BOEHHAAEza 16+ ail >| ROrSERTTloporne apy3na! Topnn cnopa, Koro HasbBaTe OC ose POCORRCKOND TOCYROP- cra, Benwnoro naan Wsana Karvy una ockoscxoro apa Mean [posroro? ‘Aor nit venosera,coagaeuiero Poc riage nunepmo,cropos ie susueaer. 3rofferp |. Caves pacTopoNINT 8 HUE HO- bape, OcSOnsuN NOTH Ba. AeCATE npodeccnit: oF nnotHHKa m denbawepa zo wrypuara w aprninepucta. Ho Merp Blenwxnh Gun ewe w nonkosonueM, np sem seca venyertu. CTaeTER TO ® Eapone x Post Havarm oTHOcHTbOH C- poesno mau nocne flomapcrow Grou. ¥ repeore poccwAcroro veaneparopa Yan Canobengare name vent Gyoopoe. He spa rosopar, ro BomNa sy tunis yuurteno. meno TaN apexne Gponerpancnoprepe NonGMVCS eu pravan XV pera: Toroso erat ot AyBonsix AOcox. BnpoveN, NpOrue 32K0- anne 8 mene30 poutapei i epeami- ol nperpajod. A sor cause raranTenne Tartor Cosetoxoro Corsa, you, He onpae- jana vanena Cranmta.XOTA wane va fone ywapaet ecerna nocnenwen. Ha none 60a, tae uapu cMepre, pont aH Tenoe-cracrrenet unOMMMOT CECTPSL cape lepoan va tx nome ® Kpumy, cnacan pavenx sauyiranios Cavocronesse Tipotte fosopte, TO soma npoGynaaer 8 monRX Cambie HH enise crpactn. Henpasa. MhoGosb camonoxepreosaHve ToxKe npobyrKna- foren Ha none 6patin Cymaxcenine, rmasnaih penarop Amurpuit KPYYAHMH Tlognuumrect Ha razeTy «Boentan ucTopus» Wnaexc =m No karanory Pe «floura Poccuw»: BOEHHAR HCTOPHA PM Paap opmena rocmrramepos (ce. Moana Kpecrsrrens)pub Re] eb e ~Tiueepceua by ee eee cl Mexxaysapoguas sKonormueckas opraxmsauma T'pHEnnc, MpH cei NYOMMTHOCTH CBOGH HeATENBHOCTH, ~eTpyKrypa BKaKoit-To mepe sarajounas. Brepssie 3T0 HasBanse nelicrsuremsHo nporpemero netoM 1985 roza, Kora areHTsI dpannyscKoii BoeHHOy pasBemKu BIOpBANI NpuHayTIexaBuiee ‘sKosIOraM CyqHO «Pa¥iGoy Yoppvop>. \cTopwa Fpuninitc Ha¥aRaCb & KOHYE 1960-x ropio # Kanan. DopmanbHo ‘on cyujecrayer 3a cuer GnaroreopuTent- Hx B3HOCOB, NOTA CKeNTHR-UMHAKA Ccanraser, WTO MHOrMe akyM GmHaHCHpY” JOTCR KpynHBMA KONAMI, HOPOBR uyyiat ¢ noMouse akonOros McNOpTiT poet KonKypeHTaM Onepauma « Buewmneaercs 8 meno m Gonsuan no nuruxa. KT0-TO_nogospesaeT >KoNOFOB ® pa6ore Ha UPY, a Kro-T0 (wanpnmep, Goiewinit rence HATO Annepc or Pac mycceH) ~ na cneucnym6et Poccan. Ho, 8 oGuteM, yauroiean, sro Kawana fA ame ukanicrix cneucryn6 - om poaHoi, epean Bepcns abirnaqir yoenuTenbHe B cepemne 1980-x ronos Opanunn He menana orkaatiBaTbcA OT vcnbiTaHINh ANEPHOFO OPYMMR Ha THXOOKEAHCKOM aronne Mypopya. O6ujectseHHocT 803 yujanace, a TpAHTINCOBYs PeUIAN BbI- agi Ha aTonn rpynny aKTHBACTOB, Mc onbayn gna 3Toro cBoe cymHo «PeiH6oy Yopuop» («Bown Panyri) ~ tpaynep As Hoi 40 metpos. @panuyscrne cneucnymGei cMornn sHenpite 8 [puinnc Ceoero areHTa, Ko Topssi w coo6uynn o roTosAUerCR aKLAM. Torna ¢ caHKynn mumncrpa oGopoHel Wapna Spo Kopabns pewaunn yHiuTo- uMTb ¢ NOMOUID!O Goestix nnosyoS-AV Bepcatros, Onepauma nonywnna HammeHosanne cekncnopop» 4 Romi Geina npowsotita ' Hososenanackom nopry OxneNa, 3a necaTs mmnryT mo noxyHoun Teenantiare pusepcartos pHs rm @ faneKyio THxOoKeaHcKyo cTpaKy To HRAWBMAYANSHM. MaPUpyTaM KOK Typuctes. Ha onwom v3 sa6powenhx noprossix cknago8 OHM sa6pann YE npuroTosnenHibie ANA HAK HaRyeHYO AecaHTHyIo NOAKY «3OAMOR, AB@ KOM rinexra Boponaanoro cHapawennn W 483 1S-xnorpataoesn noapolanix abe. cnonnsnx sapana Bevepom 10 wona 1985 rona, Hake munpoasTo6yc, amnepcarTe: npHSeini Ha npuan w norpyannuce 8 HaRyeHYO Noa 1. Korna 0 «PeinGoy Yopnop» ocrasa oct nontopa KAOMeTpa, NOBUS NPB hyn 8 Bony. 33a Toro, sto K Gopty «PeltHGoy» npnuiaprosanace napycian Axra, 33pm Abi npmunoce nprxpeniarsK TOMY GopTy, koropein Gin Snvone x npn. ‘Dusepcanre: GnarononysHo pernposa- puce, a'8 23:50 pasnancr nepsein sspei6, mmnyT Hepe3 nate — BTOpol. CyAHo 6ts- ‘ctpo norpysunoce noa sony. Onumnaguate wnenos aknnaxa yenena oKwyt» Kopa6ne, Ho goTorpa ep- anno Mleperipa nor6, Korfa nocne nep- Boro sspbisa 6pocunca Hasan 3a cooeh annaparypoi. Tlowemy raiioe cramo SBxBIM? CypmsurensHon oneparweHocTo¥o Hoso3enaHaickan nonnuste apecroeana Gonbunncreo anaepcanros. Mpasfa, No- ‘cne 2akyniicHtix Topros Bcex vx nepena- nu dpanuyscrnm enactaM, HO IpHo 3a cTopma croma ero Kpecra, a paHuys- ‘ckoli kaaHe ~ Gonee 8 munnvonoa jonna- oe, ynaveHHbnX B KauecTBe KoMeHCa- ‘uw fpannincy. Ckopocre, c oropoii nosasann ausep- caHTOs, HaBoAMT Ha MBICHT, TO WX 6 Hanbko noncrasnnn. Ho, pasymeercn, He ‘cam 3pito, ate, xTo Gein 3amnTepecosaH 8 ‘ero orcrasxe 1 8 npexpauieninn Opanyn- efi gepibnx ucnesranuit FlorwaHo npesinonoxuts, To saKy- Fucble WMUKaTOpE! STOR AKU Ha: xonwnuce He & Mapwxe, a TaM xe, re Pykosonwrenm [punnuca ~ 32 oKeaHon. B HysMubit MoMeHT OHM NocTapaniice, 4TO- ei sca ncTopaa scnntsnia Hapy ky, 410 N0- 3B0NMN0, C OHO CTOpOHEY, CHAT Meche SpHio w nonpesars Keune paHuy3: ‘ckiM scTpe6aM, ac ApyFOA ~ nocno- coBicraosano packpytxe Ipunnica, © Mmxann AMMTPHEB BOEHHAA HCTOPHAypoxn Gurs BOEBOM B03 - FP03A KPECTOHOCLIEB B cpegHesexoson Yexum Mcnonb30BasINch 6poHeTpancnopreps!! 'Y xaoxnoit naman ecrs cpoit speamuEnt vac. [ina ¥exos YIM CTA TIEPUOR TYCHTCKHK ‘Bois. B Mpa‘Hyio, o3apeH- HYI0 KOCTPaMM MHKBHSMIV anoxy npepcTasyTent He caMoro MHOrOHNcmeHHOrO eBporlevicKoro Hapoyja O3By- "WIM HOBy!O, Gonee ryMarHyIO wmeonormo, Oxn sacrasyut cio Expony ce6a ycmsnuars, MPOTHBOMOCTABHB 3aKOBaHHO- ‘My B 6poH10 KpecroHOCHOMy BOMHCTBY MpMHIMTMAITEHO HOBYIO @PMMIO, KOTOPY10 MOXK- HO HasBaTE CpemHeBeKOBOM Moronexoroi ocr emcee ate nocrepose- ‘Ten cenujennka Aa Fyca, coMHEH- Horo B 1415 rony no O6BnNeHMIO s epecn. Ha camom gene HiKaKMM epeTHKOM OH He bin, a acero nil NpUaHIBAN YePKORHM- KOB noMeHbitle ayMaTe © pockoUM 1 NO- Gonbwe - 0 Bore, Tlom 3Haxom vaunt SGneworh ABweHnA Crana Yaula — Kak Cuimaon npuvaujenus aunoM, Ao KaTOPOrO y KaToniKo8 mnpave He onycKanncb. Ha- Cramean Ha npage npiauarecn BMHOM, Mewicxne cepeTianin, no mHeHNO nants, ogpbieann oco6ylo pont YepKaH Kak NO- cpeaninxa mexpy moqsMa Boron, ur0 33- cy kaano camoro cyponoro WaKa2aH, Mporne ryciTos oGbaBMnM KpecTOBbi ‘noxog, y4acTHNKM KoTOporO onyuann ommyulenne rpexos, BbicoKoe arioBaHbe 1 BOaMOKHOCTS Noy\acraosate B pa Gexax Bosracnn ero xopone Behn Carwanyna, Koroporo maTexHbie Hex He 2axoTenn npwaHate ceovM MoHapxOM.[10- Ccronsky nyt go Yexnn Gein HeganeKini, a cama crpata cumranace Gorarou u, cne- AoBaTensHo, nogxoAAWIe” ANA rpaberxa, 3a KOPOTKOe BpeMA cOBpanoce BeceMa SSHYLIMTensHOe KPECTOHOCHOE BOMHCTEO. Vicxon GopeGei Kasancn npenonpene- sresnei, Cropokiui Carnamyrga yaep- BOEHHAA HCTOPHA van 3ananHyio ace Mparn c kopones- ckoit pesvinenunelt ~ fpanom. K Tomy Ke Gonee cOcToRTeNbHble NpAXCKMe TYCATEI FoToBbI GIN CnOXUITS OpyKHe, ECM Wx ‘comnacarca jonyckaT k Wale H BDINONHAT, PAN Apyrix HesHauTentseeix yorosiiA, Pac CCopnaumc ¢ HAM, TaGopHTet (paANKaNo- Hoe Kpbuio rycTos) yeTpOAN cBOIO Cron uy Ha rope Ta6op B 1oxHolt Yexin, Ho rastoii npo6nemoii 6eina mtian He choco6HocTb noBcraHyes NpoTMBOCTORT. npodeccnonansHomy soficky. Benb um pescroano cpamarbcr ¢ 3aKOBaHHbIMA '8 6poHo KONHEIM peILjapAMM H nexOTUH- yamu-npospeccnonanam - npHTOM TO Te, W Apyrne Gein XOPOUWO BOOPy KEEN aha TakTaweckne npmembl 6oA, MHOrO ‘nM npw TaKOM packnane waHcos y Kpe- CcToAHUHa Mn pemecreHHNKa, BOO MBH ytpa 70 HOM Maxasiero TAKENBIM HH ccTpymenTanu Tuna yen, ronopa nn Mo Tora, HO He ymeswiero yOuBaTE, He 2HaI0 lujero Taxritk Gon, ritoxo SoopyKeHHOrO? Kak BbinCHMNOC, WAHCoI MMIOTCA. Apmus xoporo Tuma Xora shewne rycircxan apn npo wasoqmna snevatneHve c6pona, ee oT- maria. xopowan opranisauina. Boris 6sinn wneiiio MoTHeNpoBaHts, RoKiNanH clo maveap w WerKO aHanl ceoM O6%- annocra. Paawowepcrioe Boopyne tie oTminsno noaxonuno ann 6opb6ec aluapcKo Kone, a TOG c yene- XOM VICHOMb30BaTb efo, TpeboBanMce he cTonxo supryosnioe acrepcre0,“onbxo gusneckan cana cxoposKa Ka yposne nByeTpex veTKo oTpaGoTaHHb enxenni. Bomusi ¢ aneSapmann nnn Teusapuani otiNo nonpesann spae- xu KORA cyRORUNHA Ho cAepruBanh acapvinnos. Tey Koro uMenitce OBuTHe sxenesom vn yceawinble wlnnaMn Yen, oprenureprs (nanny, yBeHMaRHaR wapoMm c winam¥) 4 TonopE, AOGHBANH poltapeit a aeune Wn pyBUnNCe C Bpa- ‘neckoi nexoTot BuecTO MyKOB NpeAIO- ‘rene orgasanoce apbaneTam. Ceoeo6pasHoit«pauoi rycnTos cra no umpoxoe npumienenie ornectperis- Horo opyau: va Taxe nb BOMBAPA xy- tiny (or cnosa houf ~ «ronnas) nani no ekonnenmm nporueninka, a nerane nyu ~ rapacriusi ~ nenonesoeannce 8 kavectse noneson aprunnepinn. Pye is, rpeacraansisune coGOR MeTanM- ‘YeckHit CTBOA (ANMHON OKONO 30 W Kan 6pa 17 cu), Haperai na nanky, ena «pentane pymeh w BreTOBOK. Ho canoe rmastoe - y rycaros 6inn Goe@bie Boa. B nepsoocHose oH nes Craanann co60i oBstHbe Tener C ne peaaitiiis Boprann sbicorol we MeHee merpa. 8 npasom Bopry wienace OTKA- Han ABepua, 8 nevoN ~ HeGonEuIne Bom HiMUb! ANIA CTpenb6b! 43 pywHMu M apGa- nero. poe Toro, chapymunestit BOpT yxpennancn ononturenbioi HasecHoh AOCKOM, a vaKYTH BiCeN HOGHTAt KAM aM fut, cnyMBUIAA cBOerO pona npor#Bosecom, xOTR MO xOAy 608 KaM- ian, paaymeercR, neven @ nporHBNnKa 8 6010 sot cxpennanic Uenawi, 2 NpO- meni MENAY HHA 2aKEIBBINCE HO- ckama uw napesamn (SonbuMMn wMTaMi), a-3a KoTOptx ea Orons BPTHANEIE. Obst 2a Kant 8030m aKpennA- oc weTbipe noUlaAN WA ABARUaTA Goftos (1s ni He mentee fecaTIa ap6a- rerwoe, crpenkos aprannepHcros). Osnapyrxne npoTHBHIK, ryCHTEL cTbe- urwce 2aHATe nOSMLYWO Ha BOSBEIEH HocTH ni6o B akoM Mee, KTOBH METS ecrecteevinsie nprkpsTan TAna GOnOTS, ysis unis oppara. Ecnw no3onano Bpe- fen, oni Mornn cami Ha6pocaT Ban ‘nn sbipe TpaHero. Boas cTPOMNACE ae npaMoyronsiiKa. ‘Tumors cuexapuit Soko uaa HawAanace ¢ Toro, sO potiapn n haemnan nexora 6pocarinch & aang. MIpi nojTbeme Ha BoRBbINeHHOcTS on siasixanicen onroBpeMeHHO HEC norepm or ori ryeiroe, aren 6eayeneU- Ho nbiranice OnpoKHHYT» Tener, NPO~ neste mexay wnon Hut. Nonyans emp, pecrowocuss oTcryrann, nocne wero r= Cit nepexOAWA & KOHTPATAKY, MYCKAR nepen Gofiyos ¢ xonopHM OpYHEM it emorounenenye (O68 10-15% or ‘incnevocta sock Kavanepino Gawraior, To eto ucrionssosannA 0208 & KaYeCTBe Nonesbix ykpenneHKit >Kwxka noarngen 6 1410 rovy y nonAKoS Bo BpeMA GuTBbI Nop IPIOHEANHAOM, HO B ‘mIQ6OM cay'ae OH AbIaeN WAeIO Ha NpAH- unnnansHo HOBbIM yposeHb, ucnonb3yR ‘Boab 8 katecTae orHesoro TpaHcnopTHo- ro cpenctea. C TeKMM ANBOM HesHaHHM pea PM enepebie cronkHynuce 8 feKa6pe 1419 roga y Haxmepa m orcryninn 8 Gonbwom cmyujenmn. Ho 270 Geina lake He crotuKa, a, ckopee, AemoHCTpaun, Ha- CcTonujee cpaxenne npowsouio 25 Map- 7a 1420 ropa np Cyomepxe 8 nonkom cooTseTcrann ¢ OnMCaHHEIM BENE CYe- apne, Korga THcAYHEAT OTpAg Yeu ‘cKix 6apoHos m poiyaper-noannuTos 6bin pas6ur npnmepHo BnBoe MeHbULMN ‘orpajiom Ata Kioxn. B Gone wacurra6Hom euge 3Tor xe cyeHapuit nostopuncn 14 mona 1420 roga e 6uree Ha rope Burks, Tonb- Ko aneco non Havanom *Kwonkw Geuto yrxe ‘oKono esata TeIcAY GoMtyos. Ho M Kpe- ‘CToHocies cHoea oKazanoce 6 TPM pasa Gonbwe — npumepHo TprquaTs Tica enosex. Viror: rycTel ycTaHOBMmM KOH- ‘Tpone Hap Mparoi Esponelickwe nonurakn, Hanan ¢ anol M fanee eHM3 no Mepapxnn, CAe- ‘Mc OTBHCWAMM YeniocTAMN, a HEMHOTO npwar 8 ce6r, oprannaoeann cnepyiouynit KpecTostiit oxo, noToM Tpenai, veT- Beproii. Bes Tommy... MlocnenHnin, cami kpynnst noxon, 1431 rofia 3aKoHunnca KoHy30m. [ycuTo! cymenn sHe3anHO no- ‘ABiTbcR Nepen sparom. Ycnbiulas fpoxoT 9x 60e8b1x NOBOIOK HM Nene rycATCKOrO xopana «kro Bb, GoxMM GoMybis, KpecTO- Hocub! 8 naHiKe Geran, yom eamapuse. 1-Ai Kine -rowanayroul pai Tabopiro9.2~TlexoTe-KonevK, Brpodnutrnarax 3 erkowoopyceih hexormnet\cCoesbiauenau= Sipbortssnopyxnen nporna puppet MOCKOBCKHI «TF YNAU-TOPOD» Equncrsenmeim ananorom Goe- Bbix Bo308 rycuTos 8 cpemeneKo- oH Espone moxHo cunrarb «ry- nait-ropona», mcnonbsosasuimecs BoiicKamm MockoscKoro yapcraa. Peub uper o cGopibix nepenannbix KONCTPYKUMAX, MB KOTOPEIX. RO- ‘crarouno 6bicrpo MoHTHPoBanHce ‘crenoi w fepesannole Gann Ha konecax ~ To ecrs no cyTu nepe- ‘AswKHBIe Kpertocr#. CaMbiM Ma- BecrHbIm npAMepoM ucnonbsoBa- un «rynait-ropona» crana noGena ay Kpbimcknmn Tarapamn 8 GurBe _npm Monoanx (29 wona ~ 2 asrycra 1572 ropa). Koom wom0m >KvoxKa ymep 8 1424 rony, HO NpM ero peemauke Mporonina fontom rycare ye cam sToprance 8 Cwneanio, CaKcoHM, Bepxtinit Fipansu, OparKonmo, Basapmo, a TeppiTopin ceronuawnel CnosaKnn. (Orn gouunn axe 0 Basraicxoro Momo- pba (1433 1). Onako nancKwe nerare! Cy ‘Meni BHECTA packon & pays ryCHTOS M 20- OBOpITEcA C cyMepenHeiNan NaUHIAKANHD, O6veannns cunts, oHm ABHynIicl NpOTHE PAAMKambHo HaCTpoeHHEIX TAGOpHTOS. Pewiaroutan Guta npowsouina 30 man 1434 rona npw JiunaHax. Mepesec Gin Ha cropoHe anbalca: 660-720 Goestix 180208, oxon0 13 000 nexoTaHyes HW OKO" 110 1200 scanuinkos npoTws 480 Goestix 180308, 01 9 70 10,5 TeicAuM nexoTAHyes M 700 acagysnkos Ta6oputo8. Fipoxon Fonsi aaHAN ornuuHyio no- nyino Ha xonMe, Aa ewe M ykPenMn ee panuieei, Mlexora anuaica AsnAynace & aTaky MOA NMKpErTHEM Bo308. 