Meaning: seeming; giving the appearance of

Formation:
Noun +
adj +
adj +
Example sentences:

kanojo no egao niwa doko ka kanashige na tokoro ga atta.

Her smiling face looked somehow sad.

kanojo wa kurushige ni umeite yokotawatta.

She moaned painfully and lied down.

gakuseitachi wa tanoshige ni oshaberi shite ita.

The students chatted away cheerfully.

daijoubu. kare wa ibukashige ni mou ichido kiita.

Are you alright? He repeated uncertainly.

roujin ga nanika iitage ni chikazuite kita.

The old man approached me. He looked like he wanted to say something.


yamada wa katate de monouge ni kami o kaita.
Yamada ran a hand wearily through his hair.

kodomotachi wa niwa de ikanimo tanoshige ni asonde iru.

The kids are playing happily in the garden.

souka. kare wa kangaebukage ni itta.

I see, he said thoughtfully.

Meaning: apt to do, tend to do

Formation:
Verb-stem +
Noun +
Example sentences:

yuki ga furu to, densha wa okuregachi da.

The trains are usually late when it snows.

senjitsu, byouki gachi no oba o mimai ni itta.

I came to visit my sick aunt yesterday.


kekkon shite nanjuu nen mo tatsu to, kekkon kinenbi sae wasure gachi ni naru.
You tend to forget your anniversary after many years of being married.

nando mo shippai o suru to, mata shippai o suru no dewa nai ka to kagae gachi ni naru.
After youve failed many times, you tend to think whether youre gonna fail again if you try.

shashin o totte mo ii desu ka. kamera o mochiagete, kare ga enryogachi ni tanonda.

Can I take a picture? He held the camera up and asked hesitantly.

sou iu jiko wa tokaku okorigachi desu.

That kind of accident happens quite often.

kare wa saikin, taichou o kuzushite, gakkou o yasumigachi desu.

He hasnt been to school lately due to his sickness.

Meaning: -ish, -like

Formation:
Noun +
Verb-stem +
adj (-) +
adj +

Example sentences:

ane wa itsumo kodomoppoi fuku o kiteiru.

My elder sister always wear childish clothes.

kare wa itazurappoi metsuki o shita.

He gave a roguish expression.

ano shougakusei wa, otonappoi.

That elementary school student acts very adult-like.

takeshikun wa akippokute nani o yattemo sugu yamete shimau.

Takeshi is fickle. He always quit easily.

kono ryouri wa aburappokute iya da.

I dont like this dish. Its too greasy.

watashi wa, jibun demo odoroku hodo wasureppoi desu.

Even I am shocked by how forgetful I am.

Meaning: -like, -looking

Formation:
Noun +
Verb-stem +
Example sentences:

nijikan mo ji o utta node, chotto tsukaregimi desu.

I typed non-stop for 2 hours so Im a little tired.

shinnyuu shain wa kinchou gimi no kao o shiteita.

The new employees looked nervous.

zangyou tsuzuki de tsukare gimi da.

Ive been feeling tired because of continuous overtime work.

kyou wa doumo kazegimi de, atama ga itai.

Today I caught a cold so I have a headache.

seikatsu ga fukisoku de suimin busoku gimi da.

Im lack of sleep because Ive been keeping irrergular hours.

saikin futori gimi nanode, yuushoku o nuku koto ni shita.

Since Im getting fat, I decided to skip dinner.


hajimete no enzetsu na node, kare wa sukoshi kinchou gimi da.
Since its his time giving a speech, hes a little nervous.

Meaning: what is again?

We use particle to indicate that the speaker is trying to recall some information.
Formation:
Verb-casual, past +
Noun + /
adj +
adj + /
Example sentences:

kare ga nante itta ke.

What did he say again?

ashita no paatii no koto, hanashitakke?

Did I tell you about the party tomorrow?

jikoshoukai shitakke.
Did I introduce myself?


kuni e kaeru nowa, raishuu dattakke?
Youre returning to your country next week, right?

anata no tanjoubi, itsu dakke.

When was your birthday again?

dare ga bokutachi ni ai ni kuru tte ittakke.

Who did you say would come to meet us?

kyou wa nanyoubi deshitakke.

What was the date today again?

yume o mita hi wa itsu datte ittakke.

When did you say you saw that dream again?

are, watashi, sakki megane o doko ni oitakke.

Where did I put my glasses?

are, boku iwanakattakke.

