Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMPRESO 17 Askeland Chap PDF
IMPRESO 17 Askeland Chap PDF
Construction Materials
171 A sample of wood with dimensions 3 in. 4 in. 12 in. has a dry density of 0.35
g/cm3. (a) Calculate the number of gallons of water that must be absorbed by the
sample to contain 120% water. (b) Calculate the density after the wood absorbs this
amount of water.
Solution:
weight of water
100
weight of dry wood
172 The density of a sample of oak is 0.90 g/cm3. Calculate (a) the density of completely dry oak and (b) the percent water in the original sample.
Solution:
1Table 1712
191
192
(b) When the density is 0.90 g/cm3, there are 90 g of green wood per 100 cm3.
The water is therefore 90 60.71 g, or 29.29 g.
%H2O
90 g 60.71 g
100 48.2%
60.71 g
173 Boards of maple 1 in. thick, 6 in. wide, and 16 ft. long are used as the flooring for a
60 ft 60 ft hall. The boards were cut from logs with a tangential-longitudinal cut.
The floor is laid when the boards have a moisture content of 12%. After some
particularly humid days, the moisture content in the boards increases to 45%.
Determine the dimensional change in the flooring parallel to the boards and perpendicular to the boards. What will happen to the floor? How can this problem be
corrected?
Solution:
Perpendicular:
ctangential 0.00353 in./in. # %H2O for maple
x xo 3c1Mf Mi 2 4 630.00353145 122 4 0.699 in. in 6 in.
Over a 60 ft span:
x
The floor will therefore buckle due to the large amount of expansion of the
boards perpendicular to the flooring.
Parallel:
For most woods, only about a 0.2% change in dimensions occurs longitudinally. Thus the total change in the length of the boards will be about
y 10.0022160 ft2112 in./ft2 1.44 in.
174 A wall 30 feet long is built using radial-longitudinal cuts of 5-inch wide pine, with
the boards arranged in a vertical fashion. The wood contains a moisture content of
55% when the wall is built; however the humidity level in the room is maintained to
give 45% moisture in the wood. Determine the dimensional changes in the wood
boards and estimate the size of the gaps that will be produced as a consequence of
these changes.
Solution:
175 We have been asked to prepare 100 yd3 of normal concrete using a volume ratio of
cement-sand-coarse aggregate of 1 : 2 : 4. The water-cement ratio (by weight) is to be
0.5. The sand contains 6 wt% water and the coarse aggregate contains 3 wt% water.
No entrained air is expected. (a) Determine the number of sacks of cement that
must be ordered, the tons of sand and aggregate required, and the amount of water
CHAPTER 17
Construction Materials
193
needed. (b) Calculate the total weight of the concrete per cubic yard. (c) What is the
weight ratio of cement-sand-coarse aggregate?
Solution:
0.990 ft3/sack
1.980 ft3/sack
0.753 ft3/sack
The actual amount of water that should be added to the concrete mix is:
water 30,072 6083 6463 17,526 lb
gal water 117,526 lb217.48 gal/ft3 2 62.4 lb/ft3
2101 gal
Therefore:
(a) The ingredients of the concrete mix are:
640 sacks of cement
53.7 tons of sand
110.9 tons of aggregate
2101 gal of water
(b) The total weight per yd3 is:
wt /yd3
4070 lb/yd
194
First, we can determine the volume of each material required, using the
1 : 2.5 : 4.5 ratio to determine the weights per sack of cement and dividing
by the density to determine the volume. Per sack of cement:
cement: 94 lb/sack190 lb/ft3
sand:
aggregate:
water:
0.495 ft3/sack
1.469 ft3/sack
2.488 ft3/sack
But we must also adjust for the water present in the wet sand (3%) and wet
aggregate (2%). For example, to find the amount of wet sand, we could
either multiply the dry sand by 1.03 or divide by 0.97:
wet sand 11,752 lb0.97 12,115 lb; H2O 363 lb
wet aggregate 21,148 lb0.98 21,580 lb; H2O 432 lb
Therefore, the ingredients for the concrete mix include:
cement 50 sacks
sand 12,115 lb 6.06 tons
aggregate 21,580 lb 10.8 tons
water 2115 363 432 1320 lb
11320 lb217.48 gal/ft3 2 62.4 lb/ft3 158 gal