3aBA3a- race nepecrpenka. flo cyri 310 6tin nep- Boil W eqUHCTBeHHEIA GOH MeXAY ryCHT: ‘caiman e6poverparicnoprepamu. umiTupoBani noxioe oT CcTynnetive. TaGopatet abiuinn 3-34 60308, We 370T MomesT of 6tinn aTakoBaHb ne~ OTOI Mt KaBanepitelt CEOMK NPOTHBHHKOR. Pasrpom 68in ronniii, Barenbypr Ta60- pirros Guin aaxsaven, a Mpoxon Fontif Gonswnictso ero coparaikos norvGnn. B nctopnn Yexnn orxpoirace Ho8aR ‘apa, W TakTiHka ryciTOB Okasanace 32681- ‘Ta. K ncrionsaosaHio # 6oesbix nevicTEN- AK Ha CYWE NOAAWOKHEK OrHeBEIX TONE IMpuayT TonbKo 80 Bpens Tlepsolk maApo- ‘50 sOfin, Kora NORBATCA GpoHesHK ‘Tank. M TonbKO BO BpeMA TpaxnaHcKo! oitbi 8 PoccHn GoeRble BORE BEPHYTCA 8 CcanbHo MaMeHeHHOM age — Kak T2YaHKM © Dwmrpni MHTIOPHH BOEHHAAWCTOPHA 5Vismepust wKos 6su1a ytd CBOerO BPeMeHM HeBepOsTHO OTPOM- not. Vinxam npmayiexayin 3eMyM OT CeBepa COBDEMEHHOTO ‘Sxeamopa fo 10ra “wut c macentenwem 8 1] MAJUTOHOB erIOBeK. Crommia orpomuoro rocymapcrsa — Kycko — nopaxkasia B006- P@KEHVe He TOUIEKO TYSMEBIX HOMaHEED BeymKoro VEKst, HO Hi ICTIaHCKMX SaBOeRATeMIeii, BIEPBEIe YBMJJCBUIX STOT TOPO 8 1830 rony. Yaersie 70 Cux Top He MOTYT NOHSTS, KaKuIM O6pa- SOM TonyrpaMOTHEIe MEV[e/IIsI CMOTIIA NOCTPOMTS TaKWe BETIM- MeECTBeHHEIC ZBOPULI, HOMa, XpaMbt. Ho Gomule Bcero yOMBIIIOT crensr Caxcaityamania — ropocKoit mrraerat. Keser ms HEP MHKOB, HO MW CHMBONOM Mx Moryuecrsa. Flo WipeticKoit nerexpe, ro- pop ocHosan nepebi wHxa Mano Kanak. Peume cmenmre Gepera o3epa TurvKaKa, rae oF Kun CKeHOR, Ha Gonee nnonopoA- Hole 3emnn, ocHoBaTent Kpynveiuiero Focygapctsa fokonym6oson AmeprKn omnpasnnca ® crpaHcrane. NocenuTeca ‘Mika peuinn Tam, rae ero 30noTOR Nocox 6e2 conporwaneHna BoAneT 8 3eMmio. ‘Takum mecToM W oKazanOCe XONMACTOR rnnaro Ha abicore 3300 Merpos Haq ypo- eM MOpA, Ha KOTOPOM M CTOMT HEIHeUI- int KycKo. Tomoga myer Fipasaa, Tam ynxe akunK nda — CAN Hoe M BoMHCTBeHHOE Rena yapn. OHM ymenn crpoute ropoga m goporn, mmenn AMCoMeHHOCTS OGpa6arbianH MeTaN- ‘ot. MakaM ripausnoce Aonro BOeBATE, HO, 6 BOEHHAAWCTOPHA ' KOHWe KOHUOS, epxasa yapn nana, a Kycxo cran cronnyelt Hosoi wanepun. Topon ¢ camoro Havana crpomnca no eTKoMy nna: ero OvepraHMR HanoMN- Hajor cunyar nymis, UMpoKuit w 6bicrpBit NoToK jenmr ero Ha Bepxnit w HioxHii Kpome Toro, ropomckve Keaprans! Goin asgeneist Ha veTupe paliona: Yunua- ytiy (cesepo-sanag), AMTicyity (cesepo- ‘ocTox), KyHTincyity (ioro-sanag) m Konsia- oyily (oro-BocTox). Ha KaxkAoro paliowa ena Aopora & COOTEeTCTEyIOUy!O HaCTE vianepmn. B npmnytne, KycKo HW nepeso- AMTCA C AabiKa Keuya KaK enyn 3emnM, Wan cueHTp Mpa, TaK TO OpMeHTAUMA paiioHos no cropoHaM ceera nowATHa. Cronmya Gsmia ocHosaHa 8 Hayane Xill Beka, a mpumepHo Yepes 200 ner ove- eanoh npasutens ~ flavaxyrex sOnaw ki ~ npnkasan Havar> sosseqeHne ro- onckoih uranenn, Mpoponxanocs OHO ATHAeCAT ner w 3aBepUNOC® BO BpeMe- Viera Manwo KanaxccnosaTens Kyo a Yatina KanaKa, npumepHo x 1525 rony. lo coxpannewnwcn dynnamentam MacurraGam COOpyKeHMA BUAHO, TO ‘Ho nnakMposanoce euje Gonee semnue- CTBeHHEIN, HO He Bein 2aKOHWeHO. BA- ‘Ayo, nomeuann rpaxnaHciwe Bombs, ayasuineca Kax pas nocne cmeprn Yaiita Kanara. Ecn cam ropon npeacrasnser co60h counyst nymis, to Cakcaityaman (noctpo- enti Ha OnHOMMeHHOM xonMe) sonan cA kax 61 ronoBo! M pacnonoxen Gen aHaunTenbHo able OCTanbHbIx NOCTPOeK \KcKoit cronmuts. Kcrama, 370 HasBaHne epesoprca KaK «coxoniiaa BbicoTasMexay npowmm, uccnenosarenn Tax W He MoryT OTBeTMT», OT KaKorO Bpara coGnpanncs OGopoxsTeca npasnrenn Kycko. O6n14Ho OHM He BO3BOAHNM 8 ro- ofax HuKakix ykpenneHnit, a crponnn Kpenoct orgenbHo. Moxer 6uiTb, ANA ‘cTonnysi cgenann uckmoueHne, a MomeT vito, y WHKOS NORBHNICA CANDHEI BPar. O6ujenseectHo, To wHKH He sHann ICeMeHHOCTH, HO MexAy TeM AO Hac ‘OwnM mmenia sonunx Caxcaityamana. Py- kosonmnn noctponKon CaKcaiiyanana B astioe epeMa 4eTbipe mashtix macrepa: ‘Any Banona Puwawn (paspa6oran nian ctpowrenscrea), Maka Mapn-xanu, AKa- ala Mika w Kamion KyHuyi ‘Twui6n1 8 ape coTHH TORE Cancaiiyamal Gein He TombKo yHTa- envio, 8 KOTOPOH np HeoGxoAMMOCTA ‘Morno yKpaMTacA Bce HaceneHie KyCKo, Ho m ceniagom npogosonscreua, opyauA, ‘npwnacos. Kpome Toro, KpenocTs Ha Co- Konno BoicoTe cunranace noMoM Gora Connua, LUyrranens 6tina soasenena Ha KpyTot Fope, 3auynujeHHo'h c ABYX CTOPOH Kpy- ‘Timm pesnoinen o6peieamn. C cesepa Ha SBOSBDIMIEHHOCTE Ben YqOGHDIM WMPOKIA omben, w oF bin neperopoxeH TpeMA pAnamn sirsaroo6pashbix CTeH, B038bI- luasuinxca oHa Han Apyro”. Kaxnan Cea TAHETCA Ha paccromHMe oKONO 400 merpos m conepaarT oKoNO copoKa sictynoe. Mx Tonuka AocTHraer Tpex Merpos, a sticoTa KoneGnerca or Tpex Merpoe 10 wecTH c nonoBMHO#, a MecTa~ mu ao near”. Commacno nerene Kpenocte crpownn 20 teicay venoseK, a 10 HeKoTOpLM aH bin ce 50 TeicA. CaMoe nopastTenb- Hoe ~ KaMeHHtie GOK, M3 KOTOPDIX cHO- .KeHb! CTeHBI. BOBUMHCTBO 3 Hix MMCIOT asmepst TpM Ha TPH Ha WecTb MeTPOB, Ho BcTpewaioTca Hacromuyne ruraHTes: 128 axe 200 ToHH secon! OcraeTcA TONKO agate, Kak iHkit, He 3HaBuMe KoneCa A poluara, MONb3yACb TONKO HaKOHHBIMAA nockocTama ¥ KaHaTaM, YMYAPANWCe Mepemewar» Takve rHraHTcKMe MmbiGos Vicrancxne myccmonepss pacckasbisamnt ereHpy, AKOBb! CMbIWAHHY!O OT MHKOB: ‘ona m3 TaKnx rnei6 copsanace M none- Tena nop YXNOH, lo Aopore nepegasMs ‘Teicnuy pa6ouns. He mevee yawsnrensHo M TO, KaK fnnotHo crponrenbisie Gnokn nogorHa- Hel APYF K APYTY: ® wen HeBO3MOxHO axe npocyHyte Hox. V np 3TOM HK MkaKHM CKPennAIOUWM pacTBOpOM He onssoaannce, Bonee Toro, rpakn rnbi6 O6paGoraHe! coBepwleHHO TaMHCTBeH- Heim O6pasom. K CBOeMy YANBNEHINO, HA ‘onvoro wijerya, KoTopsii mor 681 npo- purr cer Ha TexHonorMi crpowrenbcrea Caxcaityamana, KoHKMCTanOpE! He cMor- nu oBnapynarre ye 8 1572 ropy, Korna NOKOMMMNM C TOCyAapCTBOM MHKOB. fla M 8 1536 rogy, Kora Guin ocHoBaH mcraH- ‘cant KYCKO, HKTO MB. MECTHBIX auTeNet He Mor HH OBBACHMTE CeKpeTOR 20RNHK, Hn cpenate xoTe 470-To noRObHOE. BaraaKn apesHinx crponreneli ame ogronknynn HemeyKoro y¥eHoro Su xa 0H [IsHuKeHa oGpaBHTS NocTPOMIKY Caxcaityamana jenom pyk wnonnaHersn, ‘Opnano, cKopee Bcero, sepHim Renner ‘cA Menee aKcrpasaraHTHoe OGBACHEHME. Dna crponrenscrea Gawen w sqaninit Bo ‘Gupann oco6sili KaMeHb ~ akijeauT. 370 pOnyKT ByAKAHMYeCKOTO. WaBePKeHIA, aiiti ero s ANfiax He cocrasnaeT Tpyaa. ‘Angeanr o6naniaeT yaMeHTeNbHIM CBO ‘cTBOM: ToHKMe (No menaHNIo macrepa) ‘COM KaMHA OTKAMBIEAIOTCR, Kak CTPaHH- lub! okameHeswied KHHrH. Gravana mui6y c nomousio Aepessi- Heox KAMHBeB BbINaMEIBANH M3 CKans (ap- xeonoraMm HafiqeHb! ApesHne KaMeHO- nome), a noToM OGpyGann ¢ noMoWIDO ‘Apyrux Kawnei, Gonee TeepALX. Jj1a Go- ‘nee TouHbNX «pacnnog» Ucnonb308anM Bepeakn, necoK 4 Bony. O6pa6areizann Fnbi6y ¢ noMoUIBIO 3y6MA, AepeBAHHEX MOROTKOB H, BORMORHO, CoKa HeKOeTO acteninn, KoTopei slenan KameHb Gonee oparnuesin. BnpoweN, 2aranouHtsit COK Toxe Bronie MoxeT oKazaTSCA NereHAOA Conporusmexne GecnomesHo Mecrutie warren no cnx nop MMeHyoT kpenocTo eYcranbifi KaMeHb» ~ BMAHMO, B o3HaMeHOBAHHe TPYROEMKOrO H T=KE- oro cnocoba o6pa6orKh 6NOKoS Apes: Hunn cTpowrenamn, nn «Kposaseil Kamei» ~ 8 namare 0 mecronoM verpe- ‘neni, KoTOpoMy NoABeprnnce 3aulMT- vane Caxcatyanana npn saxsare ropona viakcnman saBoesaTenmnn 8 1533 rony HeGonswoit orpan Opan- ‘etexo Mncappo chor aaxoaTire 8 nen Bepxosnoro wixy Arayaneny n pasGuTe ero SO-THCALHYIO apMMiO, -YHINTORNB 20 ‘eicas wine Bowios. Menanyes {xino acero oxono RByX cOTeN, Ho nacne IineveHn npaBuTena WAKOB K Hi Cran CreRaTECR BovieKa. NOABAACTHB MRAM aponoe. Bexope Arayansia Gin Kasten, Mi conporwanehe KONKHCTaAOpAM BO3 Tnaain eoesiauansiim Pywunbasn. On ‘ocraBin He6onsuio rapinaon Arn O60 ont Kycro, a cam ornpasinca cesepHee ‘oGnpars noBOe Bovicr. Yannes crent Caxcaityanana, wena ut niu Byrne: paspyuunrs we vMesuIMMcA feyMR_NpMMIETABHNAN opyninwan we npencrasnanoce 803!0% Him. Onn Gvinn crower v3 orpoMHoe NOFOyFONGHEEX WAEANSHO TOO Np Tia 6n0xoR Ceporo rpaHuTa. 8 KOX- oii crene vaenca yaKan, cyaiusncn Bepxy MpexOR, KoToptiA” aannpanca onHuaioweiics Kamer nro. Domvrarramn ynragenn Geum tpn Gaur ta, oT KoTOpeK enepb coxpance Ton 0 dyraenToe nna KpyrTaR (MoMOK Mara) wsenpamoyronsisie Cans Map- rau Mayrap Mapra).Kpyrnan 6sna no npe ahi yrpawieva nicramu sonora W cepe- pa c vao6paneHi wiNBOTMEK TH, Ona npenvaanaianace (VIA npasiTena Mm swrcuieh aaTHY ocviogahin Bau wax0- Bunce ry6oKnih KonopeU, KOTOPEIit AO GA op Aer yawevrTensio NTyO BOF. BOEHHAS HCTOPHAWeeronin siconne ren Tay-Fyiay nopaxaio moje comer pave neeworreounnantn B neyx apyrux Gawax pacnonaranca peiesee Osram eiegeoicaaea: Ma 8 orniune oF npencrasnrenei 3a80e- annb0x Haponos. Mon Kpenocro.o Ginn Aponoxens! mpoxops!, coenmHasuime ogsemensa Sawie n oGpaayioune na- Gnpmur v3 npoxonos Mm Kamep. B Hix xpa- Hinnce opyrkne, CHapAMeHNe, NpHNAcbl M coxposnujaiiua MHKOS. lonsemtive Xone ‘BbiXOAMNM flaneKo 3a npepenbi KpenocTH, Tak UTO rapHH20H MOF COBepULaTE HEOXM- ‘AaHHBIe ANA NPOTHBHINKA BLINADKN, C cesepoit ctoponti Cakcaiyamara a sbicoTe aeanuaTH meTpos 6 cKane Goin = a Crewauyragenn yer: 1 Bau Moon Mapea Kpenocrive cre Tiny lp perversity Ga MofioxMape3 sbipyGneH TpoH wHkos, npegcrasnai- uM co6Om CTynenM, Beayune K NoMo- cy, € KoTOporo oTxpeisanca Big Ha na- Panryio nnowaae nepen KpenocTb!o. 32 ‘TpoHoM npoctHpannice cEAWIeHHBIE cKa- ama, HhulaMi v >KenoBaMu, npeaHaaHa- enti ania penurvoshtsx paTyanos. pi roga wnkw, onmpance Ha uynTanens Kycko, ycnewno npormsoctonni crak ‘yam. OHM yHMUTOMWI HECKONSKO GTpA- ‘Ros KOHKuCTaqopos, wemUHx Ha NOMOLY> ‘ocHoBHEM cHnaM Tacappo, HO nocne Toro, Kak Geilo pasrpoMsieHO SOVicKO Py- ‘Maton, 6oeBoi AYx rapHUBOHA MCCA. Vurepwa mnKoe Gouna cnvuwKoM 610p0- xpatusnposata u s2oprannsosaia, T0664 ‘soni MoM jlOnro BeCTA NaprPaaHcKyO soiy 6e3 npasurens. B peaynsrare uc- ‘anuptsaxsaTanu KycKO, a 3aTeM nour 6e3 conporwenetinn souini u @ CaKcaltyanan. Tipuineie sas0eeatenn He 2aqyMbi- Banlce © coxpaveHn ApeBHNK aHcaM- Gnet w npocto pas6upann nocrpoliKn \ikos Ha crpoiimarepuansi ana uepKse W Agopuos. Tak 61in ocHoBaH HoBLAt Ky- co. Ho ynTanent 6tina nocrpoeHa Tak Hagexno, 4To sHa4nTenbHan ee HacTo Co xpannnace no cHx nop. (© Bopnc LUAPOB,UT BVI sexe 7o nateii spstreono- sustuseckas xapra llepemHeit sum mpeo6pa3v1ack 710 Hey3- wapaemocTs. Ha rmasax 13- YMVICHHBIX COBPEMEHEMKOR 1a Mecre nlecTporo KoHTIoMepaTa Gomi 1 Maribix ep>KaB BO3- Hyxui0 moryuyectBeHoe Tep- ‘camacxoe rocymapcreo. Mpen- BOMpETeNe TePCHIICKIK WIeMeHt Kup Bemmosi sa tpu necarune- ‘TMA HEMPepbIBHBIX BOMH CO3Tayt vanmiepiio, MpoctupaBuryioca oT Tpeumm no Ving. es FocymapcTBoM pervoHa ocTaBancA Ennner. Knp He ycnen sasoesarb ero ~ 8 530 rony fo H.3. Benkni nonKoBoneto- M6 80 spews HeyqauHoro noxona & 3eM- am maccareToB, oGiTTaBuINx B Gecxpaiinnx cctenax Cpegneit Asn. 3anaua noxope vna Eranra nepewna «no Hacnencrsy» ero caiy H npeemninky KamOncy. Tlepemnciatit mapur Kam6nc He cTan TaHyTs ¢ BoltHOM. Nlo- xo 8 Erunet nommwex Ovin yroniT TweC- ‘rage HOBOrO Wapa: Tak oTeY y¢KeNOUTA ce 2aBoe8an, AOMKHA Me M Ha ero AOMO ocrarsca KakaA-To cnasal Kam6vc oKa- aanca xopownM NONMTAKOM M cTpaTeroM. CocpenoTouns cson soficxa & MlanectH: He, OM BCTYNIMA 6 CormauieHMe C KOEHN am, KOHTPonHposaBuuMMn nyTH Yepe3 CCuaticxyto nycriunio « rpannyan Ervnra, Bro oBecneuno He TONKO CNoKOMHBIM TPOXOR NepcAgcKomy BOAICKY, HOM No ssonnno GecnpenatcreenHo AocraBsAt> congaram nposiant n sony. Y nepcoe He 6tino gnota, Ho Kau6uc oroBOpincn c SHKKKAMUAMU HpeKa- ‘wu. Te npegoctasnna emy cBon Kopa6: ‘nw, Yoriexy noxoga cnoco6crsosano penarenscteo. Oanec - npensoawren> FpevecKMx HaeMHNKOB, CTORBUINX Ha erunerckoh cnyx6e, Gexan x Kambucy, ocrasis nepcam YeHHble cBeneHHA O oeHHbix npuroToBnenmnx ervnraH. EME Gonee eaxKHeim ana nepcnackoro YapA suo Heqosonscrso eruntan —xpeyos M ‘3Harm- apaoHom FcanmeTixoM Il Ho Tem He meHee Eranet 6bin cinb- him npoTueHiiKom. KposonponuTHoti Gurrau Goino He naGexare. Kro onepAKuT noGeny 6 reHepansHom cpaxeHnl, TOT 4 Gyger npasure Enanrow. Ana KamGnca 30 6bino OYeBHAHO, WO peUIATeNdHO BnHyn ceou Bolicka KrpaHnyan Erna, Bce peummocs 8 Menycun Fipoiias vepes Ciaiicxyo nycreito no ‘nya, ykasalHoMy uamenHincom DaHecom, ‘epee! nojjouInit K eruneTcKofh Kpenocta Tlenyewi. 3nece wx xxgana erunercKan pms. Flenycnit c apesHeywi epemer ‘en saxxnoe crparermueckoe sHavenve. Tex Haabieann ero «xnio4om Eranra ANA sixona, m Ana Bxopa». Tyr B mae 525 rofa Ao H. 3. « npowouuna pewnTeNbHaR Gurea 2a Eruner. Cpamenne 6tin0 mpoct im. Bor xapaKTepHili rpinx, nepegat Holt ApesHHIM HCTOpHKaMM. B rHese Ha ‘cavero Goiswero KoMaHnupa OaHeca rpe- eckne HaeMmikH, OCTaBLIMECA BEpHEIAM ‘apaoiy, zakononu nepen crpoem ero cbt- Hoel, ocrasuinxcn s Enane, cmewann wx p08» C BHHOM M, BbITINE aTy cMecb, 6pO- cmnwce 8 60H B xone xposonponuTHoro cpaxeHus NaNO MHOMECTEO BOHHOB ¢ OBEHX CTO- Pon. flaxKe 80 epentena Fepogora (a 3T0 cnycta 70 net!) Momo Geno sugeTs Gonbuine Ky'H, CROKeHHBIE Ms KOCTeM orMGuinx 6oriuos. OpraKo, HecMorpa Ha ynopHoe co: poTusneHe 8 xoge nonesoh GuTBL, leranrave Geinn pas6ieret m orcrynuna 8 perpacio yrpennensis Menycn, me sannnn o60pony. Hevero Geno w aywar> (© npononnennn noxona 8 Erwner, He 8388 npemsapuTensio 3Ty HenpHCryn- yo KpenocT. Tlepen KamGncoM scrana cnontan 32- ava ~ HeoGxonHMO Bind KaK MOXHO Guictpee conpyunTs TeepADiiio, wove Hoi, Gonestin w sbinaaKn para nonpo- cay ysmuroxar ero apminio. Ha noMou> ‘Repcam npnuina erunercxan penural B Onn npexpacusi eH erunrave yennenn nepcos, may Ha npwcryn. Ho ermnerckme iysHnnn He crpenann pau yananeso sacrains, He owen ‘chenarb 3amax. B pyke Kaxsjoro nepcMs- ‘Koro Bova on yowunenn.. KOU. Kouna Gouna ceAwentim xnBorsin Apesnix erumsi. Xoaresa c6pusann {psu (akax Tpaypal) 8 nant 06 ywep- wef KowwKe. Vx mysipnumposani, KaK opel. Boannuy win ecaHnna, cnysai- Ho 3anasnewero Kou Tonna HacMepT> 3a6noana Kanwanen, Cam Gapaon coBep- tay mepreonpHHOWeHNe 8 xpaMe KOWS- ibe Gorutu Bact. Yours KOUMY ANA ermnraKNHa Bein ReNOM HeMbLenMMbiM, A KaKTYT PUCKHYT> Cctpenatp 8 wenogexa ¢ KOWKOM ® pyrax! ‘Aecannonanews 8 camy Boruc?! B wrore xpenocro Mlenycwit cnanace nepcam 6e3 Gor. Eranrave npeqnounn npourpate GuTBy, Ho He HapyuinTe pen rmostete sanpers. Nocne caasTlenyonn wmsTo yme Me Morno chacta Eruner: ne- TeHsapHoe rocyfapcrso apaoHos npe- kparuno cece cyuectaozanve. © enc OPAOB BOEHHAAMCTOPHA 9Cease ree Rete Cac Bere oa teken eared Seperate eee) Sree kee ee ates eco aioe, an eee sue es St Caner Co net