Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1434
2014
(
)
109
(
)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) .
(
) .
..........................
( )
( ).
, , ,
.
.
.
( , ,
, , )
( , , ,
, ) ( ,,
) ( )233
.
.
.
.
( , , , ,) .
.
.
:1-1
:2-1
:3-1
:4-1
:5-1
:6-1
:7-1
:8-1
:9-1
:10-1
:
:1-2
:2-2
:
:1-1
:2-1
:3-1
:4-1
:5-1
:
:1-2
:2-2
:3-2
:1-3-2
:1-1-3-2
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
10
22
23
24
24
24
30
31
33
35
38
38
38
44
48
49
51
:2-1-3-2
:2-3-2
:1-2-3-2
:3-3-2
:1-3-3-2
:4-3-2
:1-4-3-2
:5-3-2 /
:1-5-3-2
:4-2
:1-4-2
:2-4-2
:3-4-2
:
:1-1
:2-1
:1-2-1
:1-1-2-1
:2-1-2-1
:2-2-1
:3-2-1
:4-2-1
:5-2-1
:6-2-1
:3-1
:1-3-1
:2-3-1
:3-3-1
:4-3-1
:5-3-1
:6-3-1
:7-3-1
:8-3-1
:9-3-1
:10-3-1
:11-3-1
:
52
55
62
66
68
70
72
77
79
85
86
87
88
91
92
92
92
96
99
99
100
101
103
104
105
106
107
114
117
119
120
122
124
131
131
132
133
142
146
:1-2
:2-2
:3-2
:1-3-2
:2-3-2 ( , )
:3-3-2
:4-3-2 ( )
:5-3-2
:6-3-2
:7-3-2
:8-3-2
:9-3-2
:10-3-2
:11-3-2
:12-3-2
:4-2
:1-1
:2-1
:3-1
:4-1
:5-1
:1-1
:2-1
:3-1
:4-1
:5-1
:6-1
:7-1
:
-1
:
:
146
146
149
151
160
162
164
165
167
169
170
171
172
175
175
177
178
182
183
183
184
185
200
207
220
222
222
227
232
237
242
247
252
257
258
258
258
261
261
264
302
303
304
Abstract
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
21
8
9
27
48
51
53
54
86-85
110-109
126
130
155
156
159-157
163
184
187
190
193
196
199
203
206
209
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
R
R
212
215
217
219
221
231
241
251
256
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
a
b
6
28
47
59
63
84
89
112
116
123
124
128
134
137
138
142
145
152
168
174
.
.
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, .
:
:
, , ,
.
:1-1
.
:2-1
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.
.5
.
.6 .
.
:3-1
.
.
:
.1 ( , ,
).
,
,
, .
.2 ,
.
.3 (
)
.
.4
.
:4-1
( , ,
, , ) (
, ) .
( , ,
, ) .
(.)1
Y
Z
( )1
:5-1
:
:
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
:
.
:6-1
:
.1 : 2013
.2014
.2 : ,
( , , ,) .
.3 :
.
:7-1
, ( ,,
,) ( Arbitrary
)Simple
.
( )240 ( )233 ( .)%97
: (,)30 (,)27
(,)22 (,)19 (,)24
(,)37
(,)24
(,)19
(,)24 ( )8 -
.
, ,
. ( )Excel ( )Statgraphics
.
:8-1
( )0.75 .
( )1
0.998
0.999
0.999
0.997
0.998
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.999
:9-1
( )2
(Deanetal,1998),(Abraham,2000),(Abraham,2004),(Nausetal,200
)7),(Dhar,2009), (Ozler&Alalay,2011) , (Nafei,2013
(Gruys&Sackett,2003),(Bowling&Gruys,2010),
)(Spector,2011),(Jung&yoon,2012),(Wei&Si,2013
10-1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
1-2
1-1-2
.1( )Abraham,2000 ( Organizational
:)Cynicism Bases and Consequences ( )69
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.2(()Fitzgerald,2002 :
)( Perceived
to
Relationship
Its
Cynicism
Organizational
,( ) ,( )
. )1( :
, ,
)2(,
)3( , ,
.
.3(()Johnson&Oleary-Kelly,2003 :
)
( The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism:
:)not all social Exchange Violations are created equal
( )105 .
.
)1(:
)2(,
( ,
) )3(,
)4(,
.
.4 (()Naus etal,2007 , , , ,
)( Organizational
cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect Model of
:) Employees Responses to adverse conditions in the workplace
( )159
( ) , ( ) ,,
.
( ,) ( ,)
.
.
.5 (()Naus etal,2007 , ,
)( Value incongruence, job
autonomy, and organization-based self-esteem: a self- based perspective on
:)organizational cynicism ( )174 .
.
:
. .
.
.
.
.6(()Qian&Daniels,2008 )(
A communication model of employee cynicism toward organizational
:) change
( )132 ,
.
( , ,) , ,
.
.
.7(( )Arabac,2010
)The Effects of Depersonalization and organization ( :
:)cynicism Levels on Job Satisfaction of Educational Inspectors
( )217 .
,
. ,
.
.
.8(( )Bashir,2011
)( Organizational Cynicism Development and Testing of
:)an Integrated Model A Study of Public Sector Employees in Pakistan
,
, ( )948 .
.
.
.
.9 (()2012,
) :
( )104 .
.
.
2-1-2
.1(()Mehta,2000
)( Examining The Relationships Between Motivational Traits and
:)Counterproductive Work Behavior ( )392
. .
. )1(: (,
, )
)2(, ( ,)
)3(.
.
.
()Fox etal,2001(.2 :
)(
.4(()Semmer etal,2010 )
) :)Illegitimate Tasks and Counterproductive work Behavior
.
. :
.
.
.5( )Bolton etal,2010
)( Big Five trait predictors of differential counterproductive work
:)behavior dimensions ( )233
. )1( :
)2( ,
.
. .
.
.
.6(()Bashir,2012 )(
Dimensionality of Counterproductive Work Behaviors in Public Sector
:)Organizations of Pakistan
()785
.
.
.
( )%75
, ( )%82 )%90(,
)%66(,
, ( )%72 )%38(,
)%60(, )%41(,
.
.
.7(()Jung&yoon,2012
)( The effects of
and
behaviors
counterproductive work
on
intelligence
emotional
:)deluxe hotel ( )319
.
( , , , )
, , ,
.
)1( : )2(,
.
.
.8(()Ansari,2013
: )( An Analysis of Factors
Affected on Employees' Counterproductive Work Behavior: The
:)Moderating Role of Job Burnout and Engagement ( )185
.
( , ) , ( , ) ,
( , )
.
)1(: )2(,
.
, , .
.
.
.9(()Zhao,2013 :
)( Workplace ostracism and
hospitality employees counterproductive work behaviors: The joint
:)moderating effects of proactive personality and political skill
( )239 ( )21 .
.
,
,
( , )
( ).
3-1-2
.1(()Kiviniemi&Virtanen,2000 :
)( Finland: the Development of a Performance Culture and its
:)Impact on Human Resources Flexibilities
1996 ( )115 1997 ()125
.
)1( :
)2(, )3(,
.
10
( )1997-1987
.
, .
.2(()Rober&Loffler,2000 : )
( :)Germany: The Limitations of Flexibility Reforms
1994 ( )%70
1996
( , , , ,)
( )884 .
( ,) , ( ,) .
.
.
( )250 .
.
.
.5(()Schmid,2011 :
)( Transitional labour markets and flexicurity:
:)managing social risks over the life course
14 2006
)1( :
)2(, )3(, )4(,
. .
, .
.
.
.6(()2012,
) :
( )92 .
.
( , , ) .
.
2-2
.1 .
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.5
.6
.
. ,
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
1-1
, ,:
( :1972, )1005
: : ( :2005,
)834(:1987,.)165
( )kynikos ( )Kyon
( )kynos
.
( .)Antisthenes ))Cynosarges
.
. ))Diogenes
)Liddell&Scott,1940:1( .
( )Harvey&Howatson,1989:p165( )Culter,2005:p12()Desmond,2008:p1
( )Copleston,1985:p189(.)Krings,2003:p2-3
( )Dudley,1937:5 :
:
. .
:
.
: .
:
. ( )Navia,1995:p55 ( )H.W& Fowler,2012:p1
()Ree&Urmson,2005:p82-83,102-103 ( )Shea,2010:pp1-3
.
.
.
()
(.)244 :1986,
Brown,2006 :p9-10)(Hicks,1925:p107,108,227) (Copleston
),1985,p142
.( (Antisthenes
( )Diogenes ) (Diogenes
) )Crates Thebes
.
. )(AD
,
.
.
.()Dobbin,2013:p3
, ,
.
( )Roberts,2006:pp2-5
.
(
) .()Hayden,2005:p12
( )Diogenes " "
, . ( (Zeno
. ( )Cutler,2005:p12
. ) )Apollodorus
. .
( )Hengel,1989:p168
323.
.
((Antistenes
(,)Xenophon,2013,p1(,)plato,2013:p1
( .)Russell,2008:p63 ( )Romm,1996:p121
( )Antisthenes
.
) )Farrand Sayre .
.
( )Cutler,2005:p13-14
. ()3
136
( )
( )3
.
()Hellman,1939:p25 (.)1
Source: Hellman, Lillian,(The Little Foxes, Play in Three Acts), Acting Edition, Dramatist Play
Service, USA, 1939.
( )2
, , ( )Hellman .
,
, , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ( )Sociopathy
,
( , , , ,,
, ) .
()Piering,2006:1
.
. ( )Mazella,2007:p1
.
.
. .
2-1
( ) Collins,2013:p1),) Merriam-Webster,2013:p1
.
.
.
" " .
.
( (Krings,2003:p3(,)Mirves&Kanter,1989:p380
.
.
( )Mirves&Kanter,1991:p-2,51,61
.
( )Chaloupka,1999:p11
( )Cappella&Jamieson,1997:p27
. ( )Sanford,2004:p12
.( )Odou&Pechpeyrou,2011:p1799
,
.
()Antoniou&Cooper,2005:p601
( .)Grima&Glaymann,2012:p14( )Cheney,1999:p22
.
( )Mckee&Johnston,2006:p421
( )Keyes,2006:p11
.
( )Schaefer,2006:p16
.
()McNamara,2010:p1 ( )Rijkhoff,2012:p6
.
.
.
3-1
( )Ference&etal,1977:p540
.
( )Mirvis&Kanter,1989:P380-382
:
( , ,
, ).
( )Stroud,1994:p2
.
.
( )Mirvis&Kanter,1991:P58-62
( ,
, )
( )Krings,2003:p4-5,7
,
) )Lzard,1977 . -
,- ,- ,- ,- , ,-
,- ,-
.
( )Grima&Glaymann,2012:p5
, .
( )Frantzich,2008:p1-2 ,,
,
. ( (Jimmy Carter
. 1960
.
,
2000
.
.
( )Keppler,2008:p303-304 ,
.
.
.
4-1
( )Navia,1996:pp1-2
.
.
( )Navia,1999:p141) (Rijkhoff,2012:p6
.( )Goldfarb,1999:p30
. ()glasnost
.
( )Sloterdijk,1987:p5 " "
.
.