I havent told you?

Meaning: have no choice but

Formation:
Verb-dictionary form +
Example sentences:

naosenai kara, atarashii pasokon o kau shika nakatta.

I had no choice but to buy a new computer since my old one cant be fixed.

kare o shinjiru shika nain janai ka.

We have no choice but to trust him, right?

saikin no tabemono wa anzen da towa ienai node, mou jibun de tsukuru shika nai.
Lately the food hasnt been safe so I have no choice but to cook at home.

dekiru made, yaru shikanai.

You must try until you make it.

shuuden ga nakunatta node, aruite kaeru shika nai.

I missed the last train so I have no choice but to walk home.

nigeru shika nai, sugu ni.

We have no choice but to run now.


kanai ga inai aida, jibun de ryouri o tsukuru shika nai.
My wifes not home so I have no choice but to cook by myself.

byouki ni natta node, shibaraku kaisha o yasumu shika nai.

Im sick so I have no choice but to take some time off work.

kyuu ni ame ga futte kita. kasa mo motte inai shi, nimotsu mo takusan aru. kore dewa takushii
noru shika nai darou.
It suddenly rained. I dont bring my umbrella and I have a lot of luggages. I have no choice but
to take a taxi.

Meaning: for sure (emphasize preceding word)

Formation:
Verb-casual +
Noun +
Example sentences:

aijou ga aru kara koso, shikarun desu.

The reason I get so angry is because I care so much about you.


muzukashii shigoto dakara koso, omoshiroi tomodachi ga itta.
My friend said that his job is interesting because its difficult.

ashita koso benkyou suru zo.

Ill definitely study tomorrow!

kochira koso gobusata shite orimasu.

I too havent been in touch with you for a while.

seifu wa, kotoshi koso keizai ga yoku naru to yosoku shiteita.

The government predicts that this year the economy will also expand.

sore wa totemo osoroshii mono da. dakara koso chuui fukaku atsukawanakereba narumai.
That thing is frightening. Thats why you should handle it with care.

Meaning: as if
You use to emphasize a determination not to do something.
Formation:
Verb-dictionary form + /
Adjective + /

Example sentences:

boonasu mo kurenai kaisha de mou hataraku mono ka.

Like Im gonna continue working for a company that doesnt pay bonuses.

shinjite naru mono ka.

I will not believe it.

boku ni nani ga dekiru ka nado, kimi ni wakaru mono ka.

You dont know what Im capable of!

omae ga omou koto o, dare ga ki ni suru mono ka.

Who cares what you think?

ano mise no saabisu wa saitei da. nido to iku mono ka.

That stores service is horrible. I will not go there again.

watashi ga okane nado hoshii mono ka.

What do I want with money?

mou nido to koi koso suru mono ka to kataku kokoro ni chikatta hazu datta ga, shirazu shirazu
no uchi ni kanojo no koto ga suki ni natte ita.
Although I swore to myself never to fall in love again, Ive unconsciously fallen in love with her.

kamau mono ka.

I dont care.

nigeru mono ka. watashi wa hannin janai.

Im not gonna run! Im not a criminal!

Meaning: there is no need to; never happens

Formation:
Verb-dictionary form +
Example sentences:

jibun o semeru koto wa nai wa.

Theres no need to blame yourself.

ki ni suru na. anata ga ayamaru koto wa nai yo.

Dont worry about it. Theres no need for you to apologize.

ojisan no byouki wa sugu ni yoku naru kara, kimi wa nani mo shinpai suru koto wa nai.
Uncles condition will improve, so theres no need for you to worry.

kare wa kesshite watashi o uragiru koto wa nai.

Hell never betray me.

watashi ga koko ni iru kagiri, nanimono mo kimitachi ni kigai o kuwaeru koto wa nai to
omoitamae.
Know only that no harm can befall you whilst Im here.

kuru koto wa arimasen. yuusou de ii desu yo.

You dont need to come. Just send it by post.


atarashii kuruma o kau koto wa nai yo. kashite ageru kara.
You dont need to buy a new car. Ill lend you mine.

Meaning: Ive heard that; rumour has it that; it appears as if

Formation:
Verb-dictionary form +
Noun +
Example sentences:

shiken no kekka wa nanajuu paasento, tsumari goukaku to iu koto da.

The results of the test were 70%. In other words, you passed.

miurasan wa, chikaku kaisha o yamete ryuugaku suru to iu koto desu.

