz to 2.8
MHz)
80
Configuring LTspice
There are many user options.
81
LTspice generates
several kinds of files.
To save disk space
and avoid clutter, these
files can be deleted
automatically.
82
83
84
85
The help files explain many things: for example, how to model transformers.
86
Do not enter 1F or 1f as the capacitance for a onefarad capacitor (enter 1). F and f designate the
prefix femto (10-15).
SPICE will not allow voltage sources in parallel, even
when of the same value.
Add series resistances.
87
T = terra = 1012
G = giga = 109
MEG = meg = 106
K = kilo = 103
M = milli = 10-3
U = micro = 10-6
N = nano = 10-9
P = pico = 10-12
F = femto = 10-15
88
L inductor
M MOSFET transistor
O lossy transmission line
Q bipolar transistor
R resistor
S voltage controlled switch
T lossless transmission line
U uniform RC-line
V independent voltage source
W current controlled switch
X subcircuit invocation
Z MESFET transistor
* comment
+ continuation of prior line
. simulation directive
89
90
Links
http://www.intusoft.com/models.htm#freemodels
http://www.penzar.com/links.htm
http://ee.cleversoul.com/simulation.html
http://cmosedu.com/videos/videos.htm
http://cmosedu.com/cmos1/book.htm
http://www.onsemi.com/site/support/models
http://www.coilcraft.com/modelsswcad.cfm
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/LTspice/
http://ltspice.linear.com/software/scad3.pdf
91