.( )Kieran,1998:p37
.( )Mazella,2007:p41
() .
.
.( )Ibelema,2008:p45
. ( )Scheier,2009:p2,26
, ,
.
, , , .
.
( )Desmond,2010:p571-574) (Rothenberg,2007:p1-5
) )Mazella,2007
(.) :
(,) :
( ,) :
.
( )Stanley,2012:p10
. ()
( (Sloterdijk
,
.
5-1
( )Nair&Kamalanabhan,2010:p16-18 :
.
,
,
,
.( )Arabaci,2010:p2803
. ( )Abraham,2000:pp269-270
,
.
.
.
.
( )Hozoori et al,2011,pp974-975
.
. .()Desmond,2008:p5
() .
,
.
( )Fu,et al,2011:p46(,)Maced,2005:p16
.
- -
. ( )Miller,1974:p952
.
(Austin,2002:p1
&
al,2011:p46(,)Pinkleton
et
(Lau& ,)Fu
.
.
.
.
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
1-2
()Bateman,et al,1992:p769
.
( )Nair&Kamalanabhan,2012:p17-18
.
. ( &Andersson
)Bateman,1997:p450
.
.
( )Reichers, et al,1997:p49
.
( )Dean,et al,1998,p344
.
. .
( )Mc clough,et al,1998,pp32-33
.
,
.
( )
( ) ( )Meyersons,1990
,
()Neves,2012:pp965-966( et
Rubin,
)al,2009:pp680-681
( )Thompson,2000:p1
( )
.
( )Abraham,2000:p269-270
.
.
( )Johnson& Oleary-Kelly,2003:p629
.( Andersson,
)Robinson, Brown,1996 .
( )Obrien,et al,2004,p30
.
( )Lobnikar&Pagon,2004:p1-2( )Eisinger,1999:p45
.
( )Whitener, et al,2006:p5 .
. ( )%48
,
.
( )Byrne& Hochwarter,2008,p56
, , , .
.
.
( )Qian&Daniels,2008:p320-323
.
.
( )Sievers,2009,p73
,
.
, .
.
.
( )Eiguer,2010,p1 ( )
.
,
. .
( )kalagan&Aksu,2010,p4821
.
( )Arabaci,2010:p2803
, .
.
, , , , , , ,
, . ,
, , , , ,
, .
.
( )Hozoori,et al,2011,pp974-975
.
( )Ozler&Atalay,2011:p30 ,
, , , , , , ,
.
( )Ozgan,2012:p197 )(Pamukkale
.
( )Grima&Glaymann,2012:pp5-6
) (Bommer&al,2005
( )
. ( )Naus et al,2007:p683-684
.
( )Savitt,2010:p1 ,
.
.
.
.
.
. ()Tsay,2011:p11-16
.
, ()Cesarini,et al,2008
.
.
( )Bashir&Nasir,2013:pp61-61
.
.
.
.
2-2
()Kanter&Mirvis,1989:p146-169
.
.
.
.
.
, , .
.
.
( )Delken,2004:p8
.
( )Bommer , et al,2005:p743
( )Gibson,1970,p411-412
. ( )Eaton,2000:p45
( ,
, , )
.
( )Kalagan&Aksu,2010:p4821
.( )Pitre,2004:p4
... . .
,
. ( OBrien, et
)al,2004:p37
( , ,) .
( )Brewer,2004:p330-331 11
.
.
.
,
..
( )Fu, et al,2011:p57
.
( )Dean,et al,1998:p
. ( )Bedeian,2007:p18
.( )Byrne,2008:p60,61
(,
).
( Sampson
)&Bartusch,1998:p277-278
,
.( )Bashir,2011:p33,94-95
.
.
( )Chiaburu,et al,2013:p182
( )3 (
) ( , )
.
.
Source: Chiaburu, Dan S., Peng, Ann Chunyan, Oh, In-Sue, Banks, George C., & Lomeli, Laura
C.,( Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis), Journal
of Vocational Behavior 83 ,2013. P182
( )3
3-2
( )Pitre,2004:p10 ( )Abraham,2000:p270 ()Abraham,2004:p40
, ,
. , / ,
.
.
()Dean,et al,1998:p342( )Ozler,2011:pp27-28
( , ,,
, )
( )Guttman,1954; Schwab,1980; Shapira&Zevulun,1979
"" .
( )Delken,2004:p14
.
.
: , , , .
(.)4
( )4
,
,
,
( )Andersson,1996:p1398-1400
.
/ ( )Andersson
()1
)2( , )3( ,
( )4
.
1-3-2
( )Abraham,2000:p270-271
.
.
( )Barefoot, et al,1989:pp46-48 ( )cook&medley
( , , , , ,)
, ,
.
.
()Brummett,et al,1998:p168 ( )Ozler&Alalay,2011:p27
.
( )Pitre,2004:p10-11
,
.
.
( )Dean,et al,1998:pp342-343
( )Cook&Medleys,1954 ( )( )MMPI
( )Graham,1993 ( )MMPI
, , , ,
( )Cook&Medleys ( )Wrightsman,1974
( )
.( )Delken,2004:p17
(.)Cook&Medleys,1954
( )Haukkala,et al,2010:p556
.
.
- -
. ( )Abraham,2004:pp85-88
( )Cook&Medley
.
1-1-3-2
(al,1986:p283-284
)Costa,et
( )Cook&Medley . 1954
(
) , , ,
.
( )Abraham,2004:p85-88
( .)Greenglass&Julkunen,1991 (.)5
( )5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
( Houston
)&Kelly,1989:p175
, , , .
.
2-1-3-2
( )Corral&Cavete,2000:p3-4 , , ,,
.
.
( ) Christie,1970a
,
,
.( )Christie,197a,197b ( , )
( )20 ()71
.
( )Hunter, et al,1982:pp1293-1294 ( )
.
.
. ( )
:() , ,
,
(
) , , .
( )Corral&Cavete,2000:p3-4(,)Abraham,2004:pp94-101
.
,
( )Christie&Geis,1970a
( , )
.
(.)7,6
( )6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
19
20
( )
( )7
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
M
M
M
-
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
M
,
M
( )Jones&Paulhus,2009:pp98-99
""
. ( Chrisit,et
)al,1970: .
.
2-3-2
( )Qian,2007:pp7,28
,
. .
.( )Carlwright&Holmes,2006:p201
, ,
, , .
( )Dean,et al,1998:p344
()1 )2(, )3(, .
( )Bommer,et al,2005:p736
,
, .
( )Pitre,2004:p7
"" .
.
, , , , ,
.
" "
( )Secretan,2004:p1
.
.
.
( )Stanley,et al,2005:pp429-430
,
.
.
( )Cole,et al,2006:p463
.
( )Bedeian,2007:p13
.
( .)Kim,et al,2009:pp1437-1438
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
.
( )Dean,et al,1998;p347(,)Kim,et al,2009:p1438
.
( )Kosmala&Richards,2009:p1-3
( )1 , )2( .
..
( )Karacoglu&Ince,2012:p80-81
, ,
,
, ,
, , ,
.
()Kosmala&Richards,2009:p3
)Schoneboom,2008:p146-150(,
( )Blog
( )Schoneboom,2007:pp404-407
.
.
( )Abraham,2004:70-72()Feldman,2000:pp1292-1294
( ) 4
.
( )4
-
, , .
.
, .
,
- :
.1 :
%4
.
.
.2
.
. ( )Ikyanyon,2012:p106
( )150
( )8
.
.3
.
( )Gerhart&Milkovich,1988:p1
. ( )16000
( )200
.
.4
()Abraham,2004:p72
. .
.
( )Robinson& Rousseau,1994:p249
.
.5
( )Abraham,2004:p72
"" .
.
,
.
1-2-3-2
( )Pavlou&Gefen,2005:p374 .
.
()Wellin,2008:p8
.
( )Robinson,1994:p245,247( )Morrison&Robinson,1997:pp226-227
,
, ,
( )Robinson&Rousseau,1994:p257
()%32
.
( )Robinson&Morrison,2000:pp525-526
, , ,
.( )Kingshott,2001:pp2-3
.
()Sutton&Griffin,2004:p493(,)Johnson&Kelly,2003:pp627-629
()1 ()2
. ( )3
.
( )Johnson&Kelly,2003:pp630-631
( )5
,
. ( )1
)2(, .
Source: Johnson, Jonathan L., & OLeary-Kelly, Anne,(The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational
Cynicism: not all social exchange violations are created equal), Journal of organizational behavior, VOL 24, 2003, p631
( )5
( )Rousseau,1989:pp121-122
()1 ,
()2
.
.
( )Abraham,2004:pp74-78
:
,,
.1
, ,,
, .
.2 , ,
, , , ,
.
( )Korman,1976:p50-51
, ,
.
( )Judge,et al,2000:p120 .
.
( )Stivers,1994:p1-2
, , ,
.
.
.3 ,
.4 .
.
.
.5 , ,
.
( )wood,1991:p692
.
.6( )Shore&Tetrick,1995:p101
.
.
.
3-3-2
( )Reichers,1997:p48
, .
,
, . ( )Dean,et al,1998:p344-345
.
.
( )Thompson,et al,2000:p2
. ( )Sickels,1941:p31
( )Ungenerous , ,
, , , , (
)
. ( )Kanter&Mirvis,1989:p2
.
()Ozler&Atalay,2011:p28
( )Qian&Daniels,2008:p321
( )
.
( )Johnson&Oleary-Kelly,2003:p629
,
, - -
.
( )Pitre,2004:p11(,)Wanous,et al,2000:pp135
()1 ( )2 ""
.
( )Wanous,et al,2000:pp135-136
.
.
(
)
.
(Brown& Cregan,2008 (,)Delken,2004:p15(,)Bommer,et al,2005:p737
):p668 , ,
.
.
( )Qian,2007:p10
. .
, ,
, ( )Lewin,1952
.
( )Hozoori,2011:p975
( ) 1
)2(, )3(,
.
( )Aktouf,1992:p409-417
, ,,
, .
.
1-3-3-2
( )Abraham,2004:p144
:
.1 :( )Abraham,2004:p145( )Peter&Amit,2012:p4
( ) ()MBWA
,
,
.
( )Niederhoffer,1968:pp202-203
""
.
,
.
( )Reichers,1997:p
.
.2 :( )Dahlgaard-Park&Dahlgaard,2005:p1
.( )Peters&Waterman
,
,
, , ,
, ,
.
( )Abraham,2004:p149-150
.
( )Avey&Etal,2008:p115
()
,
.
.3 :( )Abraham,2004:p150-153
, ()1
( )2
.
.4 : ( )Tjosvold&Tjosvold,1991:p3-5
.
, -
-
.
4-3-2
( )Dean,et al,1998:p344
. .
( )Oconnell&Holzman&Armandi ( )1
)2( , .
.
( )1 )2( , )3( ,
)4( , .( )Qian,2007:p7
, , , .
( )Niederhoffer,1967:pp97-100
, , .
, , , ,
.
.
, , .( )Caplan,2003:p305
, -
, .
. .
( )Emile Durkheim
( )Normalessness .
.
( )Hochschild,2003:p8
.
,
.
()Delken,2004:p16(,)Niederhoffer,1968:pp202-203
()
.
