Routing Protocols

Syed Iqbal Hussain

MS (Telecom & Networking)
M.Sc Electronics

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

(IGRP)

p2.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

IGRP is a Cisco-proprietary Distance-Vector protocol,

designed to be more scalable than RIP

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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

IGRP has the following Distance-Vector characteristics:

It sends periodic routing updates (every 90 seconds).

It sends the full routing table in every periodic update.
It uses a form of distance as its metric (in this case, a
composite of bandwidth and delay).
IGRP uses the Bellman-Ford Distance Vector algorithm to
determine the best path to a particular destination.
It supports only IP routing.

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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

IGRP has the following Distance-Vector characteristics:

It has an administrative distance of 100.

By default, supports a maximum of 100 hops. This value
can be adjusted to a maximum of 255 hops.
It is a classful routing protocol.
IGRP requires that you include an Autonomous System
(AS) number in its configuration.
Only routers in the same Autonomous system will send
updates between each other.

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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Process domain a set of routers whose common routing

protocol is an IGRP process.

Routing domainsa set of routers running one or more

IGPs under a common administration.

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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

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Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

An interior route is a path to a subnet of the network

address of the data link on which the update is being
broadcast.

A system route is a path to a network address, which has

been summarized by a network boundary router.

An exterior route is a path to a network that has been

flagged as a default network. A default network is an
address to which a router will send any packet that cannot
be matched to a more specific destination.
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An Interior , An exterior, A System route

LeHand advertises subnet 192.168.2.192/26 to Tully as an internal

route. Network 192.168.3.0 is advertised to Tully as a system
route, and 192.168.1.0 is advertised as an external route.

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IGRP Timers

IGRP has four basic timers:

Update Timer (default 90 seconds) indicates how often
the router will send out a routing table update.
Invalid Timer (default 270 seconds) indicates how long
a route will remain in a routing table before being marked
as invalid, if no new updates are heard about this route.
The invalid timer will be reset if an update is received for
that particular route before the timer expires.
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IGRP Timers

Hold-down Timer (default 280 seconds) indicates how

long IGRP will suppress a route that it has placed in a
hold-down state.
IGRP will not accept any new updates for routes in a holddown state, until the hold-down timer expires.
A route will enter a hold-down state for one of three
reasons:
1.
2.

3.

The invalid timer has expired.

An update has been received from another router, marking that
route with a metric of 101 (unreachable).
An update has been received from another router, marking that
route with a higher metric than what is currently in the routing
table (this is to prevent loops).

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IGRP Timers

Flush Timer (default 630 seconds) indicates how long a

route can remain in a routing table before being flushed, if
no new updates are heard about this route.
The flush timer runs concurrently with the invalid timer,
and thus will flush out a route 360 seconds after it has been
marked invalid.
IGRP timers must be identical on all routers on the IGRP
network, otherwise massive instability will occur.

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IGRP Matric

The IGRP routing protocol uses a combination of variables

to determine a composite metric.

Those variables include:

1.

bandwidth (BWIGRP = 107/ BW )

2.

delay ( DLYIGRP = DLY/ 10)

3.

load (actual /default)

4.

reliability (actual /default)

5.

Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

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Common BWIGRP DLYIGRP Quantities

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IGRP Matric

Reliability

Reliability is measured dynamically and is expressed as an

eight-bit number.
where 255 is a 100% reliable link and 1 is a minimally
reliable link.
In the output of show interface, reliability is shown as a
fraction of 255, for example, 234/255

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IGRP Matric

Load
Load, in an IGRP update, is an eight-bit number.
Load is represented in the output of show interface as a
fraction of 255.
such as 40/255.
1 is a minimally loaded link, and 255 is a 100% loaded link

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IGRP Matric

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This interface shows a load of 40/255, or 15.7%

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IGRP Metric

Metric = [K1 * Bw(min) + (K2 * Bw(min))/(256-load) +

K3*DlyIGRP(sum)] *[k5/(Reliability + k4)]

The default constant values are K1=K3=1 and

K2=K4=K5=0, so:

Metric = BWIGRP(min) + DLYIGRP(SUM)

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IGRP Metric

To find BandW, find the smallest of all the bandwidths

from outgoing interfaces (in kilobits) and divide
10,000,000 by that number.

To find Delay, add all the delays from the outgoing

interfaces (in microseconds) and divide this number by 10.

Remember, the path with the smallest metric is the best

path!
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Example

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Example 1

Find the value of metric from Casablanca to Subnet

172.20.40.0/24.