I heard that Miura will quit his job to study abroad.

koochi no hanashi dewa, kare ga shiai ni dereba, yuushou wa machigainai to iu koto da.
According to the coach, if he joins the match hell win for sure.

tanaka san kara denwa ga atte, sukoshi okureru to iu koto desu.

Tanaka called and said that hed be a little late.


bukka wa raigetsu kara sara ni agaru to iu koto da.
I heard that prices will increase even more next month.

Meaning: should (used when giving suggesions or advice)

Formation:
Verb-dictionary form +
Verb- form +
Example sentences:

muri o shinai koto desu.

Dont push yourself too hard.

atatakakushite, yukkuri yasumu koto da.

You should keep warm, relax and rest.

karada o joubu ni shitakattara, sukikirai o shinaide nan demo taberu koto da.
If you want to stay healthy, dont be picky and eat everything.

ichido ni zenbu wa muri da. mainichi sukoshi zutsu benkyou suru koto da.
You cant do everything in one go. You should study little by little every day.


dokkairyoku o tsuketai no nara, mainichi shinbun o yomu koto da.
If you want to improve your reading comprehension, you should read newspaper every day.

Meaning: how!; what!

Formation:
Verb-casual, past +
Verb- form +
Noun + /
adj +
adj + /
Example sentences:

ima made nando sake o yameyou to omotta koto ka.

Until now how many times have I wanted to quit drinking?

ie no chikaku ni chikatetsu ga tootte, donna ni benri na koto ka.

How convenient it is to have a subway station near your house!

nando chuui shita koto ka.

How many times have I warned you?


goukaku dekitara, donna ni ureshii koto ka.
How happy would I be if I passed!

gakusei jidai, shougakukin ga moraete dore hodo tasukatta koto ka.

How helpful it was to receive a scholarship when I was a student!

Meaning: no matter how

Formation:
+ Verb- form +
+ Noun +
+ adj +
+ adj +
Example sentences:

watashi wa, ikura osake o nondemo kaoio ga kawaranai.

My face doesnt turn red no matter how much I drink.

donna ni isshoukenmei hataraitemo, seikatsu wa raku ni naranai darou to omou.

No matter how hard I work, I dont think my life will get any easier.


donna ni kenkou ni jishin ga attemo, yudan shiteiru to kaze o hiku.
No matter how healthy you think you are, youll catch a cold if you get careless.

watashi wa donna ni atsukutemo neru toki wa kuuraa o keshite nemasu.

No matter how hot it is, I always turn off the air-conditioner when I go to bed.

chichi wa donna ni kurushikutemo akiramemasen deshita.

My father didnt give up no matter how hard it was.

mou sake wa nomanai to kimeta ijou wa, donna ni sasowaretemo zettai ni sore o mamoritai.
Because I have already decided to quit drinking, I wont drink no matter how much you insist.

gitaa o narai hajimeta ga, donna ni renshuu shitemo zenzen umaku naranai.
Ive started taking guitar lessons but Im not getting any better no matter how much I practice.

donna ni ganbattemo, gojuu ten shika torenakatta.

No matter how hard I tried, I never got more than 50 points.

Meaning: if one can do something

Formation:
Verb-potential +

Example sentences:

kono mondai o ippun de tokeru mono nara toite miro.

If you can solve this problem in one minute then go ahead and do it.

sore gurai no renshuu de aite ni kateru mono nara kachitai desu.

If we can beat them by practicing like this then Id love to win.

ano hi no kioku o keseru mono nara keshite shimaitai.

iIf I could, I would erase the memory of that day.

shounen jidai ni modoreru mono nara modotte mitai.

I want to return to my childhood if I can.

sukejuuru ga tsumatte iru ga, ani ga kekkon suru node, kaereru mono nara, ima sugu kuni e
kaeritai.
Im on a tight schedule, but my big brothers getting married. If I could, Id return to my country
right now.

ima no kono kurasa o sukoshi demo akaruku shite irareru mono nara, kare niwa arigatakatta.
He was grateful for anything that might lighten his present darkness.

minna daietto shigatte iru ga, watashi wa futoreru mono nara futoritai.
Everyone wants to lose weight but I want to gain weight if I can.

yareru mono nara yaru ga ii.

Do it if you can.

boku wa, aitsu o koroshi wa shinai, sou darou. daga, dekiru mono nara yatte yaru.
Im not killing him, am I? But if I can, I will.