( )Ruggiero,2006:p66 ( )Ressentiment
( )Neiderhoffer,1967 :
,
, .
( )Dhar,2009:p152 ()
( ,)Becker& Geer,1958
(,)Blau1964;Meyerson1990
( )Oconnell,Holzman&Armandi,1986 (,)Niederhoffer,1967
.
, , ,
.( )Mokotedi,2010:p31
.
.( )Ozler&Atalay,2011:p27 , ,
, . (
) , .
()Neiderhoffer,1967:pp1-10()Abraham,2004:p112-113
,
()Powerlecssness
) .
.
.
1-4-3-2
()Abraham,2004:pp120-138
.
.1 :
(
)
, ,
, ,
.
.2 :
.
, .
.3 () :( )Maslach&Jackson,1984:pp189-190
.
.
.
.4 :( )Abraham,2004:p124(,)Maslach&Leiter,1997:p26
,
()
.
.
.
.5 , , :()Kahn,1990:p693-695 ,
.
.
.
.
( )Maslach&Leiter,1997:p28()Abraham,2004:126
-
-2000
.
,
.
.6 :( )Maslach&Leiter,1997:p11
.
( )Maslach&Jakson,1981:p99
.
,
.
( )Maslach&Jakson,1984:p190
. ()Abraham,2004:p128-129
. ( )Lunch,et al,1999:p467
.
.7 :( )Abraham,2004:p132
.
.
.
:
,
.
.
.
()Abraham,2004:p133()McCork&Korn,1954:88-89
( )McCork&Korn
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
.8 : ( )Merton,1968:pp217,514
(,
, ) .
.
.
.
.
( )Neiderhoffer,1967:pp93-97
.
.
.
()%22.7
( ) %15 .
,
.
( )Gould& Moore,2003:p21
, .
5-3-2 /:
()Dean,et al,1998:p344 ( )1
)2( .
.
( )Kanter&Mirvis,1989:p10
( )%43 ,( )%16 )%41(,
.
).
( )Peterson,1994:pp18-21
.
: , , ,
,
. " "
()%20 %80
.
( )Ozler&Atalay,2011:p27
.
( )Delken,2004:p17
.
( )Abraham,2000:p271
, , ,
,
.
.( )Federman,2002:p1
.
.( )Pitre,2004:p11
.
.
. ( Gavreliue,et
)al,2007:p3 ,
,
, . ( Boski,et
) al,2009:p239
.( )Aqueveque&Encina,2010:p312
. ( )Chen,et al,2012:p578
. ( Li&et
)al,2010:p340 .
,
.
( )Stanley,2007:pp384-385
.
1-5-3-2
()Abraham,2004:pp40-41
)1( : ( , ) )2( ,
)3( ,
.
( , ,
, ).
1-1-5-3-2
( )Lerner,1997:pp6-10
.
.
.
.
( )Kubrin&Weitzer,2003:p374
,
, ,
.
( )Jensen,2003:pp2-3
,,
, . .
,
.
2-1-5-3-2
( )Hardin,1998:pp9-10 ,
,
.
.
( )Agger&Etal,1961:p478(,)Buzan,1980:p109
""
.
( )Erber&Lau,1990:pp236-237
.
.
( 1960s .)1980
( )Cappella&Jamieson,1996:p71
.
( )Cappella&Jamieson,1997:pp141-142
,
,
.
( )Lee&Glasure,2002:p45
.
( )Williams,2011:pp1,88
, , ,
,
( )2010-2008
.
" " ,
,
.
3-1-5-3-2
()Gamson,et al,1992:pp373-374
.
.
.
""
.
( )Bagdikian,2004:pp4-5
,
.
( )Compaine,2005:pi
.
( )Cappella&Jamieson,1997:p225
.( )Iyenngar,1991:pp1-2
,
, ,
,
. "" ""
( )Pikkert,2007:pp54-55
, , , .
.
.
( )Schenck-Hamlin,2000:p53
( )160 .
.
4-1-5-3-2
( )Abraham,2004:p55
,
( )Davis&Ballard,1974
.
,
,
.
,
.
( )Williams,2001:p136 (.)6
Source: Williams, Bernard, Kennick , Susan Amanda,& Langtree, Graham,( One World
Many Issues), Nelson Thornes press,UK, 2001,p136.
( )6
( )Business Dictionary.com
.
() .
( )Cuesta,2007:p330
( )1 ()2
( )3
( )4
. ( )Blau& Blau,1982:p114
.
( )Jimerson,et al,2000:pp525-526 ,
19
, , ,
.
( )Pridemore&Alex,2002:p127
.
4-2
(.)8
( )8
1
()Dean& etal,1998:p345
)(Eaton,2000:p6
)(Abraham,2000:269-285
)(Fitzgerald,2002:p8-9
)(Johnson,2003:p635
6
7
8
9
10
)(Ernst,2003:p4
)(Delken,2004:p8
)(Stanley&etal,2005:p430
)(Whitener&etal,2007:p10
)(Naus&etal,2007:p689
11
)(Qian,2007:p7-8
:
()
: ,,
,
,
==========
,
,
, ,
,
,
==========
===========
===========
==========
==========
==========
==========
12
)(Proefschrift,2007:p25
13
)(Qian&Daniels,2008:p320-321
14
)(Scott&Zweig,2008:p96
15
)(Kim&etal,2009:p1437-1438
16
)(Dhar,2009:p153
17
)(Kamalanabhan,2010:p17
18
)(Mokotedi,2010:p22
19
)(Arabaci,2010:p2803
20
)(Ozler&Alalay,2011:p28
21
)(Nafei,2013:p3
22
)(Nafei,2013:p53
23
)(Nafi&Kaifi,2013:p132
==========
=======
==========
:
:
Niederhoffers
SAPS
:
==========
==========
==========
==========
===========
==========
==========
==========
==========
( )Ajzen,2001:p28
: , - ,- ,-
. ( ,
, ) :
1-4-2 :
( )Dean,et al,1998:p345
" , ,
, , ,"
"
" .
,
.
, .
( )Ozler&Atalay,2011:p28(,)Arabaci,2010:p2803
. .
( ) Delken,2004:p8
.( )Ernst,2004:p8
.
( )Shell , ,
. ( )shell
. ,
. ,
.
,
"" , ,
. ,
.
( )Mokotedi,2010:p22(,)Kim,et al,2009:p1438
.
.
2-4-2
( )Ernst,2003:p4(,)Dean,et al,1998:p345 :-
,- ,- ,- ,- ,-,
- ,- ,- .
.
.
.( )Turner,2007:p1
,
, , , ,
.( )Proefschrift,2007:p31
,
,
.
( )Larsen,2009:p261
. ( Bodenhausen,
)etal,1994:p46
.( )Magno,2010:p49
,
3-4-2
( )Andersson&Batman,1997:p454
.( )Proefschrift,2007:p38
. ( )Oleary,2003
. ( )Kim,et al,2009:p1437
,
, .
.
( )Mokotedi,2010:p23
.
( )Dhar,2009:p153(,)Ozler&Atalay,2011:p28
. ( )Wrench,et al,2001:p223
( .) 7
Source: Wrench, Jason, Punyanunt-Carter, Narissra,& Ward Sr., Ward,( Organizational Communication: Theory,
Research, and Practice, v. 0.0), West Virginia University press, 2001, p223
( )7
( )Abraham,2000:pp269-285
( :
, ,) 2000 ( : ,)
(
, , , , )
( , , )
.
()Stanley&etal,2005:p430()Qian,2007:p7-8
()Qian&Daniels,2008:p320-321 ( )Kim&etal,2009:p1437-1438
( )Mokotedi,2010:p22 .
:
:
.
.1
.2
.3
1-1
( )Mount,et al,2006:p592
, ,
.
( )Spector,et al,2006:p447(,)Spector&Fox,2002:p269
.
( , , ,
)
( )CWBs
, ,.
( )Semmer,et al,2010:p71
.
( )Krischer,2010:p154
. ( :)CWBs (
) , ( ) ,
( , ) , (
, , ).
( )Fox,et al,2001:pp291-292
( )CWBs ,
, .
.
( )CWBs
. ( )CWBs
.
.
( )Mehta,2004:p2
((Thoms,et al,2001:p561
, ( &Engstrom
,)Holmlund,2007:p439 ( ,)Blau,1995:p1483
( )Kelloway,et al,2010:p19
, (
) , ( )
( , , , ).
( )Kaplan,1976:p59-61
,
.
( )1 )2( .
.
()
( )Clinard&Meier ,2011:p4(,)Kaplan&Tolle,Jr,2006:p170
.
.
.
( )Coffin,2003:p1
50 . ()Lanyon& Goodstein,2004:p534
()%25
( )%40
. .
""
4 . ( )Ansari,et al,2013:p350
. ( )Bowling& Gruys,2010:p55
.
( )CWB
( , , , , , , ,
, , . ( )Kelloway,2010:p19
1990s
. ( )Rogers&Kelloway,1997:p63
,
( )Crino,1994:p311
, , , .
.
(.)Emmerich,2012:p1
( )Lavan&Martin,2008:p148
(Vs,et (,)Blanchard&Henle,2007:p1067
)al,2009:p4
.
( )Liden,et al,2004:p286
. ( )Cortina,et al,2001:p64
. ( )Scherer,2013:p300-301
.
. ( )O Beyle,et al,2012:p557
( )DT .
,
.
2-1
( )Kickul&Lester,2001:pp193-194 ,201
.
.
( )Jensen,etal,2010:pp556-557
( ) Carver&Scheier,1982
,
( )CWB
.
( )Folger&Cropanzo,2001:pp1-2
.( )Dadi,2012:p71
.
.
( )Thau,et al,2009:p81
. ( )Fine,et al,2010:p73
.
( ) .
(
)
.
( )Spector&Fox,2010:p137
.
.
. ()
.
.
( )Brimecombe,2013:p5-6
.
, , ,
.
.
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:pp153
( , , , ,) ,
( , )
( )CWB
, (
, , ) ( ) .
.
( , , , , ) .
( , , ,)
.
( )Hollinger,1986:p54
, ( )1
)2( .
. ( )Klein,et al,1996:p53
, ,,
, , , , , .
( )Hackett,1989:p235
. ,
( )Leiter&Robichaud,1997:p35
( )N=157
.
( )Sackett& DeVore,2005:pp153-161
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
1-2-1
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p153
)1( :
)2(,
.
1-1-2-1
( )Sackett&Burris,1989:p491
. .
( )Delton&Metzger,1993:pp147-149
1988
.
.
( )Byle&Holtgraves ,2008:pp287-288( )Sackett,1994:p73-74
.
(
)
.
( , , ).
( )Luther,2000:pp19-21
.
.
2-1-2-1
( )Brandstatter,2011:p222
.
( )Guion,2011:pp109-110(,)Sackett&DeVore,2005:p154
( )Houg,1991
( ,)
( ,) (
, , )
, , , ,
,
.
( )Kim,et al,2009:p98
, , .
( )Michel,et al,2011:p199(,)Giluk,2009:p806
, , ,
.
, .
()
. ( )Linden& etal,2010:p315 ()FFM
.
- ()Rotundo&Spector,2011:pp36-37
( , ,,
,) .