cn eeNm en. eet eee tT nt oe eee) | ae a c > nnFB is 20 2 Moconce ocynapcrso cosHo cnano. Bohs Tlonswevi npntecn emy sHauwrensteie ‘npwo6perenms: Kes, CMONeHCK W acTP Fipuqvenpoasa, npogomxanocs ocsoe- Hue Cr6upu. Maumoe 6narononysine no- oxxgano unmosiio Benin. Ccprmusti 30 man 1672 rona 8 Mocxse ponwnca apesuy Metp Anexceesi. On Guin 4e- ‘Tuipaquarem peGenKom yapa Anexcen Minaiinosinua u nepstin oT ero BTOPOR >xen- Haranoa HapbuikinHort, Ona po- cxoAMna v3 ANAATeNbHOTO GORPCKOFO ona, waqaaia conepHnvaswiero ¢ Ka- Hom Mianiocnaackinx, 3 KoTOpLX Gouna nepeas cynpyra uapa. Manenbxnit Flerp nmuinnca oTua, Korma femy Gtino scero Hersipe roa. Ha npe- cron ezowen eop Ill -ceopkbit Gpar x kpecrubi orey [letpa. Haransa cTletpom W HeGonbWor cBKTOA OTpasHnace 6 cceno NpeoGpamencKoe ~ nos 6 cconky. B 1682 roy, nocne cmeptn Denopa, Havansa Hapbwwkilia nontsTanace no- capnte Metpa Ha TpoH, HO HeynauHo. Ero ynanoce acero nui nposoarnacurs qanapuinnes YapeM pH cBoAHOM GpaTe Visane. K Tomy me ero crapuian cectpa uapesta Copbr qoGunace perentcrea, M Terpa c matepsio onsrs yaanwnu e Mpe- o6paxencKoe. ‘Monogori uapeany 8 Npeo6pamercrom en MPMEONGHVIO mUBHD. EMy NPM 6 ronosy wien opraHisoBaT® M3 BaTarM CO- peahjos notewoe Boliceo. Torna me ye- ‘Tpa npocuynca wiTepec k TOMHEIM HayKaM, Tipu asope Coden rosopany, To ya- esis «pacrer, KaK copHake, He cnmul- Kom 6tina qosonbiHa CaHOM m Haran. Ona peumna xeHuTb 17-netHero Metpa va EonoKn Jlonyxnnoi. Ceans6y ceirpa- ‘nw 8 alipape 1689 roga. Or Hee y Mletpa Popmnnce sce cenoBey: Anexcelt Gout HacnemsiKom npectona Ao 1718 ropa, a AnekcaHiap yep 6 mnanenvecrse. B 1689 ropy Tlerp npn nosuepxe ap- mun orcrpannn Costio or anacta. ak- THNecK NpapuTendcTBO BosrnaBwna ero ate, Monofomy yapro nopyyann menkne ‘Rena, Ho He Meuiann curpatp 8 BOAKy> ~ FoTOBHTECA K A208cKHM noxonaM. OHM coctonnuce 8 1695 u 1696 ropax, yike no: ‘cne cmepra Havant Kupannosi. Tlepebit saKonunnca noniolt Heynaved ‘OpHaxo Nerp cqenan Haqneauyve Bbte0- _ApLtnoKasan, “70 cnocoGeH GeicTpO ys ‘cA BoeHHOMy feny. 3a ron, Goin NocTpoeH ‘nor, KoTopssi Nowor 6noKyposaTe A3oB C mopA, cosgala MouHaR ocamHan apranne- ts, Soinenene: Bolicka npMKpeITAR, ‘A308 Gnoknposanh HaMepTeO, KpbIM- ‘cxyo KOHHMUY oTBpociAnH OT cTeH FopO- a. Nocne mouyroro apro6crpena TypKM chance Ha munocTe noGeauTenn. "og wwovouTerpa MieaAnoea pycxth ape yeTpowncn nor oko Na oBHy 2 roMMAMACKIK BEDE soba nays ‘Tsoxeno s yreum B navane 1696 rona ymep conpasuren erpa ~ uaps Veal V. Monogo® uaps ran camonepxyem. 6 1697-1698 ropax om npeanpmnan BenwKoe noconbcteo. Tlerp weran co1osnikos 8 ovine npoTae Ocwareroi nnepin, saxynan o6opyA0- ane n chapamenne, HaHHMaN BoeHHEDX cneunanncros Ho Espona Torga rovosunace x Bofine 3a cnanickoe Hacnegcte0 (1701-1714 r), ¥ ef tino He AO OcmaHo®. Baro Yaps yachin, «To eaponeiuam He 6yzer ena W no seu. OH npmnn pewenne Ha ‘ate Boftny 3a sosspaujenne Poccin Bbi- xona ® Ganraiickoe mope. Noconbcteo 6uino npepaavo wanectvem o Crpeney- Kom Gyire, Ow 6sin axecToxo nopaaren eue Ro eoaepauennn Mletpa, Ho po- Shick Ht Ka3hN FpojloMxKannce AO. 1707 ropa. ape pactopmuposan fae Te Ronn, noTopbie 8 GyiTe He yuacrsona: sn, B 1699 rony Gein oGpaeneH nepesi PexpytcKnit wa6op. 8 pyccKoe BovicKo Inpurnacun na cnya6y MHoweCTBO HO- 3eMHbIx O>uyepos. 8 1699 rony Nlerp 2aKnounn ansanc nporws sewn ¢ flanne, Floneweit m Caxconnell. CowsHnkn, snpoven, nepes, ‘RporushiKon He ycronnn erp Aemiyn x Hapoe 40-ruicaunyio apmno npn 200 opyanax. Cparcenne ¢ eTpoe yctynaawelt ® ncnerHocTH ap meh Koponm Kapna XII saxonwnnoce raracrpopoi. Bena norepaHa BCA ap Twnnepus w naan wacrs soticra. Npasne, 6urrea npovsouina 8 orcyrcrene Nerpa ~ ‘on ornysnen 8 Hosropoa, me n yatian © opaxenin MIpnwinoce ace Haunnane cHasana, War 32 ularom erp sbirecHan eeno8 ¥3 MpnGanrixi, B atwx 6onx ebipocna yenan rineAga renepanos, Ha KOTOPHIX OM Mor MonomiTecn. B KONUE KONUOE pyCcKaR ‘apmna oxpermia Hacronbxo, 70 Menun- wo paa6nn wsepcKnit Kopnyc np Ka nue. lotepa wsenos Geinn nse Tec YyGuToim v cent Teicms nena, Fp: 2a, Monta ace paso etiuina W3 novi, Sn npemyapecTan cYpowTeNse Tea Mop CyEES Poccna ocranace onMH Ha oAMH co wee ‘amn, Koropbie 8 1708 rony BTOprnice & ‘npenenti Pycckoro rocynapcrea, He men werk caeyjenii 0 sambicnax Kapna, Nerp aacrasun onnoxenta nett cTposare no ceoemy nnaty. Ox pasocnan ety4ne oTpansi, KOTOpBIe GecnoKoMn lugeno8, yxmuTOXann 3anacs npono- RONSCTBMA M ypana. OCHOBHEVE CHI He Toponunnce actynare 8 Got, nepIa ANC- TaHyWo w ocTasnan memay spaxayoun- Mi apMMAnan BborKeHHOe NPOCTpAHCTEO. Tax Gein copsai nat Kapna HactynaTe vepes CwoneHck Ha Mockay, 4 ulBen- ‘ckwii Koponts nosepHyn Ha Yepanny, fae vamentink rerman Mazena o6eujan eMy OMOUe MoqbeNM, NpoROBONECTBMEM Goenpanacan. NYTEWECTBME MHKOTHATO Benmxoe noconserso - nepsbit cnyaaii, norma mocnoscunh uape PeANPMHAN noesAKy 3a Npenenst rocynapcrea. Merpa, myrewecrbo- saswero nog uMeHem ypaqumna Tlerpa Musxaiinosa, wirepecosany, 8 mepayio oepenb, Texnnuecnite ‘Aoctinwennn epponeiyes. Ho o2- NaKoMMnca OH W c rymaHiTapHDiMn aykanan, B 4acTHocTa, noceTAn al- witcnait mapnament, nocne wero apex: «Beceno enbuulare To, KorAa ‘collet oTevectBa Koponio rosopaT ‘OHO npaoay, Cemy-rO y aHEnMNaH ‘yamroca nommnor, A Bor 3an npaso- cyausemy wenoupasnncs. Yennese Becrmmncrep-xonne tonne: none 8 manTTAAX WapiKax, Yap cnpocan, vero 370, Yenbiuias oTBeT, 4TO 370 32- OHHING, OH MByMANCR: , Kpe- (Tei, waroToBNeHHBie ¥3 2TOFO MeTan- ra, wweror Gonee TEMA OTTEHOK YeTynaWOT & KaxecTBe GPOHse PyCCKIK opyani Kcrarv, w no cei jen merann, non newauynit nepennaske, xpaHHTca Ha ‘exnage Koponesckoro Kopnyca cHaGme- ua GpiTancKoit apann 8 JoHnrroHe, 8 ‘cheywansHom nomewieHnn Ges goctyna ectecrsennoro oceeujenia, wTOGei W36e- >xaTe cHMDHHUA ero KaNeCTEA. CCnpasenneoctn pau, cToMT cxasaT>, To jen ucnonbaoeaHina TpopeiHbix Opynamit Ana waroToBneHua Harpan pH aqnexir Boace He aHrnniickol Kopone- ‘be, a ascrpuiicxomy umneparopy Opanuy |. B 1814 rony om yupenun «bpoxsosni ‘Mywesroti KpecTs, cnenaniesit ws EpOH- 30 bpanuyscKix nywex, ana Harpaxne- a ceowx confar 2a ywacTue 8 Bolte ‘nporms Hanoneoka (sHewHe oH pane Ha- romanian Kpect Bikropi). Tepssrit kananep ocrasica MewsBecTHsIM aman aticuian aoenian Karpana Bpit ‘arin stinonvewa © enje KPecTa nar. 13 (nyan Gniowe x yeHTpy cymavrca). B UeHTpe opneta nomewiena SpuraHcran pow, Ha KOTOpOA CroMT Nes, HOKE opows ~ newra c Hagnncsio For Valour {2a po6necte). Ha o6oporsoi cropoHe Kpecta Biicropinn rpasnpyercn nara co- ssepweri nogenra. Harpaga npi nomo- uy yuna W KonBua KPerWTCR K KORORKe,oGranyro” myaposoit neHToH. Ha 060- PoTHOA cTopoNe KonoAKH rpasupyercA tn, 38aHMe W BoMcKOe noppaBnENeHMe arpaxnennoro. Tlepebie sapnarrat Kpecta Buxtopii men nevTy AByX BHyROR: TeMWO-Kpac- Ho — ANA apMAn vi cMHIOID — ANA BOeH- Ho-mopcKoro énora. Flosavee, ¢ 22 man 1920 roma, Guin ycraHosneH OnMH user news - Temmo-xpacnsii. Kpect npennn- ‘ho Hocne Ha neBot cropowe rpyawne- ea scem pyran Harpanan, TaK Kak ‘OH nanneTca masHoi v3 Hwx.B 1856 rony zaxaa Ha warorosnenne Kpecra BuKTO- itn Goin nepenal NOHAOHCKOA 1osenMp- oft 6upme Hancocks Uewellers), o6cny- -rareaioujer Koponescani apop. Mo ce ‘Res Ta pma nanaeTca MoHONON HAM vororosuTenem esicuer narpanet Bpura- nn, Kaiti ve 9k3eMNNAPOR NM 3TOM RENAETCA BPYHYIO MW CHMTAETCA BEICOKO- xynonecteeHHeim nponssenenneM. To caoeit cronmocta Kpecr Bukropin 80- wen Kitty pexopfios Tnnecca, Korna 1 1983 roay Wa ayrywone «Fnenawtr 3H KounaHinve of Obin oueHen 8 pexopanyio cymmy 110 Tica gyvroa crepninroe {@ 2004 ropy pexopa 6tin no6ur ~ crow- ‘MocTe Harpan aocTarna cymes 235 TH oN dysTos crepmimsros). Tlepsoe narpaxknenne KpectoM Bak: Topin cocroanoce 26 wos 1857 rona 8 nonnowcxon afig-nape. Tam Guinn cO- panos Gonee veTuipex Tce conser m ‘obiuepos. Criscox Kasanepos Kpecta BrxTopim eKniovan 58 apmeiiyes, 24 MOpAKA M TpeX MOPCKAX NexoTHHLes. Ana spwrened, npnueaumx nomo6o- BaTbca Ha npoueaypy Harpaxqenun, Gwinn oGopynosaret mecra Ha nsevan- tam» THIGAY YenoseK. B ueHTpe Croan Inpocroi cron, Ha KoTOpOM NeaN KDe- HUKTO HE OTBEPET ET... Mepsonayansuo narpaga spya- Buxropwn. C 1920 roa warpana octaerca y wenosexa, KaKwe Got mpectynnenna on Hm copepuinn. Kopont Feopr V, sHecumii nannoe Mamenenne, Tax NpoKOMMeHTMpO- an 3To: «Hesasncumo oF conep- lulenHoro npectynnenua ni0Goit narpamqenuein Kpectom Buxro- [Pi He AomKen Gobir mmwen sHaKa ‘ornms. [axe npurosopenwomy K nosewenmo 3a y6niictBo HyA- Mo paspeuinr» nocuT® cooit Kpect Buxropun xa auiahorer. epooevarpaxaisive Kpocrou vecropucocTonnocs 25,08 1857 ne sTavunapre. Bcontenarpans, CcTot. Bpy4ana wx nMNHO Koponesa, cM Bepxom Ha nowaau. Tlepssim Harpanqennuim Guin neitre- ant Koponesckoro dnora Yapmes Slykac ‘cKopaGna «XeKnax: 80 BpeMA Oca Py Cckolt xpenocru Bomapaynin Ha AnaHACKIX ‘ocrposax oH ebi6pocin 3a Gopr ynasuinih a nany6y cHapaa c ropaumm sananoM. Tlepabin 13 apmeriyes, nonysnBunx Ha- ‘pany, cran cepxant Thox O'KoHHop 13 23-ro Koponesckoro YanbcKoro dysh- epHoro nonka 3a nponanentylo n0- Gnecto 80 epema cpaxenna np Anbme 8 Kptimy. losqee oH aocnysnnca no re- Hepana. Ho nepetim 8 ogyuepcKoM crin- ccke cronno uma neitreHatra Cecaa Bak- 1, Harpaxnentoro 2a 6oeawe pelicrana nog A2080M 25 man 1855 ropa. Tax sro qo crx nop Gpurranus: we onpe- ‘ennnn, Koro me Hy'KHO CuMTaTe NepBtiM Kasanepom Kpecra Buxropin, Hemuoro crarucrmat 3a ace apena cooero cywiecrBosaHAn Kpectom Bnkropnn 6sino npowsseneHo 1354 narpawnerna. B TOM sncne: 522 ~ 8 nepnon ¢ 1856 no 1913 roge, 634 80 pens Fepsoi muposoi soins, 5 — 8 pomeyToK ¢ 1920 no 1938 roa, 182 - 280 Bpema Bropoii muposoit softs w no cerogHauinit gen ~ 11 pas. Bcero Tp ‘Yenosexa 3a 500 mcropmo Toi warpaast Geum Harparknerot er nea. Tipn TOM Topo Kpect He Bpyvancn, a. Harpan- ‘Resi nonysan nonepestyionnawKy 3 ‘oro xe meranna, KoTOpan saxpennaace a neHTe yixe nmevouteroca Kpecra. BonbuinlcTso HarpaxpleMHbix ~ ab- rnmiane, Ho cpean Kazanepos KpecTa Bukropun ects m WnAYCH, KaHARUs, Hoposenanqust 1 romHOagpHKaNUs. 3a Nocnenwve ABanuaT> ner nepsbiM Ha- rpamsentinm Kpectom BakTopmn cran 25-neTunit pajovork nonka NpHHYeccei Yanvcxott fox Baxxapm. Bo Bpem 6o- eobix nevicrenh 8 Mpake Kononna BMI, 8 OnHOM v3 MawIMH KoTOPOA OH 6tin onurenem, nonana 2acapy. Prison Baxxap Tpwaqo noKngan MauMHy, ¥T068! nonobpate caoNK pavenbix To sapmuted. B cneayiowem 600 oH Gn ppaHlen a ronogy, Ho cyMen BbiBecTi Ma- luwny ws-nog o6crpena. Harpana Guna apyena emy & 2005 roy nusno Kopo: ‘nego Enwsaseroi Il. ocnenHun KaBa nepom Kpecra Buxropn Ha despans 2015 rona renweTcA Maqui Kanpan napawroTHoro nonka 6pHTaHcKoi ap- aw Fxowya Sux, nonysneunt sry warpagy 8 2015 rony 32 oGnecre, npo- anennyo 8 Apranncrane 60 epema Gon crannGamn, Ha ceronraunnin nen Kpect Biro in ocraerca sbiculel Harpanon Benn oBpirani, Bropoi riocne Wee no cra ‘yey Harpagoh cunTaetca Kpect Feopra. C1886 roa 6sin ewe ssenen opnen «3a wmcxmouenbiie aacnyri» AR aH cn of myepos, a TaKxe Kpecr 3acnyr (1901 ron) u Boenneil Kpect (1914 ron). 1¥4 man 2003 ropa Koponesa EnvsaBe- ‘all orxpena memopwan # Becruntcrep- cxom a6Garctee, nocenueHHeih Kasane- pam Kpecra Buikropun w Kpecra feopra Kpome Toro, amas Harpaxentis no- -nysann exeronnyo nencwo 1300 dyrroo Crepniniros (6 paahiie ron ova 6tina or 10,0 100 dynos crepnitnros} Tepeoii xe o6pazeu Kpecra BuxTopmn panics 6 B0eHHO-MeRMLHCKOM Mysee Bpmrancroih apm. Tovemy mento © Hem? [leno 8 rom, uo 8 mae 1856 ropa Ko- ponesa BnkTopma npcyTcrBogana npn corapornian Gonriust AAA panentix, TOT KpeCT AMECTe.C KpBINCKOM MeRAnIO 6uin ynowen B cneuiansiyio KopOGKY smypooan nog ocHosanne GonbHMUs. TleveGHoe yupersienne npocywectéo- ‘sano fo 1967 ropa, nocne vero KopoGKa Gouna waenevena, a Harpanbi nepenaHl @ yaeit (© Buxrop CEPTEEB BOEHHAA HCTOPHAVT ahs le ol peryichy ap ere Reh is PURSE J Opyxmne, o xoTopom nojiger peu, umeeT GnecTaIyi0, HO HecKONKo rlapafoKcasBuy10 pemryTanyno. [leno B Tom, ‘To msHavamtbHO PIIT-7 cosasazica ys Gops6si c TaNKaMt v apyroit QponeTexHNKOit , B O6IIeM, BTIOMIHe COOTBETCTBOBAM cBoemy mpemHasHayeHmo. Ho HeCKOIIBKO HEOxUsaHHO B HEM OTKPEUICA ellie OnMH TanaHT — COMBaTS BepTONeTEL. Havane 1950-x ronoe, ucxoAA 43 Jontira Goesbix pelicreni e Kopee, ‘coperckoe Manncrepctao o60poHsi 033- Gotmnoce sonpocoM: 8ce Mn y Hac O6cTO- ‘nr GnarononysHo no Yacra nporueoTaH- Kosoro opyyina GninxHero Gon? ‘Creunantian Komccun nontsranace y>- Pere, Tak ckasaTp, KopeHb npoGneMts M Bbi- ‘ncHutna, “TO cosqaHveM pysHisx NpOTABO- ‘TaknOBbIX cpeacre 3aHnManOce HECKOMbKO APenMpunrait, w Hw AYIA OAHOTO ve HUD TA- aR nponyKuMA Me ABnanacs NpodunHOF ext soanoxnnu Ha cTonHuHoe 47-€ KOH- etpyxtoperce Gropo (senyuiee cB010 po- ocnosiyie ax 1916 ropa, Hee — HNN sbasanor) Oreercraenbih rocsakas nonxpennnn coorsercrayiouman umaHcossinl BNiN- sana, 8 1958 roay axcrepTaM Mix HoBopont! 