Meaning: because; the reason is

Formation:
Verb-casual +
Noun +
adj +
adj +
Example sentences:

jibun no kasa wa hito ni kashite shimatta mono dakara, watashi wa shikatanaku, nurete kaetta.
I lent someone my own umbrella so I had to choice but to go home in the rain and got all wet.

musume ga amari ni tanoshimi ni shite ita mono dakara, yuuenchi ni ikenakunatta koto o sugu
niwa iidasenakatta.
My daughter was really looking forward to it so I couldnt tell her right away that we couldnt go
to the amusement park.

dekake ni okyaku ga kita mono dakara, okurete shimaimashita.

A guest came when I was about to go so I arrived late.

eigo ga nigate na mono desu kara, suchuwaadesu ni narenakatta.

I couldnt become a stewardess because my English was bad.


chichi ga byouki na mono desu kara, watashi ga kawari ni ukagaimashita.
My father is sick so I came on his behalf.

izen kara hoshikatta hon ga yatto te ni haitta mono dakara, sassoku tetsuya shite owari made
yonde shimatta.
I finally found the book Id always wanted so I stayed up all night to read it till the end.

kotoba ga tsuujinai mono dakara, tomodachi ga dekinai.

I have no friends because I dont speak their language.

ie ga semai mono desu kara, ookii kagu wa okemasen.

I cant have big furniture because my house is small.

Meaning: because; indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction

Formation:
Verb-casual + /
Noun + /
adj + /
adj + /
Example sentences:


doushite soubetsukai ni konakatta no. datte shiranakatta no da mono.
Why didnt you go to the farewell party? Because I didnt know.

kimi no kazoku da mon. kimi ga shinpai suru nowa touzen da.

Im your family. Of course Im worried about you.

doushite tabenai no. datte, mazuin da mon.

Why dont you eat it? Because it tastes awful.

kyou no shiken, dekinakatta. benkyou shinakatta da mon, shikaga ga nai.

I didnt do well on the test today. I cant complain because I didnt study much.

karaoke ni ikanai no. datte mada shigoto ga arun da mon.

Youre not going to the karaoke? Because I still have work to do.

kore, otoko no mono da ze. datte, ki ni ittan da mon.

This is for men. But I like it.

Meaning: but; although

Formation:
Verb-casual +
Noun +

 adj +
adj +
Example sentences:

shigoto o hikiuketa mono no, dekiru ka dou ka shinpai desu.

I took this job but Im worried if I can do it or not.

itsumo benkyou shiyou to kangaete iru mono no, tsui asonde shimau.
I think about studying all the time but I always end up playing instead.

mikka de repooto o kaku towa itta mono no mikka dewa totemo kakenakatta.
Although I said Id write a report in three days, it was really an impossible task.

supootsu kurabu ni nyuukai shita mono no, shigoto ga isogashikute nakanaka ikenai.
Although I joined a sports club, Im too busy with my job to go.

sobo wa genki na mono no, toshi o totte amari soto ni denakunatta.

Although my grandmother is in good health, shes growing old so she doesnt go out very often.

minna ni mukatte tsuyogari o itta mono no, shiai ga chikazuku ni tsurete kare wa fuan ni natte
kita.
Although he talked big in front of everyone, he became more and more nervous as the match
drew nearer.

yatto nemuri ni ochita mono no, yume ni unasareta.

When I finally fell asleep, I saw a nightmare.

eigo wa daijoubu da to itta mono no jitsu wa jishin ga nai.

Although I said that my Englishs okay, to tell you the truth I dont have much confidence.

moushikomi wa shita mono no, shiken o ukeru ka dou ka mitei da.

Although I applied, I havent decided whether to take the test or not.

Meaning: for; considering its (something or someone)

Formation:
Verb-casual +
Noun +
Example sentences:

hajimete ni shite wa, yoku dekimashita.

You did well considering it was your first time.

ima sundeiru tokoro wa toshin ni shite wa, shizuka de sumigokochi ga ii.

Im living in the city centre yet its very quiet and comfortable.

kono ko wa shougakusei ni shite wa zuibun shikkari shiteiru.

Hes very strong for an elementary school kid.

gaikokujin ni shite wa nihongo ga jouzu da.

For a foreigner, his Japanese is very good.

kare wa, takushii untenshu ni shite wa michi o shiranai.