( )CWBO ( )CWBP
.
( )Malouff,2004:p111(,)Malouff,et al,2010:p124
-
,
,
,
. ( )Pace&Brannick,2010:p675
.
2-2-1
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p156-157
.
( )Hackman&Oldhams,1976,1980
.
( , ,
, , )
, , )
( , ,
) .
( )Penney&Spector,2005:778
. .
( , )
( ) .
, ,
. ( )Cohen,et al,2013:p47(,)Boddy,2013:p4
.
.( )Ho,2012:p478
,
.
( )Spector&Fox,2005:p156
.
.( )Giacalone&Knouse,1990:pp55-56
(
, , ,)
. )1( :
)2( ,
)3( , , , ,
.
3-2-1
( )Salancik&Pfeffer,1978:p226
.
.
.
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p157
--.
( )Hung,et al,2009:p258
,
.
( )Aube,et al,2009:pp351-352
.
.
.
( )George&Jones,2012:p42
.
. ( Ryan,et
)al,1997:p80
.
.
4-2-1
( )Takala&Uusitalo,1995:p893
.
( )Fitzgerald,1997:p578
.( )Clarke,2003:p41
.
( )Wiener,et al,2004:p48,62
.
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p158-159
.
.
( )Rozakis,2007:p202
.
( )Vijayasiri,2008:p44
189
.
5-2-1
( )Mcdaniel&Jones,1988:pp327-328
, / ,
.
( )Cook,1996:pp320-321
.
.
( )Sewell,1998:p397
, ,
.
( )Ambrose,2000:p25-26
.
.
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p158-159
.
, , ,
, .
6-2-1
( )Greenberg,1990:pp399-401
.
( ).
( )Furnham&Siegel,2012:p200
2006
.
.
.
( )Liu&Berry,2012:p1-2
.
.
.
( )Tan,2013:pp1209-1210
( ,
, ,) .
.( )Somogyvari,2013:pp1-3
.
.
3-1
-
()Law&Zhou,2013:pp4-5
()Organ,1988,1997
( )Borman&Motowidlo, 1993,1997 .
2000
. ( )Kelloway,2010:p19
( )CWBs
.
( )Spector,et al,2006:p448 ( )CWBs
( )Anderson,et al,1995:p434(,)Berkowitz,1998:p49
. (Neuman& (,)Fox&Spector,1999:p915
)Baron,2005:p13 .
, , , ( ,
)
.
(,
( &Chen
.)Spector,1992:p117
( &Folger
.)Skarlicki,2005:p83
. ( )Fox,et al,2001:p292
.
( .)Berkowitz,1998:pp50-51
, , () ,
, ()
. ( )Anderson& Bushman,2002:pp28-29
() , ,
. ()ORB
(.)Folger&Skarlicki,2005:p83
( )Bies&Tripp,1997:p19
.
.
. ( )9 .
( )9
&(Clark
)Hollinger,1983,pp12-13
(Robinson&Bennett,1995:
)pp565-566
)(Gruys&Sackett,2003:p30
)(Lau&etal,2003pp74-80
(Spector&etal,2006:pp448)450
)(Bolten&etal,2010:p537
(Bowling&Gruys,2010:p58)59
,
, ,
-
,
,,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
.1
(,)CWB-Os
(,)CWB-Is
.2
( /),
.3
)(Jensen& Etal,2010:pp555
)(Minjina,2011:p20
10
)(Spector,2011:348-349
11
)(Bashir&etal,2012:p361-362
(Jung&yoon,2012,pp370,376) 12
13
)(Zhao&etal,2013:p220
14
)(Law&Zhou,2013:p5
15
)(Wei&Si,2013:p283
( ,
),
.4
,
()
.5
,
,
,,
,
( ,)
( ,)
,
, ,
,
,
,,
,
,
/
,
(CWB-
,)Os
()CWB-Is
,
,
,
,
,
,
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p147
( )Clark&Hollinger,1983
.
( )Clark&Hollinger,1983:pp12-14
" )1(, "
( , , ) )2(,
( , , )
( , ).
( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p147 ( &Clark
)Hollinger,1983 .
( )Robinson&Bennett,1995:pp565-566
, ( )1 )2(, .
,
( ,,
) ,
( )
. ,
( ) .
(.)8
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
( )8
(Bowling&Gruys,2010:p58-59),(Bushman&Anderson,2001:p274-
) 275 ()
.
.
.
.
. ( ,)
, (
, ) .
( )Bushman& Anderson,2001:p275
.
( )Bowling&Gruys,2010:p58-59
( ,,
)
.
.
.
,
,
.
( (Bowling&Gruys,2010:p58-59),)Zhao&etal,2013:p220
( )CWB-Os
,
( )CWB-Is
.
( )Bowling&Gruys,2010:p59
,
.
()Sackett&DeVore,2005:p146
.
.1 ( , )
.2 ( )
.3 ( , )
.4 ( , ,
)
.5 ( , )
.6 ( ,
)
.7 ( , )
.8 ( , )
.9 ( )
.10 ( , )
.11 ( ,
,)
1-3-1
( )Schaefer,et al,2000:p89
, ,
, , ,
.
40 .
1994
(al,2001:pp562-563
)Thoms,et
)Clark&Hollinger,1983:p3(,
,
.
.( Hollinger,et
) al,1992:p155
341
21 .
( )Collins,2005:p105(, )McDaniel,et al,1986:p31-32
.( )Greenberg&Barling ,1996:p56
( )Banduras,1977
()Dekker&Barling,1995:p8
( )1
)2( , - - )3( ,
()Keating,2005:p1(,)Brown&Pardue,1985:p875
.
.
) )Greenberg&Barling,1996:p56 ,
.
( )9
()9
() ( , ) ,
(,) ( , ) ,
()
( )( , ),
( )
X
x
x
x
( )9
( )Freeman,2013:p1
.
.
( )Bullock,2012:p1(,)White,2013:p1
( )1
. .
, , . ,
.
. , .
)2( , .
. ,
)3( ,
2-3-1
( )Crino,1994:p313-318
.
.
( )Harris&Ogbonna,2009:pp326-328
()1
)2(,
)3(,
,
)4(,
.
( )Ambrose,et al,2002:p947
.
, ,
, . . ,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
( )Gurtler&Munster,2013:p2
.
()Maclane&Walmsley,2010,p65 (,)Cohen,etal,2012:p3
( )Bauer,2011:p3
.
( )Brimecombe,2012:pp13-25
.
3-3-1
( )Feretic,2011:p1
.
.
( )Gruys,1999:p43 (
,
, ,
( ) ,
) .( )Arcy,2007:p2
, ,
, , .
( )Smith,2007:p265
.
( )Arcy,et al,2008:p2
. ( )%75-%50
$345000 ( )%39
.
( )DRI,2013:p1
)1( :
)2(,
)3(,
)4(,
)5(, .
( )Withey,2013:p1
.
( )Murphy,1993:p49
.
(:2007, )451
.
, , .
( )Lasley,1988:p348
( , , ,)
, , ,
.
4-3-1
( ) Gruys,1999:p44,70 (
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
, ) .
.
( )Spector,1975:p635 ( )82
( ,
, , , ,
) . ( )Sackett&DeVore,2005:p160
, , , ,
.
( )Appelbaum,2007:p588
.( )Muafi,2011:p126
.
( )Adams,2013:p1 ( )Salary.com 14
) )IBM
()1000 ( )%43
.
( )Broek,2013:p1
.
5-3-1
( )Lee,2000:p1
%80
. ( )Fielden& Davidson,2001:p117
.
( )Clarke,2003:p42
.
( )Sherwood,1999:p1
.
( )Navon,et al,2007:p573
.
( )Fogarty&Shaw,2010:p1456
.
,
,
, .
.
1.4.
( )Na&Yi,2011:p2225
.()Shuang, etal,2o13:p99(,)Jiang-Shi&etal,2011:p1965
. ( )Wenwang,et al ,2012:p220
:
,
,
(.)10
Source: Wenwang, Yang, Gui, Fu, Jiangshi, Zhang, Song, Qing, Nan, Shao, Zhongqian,
Chang,( Analysis and methods of the blasters unsafe behavior taking gas explosion
accident as an example), Procedia Engineering, 45, 2012, p 220
( )10
( )Tucker&Turner,2013:p104
, , .
.
6-3-1
( )Nicholson&Johns,1985:pp397-402
,
,
.
(
, ) (
)
.
. ,
/
(.)11
( )
Source: Nicholson, Nigel,& Johns, Gary,( The Absence Culture and the Psychological
Contract-Who's in Control of Absence?), The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10,
No. 3 ,Jul., 1985. P 397.
( )11
( )Heywood&Jirjahn,2004:pp765-766
6
24 62
1997 ( )%2 .
( )Kant,et al,2009:408
.
.
( )Engstrom&Holmlund,2007:p440
.
( )Brown&Sessions,1996
.
( )Arai&Thoursie,2005:pp269-270
.
.
( )Poojari,2006:p16 ( ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , , )
( )Blau,1995:p1494
.
( )Bardsley&Rhodes,1996:p351
.
.
( )Sagie,et al,2002:p1
.
.
..( )Blau,2002:p134
( )10
, ,
, .
( ) 10
, ,
,
,
, ,
Source: Blau, Gary,( New Conceptualizations of Lateness since Blau, 1994), Voluntary Employee
Withdrawal and Inattendance, Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Theory, Research, and
Practice 2002. P134
( )Shapira-Lishchinsky,2007:pp187-188
.
.
(Shapira-Lishchinksky& Even-
)Zohar,2011:p429 ( , , )
, , , .
( ;Hackett&Bycio,1996:p327
)Staw&Oldham,1978:p542
.
.
( )Peterson,et al,1986:pp563-564
.
.
( )Robbins,1995:pp337-338
.
"" .( )Suleiman&Watson,2008:pp292-293
(
) , (
) , ( )12
100
( , , ,
) ,( , ,) ,
( , ).
Source: Suleiman, James,& Watson, Richard T.,( Social Loafing in TechnologySupported Teams), Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 17, 2008, p293
( )12
( )Hung,et al,2009:p265
,
.
.
( )CWB-I ( )CWB-O
( )CWB-I ( )CWB-O
.
( )Wang,et al,2013:p1
( ,
) . ( )%80
5.6
.
( )Liberman,2011:p2193
.
.
.
( )Kidwell,2010:pp544-548
)1( :
)2(, )3(,
)4(,
)5(,
.
( )11 .
( )11 21
, ,
, ,
,
(
) , (
)
/
.1
.2
.3
/
,
.1
.2
.3
.4
.1
.2
.3
.1
,
.2
( )OCB
( )OCBs
.
Source:Kidwell, Roland E.,( Loafing in the 21st century: Enhanced opportunitiesand
remediesfor withholding job effort in the new workplace), Business Horizons,
53,2010. P 548.
( )RuningSawitri,2012:p322
.
. ( )Restubog,et al,2011:pp250-251
.
.
.
( )Henle,et al,2009:p909(,)Ugrin&Pearson,2013:pp817-818
.
.
7-3-1
( )Belot&Schroder,2012:pp2-3( )Gruys,1999:p44
(
)
.
( )Belot&Schroder,2013:p3
.
( )Spencer,2003:p235
,
, .
