ACC STUDY GUIDE 1: HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

NOTE: THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE ONLY, THERE MAY BE TOPICS IN THE EXAMINATION THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS NOTES. THE STUDENT IS ADVISED TO REVIEW HIS/HER PREVIOUS NOTES AND
LECTURES

ACC STUDY GUIDE 1: HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
**HOA1
PREHISTORIC
No organized religion

AEGEAN (MINOAN) 1900 1100 BC

MYCENAN (HELLADIC) 1550 1100BC
HELLENIC 800 323 BC
PERICLES 444 429 BC
HELLENIISTIC 323 30 BC

PREHISTORIC EXAMPLES
MENHIR
DOLMEN
CROMLECH
TUMULUS
BURROW
STONEHENGE
CAVES
WIGWAM OR TEPEE
IGLOO
IRAQI MUDHIF
BEEHIVE HUT
TREE TOPS

EXAMPLES
HOUSES
PALACES
TOMBS
TEMPLES
--Agora
Stoa
Parthenon, Acropolis
Doric order
Ionic order volute or scroll
Corinthian order Callimacus; basket over roof of acanthus plant
Odeion
Hippodrome
Palaestra
Mausoleum
Greek gods

MATERIALS USED
ANIMAL SKIN, WOOD, ANIMAL BONES
ANCIENT NEAR EAST
MESOPOTAMIA
KING SARGON FORMED THE FIRST MAJOR EMPIRE
KING HAMMURABI 1972 C, Instituted laws to maintain order

ROME
ETRUSCAN 750 146 BC
ROMAN 146BC 365 AD
Polytheistic
Italian peninsula
Great construction ability

ASSYRIA
Biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal
Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt
PERSIA
Cyrus the Great 559 529 BC
Darius I
Xerxes
Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece
Alexander the Great of Macedonia ended the Persian empire
EXAMPLES
ZIGGURAT
PALACES
DWELLINGS MEGARON
PALACES OF PERSEPOLIS
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
--Each city-state worshipped their own god
Fertile Crescent
Deserts of Arabian Peninsula
EGYPT
UPPER & LOWER KINGDOMS combined by King Menes, 3100 BC
Nile River trade route
Nubia Gold source
Polytheistic religion
Architectural Character: Columnar and Trabeated
Afterlife life and house on earth is temporary, tombs are
permanent
EXAMPLES
PYRAMID
MASTABA
TEMPLE
FORTRESS
GATEWAY
OBELISK
--Pylon
Hieroglyphics
Abu-Simbel
Ammun
Rameses
Ra
Rock-Hewn
Beni Hasan
Khons
Hypostyle hall

ND

SEM,AY 2016 - 2017

EARLY CHRISTIAN
Ruins of Roman buildings served as quarries from which materials
were obtained
EXAMPLES
BASILICAN CHURCHES
BAPTISTRIES
TOMBS
CATACOMBS
BYZANTINE
Goth and Vandals fierce and barbaric and attacked from outside
the empire
285 293 AD split into two: Eastern and Western empire
330 AD Constantinople became the capital of the empire from
Rome headed by Constantine
476 AD collapsed of the empire
Eastern empire lasted another thousand of years and was known
as the Byzantine empire
Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town called
Byzantium
EXAMPLES
BASILICAN CHURCHES
BAPTISTRIES
TOMBS
CATACOMBS

GREECE
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EXAMPLES
FORUM
DWELLING
THERMAE
BASILICA
TEMPLES
CIRCUS
THEATERS
AMPITHEATER
AQUEDUCTS
TIUMPHAL ARCHES
VAULTS
--TUSCAN ORDER simplified version of the Doric order
COMPOSITE ORDER evolved in 100 AD, most decorative
Insulae
Domus
Collosseum

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ACC STUDY GUIDE 1: HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

NOTE: THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE ONLY, THERE MAY BE TOPICS IN THE EXAMINATION THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS NOTES. THE STUDENT IS ADVISED TO REVIEW HIS/HER PREVIOUS NOTES AND
LECTURES