Hes a taxi driver yet he doesnt know the road.

aratta no. sore ni shite wa kirei janai ne.

You washed it? It doesnt look like its clean.

ueda sensei wa nani mo osshaimasen deshita ne. ee, ueda sensei ni shite wa mezurashii koto
deshita ne.
Teacher Ueda didnt talk at all, right? Yeah, thats not like him.

hajimete keeki o tsukutta ni shite wa, jouzu ni dekimashita ne.

You did a good job with the cake considering it was for first time.

Meaning: although, rather, unexpectedly

You use to talk about an unexpected feeling.
Formation:
Verb-casual +
adj +
adj +
Noun +
Example sentences:

kare wa toshi no wari niwa wakaku mieru.

He looks young for his age.


tesuto no benkyou o shinakatta wariniwa, yoku dekita.
Although I didnt study for the test, I did well.

kanojo wa hosoi wariniwa karada ga joubu da.

Shes skinny but strong.

kono resutoran wa nedan ga takai wariniwa, oishikunai.

This restaurant is expensive yet the food is not delicious.

okane ga nai warini, yoku kaimono o suru ne.

Even though you say you have no money, you go shopping a lot, dont you?

watashi wa amaimono bakari taberu warini amari futoranai.

Even though I eat sweet stuff all the time, I dont get fat.

kono piza wa yasui wariniwa oishii.

This pizza is cheap but delicious.

ano gakusei wa shiken no seiseki ga ii wariniwa, nihongo ga tsuujinai.

Although that student has good grades, he cant communicate in Japanese.

kono apaato wa eki kara chikai wariniwa takakunai.

Although this apartment is near the station, its not expensive.

Meaning: even though, and yet, in spite of

Formation:
Verb-Casual +
Noun +
adjective +
adjective +
Example sentences:

kare wa nihonjin nokuseni kanji ga yomenai.

Even though hes Japanese, he cant read the Kanji.

kono heya wa semai kuseni yachin ga sugoku takai.

This room is small yet the rent is high.

shachou wa kaisha no okane o nusunda nowa anata janai tte wakatteru kuseni, soredemo kubi
ni shita nante!
The president knows that youre not the one who stole the companys company, yet he still fire
you.

zenzen benkyou shinakatta kuseni, shiken ni goukaku shita.

I passed the test even though I didnt study at all.


kanojo wa atsui kuseni, atsui cooto o kite iru.
Even though its hot, shes wearing a thick coat.

kimi wa nani mokamo miteiru kuseni, mita mono kara suiri suru toiukoto o shinain da.
Even though you can see everything, you dont deduce from what you saw.

aitsu ga daikiraina kuseni, nande mamotteru no?

Why are you protecting that guy even though you hate him?
10
kare wa juunenkan kankoku ni sundeta kuseni, kankokugo ga hanasenai.
He lived in Korea for 10 years and yet he cant speak Korean.

Meaning: such as, things like

Formation:
Noun + //
Verb-form + //
adj + //
adj + //

Example sentences:

nattou nante kirai da.

I really hate natto.

watashi wa uso nanka tsukimasen yo.

I never lie.

okeshou naka shite wa ikemasen.

You must not wear make-up.

kaasan wa hana ga takai wa. nante suteki na shirase deshou.

Im so proud. What a wonderful news.

karaoke nanka ikitakunai.

I dont wanna go to karaoke.

kare wa shachou ni jihyou o teishutsu suru nante iu wake niwa ikanai.

Theres no way he can hand his letter of resignation to the president.

eigo de supiichi nanka dekimasen.

Theres no way I can give a speech in English.

ano onna no yarisou na koto da. kusamura ni kakurete nusumigiki suru nante.
Hiding behind the bush to eavesdrop, that sounds like something shed do.

naiteru no. naite nanka inai yo.

Are you crying? Im not!

Meaning: concerning, regarding

Formation:
Noun +
Example sentences:

nouson no seikatsu youshiki ni tsuite shirabete iru.

Im studying about life style in rural area.

kankyou hogo ni tsuite supiichi o shimashita.

I gave a speech about environmental protection.

sumimasen, sochira no arubaito no boshuu ni tsuite chotto ukagaitain desu ga.

Im sorry, Id like to ask about your part-time recruitment.

roudou jouken no henka ni tsuite kaisha kara setsumei o uketa.

I was explained by the company about the changes in working conditions.

anata no kuni ni tsuite iroiro to oshiete kudasai.