8-3-1
( )Roche,et al,2013:p20(,)Frone,1999:p284
.
.
( )Jacobs&Schain,2010:p3
. ,
, , ,
.
( )Loon,et al,2004:p225( )Azagba&Sharaf,2011:p1
, , , ,
, , .
.
. ( )Janes& Ames,1989:p245
.
9-3-1
( )Leblanc&Barling,2005:pp47-48
,
.
.
( )Blum,1967,:pp139-140
. ( )Mangione&Quinn,1975:p114 1327
.
.
( )Newcomb&Bentler,1986:p304
.
.
.
.
10-3-1
( )Andersso&Pearson,1999:pp455-456
.
, . "
"
( Pearson
)&Porath,2005:p191 (.)13
Source: Pearson, Christine M., Andersson, Lynne M.,& Porath, Christine L.,( WORKPLACE
INCIVILITY), Edit by, Fox, Suzy, Spector, Paul E.,( Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of
actors and targets), American Psychological Association,2005. p 191.
( )13
( )Lim&Teo,2009:p419
.
( )Morrow,et al,2011:p1212
,
:
.1 :
.
.2 :
.
.3 :
.
( )Andersso&Pearson,1999:p458
.
( )Baron&Neuman,1996:p161
, , .
.( )Pearson&Porath,2005:p14
.
. ( )Kain,2008:p1
.
( )Andersson&Pearson,1999:p458 (,)Baron&Newman,1996:p
( )
()
. : :
, ,
, .
:
( )Bartlett,2009:pp31-32(,)Andersson&Pearson,1999:p459
.
( )A ( )B
( )15 ( )B
( )B
()A
( )B ()A
( )B , ,
( .)B
.
(.)14,15
(.)P
:P1
.
: P2
.
: P3
.
Source: Andersson, Lynne M.,& Pearson, Christine M.,( Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect
of Incivility in the Workplace), The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3
,Jul., 1999. P
a ) 14(
Source: Andersson, Lynne M.,& Pearson, Christine M.,( Tit for Tat? The Spiraling Effect
of Incivility in the Workplace), The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3
,Jul., 1999. P
b ) 15(
:
(,2004:p63(,)Andersson&Pearson,1999:pp461-462
)Vardi&Weitz
( )Helm,et al,1972:pp89-90
. ( )Helm,et al,1972
( )
,
.
( )Vardi&Weitz,2004:p63(,)Andersson&Pearson,1999:pp461-462
()Zimbardos,1969
.
.
.
. .
: P4
.
: P5
.
:P6
.
:
( )Andersson&Pearson,1999:pp463-464
:
:P7
. ,
, , ,
, ,,
.
: P8
. , ,
, , , ,
.
.
.
:
( )Pearson,2010:p155(,)Andersson&Pearson,1999:pp465
.
. A B
C
A .D C B
.
.
. :
:P9
.
:P10 ( , ,)
.
() .
( )Pryce&Frederickson,2013:pp183-184
.( )Edwards&Greenberg,2010:pp18-19
, ,
.( )Raver,2004:pp10-15
( ) .
(.)16
( )16
11-3-1
( Fineran&Gruber
),2009:p551-552 ,
, ( )1
)2(,
)3(,
.()Lee,etal,2011:pp170-171
( )Marshall,et al,2013:p2
, , , , , ,,
, . ( ,
) ( , ,) . ( )Fineran,2002:p953
()%35
( )332 ( %63 )%37,
.( )Pina,et al,2009:p127
.( )Popovich&Warren,2010:p47
.
( )Schneider,et al,2000:p3
, ,
.
.
.
( )Baron&Neuman,1998:pp447-449 ( %3 )%7
( )
.
,,
. .
.
( )Zapf&Einarsen,2005:pp238-239
.
. , ,
.
( )Neuman&Baron,2005:pp30-32
()Anderson,etal,1996:pp366-368(,)Anderson,1997:pp162-163
)Anderson,et al,1998:pp163-164(,)Anderson,et al,1995:pp435-437(,
, ,,
A ,
.
) GAAM )
( ) , (
) (17
)
Source: Neuman, Joel H.,& Baron, Robert,(Aggression in the Workplace A SocialPsychological Perspective), Edit by, Fox, Suzy, Spector, Paul E.,( Counterproductive
work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets), American Psychological
Association, 2005. P32
) 17(
.
:
.1 .
.2
.3
.4
1-2
( )Ham,et al,1987:p27
.
( )Milliman,et al,1991:p318
. ( )Sanchez,1995:p135
,
( )Armstrong,2008:pp41-42
. ( &Wright
)Snell,1997:p13( )Bhattachary etal(B),2005:p6-7
.
( )Hegewisch,1999 ( , ,
)
.( )Robinson,2000:p25
" "
.
()Virtanen,2000:p39( )Tiwari&Saxena,2012:p669-672
. ( )Wu,2011:p277()Varca,2004:p466()Ngo etl,2011:p7
, ,
. .
( )National Research Council,2006:p63
.(Bhattacharya,etal,2005:pp5-
)Gibson&Birkinshaw,2004:pp209-210(,)6
, ,
( )Ngo&Loi,2008:p1654
( , ,).
()Bhattacharya,2010:p4 ( )Ketkar&Sett,2009:p1009
, ,
.
()Zollo&Winter,2002:p340
.
.
()Ktkar&Sett,2010:p1173 ( )Ngo,et al,2011:p1
.( )Chu,etal,2012:p41
,
.
( )Michel&Michel,2012:p5169
.( )Xu,2013:p11
. ( )Parrado-Diez,2000:pp151-152
, ,
.( )Maguire,1993:p15
.
( )Terry,2011:p661
.( )Kiviniemi&Virtanen,2000:pp94-96
, , ,
, .( )Martinez-Sanchez,2012:pp2-3
( )
.
( )Hausknecht&Wright,2012:p148
.
( )Hedman&Borell,2002:p130
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, .
2-2
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:p3
(.)1980s-1990s
(Kalleberg,2000:pp341-(,)Horton&Farnham,2000:pp313-316
)Johns&Gratton,2013:pp1-4( ,)343
( )Horton&Farnham :
( )1960s-1970s
.
( )1980s ,
.
( )1990s
.
. ( ,
,) .
. .
.
. ( )Williams,2003:pp25-26
2002
.
.
( )White,2000:p255(,)Horton,2000:pp208-211
1970
.
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:pp6-7
( )1960s
()4.5% ( )40%
. ( )1980s .
3-2
.
( )Chu,etal,2012:pp42-43
, , , .
.
( , , , ,
) .
( )Martin,2006:pp94-99
(.)18
( )18
: :
.
( Van den Berg&Van der
.)velde,2005:p112( )Macduffie,1995:p198
.
( (Martin,2006:p95),)Atkinson,1984:pp30-31
.
.
( )Rosenblatt&Inbal,1999:p345
, (
) ( ).
: : (Boudreau& (,)Martin,2006:p95
)Ramstad,1997:p344
.
( )Wright&Snell,1998:p9
.
.
.
: :( )Martin,2006:98-99
( )Haiyang&Yan,2002
.
.
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:pp13-16
( )EAPM( )15 ( )32
(: , , ,
, , ).
.
.
.
( )Horton&Farnham,2000:pp313-336
( , , , , , , , , ,) (
) .
(.)10
( )X , ( )XX
( )XXX
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
Sorce: Horton,Sylvia& Farnham, David,(Evaluating Human Resources Flexibilities: a Comparative perspective), pp313-336 edit by Franham, David &Horton, sylvia, Macmillam,2000, p317
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
) 12(
xx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
( )Virtanen,2000:pp40-43
(.)13
( )13
, ,
, ,
,
,
:
: ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
:
,,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
( )14 .
( )14
1
)(Atkinson,1984:p30
) (Ham,et al,1987:p27
) (Bluton&Morris,1992:p120
) (wright&Snell,1997:pp 9-10
)(Begin,1997:p16
) (Hondeghem&Steen,2000:pp72-75 :
(Kiviniemi&Virtanen,2000:pp84)87
)(Burnham,2000:pp98-111
)(Rober&Loffler,2000:pp123-130
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
( ,),
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
(
)
,
,
10
)(Ruffini,2000:pp140-147
11
)(Parrado-Diez,200:p153
12
)(Murray,2000:pp171-181
13
)(Krogt,et al,2000:pp192-204
14
)(Horton,2000:pp214-227
(Thompson&Cachares,2000:pp237- 15
)248
16
17
) (Bhattacharya,et al,2005:p6
, ,
) (Ngo&Loi,2008:p1654 ,
:
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
18
) (Beltran-Martin,2008:pp18-19
19
) (Ketkar&Sett,2009:p1009
:
20
) (Battacharya,2010:p12 :
21
) (Ngo,et al,2011:p2
:
22
) (Wu,2011:p278
23
) (Zolin,et al,2011:p1098
) (Qian,et al,2012:p272
25
) (Chu,et al,2012:p41
26
) (Martinez-Sanchez,2012:p4 ,
27
) (Xu,2013:p11
) (Xue&Xu,2013:p402
24
28
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
(,
)
,
,
- -
( , , ,
, )
.
.1 ( ).
.2 ( ).
.3 .
.4 ( ).
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9 .
.10
.11
.12
1-3-2
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:p16
, .
()Begin,1997:p16( ,)Wu,2011:p278( ,)Chu,et al,2012:p41
( (Bluton&Morris,1992:p120),)Atkinson,1984:p30
.( )Kucera,1997:p135
.
.
( )Van den Berg&Van der Velde,2005:p113
.
.
()Xue&Xu,2013:p402 ( )Zolin,et al,2011:p1098
. ( )Bhattacharya,2000
.
.
.
.
( )Qian,et al,2012:p272
, .
( )Schmid,2008:p315 ( ,)
, ,
.
.
( )Martinez-Sanchez,2012:pp3-4 ,
,
, , , .
( )Xu,2013:p11
.( )Monastiriotis,2006:p225
.( )Velden&Allen,2011:p244
, ,
.
.
( )Schilstra,et al,2004:p137
.
( )Schmid,2011:p48
.
2-3-2 ( , )
( )Wu,2011:p278(,)Blyton&Morris,1992:p120
,
.
.( )Atkinson,1984:p30
.
.( )Begin,1997:18-19
.
.
.
( )Martinez-Sanchez,2012:p3-4(,)Begin,1997:18-19
, , ,
, ,
, , .
( )Tros,2006:p39
( , , ),
( )Klammer,2005:p157
( , , ,
) .
( ) .
28.8
. ( )
. ( )Schief,2009:p148 (. )15
( )15
/
Source: Schief, Sebastian,( Patterns of Flexibility in Domestic and Foreign Enterprises),
Edit by, Delsen , Lei, Bauer, Frank, Gette, Gilbert, Smith, Mark,( Comparative Analyses
of Operating Hours and Working Times in the European Union), Physica-Verlag A
Springer Company, Germany, 2009. P 148.
( )Martinez-Sanchez,2012:p4
.
.
.
( )Xue&Xu,2013:p402
, .
.
3-3-2
( )Wu,2011:p278
( )
( ) (
).( )Reilly,2001:pp39-40
.
. ( )Winfield,et al,2004:p49
().