Hagia Sophia
St. Mark, Venice
** HOA 2
ROMANESQUE
Rise of the religious orders
ITALY (N,S, CENTRAL)
FRANCE
CENTRAL EUROPE
ENGLAND
EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
BAPTISTRIES
CAMPANILES
FORTIFICATIONS AND TOWN WALLS
MONASTIC BUILDINGS
--CHARLEMAGNE
Peterborough cathedral
Durham cathedral
Santiago de Compostela
Abbey of St. Denis
Worms Cathedral
Pisa Cathedral
Monreale Cathedral
GOTHIC
12TH 13TH C
FRANCE, ENGLAND, & CASTILE, SPAIN
GOTHIC a departure from the classic lines; Medieval architecture
EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
CASTLES
--PRIMAIRE LANCETTES
SECONDAIRE RAYONNANT
TERTIARE FLAMBOYANT
Amiens Cathedral
Reims cathedral
Chartres cathedral
Notre Dame, Paris
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
Motte and Bailey
Siena Cathedral
Ulm cathedral
Milan cathedral
Burgos cathedral
Seville cathedral
Manor houses
Salisbury cathedral
RENAISSANCE
Previous trade routes to the east had now been blocked by the
Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
Created a break in the evolution of European church architecture
Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic Roman
Orders of Architecture
Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of Gothic,
were interwoven with those from Roman and Romanesque succession
ITALY
FRANCE
ENGLAND
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
GERMANY
PERIODS / PHASES
EARLY RENAISSANCE
HIGH RENAISSANCE / PROTO-BAROQUE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
ST. PETERS BASILICA, ROME
-120 years, 12 architects
Bramante
His design was selected from several entries in a competition,
proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to the Pantheon in
Rome. Foundation stone laid in 1506
Giuliano da Sangallo
Upon death of Julius II in 1513
Fra Giocondo
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Raphael
Proposed a Latin cross plan. Died
Baldassare Peruzzi
Reverted to Greek cross. Died
Antonio de Sangallo
Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile, and
elaborated the central dome. Died
Michelangelo
72 years old at the time - present building owes most of its
outstanding features to him. Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome,
redesigned surrounding chapels
Giacomo della Porta
Domenico Fontana
Completed dome in 1590
Vignola
Added sided cupolas
Carlo Maderna
Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the gigantic
facade
Bernini
Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
colonnade. Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of
183 m, width of 137 m. At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal
diameter
--Andrea Palladio
Michelangelo
Manueline Style
Antiquarian Period
Escorial, Madrid
Elizabethan
Jacobean
Stuart
Georgian houses
Chateau
Renaissance rebirth
18th 19th C. REVIVAL
BRITAIN
EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
AFTERMATH (after World War I)
CONTINENTAL EUROPE
1850 to 1870 AD - Comparable to High Victorian in Britain,
Renaissance and Gothic revival, Structural use of iron
1870 to 1914 AD Use of metals was intensified, especially in
exhibitions, Antique forms instead of Renaissance
ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD )- Derived from the Arts and Crafts
Movement in Britain
Versions:
France Le Modern Style
Germany Jugendstil
Austria Sezessione
Italy Stile Liberty
Spain - Modernismo
AMERICA
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD - Neo-Classic elements
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD) - Greek-revival style, also
Gothic and Egyptian styles
SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)
1st Stream:
Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
2nd Stream:
Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Roman, late
Gothic inspiration
Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes
Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame construction,
non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest contribution to
architecture
20th C. MODERN
CURTAIN WALL
STEEL AND PLATE-GLASS
FOLDED SLAB EUGENE FREYSSINET
FLAT SLAB ROBERT MAILLART
LAMINATED TIMBER
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ACC STUDY GUIDE 1: HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

NOTE: THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE ONLY, THERE MAY BE TOPICS IN THE EXAMINATION THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS NOTES. THE STUDENT IS ADVISED TO REVIEW HIS/HER PREVIOUS NOTES AND
LECTURES

FUNCTIONALISM IN DESIGN
--FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
*YEAR indicated on the right hand side is the year that the architect
became Pritzker Prize laureate