Please tell me about your country.

kono nihon bunkashi ni tsuite no repooto wa taihen yoku dekiteiru.

This report about Japans cultural history is really well written.


kono shouhin ga koshi no itami ni dono kurai kouka ga aru no ka ni tsuite kuwashiku shiritai.
I want to know how well this product will have effect on lower back pains.

daigaku dewa nihon keizai ni tsuite kenkyuu shitai to omotte imasu.

Im thinking of studying about Japans economy in college.

Meaning: due to; because of; per; each

Formation:
Noun +
Example sentences:

arubaito ryou wa hiru wa ichijikan ni tsuki happyakuen desu ga, shinya wa senen desu.
Your part-time salary is 800 yen an hour during the day and 1000 at night.

kaigichuu ni tsuki naka ni haitte wa ikenai.

Since theyre having a meeting, you cant come in.


suidoudai wa ikkagetsu ni tsuki yonsenen kakarimasu.
Water bill cost per month is 4000 yen.

hiruyasumi ni tsuki, jimusho wa niji made yasumi desu.

Well close until 2 oclock due to lunch break.

kono youchien wa kodomo juunin ni tsuki hitori no sensei ga haichi sarete iru.
One teacher is in charge of 10 kids at this kindergarten.

ame ni tsuki, shiai wa enki itashimasu.

The match will be postponed due to the rain.

honjitsu wa saijitsu ni tsuki, kyuugyou sasete itadakimasu.

Due to the holiday, were closed today.

Meaning: according to
Formation:
Noun +
Noun +

Example sentences:

sensei no hanashi ni yoru to, rainen no daigaku juken wa motto muzukashiku naru rashii.
According to my teacher, next years university entrance exam is gonna be more difficult.

isha no hanashi ni yoru to, kono byouki wa sugu ni yoku naru to iu mono dewa nai rashii.
According to the doctor, this is not the kind of disease that will heal quickly.

tenki yohou ni yoru to, ashita wa yuki ga furu sou da.

According to the weather forecast, it might snow tomorrow.

happyou ni yoru to, danjo tomo hijou ni nagaiki da sou desu.

According to the publication, both men and women live extremely long.

kono hon ni yoru to, mukashi koko ni otera ga atta to iu koto da.
According to this book, there used to be a temple here.

shinbun ni yoreba, chikagoro bukka ga agaru sou desu.

According to the news, it seems that prices will go up in the near future.

sakki no jishin wa terebi no sokuhou ni yoru to shindo go da sou da.

According to the quick announcement on TV, the earthquake just now was 5 magnitude.

Meaning: by means of, due to

Formation:
Noun + /
Example sentences:

ooyuki ni yotte, densha wa sanjikan ijou mo okuremashita.

Due to the heavy snow, the train was more than 3 hours late.

nee, kono furui shorui wa dou sureba ii no. mono ni yotte chigau yo.
Hey, what should I do with these old documents? It depends on each
document.

kono biru wa yuumei na kenchikuka ni yotte sekkei sareta.

This building was designed by a famous architect.

watashi tachi no jikan no kankaku wa, hito ni yotte, mata tachiba ni yottemo
kanari chigaimasu.
Time conception varies depend on people and their standpoints.

hito ni yotte kangaekata ga chigau.

Everyone has a different point of view.

kono mondai wa hanashiai ni yotte kaiketsu dekiru to omoimasu.

I think we can solve this problem by working together.

Meaning: thanks to, because of

Formation:
Verb-casual +
adjective +
adjective + / +
Noun +

Example sentences:

kimi no okage de watashitachi no chiimu wa gojuu ten mo kakutoku shita.

Thanks to you our team earned 50 points.

ryoushin no okage de nihon e ryuugaku suru koto ga dekita.

Thanks to my parents I was able to study in Japan.

anata no jouhou no okage de hannin o tsukamaeta.

Thanks to your information we were able to catch the criminal.

ekiin no okage de watashitachi no ookii nimotsu ga shanai ni hakobareta.

Thanks to the station staff our huge luggages were carried onto the train.

tsuukounin no okage de suterareta akachan ga sukuwareta.

Thanks to a passerby the abandoned baby was saved.

ronaudo no okage de, burajiru ga waarudokappu yuushou o hatashita.

Thanks to Ronaldo, Brazil won the World Cup.

kangaete miru to, watashitachi no kazoku ga anata no okage de inochi biroishita.