Here the minimum bandwidth on the route from

Casablanca to subnet 172.20.40.0/24 is 512K, at Quebec.

The total delay of the route is:

(1000 + 20000 + 20000 + 5000) = 46000 microseconds.

BWIGRP(min) = 107/512 = 19531

DLYIGRP(sum) = 46000/10 = 4600
metric = BWIGRP(min) + DLYIGRP(sum)
= 19531 + 4600 = 24131

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Show ip route 172.20.40.0

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IGRP Metric

By default, the maximum hop count is 100 and can be

configured from 1 to 255 with the command metric
maximum-hops.
Router(config)# router igrp 10
Router(config-router)# metric maximum-hops 255

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A Basic IGRP Configuration

McCloy(config)#router igrp 10
McCloy(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
McCloy(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Acheson(config)#router igrp 10
Acheson(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
Acheson(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Kennan(config)#router igrp 10
Kennan(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Kennan(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

The selection of a process ID is

arbitraryany number between 1
and 65,535 (0 is not allowed)

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Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

see the route from Acheson's S0 interface to network

10.0.0.0.
the minimum bandwidth is 1544K.
DLYIGRP(sum) for the serial interface and the Ethernet
interface is 2000 + 100 = 2100.
BWIGRP(min) is 107/1544 = 6476,
so the metric of the route is 6476 + 2100 = 8576.

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Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

The minimum bandwidth on the route via Acheson's S1 to

10.0.0.0 is 256K.
DLYIGRP(sum) is the same as on the first route.
Therefore, the composite metric for this route is
107/256 + 2100 = 41162.

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Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

Without further configuration, IGRP will simply select the

path with the lowest metric cost. Figure shows that
Acheson is using only the path with a metric of 8576.

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Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

The variance command is used to determine which routes

are feasible for unequal-cost load sharing.

Variance defines a multiplier by which a metric may differ,

or vary, from the metric of the lowest-cost route.

The default variance is one. Variance must be specified in

whole numbers.

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Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

The metric of Acheson's route through S1 is 41162/8576 =

4.8 times larger than the metric of the S0 route.

So to conduct unequal-cost load balancing over Acheson,

the variance at Acheson should be five.

The IGRP configuration is:

router igrp 10
network 172.16.0.0
network 192.168.2.0
variance 5
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Unequal-Cost Load Balancing

Figure. The composite metric of the second path to

10.0.0.0 is 41162, or 4.8 times the metric of the lowestcost route. IGRP will enter the second path into the routing
table if the variance is set to at least five.

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Per packet load sharing is being performed, with one packet being
sent over the high-cost link for every five packets sent over the lowcost link.

Setting Maximum Paths

The maximum-paths and variance commands can be used together to

configure load balancing over only two of the three links between
McCloy and Bohlen. If either link fails, the third will take its place.p33.

Setting Maximum Paths

The metrics from McCloy are:

Via S0: 9765 + (2000 + 100) = 11865
Via S1: 19531 + (2000 + 100) = 21631
Via S2: 78125 + (2000 + 100) = 80225
The metric of the S2 route is 6.76 times as large as the lowestcost metric, so the variance is seven.
McCloy's IGRP configuration is:
router igrp 10
variance 7
network 172.20.0.0
network 192.168.1.0
network 192.168.2.0
maximum-paths 2

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Setting Maximum Paths

The routing table for McCloy, before and after the failure
of one of three links, shows the results of using the
variance and maximum-paths commands to configure load
sharing to 172.18.0.0.

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Setting Maximum Paths

Before

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Setting Maximum Paths

After failure of Serial 1

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Multiple IGRP Processes

Two new routers, Lovett and Harriman, have been added

to the internetwork.
A decision has been made to create two IGRP autonomous
system "domains" in the internetwork with no
communications between the two.
Mohlen, Lovett, and McCloy will run IGRP 10, and
Kennan will run IGRP 15.

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Multiple IGRP Processes

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Multiple IGRP Processes

p40.

Multiple IGRP Processes

At Acheson, the configuration will be:

router igrp 10
network 192.168.2.0
network 192.168.3.0
router igrp 15
network 172.16.0.0

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Multiple IGRP Processes

At Harriman, both interfaces belong to network 10.0.0.0:

router igrp 10
passive-interface TokenRing0
network 10.0.0.0
router igrp 15
passive-interface Serial0
network 10.0.0.0
Using the passive-interface command prevents IGRP
updates from being broadcast on data links where they
don't belong.
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END

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