JAPANESE
3RD c AD
SHINTOISM, BUDDHISM
EXAMPLES
TEMPLS
PAGODAS

18th -19th Century

JAMES HOBAN
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
THOMAS JEFFERSON
HENRY BACON
WILLIAM STRICKLAND
HH RICHARDSON
DANKMAR ADLER
DANIEL BURNHAM
LOUIS SULLIVAN
CASS GILBERT
--20th Century
MARCEL BRUER
EERO SAARINEN TWA TERMINAL, JFK AIRPORT
OSCAR NIEMEYER
ERIC MENDELSON
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
LE CORBUSIER
BUCKMINISTER FULLER
WALTER GROPIUS
FREI OTTO
Otto Wagner, Austria
Richard Neutra, Austria
Rudolf Schindler, Austria
Peter Behrens, Germany
August Perret, France
Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
JJP Oud, The Netherlands
Victor Horta, Belgium
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
CFA Voysey, UK
Louis Sullivan, USA
Adolf Meyer
Tony Garnier
Max Berg
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Kenzo Tange
Jorn Utzon
Minoru Yamasaki
Daniel Libeskind

SRI LANKA
CEYLON
ANURADHAPURA PERIOD 4BC 10 AD
POLONNARUWA PERIOD 11 13TH C
KANDYAN PERIOD
NEPAL
SPARSELY INHABITED
MAINLY COMPOSED OF HIGH MOUNTAINS INCLUDING MT.
EVEREST
HIMALAYAS
EXAMPLES
STUPA
TEMPLE
--SIKHARA
PAGODA
WOOD
BRICK
TIBET
HIGHEST COUNTRY IN THE WORLD
THINLY POPULATED
HIMALAYAS
--MONASTERY
BUDDHISM
TEMPLE
BURMA
TROPICAL CLIMATE
--RELIGIOUS DISTINCTION IN ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS
STUPA
TEMPLE
PAGODA

**HOA 3
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
ISLAMIC
Countries already rich in building tradition
Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with
no architectural tradition
Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different
circumstance
EXAMPLES
MOSQUE
TOMBS
--TAJ MAHAL Sha Jahan
Saray of Seray

CAMBODIA
INDO-CHINA, MEKONG RIVER
TROPICAL HUMID HEAT
--JAVANESE
TIMBER principal building material
LATERITE
SANDSTONE
TERRA COTTA
TEMPLE
THAILAND
SIAM
TIMBER; TEAK, EBONY
BRICK
STONE
--DAVARATI PERIOD
MON-KMER PERIOD
THAI PERIOD 13-17 C
o SUKHOTHAI
o AUDHYA
o CHIENGMAI MANNER
BANGKOK STYLE, 18 -19 C
TEMPLE
PALACE

INDIAN
Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile valley
Indus river, 2500 BC
Lasted 800 years
Religion: Hinduism, Buddhism
EXAMPLES
STAMBHAS OR LATHS
MANDIRA
VIHARAS
CHAITYAS
STUPA

**HOA 4
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
Pre-Colonial Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000
years ago, and later, sea-vessels. Immigrants of Malay origin, food
gatherers and hunters

CHINESE
EXAMPLES
PAGODA
PAI-LOU
TEMPLES
PALACE
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FORTIFICATIONS
--GREAT WALL OF CHINA SHI HUANGDI
FORBIDDEN CITY

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ACC STUDY GUIDE 1: HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

NOTE: THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE ONLY, THERE MAY BE TOPICS IN THE EXAMINATION THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS NOTES. THE STUDENT IS ADVISED TO REVIEW HIS/HER PREVIOUS NOTES AND
LECTURES

3000 BC joined by advanced agricultural race from Indonesia, with

barangays as tribal system, laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership,
crime, and behavior, elaborate animistic religion
4th & 5th C. BC. Indians
3rd & 4th C AD Chinese
1300 AD Arabs: converted some parts to Islam
Trade center of the Orient Sulu was frequented by ships from
China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia
1521 FERDINAND MAGELLAN ARRIVAL
1564 INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY, MIGUEL LOPEZ DE
LEGASPI
1565 (Approx.) SPANISH OCCUPATION, 333 YEARS
1762 1764 BRIEF BRITISH OCCUPATION
Early 1900s AMERICAN OCCUPATION
1941 1946 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
---

CAVE DWELLINGS
TREE HOUSES
LEAN TO
BAHAY KUBO Varies from region to region
BAHAY NA BATO - spanish Influence
CHURCHES Spanish Influence
Temple
ARCHITECTS
PABLO ANTONIO
LEANDRO LOCSIN
FRANCISCO MAOSA
TOMAS MAPUA
CARLOS ARGUELLES
CARLOS SANTOS VIOLA
JUAN ARELLANO

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Theory abstract thought or speculation
Concept mental image or formulation of what something is
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

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