6tin npegcTaenen PII-4, no face napanerpam pone ycrpansasuinh scnnenra. Oppako KOHCTPYKTOpD! NoAOU~ ‘nak peny cepbeaHo nyrosapneann 3aKa3- snKos He CnewATs ¢ 3anycKOM 8 CepHo, nooBewjae npeacrasue ewe Gonee yaa yo monent, M cno80 cBbe cAepxarM, B 1961 rony na cper norswnca PN: oTopet no fanHocTA cTPeNB6E, wo SpoHe6orHocta npeBocxoANA npemue- (cTeeHniKa. Ero-To m aanycrann cepiic, B ocHosy Hosoro rpanaroMera nena sone onpaspaeuine ce6n va PIP2 cxe- tn Besoriarworo nycrosoro yerponcraa tmoropanonoro npinenenn naierpena wanKannGeprom Goes0m sacreo. Mo- [en cocronna vs craona cormmveci wexanideckint npnueraln, YAapHO-cM}- Crosoro eran © npenopaverenen wt Gofmoeoro mexanaMa, CrBON, x0- sau 8 ce6n Tpy6y narpyGor, cny- xxi an wanpasnesen nonera pavers n creona nopoxossx rasos npa sbicrpene. CpeaHan vacte creona mmena pacumpe- te ~sepannyoKaMopy~ Ana Gonee non toro wenonbsonanin aiepri meTaTenS- ‘Horo saprga. Pactpy6 & KaseHHOi uacTH oGecneunsan GesoTKaTHOCTb KOMNNeKCa. Taki oGpasou, PIF? cran ner i HamopeakTuBHim (6e3 oTAa4H ApH BEI Crpene) opynnen. Onwaxo sexonnuian aaan npi poicrpene cTpyR MyCrOBOrO Sapana ‘cnoco6ia nahecrm.cepbesriie rospexstentn va paccromvum fo 30 me- poe Mexarwam nponssoncraa_stcrpena ocravouo npocr. Fp axarii va cy x020m rpOHOK Goer Ger no waco Bocnmiamenurenio, pacnonoxeHHoMy 8 He PeaktusHoro ABratens. BeicoKoe ‘asnenne ra308 npopbiBaer KapTOHHyIo raneay, non Wx faBneHMeM rpaHaTa Asnraetca enepen no crsony, npHo6- Peraa spauizrensHoe qswoKenne. px Boinere w3 cTeona y Hee packpLisaoTcA onacta cra6innsaropa. Ha paccror- in 15-20 metpos or craana saropaercn nocnnamenuTens, rpanara npno6peraet AononanTenbHyIo cKOpocTb, a HaxonA- lweca @ xRocToROMi actu rpaHarl cra GnnmaaTopet Nossonaior eft He CnRWKOM Or«nowaTocA OT sanfaHHoro MapuIpyTa. TroGoneiTHan jeTanb: ecnn BbICTpeNvT> 8 yNop no Yen, Haxonnujelica Ha paccTo- nin We Aanee 20 Merpos, s3ptiearenb Fpanatel He aktisnpyercr i s3pbisa He ‘npomcxonwr. Henb3a ckasaTb, WTO KOHCTPYKUMA PMI? notpacana caoeli HoBHaHOM, Ho, OMMMO npocToTs! W HaRexHOCTM, MMe ‘ce Aga anemenTa, CosepuleHcTsOBaHNe KOTOpbix nozeonanio rpaHaroMery He BbI- ‘agate vs Tpena. Bo-nepesix, 210 ontuvecknit npuen, npepnasHavenHi qa HaGniogeHMn 33 noneM 60, onpejenenna AMcTaHuian AO tuenn, ssegexna nonpasox Ha fanbHocT i CKOPOCTS BMKeHHA Yen Cc yHeTOM Gannncrukn pasniukbix Goenpinacos Hapenenna rpanatomeTa Ha Yen c y4e- Tom nonpasox. Ecni He curate creyit anbHoh OGnerenNol jecaHTHoi MoAM- unaunn PIT c pasbemtbin creonom, To NpouNe eapvalTel OTAMUAIOTCR MMEH- Ho npuyenbHbimn npricnocoGnenvAaMn. Bo-stopenx, nocroRHHO cosqajTca Hosble eapnalTb rpaHar, wMeouIne, BnpOEM, CKOMVIO CTPYKTYpY, HO OAM‘ouyweca TAnoM M cTpoeHKeM ronosHoit vaca, Mepauit MmonepHnanposaHHtilt papwanT KoHcTpyxTopa BM. Mensenesa pin npmiat Ha Boopyenne s 1969 rony. B Hayane 1970-x ronos nonsmca sapwant kouctpyxropos BI. 3ariyesa u OO. [13A- ‘Ay? C Bonee mouyHbim sapAnioM us der MatwanposaHoro oKroreHa. B 1977 roay cosnanh sapyant «lye KoHcTpyxropa BLM. Jlenuea npoTis TaHKo8 CMHOFOCO‘N- Holt KoMTOsuTHOM GpoHell. A & Hauane 1980-xropos fina TaHKos ¢ AMHaMM¥eCKoHt 3auyrTo noproToaunn «Pe1oMes oT KOH- ‘tpyktopa A. 6. Kynakoscroro. Haxoneu, 18 1998-1999 rogax Guin paspaGoTaH sb cpen OF7B «Ockonok» ¢ KannGepHoit ‘ockonownow rpavaron OF7 (eenyuyait KoHcrpykrop M.M. Koxosaes), npeqva- _3HaveHHeat Ann 6OpeOL C NexoTOM, B TOM ‘uncne ocHauenHoit 6ponexnneramn. Borcrasky ne co6upaetca, Bnonke sbbeKrusHo nopaxare |pa- .necnyio 6poneTeximy 13 PTT weno va paccronnin no 330 metpoe. OnHaKo, ne6iomposas 8 1968 ropy Bo BeeTHame, TDakaroMer ¢ HeOKIAaHHOA mixocTbO Navan Suave epaneceue nerarens- ote annapar, 38 Celb NeT yRusTOHB 128 amepmahone w roxHosberHancnix seproneros Eue orono 20 cnysoes censanel 8 ocwosniom ¢ 1Onvio ASPHKOA, rae 8 1970-1980-xronax comoahinkn CCCP v3 AH Toni v Mozan6uKa, waMuGnitcxne H o- ResniicKne NapTw3aHel, a TakKe Ky6MH- crwe eieTepnauMonanincra> cpaxanice nporis apn OAR 22 nena6pn 1975 rona wa nnockoropbe Kencco6si 8 pavione Cen onpai i 12 Ky- Gincmn creyrazoyes araxosan apane- cxwit Habniogareneith noct. HecKOMDKI lume Yoapoaust orkpbinn GecnopARONHtit Cro» n sbiszanin Ha NoRsIepHKy Ba Bep- Tonera. Merkum abictpenom 3 PIT y ‘epsoro us Hix oTopeano xsocrosyio 6an- ky, Won ynan, oGeeTiil nnamenen, Or cne- Aylowero ebicrpena saropenacb sTopaa ‘maura, pyxysuian 8 lary Mor GoA: 2 ‘cGurrexx sepronera u 14 y6uTexwaposyes ‘potas onHoro noru6wero KyOUHUa. 6 centa6pa 1979 roga ponesnitcKne aprusatei c6unn Beproner «flyman, 4rO npneeno x rnGenn 14 HaxoAMBWMXCA Ha Hem nuioTos H KoMMaHOC. Aocrasanoce v3 PIIE7 w cosercxum olickam B AdraHicrave, xoTR nocne no- ‘ABneNMA y MORPKAKEAOB «CTAHTepOR 9TH. HenpnaTHocTM BbIrnagenn yKe cyuer Menoxio. B io apue Bcero Gope6a PIIF-7 npo- ‘MB asvaynn ws0Gpaxena 8 gunome «Tlagenne eproro acrpe6a» 0 coberTunx 1993 roga 8 Morapmuto, xorga comaniii- cane Goesnkn Moxammena AMiMaa cOm- ‘1M wa Hix aga aMepuKaHicxMx BepToneTa. Pexopawon no Konw¥ecray norwGuinx xKepTBon rpaHaroMeTa Cran COMTbIM Ta- nuamn 6 asrycra 2011 roga seproner knnaxam >BaKyuposaTocn, 2 ‘chalinep v3 CBD gen npnyensiit oroHs No cpencream Ha6moneHAA M CoABu TAH. Kam apyrori Gporerexninkn. Crow orme- ‘Tut, WTO Goesinkn wcnonbsoeann PNT poraa niexorts, npHKPennaa K rpaHare ‘Tpormnossie wai, B Vipaxe Gone onoaiitt aceti nore- PAHHOM aMepuKanliann GponeTexHikn Toxe npmuuioce Ha PII, xora Graronapa vcnonss09aHi0 AMHAMMYECKOM SauyHTE: konmvectao xkepTs nocTeneHHo yMeHbIa- ‘noc. Tak, 6 2003 roay 6poHA GpuTancxoro Tahka «Hennenpxep» erynepxana 15 no- agannit ~ mpi Tom, To B eveHcKyO amano asin pocaniicxoro TaHKa T-80 xsarano 7-8. C Apyroit CTopoHs, 6 TOM Vipare amepuxanicrum «AGpancan Tpe- GoBanoce eule MeHBIe, ecni rpaHaTOMer- ‘ans Gin ux He 6 206, a0 Gopry. B o6uteM, KTO-KTO, a amepunanyss sHa- Jor yey PII, He obvynansHo npMcBONs wma poccnitcKoro rpanaromera nopore va arnagckoro asponopra 8 ropog ~ 6 ecte, re 27 opyikie co6pano oco60 Siacoseix sacrpenninn 13 ciafinepcion TAMER & 1973 FORY BO BPEKR Bois! —_OBMNSHY KPOBEVIO aT. BmTo8oK ¢ rnyurrensia, 3ananunonan- CyaMOro AHN, KorRa Ha CawaeROMNONYO- (9 Muxann RAHATIOB Se ea 14-cyeromo \-rpyea 1-nperorpourenaguvor "Seige peu ~cyeoot posce (ox Ptoatcccveres” — $-yuupme my 11 =fynamacraona ‘srofoman oes Irondonnsacre Sree 7yocrnys H-pmomayape: sparen Nepeoctonaararens rope otapere Shyconsenesawcns — Y-nepocabancaropa Serecrconpmyens Sales 13-ropmeynapro. e-ypoena enyexoacro examina BOEHHAAHCTOPHA 17BTOP)KEHUE B NOfHEBECHYIO C nomourBio opyxKua EBpOMebI 3aCTAaBIIAIN KMTavleB KypUu\Tb ONMyM Zpa noopysxeursrx kontbrmxra Kerraiicxoit ummepy Lys cAnmmem u dpanumer cepenmue XIX nexa nomy1m1 HasBaHve . EBpOMeyMsI IBITATMCh MDMBUTS orcranoit c mx TOHKH SpeHMs CrpaKe mmynrsamye0, Kurraianst oKe CUMTAJIM aHTTIMaH M WOKE C HMMM BapBapaMM, TOTOBbIMK paspyumtrs rapmousno TloneGecHoit. jrasHoh —NpHMMHOR — conMyMHENX BoViHo Ha caMoM ene cTann pas- eps w Gorarcreo Kiran - a10 6bina ‘orpomnan crpatia c FHraHTCKMM no TeM pemevam naceneniem. Ho, Ha 6eay anu- Huix esponevicknx Toprosues, Mminepina ‘Um Gouna saxperra anna mocrpanyes. Ko CEM HUM 6e3 MCKMIONEHIIA OTHOCMAINCE pene6pexurenbHo, Kak KAUKKM Bapea- pam. CoorsercraeHo, JaKpeiTeiMM OcTa~ Banc ANA MHOCTpAHUE® M KMTaFiCKMe otnk Gora BOEHHAR HCTOPHA « sanpeujanocn, 4TO dakTHYecKH rmuano esponeiiyes npaworo pocryna x reralicnnm potixant. Toproabe KoMNaHAA Mope6ecnon,& cao! ovepeb, Tahoe ruc npakrwvecsn mowononncraian. Ko aceNty npoweny, wrraicxve snnosn CcTporo cnequnu 3a coxparieHiem nonoxn- TensHoro Ganatica 6 Toprossix onepauwin. TTaxne nopagan c¥MTasice aMepvkKaHCKH: mam esponelicxvivn Gustecerann ant Maw HeymecrHtim, Viwoctpakiiam He paspeuianocs ce- ureca @ xKuralicxux ropopax. Mpeg NpwHiMMaTenaM, NpMBBIKUMA K OTHO- curenstomy Kombopry, npwxomunoce HenenaMn OcTazaTbcA 8 NopTOBO! 20H, ‘oxsgan peuleHina MecTHesx GopoKparos, a uMorga m Bosce xT Ha Kopa6nAx. PasyMeetca, 3T0 He cnocoScreosano PasbuTIo Toprosbix M_ANnnoMaTHue ckutx orHowesiii, Ho Kisraliyst nonarann, 70 6 cBoeN cTpaHe snpase npenmaraT® ceom yonosA urps. A wHocrpaHuaM ame 6tino aanpeujeno yur Kwai ‘bik Tak BenMKo Gbino wenaHve npaat ened Linn ocrasaroca wsonA\an,Mpwnyunwansio wMave pasaneannce ‘oTwoweina c cesepims cocenom ~ Poc- cel. Cyxonyrian rparinya & Maresony- piu Ne npeanonarana 2épexrnanoro ‘BEEAEHIR TAKING KE MEP, KAK HA OTe, TAK 470 KoHgniKt va 2TOM Hanpasneniin octporo xapakrepa He Hocnn. Tjepann 8 toproane c Knraem Guna aninmane. Ohm 3aKynani sah WHeNK, 2 ‘ponaanv, 8 ocHosHoM, onuy, KoTOPEA ean v3 Mnqin. Ho Toproana orisywont Guna sanpeuleva wnneparopcxinn yra- 2am oF 1729 4 1799 ropos. Onpaxo ovra- onormaneHtle ToBap nNpHunoc Gi onnausars paroueHHimn meTannann (bak Tpe6oeann serraruys). Va npoMe- netx neni MonHeGecHor cnpocom momsoeaniice vansAHcKOe CTEKNO BYC- ‘hie Mexa, Tak WTO, Pole KOHTPAGAHAHO- +0 onvyia, Gpuraviiam npeanowart 6xino wero, CnpaBeqnineocra pan, HaZo Cr 3aTo, To akan He paa netTanHch AO- Gren yerynox oF wisneparopos Kiras, Wo Wx annowaTvecine MMC yrIeXOM we yaeanace. eHaM HiterO OT BAC He yao, YxoquTe w 3a6epuTe cxow nosap- fp, ~ Tak oTBerHn Gprranicaa nocraNs ‘muncrp wnepatopa anny, Toprossiit xpmsuc Tem je MeHee oniym oxazanca Ana Spurancnix Toprosiies 2onoTork KANDA ‘Ov nponasann ero TonsKo 3a cepe6pr- tye mower, nocronHHo HapautneaR OBb- ent B 1830 rony Gsino c6xiTo 1500 TOK, ‘a uepes TpH ropa ToproBbsit 6anaHcc Ki- ‘Taem HakoHeu-T0 Cran NONOMUTENHEM. Vianepisi He TonbKo Hivero He nny sana vs wanorostix C6OpOR; 13 3KOHON- va epmtisanaco» CepeGpatian moHeTa. K 1830 roy ee npaKriweckh He ocranoc. Kwranam nprxopnoce xoRWTe Ha pis ox 22 noxyrwam c YenbiMn MewKaMM env moneTOx, KoTOpHie He WiTepeCO- ssanm axrnniicanx kynyos, Ho wm HenD3A Guino nature Nanoru ~ waneparopexne ‘unvioBiinka TpeGosan cepe6po. Ho ropasqo xyme Guino apyroe. Tonsxo enposmnynnTyarayn «1831 rony Hace ‘ani qa munnwova kypuneuunnos onny- tua, K 310My spemeHn HapKoTAK cocras- ran Tpit vereepri KaTaiicxoro aKcniopra W rpoaun crate sceoSuje npMBDisKor. Onuym xypuni no weraepta cronnunsix wnosnnkos ¥ Gonbue TperH npoBHH Unanwiie, a 8 OTReNbHEK yupeRTEMMAK nary6Hom npusbiuKon crpanAaNA AO 60% cayxauynx. B ynorpeGnennn HapKoraKa Guinn sameverss nosn ace ofmuepst monosnva conaar. Buna, «ro Kura crpemrrensio Ae- ‘panwpyer, npasirenscreo nsranoce Goporsca ¢ Hapronanactoio. 8 1800 rony 6uino eeenewo HaKazaHie 2a Toprosno onmywow. 8 1813 rony nMnepatop #0- ‘o6ue sanpetun ero ynorpeGnenne — co- ‘macho yka3y Kyanka nonaranoc> cro yaapos nankamn. Ho 8 rasa y= anuxOy eMeAHeRHO HaxoAUoce Gone AByXCOT UNH ONMy!MHEX MaKNepoB, a ‘Toprosys pas 3a pazom cHvxann YeHy. Vimneparop flaoryak pewmn nono- xuTp KONE He3aKOHHOH ToproBne. B 1834 roy npowsowina nepsan crouKa: uralicxve olicka OKpyKANM. cKNaAbt ¢ GonbUIMM KoNAYECTBOM onMyMa, CTO ‘3Banu Tyaemabili epcoHan m nepecrann NogsosnTs npogosonscrene. Arua He sen s nopT Asa BoeHHEX dperaTa, Ho wx o6crpenann Geperossie Garapen. Bparanyam npmuinoce ycrynis. C Tex op OHM nocroAHHo Aeprann Henopane- ky or Fyanayna wenn nor. More seicoKonocrasneHHbie SMHOB- naw coseroaann Jlaoryaly neranva0ears PbIHOK onuyMa, 4TOGBI xOTA 6bt Nonysare 32 efo nponamy Hanorn, OpHaKo Tine Ussicoi yrosopan ero Goporecs 0 KOH tua. B 1838 rony oH nonysnn npwKas pa M ascerga peu onvywnyio npoGnemy. Coms, mmouer, KpOBE... Tipnexae Fyansoroy, Tints npwxasan cxsarnme acex KuraAyes, npHYACTHBIK K ‘Toprosne onwysom. ¥ Hix Bsino KOMput- cxoBano 70 Tues TioKo8 HapxoTiK Ho- nnpocna apecrosannt xxraiiyst yaHann, sro na cxnanax axrnnan namepananyen conwyma & paasi Gonbuwe. Slane niorpe6o- fan abiqate ero nec, o6ewIaR KoMNEHCH- posare waew no aecy. Mocrpabitie xynubt He nosepini 8 cepseaHocre Hamepennit xuraiiyes 1 oF kasanncn, Toruac Bce cKnafib! 6bUIM OKpY- eves aovicxam, a Toprowtst GnoKiypo- anti 8 caoen haKropin, Ulecre Hepenb Aunoce npotmsoctosnie. Muorme ak ‘musane nepeSpannce © nopryranscryo axtopmo MaKao, onvaKo mravicnne oeHHbte GnoKpOBAnM wx M TaN, Fai acransan: nvGo eeponefusi caaior KOH "pabaway maior nogrincky Bonee we Top- roBatb onmytom, i460 noKHjaIOT CTPAHY. ‘Auepaarus cance nepstinn, pac- ‘moan Ha npwewnernn, Pacxononice wakeniniahe, more ua Hu noanincari o6aaarenscrsa. Oniyia sbiaia TaKoe onmecreo (fosopin oO MunnMoHe TON, MTOBce weNpEACTABNAETCA COM ‘enon, sto naTecor connat ph Wen sm cusisann ero & ope, npeaBapiren Ho cmeuas Cconi0 n hamonnit coKON Hesaxonvian. Toproann ~coxparnnace anitxanbHo, w 370 sexpyxnno ronosy Raoryaiy. B nexa6pe 1839 rona on Ob finn Karat 3aKpesTeim fn 8cex Toros es 19 Minin w ANEniNN B wrore On amu, wxToBaps w xopa6n Ginn ypane- tte Fyansooy. Konovnanbise Toprosutt norpatwn neNano tener cnoe, «706 yen pe Ioep-tannncTpa ansMepcrona 8 H206x0- ‘oct softs pan cs060nb Toprosna. Bexope vanagente 6s caKrowpona Ho. B Heirpanottx Bonk 6no noronne- HO HECROMGRO KATARCNIK BOEHIE BNO Hox, akrnivicane ¢ AHrnneh GyneT oveH® THyR Ho. @opuansio manepa pacnonarana 880-ruemnoi ape, Ho Ova Gina B0- Copyxena Konami, neater, ykan, Ya Creit ¢orvecrpensnat opyonrem Guino NPOTHBHHKY euiaioulee cpamenne M peannsosatb Nlopasnniouee sncnenHoe npenmywe- c1B0, Ho GpuTanues BcAKMi pas cnacano TexhineckOe NPeBOCKOACTEO M BLiyUKa Bolick. ‘Aurnuwane cpaay me aBniynn nor 8 2Kemtoe mope, orkyAa AO TeKnHa Gxino PYKOM nopaTs. OcraHOBUTS Hx He Gein HMKaKOR BOaMOKHOCTH, 4 HanyraHHeil wmnepatop nowen Ha neperosopt. OT Hero notpeSosana ycrynmrs Axrnin Fonkorr, onnarire yHHYTOXeHHDIM onMt YM, KOMMeHCHPOBATD BOeHHEE PacKOAE, '80306HoBHTS Toproano. HlaoryaH corna- ‘cuca mpi ycnosHn oTRopa 6puTaHcKHX ‘cw a FyanoKoy, Ho no mepe yAanenAn Hx ‘nora o# Brose ocmenen, Vimneparop Gpocnn Ha arian ‘orpomnyio apmanio, Ho oHa oKasanace 3a- nepra 8 TyaHoxoy Ges eons! w npunacos, wnocne HeckontKnx qHel GoMbapaMpo- OK kinrahiypi 3anpocunn mapa. MH OGe- ann eos06HoaneHve ToproBnn W BbI- nary Gonbwok KOMTpHGyUNN 6 OGMeH a abiBon Bolick. Onnano Slonqon He parwdnunposan up, m GpuraHus! Boso6HOBANN HacTy- rnneuwe. Bexope om orpeaani FleKH oT ‘ueHTpanbHterx nposMWit B cronmue Ha- ‘wanca ronog. Becuoit 1842 roga kuraliyss npennpn- AMM KONTpHACTynNeHHe, 32KOHUNEWe- ca xaTacTpodiuecknm nopamennen, C Tex nop mnnynarusa GessosspaTHo epeuina k aHrnMuaHan, KoTopHe cTpe- murensieiman MaHespami aGcomoTHO apanys0eann Bono NpOTHBHAKa K CO- potusnenmio, Be3 6on cqanca Ulaixai, ‘nog yrpo3oit wrypaa oKazanca HaHKiH. Y omits 6eperos umnepun niorBMnuce panuysckan n amepnKancKar 9cKaQpes. Va Adrninn npuGwuin noaKpenneHi. 