( )Zietlow&Seidner,2007:p6
, ,
, , , .
( )Shipton,2005:p31 .
, , , ,
.
( )Torrington,etal,2008:p131
.
( )Bottery,2000:p162(,)Mills&Blossfeld,2005:p8
. ()Wilton,2011:p105(, )Berton,2012:p17
.
()Farnham&Horton,2000:pp13-16 ( )Nomden,2000:pp280-294
:
.1 :
.
.2 :
.
.3 :
.
.4 :
.
.5 :
.
.6 :
.
.7 :
. , , .
.8 :
.
5-3-2
( )Montin,2000:p309
, .
( )Blyton&Morris,1992:p120
.
( )Yamaguchi,2005:p1
. ( Chu,et
)al,2012:p42
. ( )Qian,et al,2012:p273
.
.
()Pannone,2010:p219 ( )Buettner,2007:p296
.
( )Hondeghem&Steen,2000:p71
""
( )White,2000:pp265-267
( ) 19
.
.
.
( )19
( )Schweitzer,2007:p5
.
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:pp13-16
,
( ,
, ).
6-3-2
( )Green,et al,2007:p66
.( )Kalata&Naugle,2009:p448
. ( )Ngo,et al,2011:p7
.
( )Pulakos,,et al,2000:p612(,)Bhattacharya,et al,2005:p4
.
)1( :
. )2( ,
.( )Beltran-Martin&etal,2008:p7
.
( )Emlen,2010:p76 ,
.
( )Hunsaker&Alessandra,1980:p46
.
.
.
8-3-2
( )Rosenblatt&Inbal,1999:p347
.
( )Becker,2011:pp191-192
.
.( )Sirotiak,2008:p96
. ()Ngo,et al,2011:p2
.()Wu,2011:p278
.
( )Hughes&Terrell,2012:p96-97
.
, ,.
( )Mikulecky,1996:p63
.
.( )Clark,1995:p149
.
( )Hellriegel&Slocum,2009:p178
.
9-3-2
( )Chu,et al,2012:p43
, , ,
. .
. , ,
. ( )Steven,et al,2011:p262
.
( )Araimi,2011:p93
.
.
.
10-3-2
()Volberda,1997:p169 ( )Volberda,1998:pp81-82
.
.
( )Fioretti,2008:p2
.( )Skorstad,2009:p21
.
)1( : )2(,
)3(, )4(, .
( )Hatum&Pettigrew,2009:p459 ()Volberda
.
()Volberda
.
.
.
( )Reilly,2001:p12
. ( )Chu etal,2012:p42
( )Avril&Zumello,2013:p11
.
( )Elliott,2008:p23
21
"
" .( )Dadderio,2004:p209
, ,
. ( )Kumar,1999:pp306-307
(
) .
(.)20
Source: Kumar, Ram L.,( Understanding the Business Value of Information Systems: A
(Flexibility-Based Perspective), Edit by, Mahmood, Mo Adam,& Sezewczak, Edward J.,
Measuring Information Technology Investment Payoff: Contemporary Approaches), Idea
Group Publishing, USA, 1999. P 307
( )20
. .
.
.
11-3-2
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:p12
:
.1 :
, ,
.
.2 :
.
.
12-3-2
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:p15
.
.1 :
.
( )Pocock etal,2009:pp5-6(,)Nomden,2000:pp292-293
.
( )12
( )72 .
.
" "
( )1998-1996
( )359-90
( )60% .
.2 : ( )Farnham&Horton,2000:p15
(Nomden,2000:pp294-
)Hondeghem&Steen,2000:pp69-70(,)295
( )58 ( )37.5 ( )40
( )60
( )1997 ( )10000
( .)50
( )65-55 ( )10
( )62
( )70% .
.
.
.
( )40%
( )2040 .
(Burnham,2000:pp103-(,)Kiviniemi&Virtanen,2000:pp94-96
)Van der Krogt etal,2000:pp203-205(,)106
.
( )55
" "
( )1982
( )25 (.)55
( )57
( )30.32 ( )15.8%
( )61
( )22.76 ( )36.8%
.
13-3-2
( )Farnham&Horton,2000:pp13-16
(
)
.( )Virtanen,2000:pp42-43
.
( )Thompson&Cachares,2000:p248
, ,
2000
( )23%
. (Quick&Nelson,2013: pp453-
)459
( )8%
( )11.5% .
.
4-2
()Virtanen,2000:pp40-43( )Ridley,2000:pp24-26
,
, , , ,
.
.
.
. -
-
.
.
,
.
( )Cowling,1998:pp13-14
,
,
.
.
( )Horton&Farnham,2000:p322
)1( :
)2(, )3(,
)4(, )5(,
)6(, ,
.
( )Chew,2004: pp6-10
.
.
.
.
( )Parrado-Diez,2000:pp151-153
)1( :
)2(,
.
)3( ,
.
)4( ,
.
,
.
,
,
, . (Wu,2011: pp278-
)279
.
.
.
:
:
.
,
( , , , , ),
( ,
) .
( , , , ,
) ..
.
:1-1
) )Ho : M1=M2= .= M10 ()H: at least one differ
. ( )16 ( )%88.3
( )
.
( )16
0.0747 1
0.0084 2
0.0001 3
0.0047 4
0.0000 5
0.0000 6
0.0096 7
0.2502
0.0000 1
0.0011 2
0.0992 3
0.0686 4
0.0071 5
0.0000 6
0.0000 7
0.0046
0.0000 1
0.0455 2
0.2731 3
0.0000 4
0.0000 5
0.0050 6
0.4427 7
0.0124
0.0000 1
0.0000 2
0.0000 3
0.0000 4
0.0022 5
0.0000 6
0.0000 7
0.0000
0.0000 1
0.0008 2
0.0000 3
0.2845 4
0.5413 5
0.2366 6
0.0000 7
0.0019 8
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000 1
0.0007 2
0.0000 3
0.0000 4
0.0000 5
0.0038 6
0.0000 7
0.0524 8
0.0031 9
0.0012 10
0.0000
0.0000 1
0.0000 2
0.0002 3
0.1716 4
0.0000 5
0.0000 6
0.0030 7
0.1010 8
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000 1
0.0026 2
0.0025 3
0.0210 4
0.0000 5
0.0006 6
0.0003
0.0002 1
0.0024 2
0.0013 3
0.0000 4
0.0005 5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
0.0000
0.0153
0.0000
0.0000
0.0155
0.1670
0.2609
0.0007
0.0000
0.0022
0.0000
0.0009
0.0131
0.4249
0.0129
0.0001
0.0000
0.0011
0.0000
:
:
2-1
.1
( ) 17
(( )1
) ( )%73.4( )%87.65
( )3.67
( )4.38 ,
()4.03
( )%80.6 . (( )2
) ( )%69.4 ( )%87
( )3.47
( ) 4.35 ,
( )3.79 ( .)%75.8
(( )3 ) ( )50.4% ( )%76.6
( )2.52
( )3.83
,
( )3.15 ( .)%63 ()4
( ) ( )%51.6 ( )%76.6
( )2.58
( )3.76
,
( )3.28 ( .)%65.6
(( )5 )
( )17
87.50
%
0.52
4.38
77.39
%
1.14
3.87
75.79
%
0.98
3.79
87.50
%
0.58
4.38
83.24
%
0.83
4.16
73.33
%
1.09
3.67
83.16
%
0.90
4.16
86.36
%
0.84
4.32
80.00
%
1.07
4.00
76.00
%
1.03
3.80
77.50
%
1.13
3.88
86.96
%
0.93
4.35
69.47
%
1.02
3.47
78.33
%
0.97
3.92
72.97
%
1.14
3.65
75.00
%
1.07
3.75
78.95
%
1.03
3.95
80.91
%
0.79
4.05
72.59
%
1.15
3.63
70.00
%
0.90
3.50
60.00
%
1.51
3.00
64.35
%
1.28
3.22
60.00
%
1.00
3.00
76.67
%
1.01
3.83
65.95
%
1.20
3.30
70.83
%
1.14
3.54
56.84
%
1.01
2.84
65.45
%
0.88
3.27
50.37
%
0.80
2.52
57.33
%
0.82
2.87
72.50
%
1.06
3.63
74.78
%
1.14
3.74
63.16
%
1.12
3.16
66.67
%
1.31
3.33
75.14
%
0.89
3.76
69.17
%
1.18
3.46
51.58
%
1.02
2.58
70.91
%
1.01
3.55
53.33
%
1.07
2.67
59.33
%
1.27
2.97
42.50
%
0.99
2.13
60.00
%
1.54
3.00
41.05
%
0.71
2.05
62.50
%
1.15
3.13
62.16
%
1.20
3.11
73.33
%
1.05
3.67
50.53
%
1.07
2.53
45.45
%
1.03
2.27
45.19
%
1.35
2.26
40.00
%
1.11
2.00
67.50
%
1.19
3.38
84.35
%
0.80
4.22
71.58
%
1.07
3.58
80.00
%
0.66
4.00
71.89
%
1.09
3.59
77.50
%
0.95
3.88
81.05
%
1.08
4.05
81.82
%
0.81
4.09
77.04
%
0.91
3.85
71.33
%
1.04
3.57
6
55.00
%
1.04
2.75
70.43
%
0.95
3.52
60.00
%
1.29
3.00
70.00
%
1.02
3.50
67.57
%
1.04
3.38
57.50
%
1.19
2.88
63.16
%
1.01
3.16
69.09
%
1.01
3.45
67.41
%
1.11
3.37
64.67
%
1.19
3.23
%66.07
0.47
3.30
%74.04
0.57
3.70
%63.01
0.60
3.15
%74.52
0.44
3.73
%71.27
0.68
3.56
%70.95
0.39
3.55
%66.47
0.57
3.32
%71.43
0.53
3.57
%63.70
0.57
3.19
%62.67
0.66
3.13
2.67
3.28
3.15
3.79
4.03
P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3.83
3.27
3.43
.2
( ) 18
(( )1
) ( )%45 ( )%71.6
( )2.25
( )3.58 ,
( )2.88 ( .)%57.6 (( )2
) ( )%61 ( )%73.6
( )3.05
( )3.68 ,
( )3.33 ( .)%66.6 (( )3
) ( )%55.8 ( )%71.6
( )2.79
( )3.58 ,
( )3.21 ( .)%64.2 (( )4
) ( )%55.8 ( )%70.4
( )2.79
( )3.52 ,
()3.03
( .)60.6 (( )5
) ( )%45 ( )%75.8
( )2.20
( )3.79
,
( )2.81
( .)%56.2 (( )6
) ( )%47.4 ( )%72.4
( )2.37
( )3.62 ,
( )2.98 ( .)%59.6 (( )7
) ( )%53.6 ( )%71.8
( )2.68
( )3.59 ,
( )3.18 (.)63.6
( )3.33
( )2.81
( )3.06 ( )61.2 .