Come to think about it, our family was saved thanks to you.

sensei no okage de, boku no eigo wa sukoshi zutsu jouzu ni natta.

Thanks to my teacher, my English is improving little by little.

Meaning: because of
Formation:
Verb-casual +
adjective +
adjective + /
Noun +
Example sentences:

ame no sei de, sekkaku ueta nae ga mizu ni nagasareta.

Because of the rain, the seedlings I planted were washed away by the water.

netsu ga aru sei de, nani o tabetemo oishikunai.

Because I have a fever, everything I eat tastes bad.

moshi kimitachi no sei de bokutachi ga tsukamaeru you na koto ni nattara,

dou suru.
What are you gonna do if we get caught because of you?

ame no sei de, undoukai ga chuushi ni narimashita.

The sports day was canceled because of the rain.

bukka ga agatta sei ka, seikatsu ga kurushii desu.

Because the prices increased, life has been hard.

asa nebou shita sei de, gakkou ni okuremashita.

I went to school late because I overslept.

buraddo, koitsu no sei de, kimi wa goryoushin o nakushitan da zo.

Brad, you lost your parents because of this guy.

onaka ga itakunatta nowa tabesugita sei desu.

I have a stomachache because I ate too much.

kinou, akumu no sei de nando mo me o samashita.

Yesterday I woke up many times because of the nightmares.

Meaning: instead of, in exchange for

Formation:
Noun +
Verb-casual +
Example sentences:

nihongo o oshiete kureru kawari ni, tanakasan ni chuugokugo o oshiete imasu.

I teach Tanaka Chinese while he teaches me Japanese.

boku no kawari ni, kimi ga shite kure.

You do it instead of me.

kyou wa youji de korarenakatta yamada sensei no kawari ni, jugyou o shimasu.

Yamada couldnt come today because hes busy so Ill teach you today.

shougatsu wa kaigairyokou ni iku kawari ni, chikaku no onsen ni itta.

I went to the nearby hot spring instead of travelling oversea for the New Year breaks.

tetsudatte moratta kawari ni bangohan o ogorasete kudasai.

Please let me treat you to dinner as a thank-you for helping me out.

eiga o mi ni iku kawari ni ie de terebi o miru.

Im watching TV at home instead of going to the movies.


ima totemo isogashikute ne. dareka kawari ni yatte kureru hito inai kana.
Im really busy now. I wonder if anyone could do it instead of me.

Meaning: instead of, on behalf of

Formation:
Noun + /
Example sentences:

yakyuu ni kawari, sakkaa ga sakan ni natte kita.

Soccer has overtaken baseball in popularity.

tomu ga watashi ni kawatte kimi o kanshi shiteru yo.

Tom is watching you on my behalf.

nyuuin shita sensei ni kawatte, ima wa atarashii sensei ga jugyou o shiteiru.

Our teacher was hospitalized so a new teacher is teaching us in his stead.

shucchouchuu no buchou ni kawatte, watashi ga goaisatsu sasete itadakimasu.

Please allow me to say a few words on behalf of my division manager who is currently on a
business trip.


chichi ni kawatte, hitokoto orei moushiagemasu.
Id like to express my gratitude on behalf of my father.

robotto wa ningen ni kawatte, kiken na shigoto o suru.

Robots do dangerous tasks for humans.
DVD Bluray
DVD ni kawari, bluray ga tsukawareru you ni natta.
Bluray is being used instead of DVD.

Meaning: while (you) are at it; on the occasion; taking the opportunity
Formation:
Verb-dictionary form +
Verb-casual, past +
Noun +
Example sentences:

yuubinkyoku e itta tsuide ni, hagaki o katte kita.

Since I was at the post office, I bought a postcard.


shigoto de kyouto ni itta tsuide ni, koukou jidai no yuujin ni atte kita.
I met my highschool classmate when I went to Kyoto to work.

sanpo no tsuide ni, kono tegami o dashite kite kurenai.

Since youre going for a walk, will you mail this letter for me?

taisa, tsuide ni watashi no tokoro e oyori ni natte, ocha demo onomi kudasaimasen ka.
Colonel, would you like to come to my place and drink some tea?

nani ka tabe ni ikou. tsuide ni kaimono mo saki ni shiyou.

Lets go eat something. While were at it, lets go shopping too.

shucchou de oosaka ni itta tsuide ni, tomodachi no ie ni yotte mita.