29 aerycra 1842 ropa Ha akrnulicKoM kopaGne Gein nogncak yHWaTenbHth Ana kurafiyes HanKuncxwi wap. To ero yeniosniam noprei MoqHeGecroit oTmpe- Sannce ana csoGoqHo! Toprosny, mune- ppaTop ebinnaunsan orpoMtyo KoHTpHGy- ‘yuo (21 mannnox gonnapos cepe6pom), TonKour nepenazanca Bpurakv. Pyccxas xrrpocts: lepean «onnymian sola» orxpeina 8 Kurae anoxy cMyr m passana. LlexTpanb- Han snacte ocna6na, HeKoTopsie nposMl- ‘uum nourm He nogunkannce HMneparopy. ‘Apmun gerpaamposana n coKpaTunaci ‘8 verbipe pasa. B 1850 ropy scnbixHyAO Boccrake TalinaHos, KoTopble cMornn fopranva0nare co6cTeeHHoe rocysap- ‘cTBo. Amepuxanysi n ppanuyse,, yrpoxan npumeHelwem cub, BerroproBbiBan Ka Ganoubie ana Kiran cornawenia. Vpn 3TOM YMHOBHNKH, NOOUIPREMBE uae aTopom, He Toponiinnce BuINONHATD yo- oBuA UpHoro Jorosopa. McnoprAnuice ‘orHowenna c Poccuelt - Tenepe 8 Merep- Gypre Tome XoTeNM ypBaT CAO‘ KYCOK srraiicxoro niapora. Kakoe-T0 speMa cansi esponeficxux ‘epwan Guinn cKoBaHts KpbiMcKort Bol Hof, Ho ena ona saKoHWmace, KaK 8 SIOH- ‘one Tapwxe crann wcKaT> novo, ANA Hanagenin Ha Kuali. YansiTencHo, HO wx HenaBeit nporuannk ~ Poccws ~ 6bicrpo Hauna oGuyni AaiK ¢ Dpanyvel MAHER i. Npasna, w Nerep6ypre nocrynwna ym- Hee. He xenan nonycrame HiubeN noGens! inpw 3TOM Hanlencs nony¥nTe BeIroAD! (Deve wna 06 orpomnixx TeppmTopHAK no Amypy w Yecypi, aktueckn 370 sce cospementioe Tipumopee u FpHamypre), TaM pewNt He BARabIBaTECA B Boy, 2 nocraparsca crate NocpeAWMKOM. 8 oxtaGpa 1856 roma 8 TyaHwnoy Ki- Talicxne gnacta apecrosann aHrnMiicKinlt opa6ns He passannnace 8 pesynsrare cra net ‘my rpaxnancKnx BoM. Takosa oxa3a- ‘race Yea UEMAMsAYIH, KOTOPYO CMe ble npuniecru cna6eim, @ Map AMBTUIYSIEP BOEHHAA HCTOPHAVnguiickne uaxpbi oTceKasim BparaM pyKi Ha paccrosxum 50 metrpos! O meravemmbisix Hoxxax SHaIOT BCE, BOMIEIIMHCTBO SHAIOT 1 0 C10- PMIKSHaX, KOTOPBIe MCTIOMESYIOT SMIOHCKMe HMBNIS. A BOT TAKOHt ‘TMI MeTATEMLHOTO OPYXUS, KAK MEIBGICKAS YaKDa, TOPASTIO Me- Hee H3BeCTeH 1 NONyNapeH. STO YAMBMTeMEHOe OPy2xUIe MPHIIIO BOKMSHS IPAMMKOM M3 sereHTBI. MHAWRCRIX aMMUECKAK NOsMaX «Par Manian m «MaxaGxapara>, Ale ONC BaloTCA cpaxeHnA MerKAY nlonbwM, Goraran W AeMoHamm-panwacamm, ynoMMHaeTcA opyane HeBHaHHOM ci, 3TO OrHeHHBIA ‘nck ¢ oTBepcTveM 8 YeHTpe, cnoCOBHDI ‘npecnenosate spara, Kyqa 661 ToT HM cnpA- ‘Tanca, fame 3a ropwsouToM. Hasbieanoc> 370 CrpawHoe opyikne, KOTOpbIM cHasana ssnagen Usa, a notom ~ BauiMy, cyaapua- a-vakpa. B nonpaxxaline GoxecTBeHHOMy aTpnGyty apesHine wiayce! Cran Aenare> Merannmveckne Koma, OTTOYeHHbIe NO ‘BHeUHeMy Kpaio M0 OcTpOTH! Gp¢TBEI, KO- Topple OH Haysnniice MeTaTE c HesepOmT- HOM TouHocTbO. Mx cram HaabiBaTe NpO- (cTo~ “aK, wn waxpaMs. 22 BOEMHARWCTOPHA ‘Smmrapxioe ucxyccrEo Ways! npunasann werarensvomy opyxnio oven Baxiioe cakpanbHoe anaviene, Benb npi ero wcnonba08e him He rpowexomnno Henocpeacraen- Horo uanecKoro KoNTaxTa y6uibt th mepTost. A avait, He oKashieanoce HeraTupHoro BoaAecTBHA a KapMy. Takin sorrptsm cnoco60M wHANCKHME sons crpeMunnce O60 penarwos- ii 3anper Ha npwumnenne ana no6omy varoomy cywecry Maxpor waroraenaeannce W3 cranbHb0x vw mepbisrono€ wp 10-40 ma TonuyaHOr no 35 wm. [IMaMeTp KonDUa one6anca 8 npenenax 1230 caHtHNe pos. Bec chapaga cocrasnan 100-3006, onbiTHui BoMH Mor yBepeHHO NopaKaTD ww yens Ha paccronuinn no naTanecaTa, a nvorna flame jo cra merpos. MpaueM, no acckasaM ovesnques, 6POcoK Mor GIT HacTOnbKO CHnbHbIM, 4TO NOpO! oTceKAN spary KonewnocTe! Cywecteoeano ave TexHMKn MeTaHiA axpst. B nepsom sapnanTe Bon pac- /unBan KONBYO Ha cpenHeM nanbye ann Ha cneuwanbHom crepe. Bo BTO- POM = Yakpa saxnManace MexAy Gon wm nanbiieM n sanoHbO (celiac TaK MeTaIoT pucou, WAM «neTaIOUy Ta penky»). lpi 370m c) oy AeCATKOB cneynANSHeX NpHEMOS, Gnaronapa KoTOpsiM BOM Mor BBIny- (kate 4aKpot CepARNMM M MeTaTD HX KaK B FopMsoHTambHo?, Tak WB BepTHKaNbHoR Herpyavo noranatsca, «70 o6pawiar>- (CAC TaKHM opyxxneMm Hy>KH0 Gein0 Kpait- He axkyparHo = HeyMenti BoMH Mor C Gonswelt seponTHocToo noKanewnTs ce6a, Yem npoTaHika. NosToMy nonb-sosannce Mn qaneKo He Bce — vaKpa bina opyxwem oTnpbicKos apwcTOKpa- THUECKHX CeMe, OByHeHNE KoTOPHX Wauananoce c ercrea. A «flxaHypaena» (nugniicknit tpaxtat 0 BoeHHOM gene) NpwMNCHAN 4aKpy k ABeHAAUATH eHAaM KaHOHMMeckOro MeTaTenbHOrO OPYKIA Tpakrat npepnuceisan uconbaonate opyxwe 8 cienylujem nopanKe no Mepe COnmxeHHA C NPCTHBHIKOM: CHa- ana nyk co crpenamn, 3aTeM 4aKpa, NO- ne 370F0 KONbe M Met, 8 KOHLJe ~ HO W6ynasa. A yxe B nocnenKiow ovepen> ApwMeHANUCS NpeME! pykonaUlHOrO 60. B ornmue ot anoHcKHX clopHKaHoB Wn KATaACKHX 3aTOYeHHEX MOHET 4a- pa He Guia opyiknem cKpBITOrO HOUle- Hina, aTpMGYTOM WnMOHOB HAM HaeMHBIX yOnity, Ee vcnonssosan Ha nonAx cpa- ennit. Tpa cOnmKenun pgyx apt snepeg sbinyckanach Yenan Ty¥a 4aKp. B TOM cmpicne Wx MOKHO CpaBHTe MeraTensibinit TonOpaMM BMKAHTOS ApeBHIX repwaHyes WK C PUMCKHIAA inymamn. Opako x Xil sexy npaeurenn Mngnn ran ace Gonbwe nepennmate BoeHHyro ‘TaxTaky, npmuequiyio w3 Apyrux crpaH (8 ‘ocHosHom 43 Typuaa Mepca). Tpagn- LUMOHHBIe BOMHCKHe yMeHIMA NocTeneHHO OTXOAMAM B OGnacTe apUCTOKPaTHYeCKAK assnevenni Tax cnyswnoce Mc YaKpoh. BnaroponHie 1oHOWM C yAoBONDcTEMEM INpaKTHKOBANNCb & METAHHH CMepTOHOC- boc Koneu, HO yoke He 6pani wx c coGOR Ha none 608. Bospomyenne m 3aKaT Bospoxnenne vexyccrea meraHun \waKp npovaouino 8 XVI Bexe, ora 310 opymne crano Ana raxoit naptusaHcKoi ovine ua- KpbI NOAXOAMNH Kak HembaA Mysiwe. CHK- XM paspaGoranu TaxTHiKy 3annosoro Me- ‘Takin cmepronocHsy Koney. NepeaHMe AAD NH 2TOM MeTANM aKpHI H.aNO- iv, OT ninesa, a sansine ~ c nansues, Hap x ronogam. Bor Kak OnucbiBan AelICTEHA CHKXOB opryranbeKnl ofmuep 6 Mopennasa- ‘rent flyapte BapGoca: «B Koponeacrae Tlenw y winx ecto cranbibie Koneca, Ko- ‘TopwIe OHN HaabIEaIOT vaKpaMH, B ABA anya WMpHHo!, ocTpHie ¢ BHEUIHEA CCTOpOHH, Kak HO, H Ges nesBiA Ha BHY- ‘TpeHHel cropone; pasmepom on C He- Gonusyio Tapenky. OHM HOCRT Hx.¢ COBO No CeMb Win BoceMb, Hages Ha NeByIO Pyky; on GepyT onto, Hagesaior Ha na- ‘ney npason pyka, 3acTaBNAIOT KPYAKHTo- ‘A BOKpyF naniblja MHOro pa3 M TaKHM 06- pa20M meraior ero B cROMx aparoB>. Mlocreneno vaxpa crana He Tonk vsmioGnenHim Opy>KieM CMKxOB, HO M Mx CamBonon. Ee n306paxeHite MOxHO yBU- ‘ete Ha kxane ~ rmaBhoi >MGneMe CuK xnaMa, Tak MTO B KaKO-TO CTeneHM WaKpa Cana ANA cMKxoS TeM xe, YeM 36e371 asnna ana vynees win nonymecay Ana Mycynoait Choe okasbieann OKeCTOUeHHOe CO- porasnenve 6pwTaHcKo KonoHMsa\yAn Vigan annoTe qo cepenmnes XIX Bexa. Mo- cegnee Kpynlice soccranne Geino nona- ‘Bnevo B 1857 roy, nocne 4ero OpuraMubt YyeTpomnn maccoBoe pazopymeHne cAk- oa, onycTowne Wx apcenants, Wx opyxue (@ Tom uwcne u vaKpss) ormpaannoce 8 My- 3e, wacrHbie KONeKuWM Wri Ha MeTaNnO- ‘nom. BnpoveN, K3TOMy BpeMeHn apesHee CKYCCTRO Yoke HaXOANROCE & cTapwaynapKa. MerKo eTaTe \“aKpbl yMenn O6AsaTenHEIM aTpH- ‘ute eaAANU. 6yrom somncrseH- Bonbwnncreo Hix CHKXOB - NO- ‘anixo8 fasHo cnenosarenen Apeqnowwra- Hosoi penurw, ‘aM Kaoxanes, eosHMKue 2 Crpaumoe opyxne Bora ca6nw-tanb- lengpxa6e. Bea Uns ycpawna crim eapei W orne- CTOpHA_ CHK a BoA npo- pesocxonawero nporastinna. Kare ph MyRSMHa-CHKK bin BOMHOM, a HX BORH- an gunocodus saKmouanace 8 TaKTMKe «@ByX ¢ NonoBMHOH yAapoe. Cowen gevicreoeann 43 3acaq mM cuMTa- 1M caMBM BAHN 3TANOM HEaMeTHOe cGivoxenve cnpoTuainkom. 33Temcnepo- ‘ana MONHNeHOCHAR aTaKA, BbIIBIBAIOUAR Wok, a saKaHunBanocs Bce CTpeMTens- HbIM OTcTYNNeHMeM, He NosBoNAGWIMM ‘param HaHecrn orBeTHeii yRap. vo mugpiixoro snoca «Pasa sn os perp ann OF esta: organs P secraropa. tom aa wspanvom npeneSpenen eonowcan 1840 tie larpa 70 ppmiexaparreproe Ain met pas Peres ears one Senter vaah sours aK Ge centre aero accom 60 mpgs (Orono 35 werpos) Jomtdame 60 Peeps ano 73 arponk Spa soem teenie pcaainancpeponsTs can eae a YKPALEHVME TIOPBAHA ‘opurmnanpibix cnoco60e Howenns waxp. Onn Hagesann no 5-7 Koney a Boi ocrpoKoHewHoiit BicoKNt TopGan, naspisasuiniicn qacrap- Gynra. Yanpe1 menpuiero awamerpa wocinnce Ha sanncromx KaK Gpac- evel. B TaKOM nonOMeHHA OHM ‘Morn mcnonesopareca 9 Gnmmen Go10, a Taroxe 8 KaKOM-TO cTeneHM auynuyann pyry. lomnmo waxp, Ha miop6aHee xpemmnvce merarensibie HOXN M APYrMe BUABI XONoAWOrO ‘opy xin. Onnaxo co spemenem sec aToT apcenan cran BbinomeTe, cKo- ee, exopaTmsnyi, vem npanra eckyio dynnumo.¥ cinxos stopoi onopwnes XIX Bexa WaKpbs yke Ha Mepreo Kpenunn xmeTannmveckim anemenram orgenku Tiop6ana, TaK To ciinT wx Gino HeBOaMONHO. aay He yansen ninkaKinx joxazarenscre, cnocobwex yBequTe Mens © TaKO! 10% oct, B yenom spitenn HaxoRMTNC 8 Gonsueh onacHocry, eM cam o6vext, BbiGpanit 8 KavecTae MMUIEHID. OnwaKo waxes ucronsaopanice M8 XX exe. B 1930-1940 ropax Gino 23- uncaposano HecKonexo ciyyaes wx pnnenennn MMaMiCKIMN yrustaMt rpaGwrenamn. Da cr¥x08, cay Kaun 8 coapewentes apmusx (KcTarM, @ Vain Com saHumator 0 verBepTA ofmyepCan ‘RomHocTef), ana ~ 270 yme HcKMOWN- TenibHo GtiBon, 2 He peansHoe opyne. © Bucrop BAHEB BOEHHAAMCTOPMA 23DF NOON R CRE lesa: Ja) L Ne GGHORD IO IAT Sort al Be sti Cb c eb y a (eeleny Celene trier es) ‘TpaansrapcKoe mopcKoe cpaxkeune crasio KpynHeii0 8B XIX Bexe u Ha Nocnepyroumme CTO NeT 3aKPeMMNIO eNMHOTHOe TocnoncrEo 6pyraicKoro ¢riora B Mmponom oKeake. (Oxo coprano rurazei Hanorteora no Bricamke B AETV 1 o6patumio B30p ¢ppakUyscKoro mMmepatopa Ha BOCTOK, ‘UTO, B KOHE4HOM CHeTe, ero M Nory6uno. 1803 rony panna v AMrnnA BHOS JoKasamice 8 COCTORHMM BO/IHI. Bprranupi cKonotinn TpeToio Kanno poms Opanyian.B Hee, nono AKIN, ‘souina ABcrpus, Poccis,llsewen, Heano- ‘awrraHcKoe Koponescrso M Flopryranun, panuys0s nogaepxveann Manin, Ba- ‘api n Vicnanina. ABcTpHA PoccHA B3A: 11M Ha Cea BCID TmKECTE BOMB: Ha Cy, BoeHHO-MOpCKHe Cini BpuTaHnn Gouin pwasaibt sauiMTATS ee OT BTOPKeHHA paruyaoe wepes Jla-MaHu pn Kaxy- leVica Hepeansioctu Takoro 2ambicna, Kk 1805 rony oH 6bin, Kak Hnkorga, 6nMs0K K ocywecranenino. Ewe 8 1802 rony Ha- ‘none cosnian non BynoHbIo orpOMMit Iarepe, 8 KOTOpOM coGMpanacb, TPeHM- posanace i roTonunace K BTOPMEHHIO B Bpwrannio 180-reicAuHan apMinn. Haxanyne He Men conepHukoe Ha KoHTAHeH- re, Bovanapr Mor cnoKojo rorosiTecn K necanTy, Buri 2aroTosnerts Orono 2300 6apx, cnoco6wHXx 8 opi NpHeM nepenpasis uepes npone ecio apm sropxenina. fla sor 6epa: Sla-MaHui cro- PORN aKrnwiicani dnor, nporws nn- Heftix Kopa6neti Koroporo atm Gapmin Goin Gu Gessauyrrv Texnnueck panuy3ckuit nor aH- rmudckomy ecru u ycrynan, To He cnMu- om. XyKe 6bino Nonomenne ¢ aKHNa- awn obnuepamis, Gonbunvicr80 oMaHanpos BbiculerO M cpenwero 200K Gexann va crpants wii Ginn KasHents 80 spema pesomounn, yyenesue Ke ocraaunu eny6y. Marpoct! 6sinn 06- Mens Oe-KOK, Pe“KO KTO M3 HAX MeN Goesoa onvir w yuacrsoean # panbiix mnoxonax. Boyjenanca Ha sToM dove passe 410 ‘ym ne Sa Tyus, mpi ne Tpeswne. Yynon Yyyereswni 8 roprune pesonouvoHe Garanni, gnotosonex, crapott wons! He paz yenewno 6m anrnmsan Ha Mope. MoKA Foroannacs GynoncKan sexanpa, Ja Tyu ‘ABaxas OTpaKan aTaKM Ha Hee caMoro Henscoria. KHecvacru, 8 1804 roay pat uyacrai agumpan yep. Bonsue gurypet Takoro macurra6a y Bowanapra He Guin. Ho @ oxtnbpe 1804 ropa aurnmvane ocraHosunn y Kapuca eTape ucnaHcKix perara, nepesoanewux cepe6po wo 23° MOPCKMx KONOHN Mlocne AecATH MHY 60a nwt ws venaticxix Kopa6riet B30p- lance, a Tpm ocrasuinxca cnanuce. Mcra- us oTBeTwna OBSABNeHMEM BOlHEs. Vx opa6nt,Koneuno, sin YerapeBuman A vorne rome Gaktauecry ranma B Kagi- ce mapyrix noprax. Ho wx Gino moro, a no KonmuectBy apnannepuiicnrx creonos exoropsle v3 HiKx npEsooXOAUNH pH TaHckNe Kopa6na, VcnaHcKne KOMAHAS, Ko Bcemy npoueny, ycrynanu no BbIysKe Avcynnnnne nance bpaHuysan.i ie” Be i Se ot 4 sf LC Havanwan aaa cpaxesva np Toaganrape, Kprancit nor yu KoronaN ‘raxyer@parne-nenascit nor Baro opmyepcknit cocTas y ucnanyes: Gin crapor saKanka, sone nopx0- ‘PUMA ANA cepbeaHEX yen. Oco6eHHO pnmeuarenen sin annupan DenepnKo Tpasuna, KoToporo seigenan 3a nenostie kavectea m cmenocTs cam HanoneoH. iinet Bovanapra Ha Mope, MOxHO cKa- 3aTb, YABOMTINCD. Sly 13 xymux Kpome Toro, ocranca nnaky, paspa6o- ‘anoii Mla Tywem. Cospementioie 60 ene avanueTukn nonarair, 70 on Gin none peanen u rpe6ovan TonKo pe- uwwrrensocra. @panuysckni agpnnpan npeqmaran oTenes 2cxanpy, oxpann uy Fa Maru, xrptae manespom. B Ka- siecree Takosoro npegnonaranch NOxOR #8 Kepv6cxoe mope. K coxaneHo, pean: opsieaTe 9TOT MMH npwunoce BHue-af- pany Mvepy-Wapno ne Bunowéay. 3707 ssi6op Hanoneos cpenan He or xopowsett AY PaBMBIUJTEHMA O TOM, KOMY Go 10 epi KoMaHAOBAHINE, «Chenu NlonTroRa. B mapre 1805 roga Bunwés uisen dbpanno-venavicxyie acxanpy 8 ABanyaT Bsbwnenos 6 noxon. 