( )18
45.00
%
1.16
2.25
65.22
%
1.25
3.26
50.53
%
0.84
2.53
71.67
%
0.97
3.58
65.41
%
1.12
3.27
51.67
%
1.18
2.58
63.16
%
1.12
3.16
60.00
%
1.20
3.00
48.15
%
1.01
2.41
46.00
%
0.84
2.30
72.50
%
0.74
3.63
66.09
%
1.29
3.30
61.05
%
0.97
3.05
72.50
%
1.01
3.63
73.51
%
1.00
3.68
61.67
%
1.14
3.08
62.11
%
1.10
3.11
73.64
%
1.17
3.68
62.96
%
1.32
3.15
61.33
%
1.14
3.07
67.50
%
1.41
3.38
67.83
%
1.37
3.39
61.05
%
0.97
3.05
71.67
%
0.97
3.58
70.27
%
1.10
3.51
55.83
%
1.02
2.79
58.95
%
0.91
2.95
67.27
%
1.09
3.36
61.48
%
1.24
3.07
58.67
%
1.26
2.93
57.50
%
1.46
2.88
70.43
%
1.44
3.52
55.79
%
1.18
2.79
61.67
%
1.10
3.08
61.62
%
1.04
3.08
63.33
%
1.05
3.17
55.79
%
0.98
2.79
62.73
%
0.94
3.14
58.52
%
1.11
2.93
56.00
%
1.00
2.80
45.00
%
1.04
2.25
46.96
%
1.03
2.35
44.21
%
0.85
2.21
75.83
%
0.93
3.79
70.81
%
1.02
3.54
57.50
%
1.03
2.88
58.95
%
1.18
2.95
56.36
%
0.96
2.82
48.15
%
1.31
2.41
44.00
%
0.92
2.20
50.00
%
0.76
2.50
57.39
%
1.14
2.87
55.79
%
0.71
2.79
69.17
%
0.83
3.46
72.43
%
0.89
3.62
65.83
%
0.86
3.29
69.47
%
0.77
3.47
51.82
%
1.18
2.59
47.41
%
1.08
2.37
48.67
%
0.94
2.43
67.50
%
0.74
3.38
55.65
%
1.09
2.78
53.68
%
0.89
2.68
67.50
%
1.01
3.38
65.41
%
0.96
3.27
69.17
%
0.83
3.46
62.11
%
0.88
3.11
71.82
%
1.18
3.59
58.52
%
1.14
2.93
64.00
%
1.16
3.20
3.18
%57.86
0.69
2.89
%61.37
0.68
3.07
%54.59
0.61
2.73
%70.00
0.47
3.50
%68.49
0.68
3.42
%60.71
0.49
3.04
%61.50
0.78
3.08
%63.38
0.79
3.17
%55.03
0.63
2.75
%54.10
0.67
2.70
3.06
2.98
2.81
3.03
3.21
3.33
2.88
P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
.3
( ) 19
(( )1
) ( )%71.6 ( )%84.6
.
( )3.58
( )4.23 ,
( )3.91 ( .)%78.2
(( )2 ) ()%65.2
( ) %77.4
( )3.26
( )3.87 ,
( )3.61
( .)%72.2 (( )3
) ( )%51.6 ( )%79.2
()2.58
()3.96
,
( )3.45 ( .)%69
(( )4
) ( )53.6 ( )82.6
( )2.68
( )4.13
.
( )3.61 (.)72.2
(( )5
) ( )%55 ( )%74.8
( )2.75
( )3.74 ,
( )3.36
( )%67.2 . (( )6
) ( )%66
( ) %77.6
. ( )3.3
( )3.88 ,
()3.61
( )%72.2 . (( )7
) ( )%53.6
( ) %74.2 .
( )2.68
( )3.71 ,
( )3.43
(.)%68.6
( )3.91
( )3.36
( )3.56 ( )%71.2
.
( )19
77.50
%
0.83
3.88
80.00
%
0.95
4.00
75.79
%
0.71
3.79
82.50
%
0.61
4.13
77.30
%
0.82
3.86
71.67
%
0.93
3.58
83.16
%
1.01
4.16
84.55
%
0.87
4.23
77.78
%
1.05
3.89
74.00
%
0.88
3.70
67.50
%
0.92
3.38
77.39
%
1.06
3.87
71.58
%
1.02
3.58
75.00
%
0.85
3.75
72.43
%
0.98
3.62
68.33
%
0.78
3.42
65.26
%
0.93
3.26
75.45
%
0.92
3.77
76.30
%
1.08
3.81
68.67
%
1.01
3.43
65.00
%
1.04
3.25
62.61
%
1.29
3.13
69.47
%
1.02
3.47
79.17
%
0.75
3.96
77.30
%
0.95
3.86
51.67
%
0.93
2.58
61.05
%
1.03
3.05
71.82
%
1.05
3.59
76.30
%
0.96
3.81
66.00
%
0.95
3.30
62.50
%
0.99
3.13
75.65
%
1.24
3.78
72.63
%
0.90
3.63
82.50
%
0.68
4.13
81.62
%
0.80
4.08
80.00
%
0.88
4.00
53.68
%
0.95
2.68
70.91
%
0.86
3.55
65.19
%
0.90
3.26
65.33
%
0.91
3.27
65.00
%
0.71
3.25
72.17
%
1.16
3.61
64.21
%
1.23
3.21
71.67
%
0.88
3.58
71.35
%
1.01
3.57
55.00
%
0.90
2.75
56.84
%
0.69
2.84
70.91
%
1.01
3.55
74.81
%
1.10
3.74
63.33
%
0.95
3.17
75.00
%
0.89
3.75
73.04
%
1.15
3.65
73.68
%
0.89
3.68
77.50
%
0.54
3.88
75.14
%
0.93
3.76
72.50
%
0.82
3.63
67.37
%
0.96
3.37
70.00
%
1.01
3.50
65.93
%
0.99
3.30
71.33
%
0.94
3.57
62.50
%
1.13
3.13
73.04
%
1.11
3.65
67.37
%
1.01
3.37
71.67
%
0.88
3.58
74.05
%
0.97
3.70
74.17
%
0.95
3.71
53.68
%
0.67
2.68
63.64
%
1.10
3.18
66.67
%
1.00
3.33
69.33
%
0.78
3.47
3.43
%67.86
0.59
3.39
%73.42
0.83
3.67
%70.68
0.78
3.53
%77.14
0.40
3.86
%75.60
0.68
3.78
%67.62
0.34
3.38
%63.01
0.58
3.15
%72.47
0.71
3.62
%70.16
0.66
3.51
%68.29
0.64
3.41
3.56
3.61
3.36
3.61
3.45
3.61
3.91
P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
.4
( )20
(( )1
) ( )%42.6 ( )%70.8
( )2.13
( )3.54 ,
( )2.73
( )%54.6 . (( )2
) ( )%46.6 ( )84.2
( ) 2.33
( )4.21 ,
( )3.19 ( .)%63.8
(( )3 ) ()%50.4
( ) %85
( )2.52
( )4.25 ,
( )3.41 ()%68.2
. (( )4
) ( )%54 ( )%72.8
( )2.7
( )3.64 ,
()3.19
( .)%63.8 (( )5
) ( )%68.4 ( )%80
( )3.42
( )4 ,
()3.68
( )%73.6 . (( )6
) ( )%46.6 ( )%66.6
( )2.33
( )3.33
,
( )2.75 ( )%55 .
(( )7 ) ()%67.4
( ) %86.6
( )3.37
( )4.33 ,
( )3.7 ()%74
.
( )3.70
( )2.73
( )3.24
( )%64.8 .
42.50
%
0.83
2.13
54.78
%
1.32
2.74
54.74
%
1.28
2.74
70.83
%
1.10
3.54
67.57
%
1.16
3.38
45.00
%
0.90
2.25
48.42
%
0.84
2.42
54.55
%
0.94
2.73
46.67
%
1.14
2.33
48.00
%
1.04
2.40
62.50
%
1.13
3.13
60.87
%
1.30
3.04
57.89
%
0.94
2.89
80.83
%
0.86
4.04
64.86
%
0.95
3.24
84.17
%
0.72
4.21
48.42
%
0.77
2.42
64.55
%
0.97
3.23
46.67
%
0.83
2.33
63.33
%
1.12
3.17
60.00
%
1.20
3.00
67.83
%
1.20
3.39
56.84
%
1.30
2.84
75.83
%
0.98
3.79
74.59
%
1.04
3.73
85.00
%
0.85
4.25
65.26
%
1.15
3.26
77.27
%
0.89
3.86
50.37
%
1.01
2.52
61.33
%
1.14
3.07
55.00
%
1.04
2.75
61.74
%
1.20
3.09
63.16
%
1.07
3.16
71.67
%
0.93
3.58
69.73
%
1.04
3.49
61.67
%
0.65
3.08
56.84
%
0.90
2.84
72.73
%
0.90
3.64
54.07
%
0.95
2.70
63.33
%
0.99
3.17
75.00
%
0.71
3.75
70.43
%
1.12
3.52
74.74
%
0.93
3.74
68.33
%
0.65
3.42
71.35
%
0.69
3.57
77.50
%
0.90
3.88
77.89
%
0.57
3.89
80.00
%
0.69
4.00
74.07
%
0.82
3.70
70.67
%
0.90
3.53
47.50
%
1.06
2.38
58.26
%
1.20
2.91
48.42
%
0.96
2.42
66.67
%
1.01
3.33
60.00
%
1.18
3.00
50.00
%
1.29
2.50
50.53
%
0.96
2.53
62.73
%
0.99
3.14
46.67
%
0.88
2.33
52.00
%
1.30
2.60
67.50
%
0.92
3.38
68.70
%
0.99
3.43
68.42
%
1.02
3.42
76.67
%
0.64
3.83
70.27
%
0.99
3.51
86.67
%
0.70
4.33
67.37
%
0.96
3.37
80.00
%
0.87
4.00
72.59
%
0.88
3.63
76.00
%
0.92
3.80
3.70
%58.57
0.65
2.93
%63.23
0.81
3.16
%60.60
0.69
3.03
%72.98
0.47
3.65
%68.34
0.63
3.42
%70.00
0.33
3.50
%59.25
0.50
2.96
%70.26
0.50
3.51
%55.87
0.46
2.79
%62.10
0.59
3.10
3.24
( )20
2.75
3.68
3.19
3.41
3.19
2.73
P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM P SM
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
.5
( ) 21
(( )1
) ( )%81.8 ( )%89
( ) 4.09
( )4.45 ,
( )4.23 ( )%84.6 .
(( )2 )
( )%56.2 ( )%82.6
( )2.81
( )4.13
,
( )3.52 ( )%70.4 .
(( )3 ) ( )%76.8 ( )%87
( )3.84
( )4.35 ,
( )4.13 ( )%82.6 .
(( )4
) ( )%75.8 ( )%86.6
( )3.79
( )4.33
,
( )4.1 ( )%82 .
(( )5
) ( )%77.8 ( )%86.6
( )3.89
( )4.33 ,
( )4.12 ( )%82.4 .
(( )6 ) ( )%52.6 ( )%84.6
( )2.63 ()4.23
,
( )3.66 ( )%73.2 .
(( )7
) ( )%62.6 ( )%84.6
( )3.13
( )4.23 ,
()3.79
( )%75.8 . (( )8
) ( )%62.2 ( )%84.4
( )3.11
( )4.22
,
( )3.72 ( )%74.4 .
( )4.23
. ( )3.52
( )3.91 ()%78.2
.