I stopped by my friends house when I went on a business trip to Osaka.

haha wa eki made kyaku o okutteita tsuide ni, kaimono o shite kita.
My mom went shopping after she saw her guest off to the station.

Meaning: each time, every time, whenever (something happens), on the occasion of

Formation:
Noun +
Verb-dictionary form +
Example sentences:

karere wa kao o awaseru tabi ni kenka suru.

They always fight whenever they see each other.

kare wa sono jiken o omoidasu tabi ni, ima demo namida ga deru hodo warau.
Every time he thinks about that incident, he laughs so hard that tears come out of his eyes.

kono hon o yomu tabi ni, kare no koto o omoidasu.

I think about him whenever I read this book.

tanjoubi no tabi ni, seidai na paatii o yarimasu.

I always have a big birthday party every year.

yamada san wa au tabi ni kamigata ga chigau.

Every time I meet Yamada, his hair style changes.

kono uta o kiku tabi ni, daigakusei jidai o omoidasu.

Whenever I listen to this song, it reminds me of my college years.

ojisan wa ryokou ni iku tabi ni, omiyage o katte kureru.

My uncle always buys me souvenirs whenever he travels.

saikin, kare au tabi ni isogashii, isogashii tte itteru.

Lately, whenever I see him, he says Im busy, Im busy.

Meaning: at the time; in case of

Formation:
Verb-dictionary form + //
Noun + + //
Example sentences:

hijou no sai niwa, kono madogarasu o watte nigete kudasai.

Please break this window glass to escape in case of emergency.

kuruma o unten suru sai niwa menkyoshou ga hitsuyou da.

You need a driver license when you drive a car.

gaishutsu suru sai wa, kanarazu kagi o kakeru you ni shite kudasai.
When you go out, please remember to lock the door.

kannai o kengaku suru sai niwa, shashin satsuei wa goenryo kudasai.

When you inspect inside the building, please dont take any pictures.

senshuu kisei shita sai ni, shougakkou no sensei o tazuneta.

When I returned home last week, I visited my elementary school teachers.

pasupooto o shinsei suru sai ni hitsuyou na mono o oshiete kudasai.

Please tell me what documents are necessary when I apply for a passport.


okaeri no sai niwa wasuremono no nai you gochuui kudasai.
Please dont leave anything behind when you go home.

Meaning: in the middle of

Formation:
Verb- form +
Noun +
adj +
Example sentences:

kaigi no saichuu ni teiden shimashita.

There was a blackout during the meeting.

denwa shiteiru saichuu ni, dareka ga genkan ni kita.

I was talking to my friend when someone came to the entranceway.

jugyou no saichuu ni nokku suru oto ga shimashita.

There was a sound of someone knocking during class.


terebi o miru to, anaunsaa ga datsugokushuu no nyuusu o yonde iru saichuu datta.
When I looked at the TV, the announcer was reading the news report about the escaped
prisoner.

ima wa shokuji no saichuu dakara, tabako wa enryo shita hou ga ii desu yo.
Were having dinner so you should not smoke.

minna ga oowarai no saichuu obasan ga kicchin ni modotte kita.

She returned to the kitchen when everybody bursted into laughing.

Meaning: also; let alone

Formation:
Noun + / + Noun
Example sentences:

denki wa mochiron suidou mo nai kara, seikatsu suru niwa kanari fuben desu.
Theres no water, let alone electricity so lifes been quite inconvenient.

ima no dokomotachi wa gakkou wa motoyori juku emo kayowaserarete iru.

Children nowadays are not only forced to go to school but also scram school.

manga no shurui ga fuete iru. kodomo no tame no mono wa motoyori otona ga yomu tame no
rekishi ya keizai no manga mo yoku mikakeru.
Manga types are increasing. There are not only mangas for children but also those about
history or economy for adults.

watashi ga umareta mura wa, densha wa moto yori, basu mo tootte inai.
There are no buses in the village where I was born, let alone trains.

mensetsu shiken dewa, hanashikata wa mochiron fukusou nado ni mo ki o tsukeru hitsuyou ga

aru.
When you have an oral exam, you should pay attention to not only your way of talking but also
clothes.

kono seihin wa kokunai wa moto yori, kaigai demo takai hyouka o ete iru.
This product receives positive domestic and international reviews.

uchi niwa, kuruma wa motoyori jitensha mo nain desu.

My family doesnt have a bicycle, let alone a car.