11 WHA OM axe zaxbaTwn aHIMACKM KOHBOR 13. CeM- Haquari KOpaGne’, 70 Geno xopowes ROGIER, HO He sacrasHno aHInmias caannyroca va Sla-Manusa Ha o6partom nym, 22 mona, y moica ‘uincreppe ero ackagpa 6uina nepe- xeavewa—aHnwicKnm — anmnpanom Konnepom. AHrnuvian 6sino MeHBWe (weropnaguare Kopa6nei nporns aan Luar), Ho om ropasfo ycrewHHee Benn aprannepmiicknit oro. Bcxope fea We anya nmuwnnnce max w Goin 3axsave- Het. Opanuyssi nonsrrannce Wx OT6HTb, Ho TemHoTa w TyMaH nomewiann Bunb- Héay ovtirparbea, a Konaepy ~ pasate yenex. NocnenHero, Mexay NOUN, Ha Ponule nocuranu tpycom w oraann hog cya, Ho onpaenany. Bexope norpenahiian 3ckagpa co3Hi- kos eouina 8 Kagic. Ha camom gene Bunb- és nomoxen Gein pe/icreosats no «rinaHy Bo: peako passepHyToca u waiTH B Bpect Ha coejmmenne c GnoKupoBaHHoh Tax ‘ppanuyacroit acxanpoit, a 3arem npopes- are 3acnoH akranuai @ la-Manwie w cne- ‘osarb Ha CoeAMHeHHe C ronaHackHMn ackampami. Mo nopore Buses nonKeH Gein rpomuTe no Hactam (McTHMHO Hano- neowoscknit nak!) aHrnviicKve cAnbl M8 Gumane mmers nog KoMaHpom Ao wecrA AecaTKOB sbiteneno8, TO BrionHe OGe- ‘cheno Ges necanTHy»o onepayno, CWNIbI DANEKO HE PABHbIE B 1805 rony Gpurancxnit gnot wacunToiBan 202 nnneiHesx Kopa- 6na 277 pperaros. Npanaa, 3Ha- wwrrenbHan 4actb SToro dnoTa Ox- Panana KononnanbHDIe BnageHna M Toprosbie nytM B APYTWX 4acTAX ceera. Kocrax dnora cocrasnann cospemennoie Kopa6nm, Gbicrpsie MW Maveppentie, AMrnaitcnme ma- Tpocbl Gbinn xopouio o6ysent, mmenn nocronMMptit onbrT 6oeBENX cronknosenmit, oGnaqann Bpico- Kum 6oesbim Ayxom. Bosrnasnas- um anrnuiicnni nor anmupan Topaywo Henbcon Goin, nomanyi, nvm m3 nysunx dnoTosoAUes cBoero spemenn. ‘@panuysb1 no _BoeHHo-mopcKoit mouyn yerynann Bpwrannn mnoro- KpaTno: y Hix Geino cero 39 nn- weAHEH KopaGnen n 35 dperaros, Pas6pocanHbIX 8 pasHbNX noprax panei: 8 Bpecre (18 nuemnorx KopaGnei m 6 $peraros), Tynone (10 4), Pourpope (4 m 5), Deppone (5 m 2). 3a naxcnofi ma atx acKanp Heycoinwo HaGmiogann anrnnwane, Mi npM nepeoit xe nonirKe seuirH 8 ‘Mope onMmornn Gerre yunToweHDI. Bnocnegcrenn mHomectsO _atann- TwKoB oTMeNanM, WTO AO Mm Menocpen CTBeHHO noche OnANcTeppe aHrnniicKne $norosoaus: npeGsisann 6 Hegoymennn, @panuyaei Morn Bocnonss0BaTeCA He paaGepmxo & crate npormsnnka. Ho Binpiésy He xsaTHno cmenocrH, CPA)KEHME Y MbICA TPAPAJIBIAP Payee SET re MEXKAY BPMTAHCKMM M }PAHKO-MCHAHCKMM PIOTAMM KOMAHAYIOLUME: Bpuranicxuit nor — snye-aaminpan fopayno Henscon. @panuyscuni nor agmupan Mvep ne Bunbneés. Vcnancnwit nor aqmupan Denepiko Fpasuna, CMsibI CTOPOH ‘panno-ncnancxui nor 40 6oeesx KopaGnei, 20 000 mopaKos. Bpuranicnnit nor — 33 Goesbix Kopa6na, 16 000 MopaKos. NOTEPH CTOPOH Bpwrancxne— yOuTo 449 venoseK, paneno - 1214. ‘@panixo-ncnancxne~ 21 kopa6nb saxsaven, 1 —noronne. YOnro ~ 4480 venosex, paneno - 2250, ‘ao @ ned — 7000.Mopexnenexorinss i pry Sperancxorommaieivoroxopabis «Poin Coneper ‘efiyroroite no nparmeine,roToance nol Ka S60pRaDe NIbEP-LIAPYIb AE BUNbHEB Poqmnca 8 1763 ropy. Cnyann 8 mopckoit reapamn. Mlocne peso- mMoUMM apecropbipanca KaK Mo- Mapxuct, Ho Gein onpasaaN 4 B03: Bpawen na cnyx6y. Yuactsosan 8 Erunerckom noxoge Hanoneona. B cpamenun np AGyKupe same nun y6nroro aqmupana Bpwosii- pear pas- BopoT «ace BApyT> B HaREKAe NoMIMaTE serep bopaesins (serep 8 KopMy). K 10 uacam paaBopor Gein sbinonHeH, Ho pw 3Tom KonoHHa paccrponace: He~ ‘Kombo KopaGneh sooGwe Bbinanh Ws cTpoR, MexAy OCTanbHeIMK noRBHMACE onachbie paspuies. Tenepe KanbsaTepHoe ocrpoeHive MMUINNOC BcrKOrO CMEC Kaaxgpii crenyiouynh c3aqh KopaGn> ye He npurpeisan Kopmy snepean nayulero, Kpome Toro, apbeprapa non KoMaHRO ‘panuysckoro agwupana Djomanyapa (npamo ckaxem, oTmeHHoro Tpyca) cran ‘awanrapaom. A ucnanckne Kopa6na [pa- Bibl oKasannce B appeprapne, KOTOPEI oGewan crate cambim ropAuim MecTOM. (Onn Goinn enneu, HeKoTopbie Hecn 6o: ‘nee 130 opyanit (y aurniwal ~ MaKcrmy 104), Ho 8 cKOpOCTA M maHeBpeHocTH yetynann 6puranuam. ‘yn cnaGeii Berep, Ho cMnbHo KaNa- ‘no ~ Hasisiranica usTopm. MpM TaKOA no- rope aptunnepwiickan Ayan Wa Aanb- Heh qucranyiin Geina GeccmbicnenHoi vw Henacon nowen Ha c6nmxenne nep- enqMKynapHtim KypcoM. MpHveM oF @EJJEPMKO KAPSIOC FPABMHA Ponmnca 8 1756 rony na Caynn. Mipowen wce crynenn cayn6bi, Haw- anc rapnemapina. Heopwoxparwo yacrBopan B RanbHMx noxonax, Mmen orpometit Goesoh onprr. Aeaxnbi lero Kopa6nn Tepnenn xpyutetine, [pa- ‘BuMa OKASDIBANICA B HITCHE HeMHOTHX ‘sboKnBumx. Men penyraio ciacr- mupanra. Pato NPORBHA BEIRAIOUH- feca_opranmsaropcKne cnoco6Hocm. B 1804 rony Goin nocnom 8 Mapwore, Rpncyrcreosan Ha Koponauyn Hano- ‘neowa. Tlonesosanca aBToprreTom y opumnernbix m cocmyRNBtes. B7aro- ‘AapA miTpnram oKaganca 8 noRYAHe- ‘sa y Bunbneoa npa Tpadanvrape. B Go10 MPOABHA MSHOE MYMECTBO, PY- osonnn Goem name cpasnpoGnenHoit kaprewpio pyxoit. Cnac wacto nora u, ecmorpa Ha amnyTaumo, npeaNpH- Han yoanyio sbinasKy. Beneacrone oMyuenmbix pan cKoWYanca B mapTe ‘1806 roga. B ero wecr» HassaH ocrpOB. Fpasmnay noGepema Anacxn.FOPAUMO HEIbCOH Ponunca s 1758 rony. C 14 ner cny- MM fOHTO!, NocNeROBaTeNbHO Npo- wen ce cryneHu BnnoTe Ao aAMM- Pana. Ornwunnca 80 Bema BOMHbt porue cesepoamepuxancKux KOnO- ui. C Havana HanoneonoscKux soit © mepemeHHtim ycnexom cpamancn ¢ dpanuysamm, Coppemennunn cun- ‘Tan ero wenoseKom xpaGpoim, HO MenPMATHbIM, CKPBITHbIM, —cnOCOG- Hbim Ha o6maH. 3t0 nopTBepaunoce pu eaaran anrnuvanamn Heanona, Kora Henbcon aan rapantrun pan LyScKOMy rapHHSoHy u wranBAHCKAM PecnyGnuxanyam, anorom npaxasan wx Kasur. Mocne store pycckmit _agmmpan Yulakos orkazanca canioro- bare wrrangapty axrnuannna. Bin meprenbHo paneH npw Tpadanb- Tape - nyna nonana cBepxy 8 nnewo, opasuna BHyTPeHHMe Opranbl w 3a- ocrponn cBolo ackappy AByMA KONOH- aman, pasnenne cant. KpoMe Toro, aH- Inman yun, 4To co«WsHMKK Gein cHnib- Ho orpaniuelbi 8 MaHespe: x KONOMHa bina BbirHyra nlonymecAyeM 4 npwwKaTa K Geperosom nunum. Bpwranyes umenn uerknit npwkaa: Ha chyvait oTcyTcrEMA ‘carnanos c narmana cOnmoxaToca w aTa- KosaTb moGsimn cpencrsamm. BanbHés nukakix pacnopaxenni He oTAan. Fura per. 3a vac no nonyana npossy4an nepssii ssictpen TpadanbrapcKot Gurssi. Hens con npanasan noni Ha ceoeM arma- ve Bucropue carhan: «ANTniA eT, 4TO api ucrionkint 80H fons. BpHTaUst Ha Kakoe-T0 speMs okasanince oR orneMm aprumepnn, He HMeR GosMOxHOCTA OT- sevars. Ho Kak TombKo wm yaanoce NpO- pesaTe CTpoit ComsHiKo8, OM OTKPSINA ‘ron c oG0mx 6opros. SE! fj Agyupan Henecon 0 spews inuseniere pnarara Binropncdpaviyaccon ‘aver eopabne “SPogyrabnowbun cueprenno ‘rpana 8 nossonounnKe. BonpeKn xynomectsennomy oGpasy, Henbcon We Hocun nosasKy Ha rnazy. OnHax- ‘Abt on AeiicrauTenbHO nony4nn pa- HeHMe OckonKamit KAMHA B rna3, HO Henorepan ero. Oqun ma HayMoHann- Heo repoes BennxoGpurannn. TIpapna, wx KopaGnn waa THxoro we ‘pa nosxoAMt NO OAHOMY Mt ¢ BonbuIH uw npowemymamy, m Barnes Mor THM socnonbaosaTscn, Ho TO mu oH norepan son K conpoTMBneHNio, TO NM eMy He Yixe vepes wacnocne Havana GoA KOM ‘Anp covosqoro asarrapaa DlomaHyap 6po- ‘ann acxanpy, Ha |cex napycax ycTpeNNa umes « Kapncy. C coo of yanex ness xopaGnet flena ocHooHbix cHn Guinn ro 2a, Bpmranicne xaHornpes ovaesann Tpe- ‘ms sanmami 8 MMHyTy Ha OnMH 3ann CaS tinkos,a Kora ya He MOrnM BECTH OTOH, To unit Ka abopnaX. Tak we NOCTYRAN of nonaBHn ore a «Pe- AyTaGmo» HaBszan a6opnancioth Gort Cam Henscon Haxonmnca Ha nanyGe « caenana 8 21 uac 25 oxra6pa (7 HoR6pa) 1917 rona Bce cTOpUKH CXOAATEA Ka TOM, UO O} Gein xonocriim uw npowssenn ero ANA no- pawn carvana x Havany uTypMa 3nwie- To Aeopua, rae Haxoqnnoce BpeMesHioe inpasurrenscrao Kepenicxoro,Foroance * oxkynaun Hopserih 1940 ropy, KowangosaHne eepmaxta He ‘oxwpano ocoboro conpommsnenne. 32 xeat_crpakbt BHKANTOS, elicTenTens- Ho, npowen 681 noxTH GecKpoBHO ANA Hemyes. ecru 6st we nyu, no MPOHMR ‘cyas6s1, npovasenentiie B repwaHcKoM ropone 3cceu ta 3apnax Kpynna. Bro Gunn mse ray6nybt o6pasua 1891 ropa Kanw6pa 280 nm, nMes- une fame niwtbie wMeHa: «Mowcel> eApols. Ons 6tinu ycranosnensi Ha Gop- ‘ax, MPHKPHBABLIK NPOXOA K cTOMAYe Hopserin Ocno. Bevepom 8anpenm 1940 ropa Hosts A -xensti wemewen xpeiicep «Gnioxep> 80 ‘mage scrap sowsen 8 Ocno-eopa, Ha Dexaqpe HaXOBMNNNCS AECAHTHM, KOTO- pote ponies Gein BEICaRITCA NPAMO 8 raparin Ocno. Ho nna amepanposannn- a. V emosrincom aToro crarm HeMeunne ray6uusi c6uBnercKnMn wmenanen. Kora npaxtavecis 8 ynop = paccroaHMn 500 werpos. Ha kpeticepe cpaay ovkasama Catctesa ynpasnenna orvem w acreoxiyn omap. Oxeavennbit ornem «Brioxep», ynpannssice maunvans, nonouen x 6e- ery 1 6sin noGur ayn Topnenam, B- yulersnan ve annaparos, ycraHosner- Hox Ha Gepery nponmsa.Floruénm Gonee Tecnu enovex «Basa» mpematenn Cronmya Busanran KoHCraHTHMonons ccuranace cambim ykpenneHHbim ropo- ‘fom Enponss. M xorga yare npakriaveck '8ca TeppnTopi Broporo Puma Otina 3a- xBavena Typkamu-ocmaHam, Cam Fopon, ewe nepxxanca. Ho npmwen w ero wepen, Hesagonro no najeHmn KoHcTaHTHHo- ‘non 8 Hem oBbABHNCA NYWeuHEN AEN Ma- cctep YpGan, no npovcxoKgeHMIo BeHP. ‘On npegnoxsnn cBon yenyra maneparopy BusaitTav, Ho 3anpocan 3a WAX ChimKON Gonsuyo cymmy, u OF ero yenyr oTKasa- sauce. OBveKeHHeiM macTep OOpamanca K ‘cymmary Mexweny Il, wen soficxa rorost- sauce « ocane KoHcraHTanonona. Yp6aH 3a ABM, HT MOXET NOCTPOMTS MyLuKy, KO- ‘Topan paapyumr Moule cTeHbl. Mexmen, I npeanoxnn emy axanopakbe eueTaepo Gonbuie, em Tor 3anpocin. BeHrp oT- ‘awn GaTapeto ruraHTCKIX AYwWeK, CaMOM wagecTHof va Koropex crana 6ombapaa «Baswinkay secom 8 32 ToHHE. KannOp ctpona 6bin Gonee 800 mat. Ona morna Cctpenste ngpaMn eecom Gonee nonyToH- ‘bl Ha paccToRHMe Ao AByX Kunomerpot Becnoit 1453 rona TypKu nogseani K cTe- Ham KoncTaxrawonona ocanyio aprane- ‘pio. Xora cxopocrpenbwocTe «Basnvkvo pina Bcero Cems SEICTpeNOS 6 eH, 2 ratroane napa npo6Bann creHbl W Py- wn Gaus. 29 wan ee apo paspy.nno ‘acto CTeHt, M8 ropon BopBANAce ocMa- ot. KoncranTunonont nian, 2 uaneparop orn6 @ 6010. BnpoueMm, sToro YpbaH yxe He yewen: oH norM6 NpH B3pLIBe AHO 8 CBOMK rHraHTeKMK nyweK. B mysee cronmust Maonesinn DbxaKap- ‘eects menesHaa nyuika, uMeHyeNan «Cn iro», Ha saqHeli uacTH KoTOpOM w306pa- ‘eva MATEPHA, ChoxeHHan B sxAe Gur 3ra nywixa Geina otnura nopryranbuaMn ‘Ana 3auurret opra Manarn e 1641 ropy, ‘a nocne najlehna Kpenocta ee nepeses- ‘nw 8 Bataswio (Tak pakbule Hastisann Dyraxapry). Tam ofa Haxoqnnace 20 1841 rona. Flo ofmynansHon sepcnn, nywa 27a Guna nepenura wa wecTHaquaTH ma- neneKux nywiex. Ee ec 3,5 TOMA. On- ako 2xuTenn VingoHesin cuMTaIoT 370 opyane “ynorsopxim. Cornacno neren- ‘Ae OAMH BenbMowa nonywAn pacnopA- ‘xeHwe OT KOPONA CposHo OTMTS napy ywex. B cny¥ae HecnoneHHa pi asa emy rposwnia Kast. Hu macTepos, HM Matepnanos Benbmona He wMen, (On saxppinca noma c eHOM W Tam npo- ben HeKHt Marnvecknit o6pan. Haytpo ‘BMecTo ceMeMHOM napbi & OMe HaUlnA Ape nyu: MyAccKyIO W xKeHCKyIO.B 3a Hei acta nepaor 6wina dura ~ cAMBOR ‘nnopoponua 8 MHgoHesnM. B HegasHiem NPoulnom scemeliHyio napy> nyweK KO- Pont abi npuBes B caoV0 cronMuy Cono. Ho myxcckan nywka c gro ncuesna, ee norom oGvapyxnnn 8 Baran. Ken- ‘ckaR Jo cHX Nop HaxopmTcA 8 Cono. A Bor MymcKaR nywKa OKPymeHa eH CKMM BHAMAHMeM. [lo MeCTHEIM nose baw, ecnu GecnnopHan AaMa nocuaNT ‘Bepxom Ha nyulke, To BcKope sa6epeme- BOEHHAA HCTOPHACamnie, caMnie... He mpo6osmx, a GomGapza 3hamenutTan Llape-nyika Gena orniTa 1 1586 rony pyccnm mactepom AKapeeNt Yoxostin. Ceoe Haasanne ova nonysna He 3a orpowbie pasMeps, a 32 TO, TO Ha Heit Gun wa0GpaneH uape enop Moar osu, no npuKaay KoTopOro ow M Gena usrorosnena, lape-nyika Obina sanece- va 8 Knury peKopjos lnnecca Kax rnan- ocraonstoe opyane camoro Gonbuoro Kamm 6pa. Pasmepoi 370A nywki neficranTenbHo opanaior: Anuwa ~ 534 cM, BHEWHA ‘awamerp creona ~ 121 cm, ec ~ 2400 ny- ‘R00 (39 312 Kr). Bonbulicreo wcropH= Kos gonroe spema cunrann, so Uape- ‘nya ~ 370 Apo60BHK, TO ecTb opyane, penwasnavennoe crpensTs _ApO6bio. Ho 8 1980 rony ee ocmoTpenn cnewn- anwcret wa Aprannepiiickois axaneninn, nnocne vero Gein cnenaH BbIBOA, TO Uape-nywxa ~ 270 He ¥T0 mHoe KaK 6OM- apna, npenwaaHavenHan pana crpenb6o1 amentsin spam. Mono6Heie nywkA yknapbieaniice Ha AepesAnHste KoNORD! cpy6ts, a caaqn 3a6ueannce cean Min sossonMnnce KApNMAbIe cTeHEL ANA ynopa. flo mieHao cneynanicros, v3 Llape-nywxn cTpenana Kak MAMungyn ‘aim paz. Nocne nopameniun apn Te- pa | non Hapaofi no aceit Pyca cHmmann KonoKona ANA Toro, fobs nepenna- fms wx 8 HobIe nyilKH. B MocKoBcKOM Kpemne 6tina yenan arapen rraHTcKMx CTapunnb0x OpyAKis, On TORE NOUN B nepennasxy. Ho Ha ape-riywKy Aame y Tlerpa | we noppianace pyra. B ucropian pepKo Obieano, Korga opy- ‘Me cozpananoce niwe AA Toro, TO- Ge! o6crpennsare onHy-enMHcTBeHHyIO ens. Ho mmeHHo Tak cnysnnoce ¢ afla- PMKcKO nyuIKoia, KOTOPyIO MaroTOBMNM ckmiounrensHo Ana o6cTpena pakuuys- ‘koWt cronmus Y 37oro opya~ma Ann ceepxnansie CcrpenbGel cpasy HecKonbKO _HasBaHWi: eMlapwxckan nywkar, eTpy6a_ xailzepa Bunbrenbmay, «Konoccanto. O6uwi nec ‘nnardbopms-nagera 256 Tow, Aria cTBO- sna 28 m, Kann6p ~ 210 mae. Opyane Grin yeTaHoaneHo Ha meneaHonopoxHoi nnar- ‘opme. Nywka moma nocemnat> cHapad Ha paccronne jo 130 Km. JIA pacvera ‘paekropwn auicrpena Ha fanbHue ANC ‘Takuan WicnonssoBanM ame cMHONTHKOS Buneres ws creona, cHapag aoctaran Bb corel 8 40 Km. MTepecHo, WTO M3-3a CH= Horo nasnenna nopoxosbx ras0s KANAB bicrpen yaenwunsan kanv6p creona. Mo- TOMY KarKABiM chenyroulM chapAR Mor 6uiTb Gonbule npenbyaywyero, a Wx BEC KO- ‘neGanca oF 103 fo 118 Kr. Orcrpenns 65 ‘cHapanos, craon nonyiexan 3amene. Opy- ‘awe oGcnyxuean 80 YenoBeK Bo raBe C anmnpanom. Nepasii cxapaa ynan wa Na- pox 24 mapra 1918 ropa. oHawany napw- >xaHe He NoHMMANK, noveMY 8 Hx ropone HeoxngaHHo rpemat eapbienl. 3a 44 HR o6ctpena 6eino seinyuyeHo 367 cHapAnos. 267 Yenosex norvGnu, 620 ~ pakeHts, Ho avnky Bbsaeare He rionyunnoce.Basrycre 1918 ropa o6crpenti npexparnnce. = aes Tognomusri uenesp Covercxan aususnontan nya 33 xanw6pa 76,2 mi crana caMtsmtmaccoBsit opynitem TaKoro Knacca no KonMMeCTEY suinywennenx 23eMMMAPO® 22 epeMA Bropoit muposori soit. Bcero Gain varoToaneno Gonee Cra TCs TaKIK ny- lwek. Acneyranvcret npnaHani 3/3 ca- moi nyse ceoem Knacce. Ho 8 Havane sont raxan nyu Thae- omy aprunnepniickomy ynpasnenno PRKA Gouna He HyHa. No3roMy pas pa6orxa 3MC3 Havanace noanonso, NO MHOR MHNWMATHBE reHaMEHOrO covercxoro opyxelinixa Bacinnit [pa Sma. B pyxovoacree TAY m HapKowara GopoHs Cunrann MyuKH TaKOFO Kam 6pa Gecnepcnextuasinn. A 8 1942 rony 3UG3 8 cpouniom nopanKe npn va soopymenne PKA. Bonbume novepn Ha pore Kochynnce He TonsKo mone, Ho # aprunnepan, Boinycr me 3MC3 no- OMAN NocTakHTe ee Ha KOMBeTeD varovosnaTs pykann —MeKeanngugn- osanien paboux, Ona Sisna npocra 8 npomseoncrse. Bropsim npewmyuye- creom sToro opynna crana ero Kpaiiann HenpwxoTHMBOCT ® yCROSMAK }poHTa Tperse — HesepomTHo GeicTpo MOXHO Geno noprorostTs Hoss aprannepi- 708 ana 34:3, NosroMy nyuKy 4acro cpanvnsarerc Tankon T34, Tame, KaK ahamenmtei Taxk, 3C3 Guna npocra w agemia. CkopoctpensHocte 3MC-3 ~25 auictpenos a munyry, nanbHocte crpent- 611 ~ 13 na, Bec 8 6oeeom nonoxenn 1200 x.BuicrpemsrB Kocmoce B cospementolt darracrume mHoro RawyT No MoWHBIE NazePHbIE NyLIKH, KoToptian OcHaleHb! KOCMMMECKHE KO- a6nn Gyaywero. OgHaKo mano Komy WSBECTHO, TO CaMOM nepsoit NywIKOi, KoTopaa rionaa 6 KocMOC M Goina Tam Wc- risrrava, okasanace nyuiKa, cOsniaHHan Ha ‘ocHOse aBnayMOHHO nyu HP-23 (Hy- enbhara-Puxrepa). ‘Sry abvanywky Havann paspa6arbieaTs ewe 80 spe Benno OrevecteeHHori Bolin. B 1944 rogy ee ycranasnusann a urrypmosuKn Mn-10. Mlocne Bove oHa ‘oxazanace Ha BOOPYKEHWM PeaKTHBHENX ucrpe6urened w GombapanposunKos, a oTOM ona oKazanacb & KocMace. CoBeT- ‘CKO PyKOBONCTBO NomySMNO MHopMa- unio 0 Tow, so & CLA sko6ts paapa6arb- alor KocMAuecKHe annapaTes,cnocoBHiNe Gpatb Ha aopaan covercxne cryTHHKi, Tlostomy Ha Gaze HP-23 paspaGorann YwWy, KoTOpaA Morna CTpeNATb B KOCMA- eckom BaKyyme. lanbHocTe crpenb6bt Kocmonywia cocrasmana 3 KM, 8&c CHa pana ~ 200 r. Anna creona ~ 1450 mM, bec ~ 39 Kr. AAA ctpens6u1 npuxoAMNoce paseopaunsare 20-ToHHYIO KOCMMUECKYIO CraHuno, 4roG1 npauenmTocs. Orsay ‘RYH @ HeBeCOMOCTH KoMNeHcMPORANA 3a C¥eT BkmO4eHNR nBUTaTenel KOCMAYE- ‘ckoro annapara. Sy nywiky yeraHosunn a Kocumveckom Kopa6ne «Canior-3o, B aueape 1975 ropa v3 Hee npomssenn WC- nurrarentkyio crpens6y @ Kocmoce. Bce ‘Mpouino ycrewiHo, Ho Gonbwe opyxne B KocMoc He ompasnann. os eee sietericr ad epee Orxemumapom Mleowapqo a Buixn npocnasmncn Me TONBKO KaK XYAOKHIK, HO M KaK KOH- Cpykrop, onepenwewinit cBoe BpeMA. Vin 6sinn wao6perensi napaw, 80n0- nasteit KOCTON, TaHK M Benocnnen, Vs- BeCTEH OF OBIT H KaK BOEHHEIT MHKEHED. Fleonapno Aa Burn npenNONNN TaKKe conepuiehio Hosoe Hanpaanenne & paa- sua aprannepan. Ero nya crpenara ‘cmoMoujbo orn w napa. Bes nopoxosoro sapanal Mywenein cTBon, NO mescnn re- ts Hago cnenare Ws menHOitTpyBe4,OnmH NoHey KoTOpOM aKynopi M RoMeCTiTs #8 new. C apyroro Kora TpyBEl axa ban napo, a 2a HM HaxoAHACe KaMepa. Wines ryna,orna tpy6y pacran oroH, 3anneanace son. OSpasosasuiniica nap ‘oT Giicrpo cnaprMUIecA BOM! Bb SSpaceiean ciapan va craona ¢ orpownont HavaneHo” cKopocrio. Tax 06pa20" renni'anox Bospoxennn XViperen30- ‘pen npoext naposor nywKn - newesoro ws abbeKmHEHorO opyxn. BnocnencreMn opo6Hoe opyaule NlonbTaITCR coaRare ‘pyre KoHcTpyKTopHL. Bo spews Tepeoit ‘mnposoit sores knit opy erin wso6pen naposyo nywny Ana 6opEGel ¢ ‘aavaynelh npormsHuKa. Ho ora, Enpowen, aK w apyrve npoekms, oKazanace ManO- a$pexrusHolt, 3270 naposan mywika /leo- tapno aa Bran Ann Toro spemenn Grima ‘Get snonve gocrynria cTexHinvecKoit TONKA apeHnR m MoTnA Gor VenoMD30BaTHCR, Ha Nipwmep, Kak Kpenocrian mya. B Howe ‘penta sTyvacTe coGpanu TaKoe opyAWe wyenewno ero wentiTan. Xoveuls mpa ~ rorosbcn x Bove! Ne- pen nerynnenen 80 Bropyio mipo8yo Coenunenniie rare cosnann caMoe onwoe nonesoe opyane 8 cBoett ncrO- pin, Ero cosnarenn cuHTanM, sO Texan nywika NOHaROGMTCA ANA paspywieHiA ykpennennit Ha nMHMM 3urpuga. ‘Sry nonocy o6oponirensisn yxpe= IneHnit MANEHEpHBIE BoiicKA BepMaX- Ya poaeenm ta aanaqnbx rpanvuax Tepmann 1936-1939 rogax. B navane softs axrno-panuyscnne Boia He PMCKHYAN ee UTypMOsaTD. Noche 33- xeava Opanumn yepenpaiion TaK M He 6.in pasopyxen. Bor Ana Hero-T0 ewe 8 1941 roay Ha Boopyxenie apmnn CLUA w Gbina npunata ray6nua M-1 KannGpom 240 mat B mutnyty ona stscrpenueana fo RByX GeTOHOBOMH‘NX HK dyracitsx ‘apnnos 160 kr Becom Kanai a pac- ccrontine Gone 23 xm. Bec Toro rurayra npestiwan 25 Tow, C cenraGpn 1944 rio mapr 1945 roma 6arapew M1 apm CWA Kpyunnn ob0pOHiTeNbHE co- opyxenin Banazworo wana (raK tenept HeMUbt Cran Ha3BaTb NMHC 3urhpH- fa}, NpoKmanean ryt CeoMM TaHKaM MW nexore. Tipit Tom aMepuKancxne aANCTH noGAnK nyrare epara, KPH no-Hemeykn 8 supe: > Copa, sbniecenmbie B saronoBok, xpacylorca Ha rep6e PorrepnaMa. Takoii eau xHITET wa6pamt ce6e B cmyrisie yx Epon Bpemenia rloszHero CpemHeBeKoBEst, KOrIIa SYTb JU He KAKU BUT roy apMMM 3aBOeBaTeNIeM MpeqaBayIM OTHIO He TOMBKO roponia, HO M LevIbIe CTPAHEI. ‘Teneps PorrepnaM — Kpymefumi nopr Export 1 Bropoii no penmsmue ropon Toman. X ‘Mop crann o6xwears Gonotucruie Gepera Hovoro Maaca,Censinich ech 8 OcKO=NiOM phat pars. Ta, ne BHO- BK sssiaacsnanana pesyuna Porte (onyman), yaa Ha Hepecr axoqnna KOcAKA Cenoa¥y,v Bo3Hikno nocenevine B 260 ony Tens neperoponina Porre naGo, 706s! aur oT azroninevinn chon an, Teneps He Ocranoce cepa OT TOA pew ~ aMECTO Hee ro ropony wet ya, Ho nenHo CMoNeNa crponTenscraa jan NawanoceAoCxOMsine POTTepRala(AOcnOBNO ~ «Hahaha Pores EL EY.T) interred alr ome a aoalsegenslad it ape Meme t ‘eni o6uyanbi ABwnicb K BunneMy IV, fpagy FonnaHslcKoMy, c npoceGod Npen|OcTasHTs npasa Ha caMoynpaseHine, bopMuposakHe ‘ononveni, Boanenenie ykKpenneniii x npoxe cAoGoAH, rlonoMeHHbe B Te BpeMena ropogaM. BMECTO KOHCTpYKTUBHOTO AMaNOTa rpad No Can aoiicka, «TOG ycMnpitTe HeNOKOpHEK NOBaHHbIX Te, OAHAKO, OKAZANMCE He POBKOFO AECATKA: BOOPYIKAMMC> CaM, MAHAN HECKOMIKO ppoiuapelt cHeGonbuMMa APYAKHHaM, a KOrRa MoRBHNACe rpaspcrMe congaTe, OTKPSITN fiaMGy. Te, KTO He yTOHYN M He ycrien GemaTo, Gein Go nepeGires,nt60 aanral 8 nes fopowaHe noTepAMu Acero oAHoro YenOBeKa, YONS OKONO COTHA Bparos. BunNeM cAance H NpeAOCTaBHA Portepnany craryc ropona. AB 2 orezzee man can Syprnacirorepuore Suna NoSpere Toma wecronsto emponehnntFooRepe cow ‘saccanamut nbiranutce cHnof o6ocHoBaTe cRoH NpHTABaHHA Ha paaHble eM, a ropONAHe, KAK BCerAa, cTaNH KepTeAMN pacnpe ‘eonanoe. Porrepaanusl orkazannce oTKpbiTe BopoTa GyPryHALAM, 2a STO NONNATHNCe LITYPMOM, OXECTONeHHEM YAMUMEIAN GORA H ocnenyioujns paarpa6nenview. Bo pens nokapa BAINK YHUMTOKEHE Ace AePEBAHHBIe NOCTPOFIRM B FopOne, aK MOMEHTY BO\!~PEHHA MAPA ‘8 Porrepaame ocraganace ejea ni He NeTBeprb HaceneHMn ABaALATHTEICANHOFO FOPORA. 1479 Soca Pores nonce spun Maxie AacrpicnoraopoRocasancn nsnceTe Sop Mace a (repmancxoro uwneparopa) n Opanlan 2a ananeHn® BypryHaNM. B HRX 8 uncne npowex 3eMens Bxoqia w FonnaHANA. TonyAs orpomoe Bypryncxoe HacnegctBo, MaxcHMunian cTan HaBoplTe CROM NOPRAKM, UTO He BCTPeTINIO NOHMMAHHR y FopOxaH. PorTepAaMs, oacTpeKaenie Mhogosnkom Opanuyackias, nOpHANA BOCcTaNHe. ABCTPHIICKHe BOIicKa BIANH FOPOR 8 NNOTHOE KONEYO, BCKOpe Havana FO- non, Ocaxgenibie Cpamanice OTaAHHo: COBEPUIANM BbINaBKH, OTGHMBANK LsTYpMbs, Ha CKOPY!O Pyky BOCCTaHaBNMEanM paspyWleHHore YuacTAH ykpenviewi. Noa crenama Porrepnama cnoxnni ronoae 47 poiuapelt MaxcHMuana, wMesLIAX npago Ma sKBaApaTHOe SHANA” ~TO eCTb PAC‘onaraswne co6crsenHinn HeGoneuinnn apmnnmn. Tone 0 noTepAX OcaxsaIOUINK CkasaT> HEBOSMORHO: NPOCTEIK COMAT, CAE M ODYHE~ Hocyes HikTo we cuwran. Hacenenne me ropoga 2a rop| Oca CoKpaTIAnoCe BRBOR - no T2 TeICRY KUEN T1489 Beer srorsccorse ovoyes tment 108 me perma so ror pasa eerie nc serie ‘Maxcimnnvan ycren norepnets pan TAKeNsXx nopaxeKiit or DpaHuyn v NaMe FOR NPOBeCTH Nog apecTOM s BpiorTe, ITO Goin LuetTp ronnalacKoro maTexa npoTHs MHOCTpaHHOro BMewaTenscTBa, a PorTepgaM y4aCTBOAN B BOCCTAHNM HapaBHe CnPOUMMM KDYNMBIN -Menkwn ropogan. auoKeHHbit npeGeisaHMeN nop apecToM y 6ioprepos, Maxcrwunvak nogasnan GyHT c ocoBeHHO wecToKOCTHIO. locne Hecronbxmx MecRYes Ocaadl, KOTOPAR YHECHa HECKOMBKO COTEH MUBHE!t, OH COPMACHIICR NPMITD Mule Ge3yCNOBHYNO KAnMTYARUWNO. 3a KE ‘Boro ymepuiero npu asyx ocanax piyapr MaKcHMAnMaH NpMKasan NOBeCHTD No AeCATS BAW rOPOKAH, SarOAOSpeNHEIK 6 NOCOGHMYECTBE 6yHTosuyHKaM. (Ce Yes ect! chassis eetataetrdh "fe sega Met ‘coGmonan mepei npenocropoxnoctu. Topoxane Aaxe sannoflospiNM 8 pacnpoCTpaNeHHM 3apasb1 KOMKYPeHTOB-aHTBEpNeHLES, (OnwaKo rpananoshesi nowap npexparin Kak pasrosopti 06 anivjeMnn,TaK M caMy ariyemn. B PoTTepiaMe NPOCTO He OCTanOCs HMKOFO, KTO ‘Mor 611 22GoneT». Orns yawuTOXHN He TONBKO Bonbuyo WaCTE roPoNa, HOM GONUMHCTBO ropOxAH. BnpoweM, MNOTMe us MUX NpeAYCMOTpH- ‘TenbHo OcraBHMH pontbie OMA ewe RO NO:KApa, M HMeNHO BORBpATABLINNCR KrenenMujaM ropOn OOF3aH ONepeNHEAM BOCCTAHOBNeHMEM. 1572 eee ae coor oct npinpen res ‘ip aor oa Tr ea varnani vcnanuea, poTTepgaMub! BOccTank W nepeGu rapHiaoH, VcnaNcKAM connaTaM Me OxONO AayX NeT 2aAepxIBANM MANO- Balibe, w oMM feficraosann Ha coBcTBeHHBIA cTpaK M PHCK, He NOAWIKARCE Hi reHepanian, HM NpaBHTenbcTay. VcnaHckaA apMnA Bsa ropOA, ‘yTe ni He c HacKoKa MC on}HOH Yenbio: Ha npHNepe PorTepnaNa PewAnM Npoy4NTe romaHA\es.Mlocne BypHoro, Ho HenPonOMKHTENSHOTO ppasrpaGnevina ropon 6iin nonowexeH co Bcex cropox fopoxaH, KOTOPWE MEsTaNHCe TYME NOwapH,, McnaHcKMe cTpenkH Y6uBaNK, copeBHY- ‘cl 8 MeTKOCTH Py eMHOH CTPenb6W. K yTpy OT KPynHOrO TOProBOrO Foponia OCTANMce OAM yh M HECKOMbKO KaMeHHBIK saHih GLY. 11 Visa cen manne amu can pe yl teh a ela -cegaat ‘npapvrenscrea Hnjepnakyj0e pazopyxuTe apMuo a AonycTiTe Ha CBOI TeppuTopMo HeMeUKne BolcKa. Fontana! OTKABaNNCb, paccunroieaa Ha Hennoxo noproroRneHHylo oBopoHHTensHyIo Minuto Fpe6Ge M «Kpenoct fonnanaino» KoTOPHe AOMKHD! ObINA 3aUyAULATE ‘AeeATS AUeWSH v TpH CoTHM CaMoneTos. BaxHeituinM onopHEiM nyHKToM nnn [peGGe Guin Porrepnam. Ye 10 man Tyna Guin siGpoweN He- ‘Meu napausoriei qecanT, a Bckope ABaquat ABe repMaHCcKMe AMBHSM, ROAAIEpKAHHBE NATEIOCOTHAMM TaHKOS M TaKMM Ke KOMAYECTBOM Canonero®, cman ronnanpckyio o60poHy. Npononxann epxarbca nue OTHeNbHBIe ONOPH¥e NyHKTH, BTOM uucne ~ PoTrepAaM. BrpoveM, pasnrensctso ye roroso Geuno KaniiTynposaTe, 0 YeM Grino yBesIONNNeHO KOMaHOBAHe BepMaxTa, OnMaKO OKONO wecTAeCATA GoMGap- ANposuyykos, KoTopEe KOSH He ycrienK Nony'HATe NpHKas O6 oTMeNe BEINeTe, cEpOcUNH Ha POTTepAaM OKONIO cra TOHH GoM. Bein yHNYTONEH y\actox sactpoiikn pasMepom 2,5 KeanparHoro KHoMeTpa, NOTWGNM HeCKONEKO TEICAN muITeNeM, elje BOCEMBECHT TBICRY YenOBeK OCTaMACE 6e3 xposa, fonnanaus Ty me KanéTynMpowara 6e3 BCAKHX YeHOBHi, 1940-1944 Pere i seywvcesia tenant 8186 ry 2 ena iirem cpus erage opoecrs neo ‘npaeku Ha npwnyaurensiie paGors B peli Tpexcor Tica GbIRLUMX ronnaHAcxiX< BOeHHOCRY KAU. MpoTeCTe BINA onasere Hemyamr: 8 Portepfiame NorHGnH OKONO TpeXCOT HemOBeK H elle HECKOMEKO flecATKOS Otis KaB}eHB! NO NPUTOBOPY BOeHHO-NO- nenoro cypa. 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Bbison He OYeHD NOrMUHbn, ockonsky He CoorseTcrsosan AencTaN- AM OpMTaHYes, YHAYTOKABWAX BCE, TO onananoce wm nop pyky. 3aTo Tenepe Comagana HeoGxomMMocT> BeCTH CBONX. ogunHeHHix 8 Gor, Tem Gonee 4To No npunereawnm or «fnamopraHa» ocxonou- Ho-byrachbim cHapAnaM MOXHO 6bINO rnerKo Aoranareca ~ Npopbss K aapoRPO- My He Byger nerkim, Banomennble aprenTaHUaMn — MvHbt ‘ssopsamicb, Jonenas To, WTO He ycnenit Aonenats Kommangoc. Bce onmnwaqyars ‘camonetos Ginn yanuToxents. OcKonos Hele pavienina rionyannu tpoe Gpuranyes, Inpnvew Boe va Hux nocrpagan 80 Bpe Ms U- Teneit Wn axe YOrATe Koro-TO M3 Noce- ‘menyes... Mei orcrynunn 8 GesonacHoe ecto, Goinh nogoGpane! Bepronerann «Ga Kinaro n goctasnensi Ha eTepmec 37a onepayan sHaunTenbHo orpaHi- wna BoaMoxKHoCTA apreHTMHckoii aBMa- ‘uw, a cnegoBatenbio, ckisina yposeHb oTepb, MoHECeHHEK 6puTaHyamn pH sbicanKe Ha Oonknesax. 3a cneyone- aun npwiecna noGepy # olive. ‘© OnerNoKPOBCKMA BOEHHARUCTOPHA 37MOHCTPBsI BOMHBEI HEBESY4UME TATAHTbI CTAJIAH Cynepranku Crpansi Cozperos OKa3ayIMcb NpomarawyMcrckKuM Hexoropsie o6pasiin! BoeHHOM TeXHMIKM, HABOTMBUIMe Ha Tapa- ax CTpax Ha NOTeHjayEHBIX MPOTHBEMKOB, B []eViCTEMTETBHO- (CTH OKaSbIBAJINCh COBEpUIeHHO GeCOMOMIHBIMM M HEHYKHBIMM Ha nome Gos. Takas yx MM BbITIana fons — ObIT MyTavioM DIT BparOB MPeyMETOM BOCKMINCHUS B71 CBOMK COTPAKNAH. Ce core scree HINA B KOHYe 1930-x ronos Crana ce- pia Tamentix naTHGaweNHonc TaHKOS 35. Vix us06paxerie Nonsunocs ame Ha Me- ‘ann «3a otzarys. Ho orpomtie 6oeebie ‘maths ycrapenn euje K Havamy Bennxort OrevecTeenHol soit, wx Aebior Ha none GOA 3aKOHUMNCA ANIA MINK NlevamibHO. Bonswnicrso ws Hix nae He ycreno cae- rare pbicrpena no spary. Hemnorue yue- nesume T-35 cerogia crana csoero pona aMATHNKoM ORHO! M3 TyNMKOBEIX BeTBe paseirtan GponeTaHKosOi TexHiKi. Toporoit 1 nenayenanit Kak Hu ctpaHo, HO cTpowrenscra0, 37oro cynepralka Haan ceynanncret vs Tepmannn, 8 mapre 1930 ropa nparna- were 8 CCCP ann npoeKraposannn ‘ak HaabiBaemoro Tanka npopsiea. pynny HemeuKux nrokeHepos Bo3rnasin 3ayapA porte. Ho, npopa6orae e CoaercKom Co- Jose uyre Gonbule roma, HeMubl yexann Ha poanny, a cosnannoe nmin KB sosrnasin ‘mononofi m sHepriunbil moKeHep HiKo- sant Bcesonogosm4 Bapsixos. Hosoe KB onyswno oT YnpasneHna mexaHMaayAn PKKA aananne: «K 1 aarycra 1932 rona paspaGoratb u noctpour HOBBIA 35-TOH- Hui TaHK Npopwiea>. ITOH MaUIMHeE 2apa- Hee npuceounn wngeKcT-35, Copy nepsoro nporoTuna, nonyuns- wero o6osHavenne T-35-1, saKoMunnn 20 asrycra 1932 ropa, a 1 ceHTAGpA oH Goin noKasaH npenCrasrenam 32Ka34M- ka. Ha Hux Mauna npowsBena cANHOe tnewarnenue. BHeune T-35 Gain noxoMun Ha alrnniicknii onbiTHbi naTHGauieHHbiA ‘Takk «lAngenenged» gupmel «Bukkepe>, ocrpoeHneti 8 1929 rony. Ho cosercKne KONCTPyxTOpEI Npmuun KaTAGaWIEHHOA cxeme CaMOCTORTeNMbHO, He2aBNCUMO OT vx Gpuralcxinx Konner. BOEHHAR HCTOPHA Vao6panenin ranna -35 amecre cnoprperane coperoumxvoxAen noxio ua acToyaNeTe C6opky onsirHoro o6pasya sasepuii ‘nm 8 anpene 1933 ropa. 1 Mas oH npowien 0 apemn napaga no Kpacvoli nnowaan 8 Mocxse. BHewHni BMA TAXeNOFO TaHKa NpO- wasen fommHoe snevatneHue Ha une- Hos Coserckoro npaswrenscrsa, Ms konye man 1933 roga cepwinoe npo wssoncrso T-35 Hawanoce Ha Xapoxos- KOM napososocTpomTeNbHOM 3aB0ne wimenn KomantepHa (XN3). K npows- Bogcray T-35 nopKniounnn TaKKe He CKONbKO APYFMx 3aB0n08, 8 TOM 4ncre Vowopcxnii (6poneKopnyca), «Kpachiit OxrA6pe» (KopoGKn nepenas), PuGun- cana (qeurarenn) Hosan mama crowna Hemant ne er — Kanal TaHK T-35 o6xonuaica KaaHe 8.525 macs py6nelt [Ina cpasnennn—Ha 2TH me AeHErH MOKHO BsiN0 NocTpOHT> ‘eas nerxix TaHKos BT. Noaromy no- AROBHEDX TAKENEIK MaUINH GBINO BENE Ho cpashurensHo HeMHoro. Ho, TeM He mentee, T-35 poulen 8 HCTOpHO Kak est CToeHHt MHOrObAWeHHOI TAHK, Bb: cxaBuiniien cepuiito. B npouecce axcnnyaraunn T-35 su ABNNOCE MHOMECTRO HEAOCTaTKOB. C2 ‘Mui ABH HO HI EDINA CROKHOCT ynpasnesian TaHKOM B Golo. Ynpaanars ‘ornem natn GauleH, pacnonoxeHHOrx 8 ‘RBa Aya, OnHOMY KOMaHAMPY Geino MmpOcTO. Heso3MomHo. HeocTaTOuRbit ‘0630p He noagonan emy syaers none Gon. W noromy Komanaupsi Bauien Gein BUINYRAeHDL CAMOCTORTENSHO OTHCKH- are w yHMuTomaTS YeMK. MHOro npe- TeHaMit y TaHKHCTOR Gino HK xOROBO! actu F3. Tlocne Gesycnewnenx nonsirox yerpa tre ator HegocraTox ® 1939 roy 6xino InpMATO pewiehne ~ CHAD TAHK € NpO- wssoncrea. Bcero 8 nepwon ¢ 1932 no 1939 ron Geino nocrpoeHo fea nporo- ‘na (735-1 w 735-2) n 61 cepaivas a Kak >e Bbifnagen aTOT MOHCTp? TaHK 1.35 npencraanner co60i namuSawer- ye Goesyo nauinny AByxenpyeHtin pacrononenven eoopymenvn, Kopnyc Talika meer verupe euyrpentne nepe- ropont yrntynonanano paszenen va rare omaenevait nepenvie 6h c o- Crom ynpasneninn mexannia-sozirenn, ‘nasvien Galina, sophie Gan, MOTOP Ha xpoue oTfenenin nepennin: 2: ter ycTanoanerts wananw cpeaWan 6a van B nepood pasweuaeren nyneners fo BTopoit ~ Hanopnk sapmicalouih Tlepen wanom Gaumen eHyTpm KOPN Thastan Gaunn ycraHoonena Han opobre wecrarpanton Gop. B ome dlemupex unenos sxnnanca ~ KoWaHfanpa Ham omencraten sonHx Gaulen yer normshve nepenviw. 3a mano Gaunen WaxonHMTen 6en306aK euKocToo 270 1, a niony Kopnyca ~ yknaaKn cHapAos, arponos w 3M. Kopnyc Tana ~ ceapvoit. Fnaenan Sau HA c 76-mm opygwem ananorwuna no KoH- CcTPyKUMH rmaBHoit Gaune cpeanero Tpe) GaweHHoro TanKa 7-28. B saqHeh crenKe Kopmosoit Hum npopesavia BepTaKant- Han ulenb, 2aKpbITan 3aCnOHKOA, ANA YCTa- HOBKA KOpMosoro nynewera. [apHan Sawa ocHaujena nogsecHbim nonom. flog crgersamn Komananpa m HaBOni- ka HaxonaTca GoeyknagKu 6apa6aHHoro ‘wna Ha wecrs chapatos Kanan, penne 6awiin no KOHCTpyKUVAN Ta te me, Kak W Gaui slerkoro TaHKa BT- 3a MCKMIONEHMEM OTCYTCTBYIOWIeM KOP- Mosom HMM. B GawHe HaxonarcA nop- echbie cuAeHbA AByX uneHoR. Hasonunka 4 zapmxaioUlero, @ KPOMe Toro ~ GoeyknagKn nyueunbx ebicrpe: ‘HOB W nynlemeTHix marasHHo8. Mantle Gaui KOHCTpyKTABHO wAeH- ‘THuHbt ManbiMt GaulHAM TaHKa T-28. Top, ‘Manor Gauier Ha que TaHKa ycTaHOS: ‘neHo perynupyemoe no sbicoTe cMsleHbe, Ccrennaykn qna nynemerhx marasnHos 3anachol nyniemer, ynoweHHbi B cen ‘aNbHOM AUMKE, Boesan macca - 50 Tov. Dxunank 11 venopex. TaGapwrapie pasmepoi: amma 972 cM; lumpia — 320 cm; seicora ~ 343 cms knnpenc— 530.em, Tonunna 6ponn: Hoc Kopnyca, nepenHini anon Act ~ 50 mu Hoc Kopnyca, noGo8oi nucr - 30 ms opr Kopnyca, noGawennan opo6xa rastol Gaus, KopoGKa ‘masHoik Gaui, Kopma Kopnyca, 3aquime nUCTD! AHN KOPNyca 20mm pola Kopnyca, banbui6opr, epensire nucte anus KOpNyca, poiua Sawin - 10m Cxopocte qauxenua: ‘no mectHOcTH ~ 14 KN’ 3anac xona ~ 100 Ku, Boopymenn ‘ono opyaine KT-28 - 76 mm; ‘Rea opyawn 20K ~ 45 mm: luiecre nynemetos AT - 7,620, Tourarene -V-o6pa3itit ‘T2-yunungposeih xap6oparopHos M1711 500 nc. BOEHHARUCTOPHA 39MOHCTPBI BOKHEI rena nuyrpenneroyerpoictearanxa T.2Sinero aw ceepxy ncBoKy |-orneneavenepenyas ae Checren tates pets 1 “omenee anor 6a irene sapien IV-ncroproc ounce Women pore Mca ne 2M 2 5 Paocronta TK 41 fopyeseronorrens S-Mias crop Toa macromeropnyes 4 -Hoconaa yoranea4S-us crapmgoo. 1-yrener 8 Crennaxctrynenernscnaraaivon. 9 enaneacrapmaoe ah eaeepronn octane Nona ‘nen Gaus 10 raavarymewernsxnara2yon ‘anon oven 2aann Cou 11-Meranta cropanon 45-0 aGopryvopnyee. 12-flswearane Me 13-Frasns Spiro 14-Kopo6caneponas, 15 Bermnarop, ‘estar. 17-Crneree panvera 19-Tioxoppoecwiense 16 Camere nabonna 18-Gimerce wexaeca-soquens, 20- Cee opment, Boopymenne 7-35 npenHasHavanocy [Ana pewenua cnegyiouynx saps: non RepXKN nexoT! MW YHHNTOXeHMA none- sex GopmapuKaynoHHEK coopymennh (76-mw nywxa n nynemero!) m GopeOot ¢ Sponeosexram (45-ma opynA. Boexonnnexr Tanka cocToan 396 apr- seicrpenos Kann6pa 76-mm (48 rpavar 48 wpannene), 226 ~ 45-ma (113 6pove- Gott m 113 ockonouwo-byrachoox) 10 Te1cas 7/62-mmenatpoHos. Ha TanKax 7-35 acex cepwi ycraHos- ne wevsipextaxTatsit 12-uAnniApoBeit V-o6pasHtiit KapGroparopHbit asa ‘onntidt apnratent M-17. Maxcamanohan ‘MouHOcTe asmrarena - 500 nc. ‘Sxomacx Maus! Goenoii Tlepssie cepniitie manne T-35 no- Cryninn 8 5: TaXxenbi TaHKoBBIA nonk Pesepsa Tnastoro Komangosana (PTK) 8 XapeKoee. 12 eKa6pa 1935 ropa stor Nronk 6bin paasepHyT B 5-10 oTpenbHyIo Taxenyio TanKoByo Gpuraay. Opravwsa nonHo ofa cocronma Wa Tpex nMHeMHbIx TanKOBEIX GaTanboHos, omHOrO yHeGHO- TancE-25Boowotaaneiaes scomaemnnerotant ‘a MoRbpe 1941 roma " ro, GaranvoHa Goesoro oBecneveHnn MW Apyrxnonpaspenenuit. Mpnxasom aprowa o6oponoi or 21 wan 1936 rona Spnrany stinennnn 8 Peseps asxoro Komannosanna. Ova npenkasnavanace ana youwnennn crpenKosex n TaHKoBbOK Coennnennit np npopssse oCo60 can Hx W aa6narospeMenHo yxpennentisnx Nosnyn_nporwsHnKa. KpoMe Toro, © 1936 rony 8 Prsann now 3-1 taKeNOR ‘anxoBot Spwrane Gein cosnan ywe6ubit ‘TanKosbsit Garanbon T-35. Kanai Tank T-35 6sin cooero pona HeGonbuinm noppasmeneHneN, no KO- nuiecray nmunoro cocrasa pashim pnMepHo nexoTHoMy —ormeneHiMo. 3unank T-35 no cocronKWNe Ha 1936 ron cocroan: © Komanamp TanKa (crapuini nelire- natn). Ero mecTo 8 Gauine NE, cnpasa or ‘opyaina. OH sener orox ns nynewera AT, apmxaer npm nrowouun panwcra opynve, womanayer TaHKOM: @nomounK KoMaHANpa (nei wat). Ero ecto 9 Gawne NP2 (nepen- tian nyweutan). On seqet ron ¥9 45-wm opynua, sannercn saecruTenen oMahampa, oTeeuaeT 2a cocTomHiNe sce Fo BoOpyREHA TaHKa, BHe GOR PyKOBo: ‘ur noprorosKoi apramepwcros Wf: ‘nemeranos; ‘© rexsx TaHKonbid mnaquunit (20: cevrTexnik 2-70 patra). Ero Mecto 8 oF zRenennn ynpacnens. OM ynpasnaet [ABWKEHHEM TaHKa, OTBeYaeT 28 ero Tex hvecroe cocTonmne, BH GOR pyKOBO- ‘Ayr noproroBKo MexaHnKo8-sonuTenett wmoropucros; © mexaHMK-BopwrTen’ —(crapunna). Ero mecTo © Gaue NP3 (nepenHan ny. rnemetwan) y nynewera. OH sener orokt, ‘oGecnesnsaer yxon 32 moTopom, nana: rca samectarenem BoniTenn TaKKa, OT- jeuaer 2a cocToRHe BoOpy:KeHAR aul v3; © xomanaup aprunnepniicxoit Gaur san NT (wnaquini KoMaHanp 838070). EF0 mecro cnesa or opyaun. OX Bener oront, ‘otwewzer 3a cocTosHMe BoOPyMeHS aun © xomananp Gaunn N2 (orgenest vith Kowananp. Ero mecrO cnpaea or ‘opyans. OH stinonisier yHKWMN 3apR -xa\oUero, 8 cny4ae YOuTaR NoMOUHIKA Komanampa Tahka ener oro} ua 45-Mm nyu oTsevaer 3a COCTORHMe BOOPYe- sn Gaus 2; © Komanamp Gawnn N24, anh ny- weanan (ommeneHHoit Kowanaup). Ero ‘mecro y 45-MM opysu. On BeneT #3 Hero from, fenaercn 2aMecrieneM KoMaH ‘pa Gauinn N*, ovbewaer 29 cocronkine s00py men Gaui NPA; © mexanmx-soqueren mnapuinit(or- Aenenteii KoMaHAMp). Ero Mecro 8 6aus te N®4,cnpava or opyaia. On sinoniser‘ynnyin sapmxaiowero, obecnesisaer kop 3a XONOBO! UaCToKO MALIMHEs, @komanqup nynemeTHoit Mm (orpeneHHbit Komana¥p). Ero mecto e 6awne NPS (2ag- Han nynemerHaa). OM ener ron» ws nynemeta, oTseNa- er 2a cOCTORHMe BOopyxe- Han Gaus NES; © pagnorenerpaducr crapuiwit (ovgenenneitt omannanp). Ero MecTO 6 Gauwe NPI. OH o6cay- xweaeT — paqwocTaH- uno, 8 6010 nomoraeT sapmxare opyane; (© mexanmx-soqurenb crap- Caw nit (wnapuni Komanamp s2eoza). 3) KO, HaxOAMBULMXCA 8 NOHO Goe- van wnp sseona). On (On Haxonurca sHe TaHKa, OGecne- anaaet yxon 3a TpaHcmuccnelt W xono80H NacToIo, RanneTcR aamecrurenen crapuinits — MexannKa-BonHTena: © moropucr (wnanwnih ‘TexHik). OH HaxoquTca BHe ‘Tanna, Gecnewmeaet no- (CTORHNbIA yxoR 3a MOTOPOM, ero uacray m cMmasky, Viroro ~asenanyars venosex. Cems 3 TpwmaTn BOCEMH Tlomno 5-it taxenoit TaHKoBoi 6pi- rapt, Tank T-35 nocrynani 8 HeKoTo- ple BoeHHEe yueGHEIe saseneHAR. TaK, No paHHbM Ha 1 AHBapA 1938 ropa, & PKKA wmenca 41 taHkT-35. K Tomy epemenn crana yike AcHa CO: nnrenstan Goesan YeHHOCTS STH Ma~ um. EAMHcTaeHHOe, re OHM CebR NpO- Tank 35 w96paxent vawepamcdaeary> ‘harv6awevnistiraranriacocrana 8-70 enopmjea, pouienaun coo aornaxeM ‘spavowe Aybrommane 14 on ABM B NONHOM mepe, Gbinh BoeHHDIe apant. Haunian ¢ 1933 roga u annote ARO Havana BenuKoh OrevecraenHon ovine 735 yuacteosann go Bcex napa- ax 8 Mocxse u Knee. Ho Havana Benw koi Orevecraennoi Takn T-35 He yua- Ccraosann Hi 6 KaKix Goesbix neiicToMAx. Boesaa Kapbepa T-35 oxasaniach OveHs KoporKoih. 21 won 1941 ropa 18 24.00 B nonkax 34-1 TaHKO- om AvewaM, pNcnoUMpO- fearbax 8 Tpynene-Arennow- ‘cKomioro-sananHee /Iss08a, ‘OGpAeHN TpeBory. TaHKH sanpaswnn w seigenn Ha ‘onion, re Havanacb 32- pyska Goekownnexta. B one nocnemyioux 60- esbox nevicrami sce T-35 8-ro Mexkopnyca 6bin noTepAti. Vs TpwnyaTa BoceMM TAH: ‘OH FOTOBHOCTH, MMs CEM Gsm Be on6unst w cropenn Ha none 60. Cyas6a ewje opnoroT-35 Tak mocranace HEBBIACHEH- Hof, Ocranbibie TpuRUaTS TaHKos Obinn Gpowenbs onoMKH xonoBoR vacTA, Hix pMKYMOHOB. Aisa Tanna 7-35, sowenune 8 Cceoptsit TaHKOBbiA noMk Bo- ceHHoi akagemnn MoTopHsayiiA 1 MexaHWGauNn, yYacTBosann ' oxraGpe-HonGpe 1941 roma s GoRK c Ha~ ‘cTymajounMM HeMeUKHMN BOricKaMN NOR Mocksoi. lonpo6Hocri wx Goesbix neli- ‘craw wenapecruss, Ho @ poKyMeNTant- Hom anbwe «Buea 2a MOCKBY», CHATOM 8 1941-1942 ropax, ecre Kappa ¢nanraroulu- Mvica no nonko GoA pByMA TaHKann T-35. Ho 37H Kaper nocraHoso4Hble ~ anKs0R NOCHEQHEE CPAHKEHME B nepabie negenn soit! onMH 735, nonnoctbio ucnpasseit OcrasnenHbiit, BMAMMO, ma-3a He xearkn Tonsmea, 6bin oTnpasnen HemeyKMM = KoMaHqoBannem Ha ‘Tankopbtit nonnron B Kymmepcnop- he, rae Goin TwarenbHo msyuen He- MeyKumu wioKeHepamn. Mpa 3TOM Hemubi oTMeNanm, To ¢ TpaHc- NOprMposxoh mau! sosHMKnN poGremes ~ Tank He Bnucbisanca 8 meneaHonopoRHDIN raGapur, a epexmiovenue peivaros Gbino He- ePORTHO TAMeNbIM u uaHYPHTeN- Him qenom. flanbuenuian cyaL6a 2Toro TaHKa TowHO HewBsecTHa, XOTA, BOSMOMHO, TO MMeHHO C STM 3KzeunAApoM cBAzaH no- ‘cnegunit cnyyait Goesoro npume- HeHima T-35, oTHOcAUIMiICA K KOHLLY anpena 1945 ropa. B xone Goes 2a Bepnmn oun rpodeiinpii T35 cmc- RbrratenbHoro nonurona B Yocce- He 6bin axmoven cocrae 4-i1 pore! ‘1-ro TanKogoro nonka eepmaxra. B cocrase sroii pore rank yuacrao- an 8 6onx 8 paiione nonurona, rae BcKope n Gein noaGur. ¢ 7-35 kimemarorpagucte! cunmann nop, Kazanbio, ye ® KaNecTBe «akTepoe> ysa- craosann TaHnn T-35, HaxoamBMMecs & ccocTase y'e6noro nonpasgenesna KasaH ‘caitx GpoHeTaHKosbix KypCoB yCosepUIeH- (cTaosanua Texnuveckoro cocTaea. o ceropHawnero AHA AOKUN nMWS oanH axsemnnap TaHKa T-35, KoTopein xpaHiTca 8 TaHKOBoM mysee 8 KyGniKe, © Anron BOPOHMH BOEHHAR HCTOPHACymrecrsyer norosopKa, coracso KoTopoit myammm TaMATHMKOM @BCTPWNICKMM BOCHHGIM ABIITCTCH OMlepeTTa, CaMBIM yala‘IEIM Tlomie cpaxkexit — Gays. Pasymeerca, ‘970 IyTKa, NOTOMY 4TO Ha IIPOTSDKeHMM NOTH NATH BEKOB apMMs Ascrpym Gaia onHoit wa mysumx 8 Mmpe. V1 06 9TOM HarmsyTHO CBMTeTeTECTBYeT sHaMeHMTEI BEHCIUG Myseit Apcenayt. FA to opt Hoot rpiae 3an Bo3BeCTM My3emt ApceHan MeX- Ay 1850 w 1856 ronamn. Ero aKcnosnyA CcocTasnevia v3 ysuix BoeMHED KONNeK- uni Ascrpwm ~ cena nepewwm npeame ‘Tela mnenepatopcxoro Llefxraysa, zamica JlaKceH6ypr, BeHckolt COKPOBMUIHHLD! M4 ‘nunbix wmnleparopckix cobpanii Cerogua myaeii Hacuwreteaer Gone 30 Toica¥ axcnoHaTOS, BKMIONAA M Cambie ‘peatine: Konbuyrw, nk, nocnexi, 6yna- ‘bi, niucroneTsl u Mioroe Apyroe. Tipezanna cTapunei rmy6oKoii Bonbuinicrso noneseix nywex 8 XVII XIX gekax @ Espone men cranaaprcit kann6p ~ 12 dysros, wan 120 wannnwe- poe, Ho Gein w HacTosuue ruranTes. Ha Inpumep, Moprapa «flymxapyp, KoTOpAA npepcrasnena s wy3ee. Ona wsrorosnena 8 Havane XV BeKa: Kan6p 3TorO «MOH ctpa> ~ 890 mi, To ecTb NONTH cTONSKO meHuTar Llape-nywka, orniran AKApeeM Yoxossim nionropa sexa crycra, B BeHCKOM mysee xpaHnTca GonbuaR Konexuta M Apyrux crapinkibix 6pOH30- ‘oix nyuleK, 8 TOM MINCE 1 paGores 3HaMe: Hutforo mactepa AHToHMA BerHKo: scero ‘8 Myaee oKono 550 aptannepiiicr¥x 3KC- © HawansHom nepyone passuTus oF HectpensHoro opykiin HanoMMlaior apreGysbi XV seka ~ on vs nepsbix 06- pas\ios esponeficKoro ornectpensHoro opyanis. ApKeOysa ~ mankocreonsHoe gurunsnoe aynbrosapamHoe pymbe, NO- sgnaweeca 8 1379 rogy 6 fepwannn. Ona Cctpenana KoporKoit crpenoit a TaKiKe Ka-MeHHbimi unit CBHHYOREIMM nynaMn. Bec fo cocrasnan oKono 3 KAnorpaMMos, ann6p~ 15-17 mm, 3nece xe npencrasnene! nepssie nM- ‘cToneTsl ~ opyxite ¢ KonecyoBsiMn 3aM- KaIMn, 8 KOTOPOM HEOGKOAMMAR ANA BOC ameHeHinn nopoxosoro sapAia McKpa Bbicexanacb C NOMOUIbIo BpaulaioujerocA onecuna c HaceuKon, Ho ace 21m danracraueckne no Tem epemeram opyAan 6binK 6b rpyROr e- rnesa, ecni 6st He mopM ~ conpaTet H Wx KomanAMpel, TaKne, Kak BOeHHDIM FeHiit XVII sexa, on ws nepseix renepannccn- ‘ycos Espont Esrennit Casoticxnit Or mpm Oiirexa m0 Capaena Hesoupan Ha To, sro npany OreH po- anna 8 Napane (no cay, oH Guin He 22KOHHOPONReHHM chHOM MopoBMKA XIV), Gonsuincreo noGeq mm Goinn onep- 2xaHl,Ko‘pa OH CToRn 80 rnaee ascrpAi- xO apn. Ox yuacrsosan 8 24 6uTEax, ‘ceme roTopEnx wenn mapoBoe sae tine, 2.8 29 ner cTan denbawapulanoM. 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