( )21
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4.27
0.83
%85.33
4.11
0.97
%82.22
4.45
0.60
%89.09
4.37
0.83
%87.37
4.21
0.83
%84.17
4.16
0.83
%83.24
4.33
0.64
%86.67
4.11
1.10
%82.11
4.09
1.08
%81.74
4.38
0.74
%87.50
3.30
1.24
%66.00
2.81
1.14
%56.30
3.77
1.34
%75.45
3.84
0.96
%76.84
3.67
1.09
%73.33
3.30
1.08
%65.95
4.00
0.78
%80.00
3.37
1.30
%67.37
4.13
0.97
%82.61
3.00
1.20
%60.00
4.13
0.82
%82.67
4.19
0.96
%83.70
4.00
0.76
%80.00
4.00
1.00
%80.00
4.33
0.70
%86.67
3.84
0.90
%76.76
4.25
0.61
%85.00
4.26
0.65
%85.26
4.35
0.71
%86.96
4.00
0.76
%80.00
3.97
0.96
%79.33
4.04
0.81
%80.74
4.27
0.70
%85.45
3.79
0.79
%75.79
4.33
0.70
%86.67
4.03
0.80
%80.54
4.13
0.90
%82.50
4.11
0.74
%82.11
4.26
0.81
%85.22
4.13
0.64
%82.50
4.07
0.69
%81.33
4.04
0.81
%80.74
4.32
0.65
%86.36
4.32
0.75
%86.32
4.00
0.93
%80.00
4.11
0.70
%82.16
4.08
0.83
%81.67
3.89
0.74
%77.89
4.22
0.67
%84.35
4.38
0.52
%87.50
3.77
0.97
%75.33
3.93
0.87
%78.52
4.23
0.87
%84.55
3.00
1.25
%60.00
2.63
1.06
%52.50
3.81
0.78
%76.22
3.63
1.06
%72.50
3.79
0.79
%75.79
3.87
1.06
%77.39
4.00
0.53
%80.00
3.80
0.76
%76.00
3.89
0.85
%77.78
4.23
0.75
%84.55
3.47
0.51
%69.47
3.25
1.11
%65.00
3.84
0.73
%76.76
4.00
0.78
%80.00
3.89
0.81
%77.89
3.96
1.15
%79.13
3.13
0.64
%62.50
3.79
0.64
%77.25
3.90
0.52
%78.06
4.18
0.50
3.60
3.11
3.86
0.86
%72.00
4.22
0.75
%84.44
4.14
0.64
%82.73
0.43
%74.74
3.75
0.36
3.74
3.73
%83.52
0.74
%62.11
3.58
0.93
%71.67
0.59
3.85
3.46
%75.00
0.93
%74.59
0.45
%79.69
3.85
0.62
3.98
4.17
%77.03
1.14
%69.17
3.37
1.01
%67.37
4.13
0.61
%82.61
3.81
0.29
%76.25
%76.97
0.89
%83.48
3.50
0.93
%70.00
3.72
3.91
3.66
4.12
4.10
4.13
3.52
4.23
3-1
1-3-1
( ) 22
(( )1
) ( )%47.6 ( )%73.4
( )2.38
( )3.67
,
( )2.96 ( )%59.2 .
(( )2 ) ( )%45
( )%74.2
( )2.25
( )3.71 ,
( )3.1
( )%62 . (( )3
) ( )%67 ( )%79
( )3.35
( )3.95 ,
( )3.73 ( )%74.6 .
(( )4 ) ( )%45.2 ( )%73
( )2.26
( )3.65
,
( )2.9 ( )%58 .
(( )5 )
( )%46.4 ( )%70
( )2.32
( )3.5 ,
( )2.98
( )%59.6 . (( )6
) ( )%44.2 ( )%76.2
( )2.21
( ) 3.81 ,
( )3.1 ( )%62 . ()7
( )
( )%56.2 ( )%72.6
( )2.81
( ) 3.63 ,
( )3.2
( )%64 . (( )8
) ( )%56.8 ( )%72.6
( )2.84 ( )3.63
( )3.36 ( )%67.2 .
(( )9
) ( )%49.6 ( )%67.6
( )2.48
( )3.38 ,
( )3
( )%60 . (( )10
) ( )%45.2 ( )%85.2
( )2.26
( )3.54 ,
( )3.05 ( )%41 .
( )3.73
( )2.9
( )3.14 ( )%62.8
.
( )22
2.83
0.87
%56.67
2.85
1.20
%57.04
2.91
0.87
%58.18
2.63
1.16
%52.63
3.33
1.09
%66.67
3.27
1.04
%65.41
3.67
1.01
%73.33
2.53
0.84
%50.53
2.48
1.04
%49.57
2.38
0.74
%47.50
2.90
1.12
%58.00
3.15
1.03
%62.96
2.91
1.06
%58.18
3.16
0.76
%63.16
3.46
0.78
%69.17
3.49
0.84
%69.73
3.71
0.75
%74.17
2.74
1.10
%54.74
2.39
1.03
%47.83
2.25
1.16
%45.00
3.87
0.86
%77.33
3.78
0.80
%75.56
3.77
0.92
%75.45
3.53
0.77
%70.53
3.71
0.95
%74.17
3.95
0.85
%78.92
3.92
0.72
%78.33
3.47
0.96
%69.47
3.35
1.15
%66.96
3.75
0.71
%75.00
2.73
0.94
%54.67
2.56
0.89
%51.11
2.91
0.92
%58.18
2.58
1.02
%51.58
2.46
0.78
%49.17
3.65
0.89
%72.97
3.50
0.88
%70.00
2.26
0.73
%45.26
3.13
1.29
%62.61
2.38
0.92
%47.50
2.60
0.89
%52.00
2.70
0.87
%54.07
3.05
0.95
%60.91
3.37
1.21
%67.37
3.17
1.01
%63.33
3.27
0.87
%65.41
3.50
0.83
%70.00
2.32
0.95
%46.32
2.87
1.01
%57.39
2.63
1.06
%52.50
2.97
1.16
%59.33
2.52
1.01
%50.37
3.55
0.80
%70.91
3.42
1.17
%68.42
2.21
0.78
%44.17
3.81
0.91
%76.22
3.63
0.88
%72.50
2.74
0.93
%54.74
3.00
1.04
%60.00
2.63
0.74
%52.50
3.00
0.91
%60.00
2.81
0.88
%56.30
3.32
0.78
%66.36
3.05
1.03
%61.05
3.63
1.06
%72.50
3.49
0.99
%69.73
3.38
0.88
%67.50
3.05
0.85
%61.05
2.87
1.14
%57.39
3.38
0.92
%67.50
3.20
1.00
%64.00
2.96
0.85
%59.26
3.50
0.80
%70.00
3.32
1.29
%66.32
3.58
1.18
%71.67
3.62
0.83
%72.43
3.63
0.88
%72.50
2.84
0.76
%56.84
3.43
0.95
%68.70
3.25
0.71
%65.00
2.87
0.86
%57.33
2.48
0.80
%49.63
3.14
0.89
%62.73
2.74
1.41
%54.74
2.96
1.16
%59.17
3.38
0.95
%67.57
3.63
0.77
%72.50
2.53
0.90
%50.53
3.09
1.20
%61.74
2.75
0.89
%55.00
3.00
0.66
%59.67
2.81
0.42
%56.15
3.22
0.54
2.87
3.37
2.98
0.97
%57.33
2.26
0.71
%45.19
3.14
0.94
%62.73
0.83
%62.32
3.15
0.28
3.12
3.51
%64.36
1.21
%67.37
3.04
1.12
%60.83
0.61
3.54
3.54
%63.08
0.84
%70.27
0.40
%72.17
2.73
0.66
3.61
2.91
%70.86
0.72
%70.83
2.84
1.26
%56.84
2.95
0.67
%59.04
2.81
0.45
%56.25
%54.63
1.00
%58.26
2.75
1.28
%55.00
3.05
3.36
3.20
3.10
2.98
2.90
3.73
3.14
1
0
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3.10
2.96
.2-3-1
( ) 23
(( )1
) ( )%35 ( )%69.2
()1.75
( )3.46
,
( )2.58 ( )%51.6 .
(( )2 )
( )%43.2 ( ) %66.6
( )2.16 ()3.33
,
( )2.85
( )%57 . (( )3
) ( )%57.4 ( )%70.8
( )2.87
( )3.54
,
( )3.13 ( )%62.6 .
(( )4
) ( )%54 ( )%73.4
()2.7
( )3.67
,
( )3.23 ( )%64.6 .
(( )5
) ( )%36.8 ( )%57.2
( )1.84
( )2.86 ,
( )2.44 ( )%48.8 . ()6
( ) ( )%57.6 ( )%79.2
( )2.88 ( )3.96
,
( )3.35 ( )%67
. (( )7
) ( )%60.8 ( )%75
( )3.04
( )3.75 ,
( )3.44 ( )%68.8 .
(( )8 )
( )%65 ( )103.8
( )3.25 ()4.27
,
( )3.81
( )76.2 .
( )3.81
( )2.44
. ( )3.1 ( )%62
.
( )23
2.30
0.84
%46.00
2.37
1.01
%47.41
2.68
0.99
%53.64
1.79
0.79
%35.79
2.54
0.83
%50.83
3.22
1.16
%64.32
3.46
1.02
%69.17
2.16
0.90
%43.16
2.43
1.08
%48.70
1.75
0.46
2.83
1.09
%56.67
2.70
0.87
%54.07
2.64
0.95
%52.73
2.16
0.96
%43.16
3.33
0.92
%66.67
3.14
0.79
%62.70
3.29
0.69
%65.83
2.74
1.15
%54.74
2.52
1.08
%50.43
2.88
0.64
%57.50
3.07
0.94
%61.33
2.89
0.93
%57.78
3.00
0.76
%60.00
3.21
0.92
%64.21
3.04
0.95
%60.83
3.35
0.86
%67.03
3.54
0.93
%70.83
3.00
1.05
%60.00
2.87
0.81
%57.39
3.38
0.74
%67.50
3.30
1.12
%66.00
2.70
0.95
%54.07
3.27
1.12
%65.45
3.21
0.98
%64.21
3.50
0.93
%70.00
3.57
0.77
%71.35
3.67
0.92
%73.33
2.89
1.20
%57.89
2.78
1.04
%55.65
3.13
0.64
%62.50
2.37
1.10
%47.33
2.30
0.54
%45.93
2.00
0.98
%40.00
2.79
1.03
%55.79
2.33
0.87
%46.67
2.86
1.06
%57.30
3.25
0.99
%65.00
1.84
0.83
%36.84
2.00
0.74
%40.00
2.13
0.99
%42.50
3.37
0.96
%67.33
3.15
1.20
%62.96
3.23
1.02
%64.55
2.95
1.03
%58.95
3.54
0.93
%70.83
3.70
1.02
%74.05
3.96
0.62
%79.17
3.16
0.96
%63.16
2.96
1.15
%59.13
2.88
0.64
%57.50
3.50
0.94
%70.00
3.70
0.95
%74.07
3.64
0.90
%72.73
3.37
1.01
%67.37
3.08
1.02
%61.67
3.54
0.87
%70.81
3.75
0.61
%75.00
3.26
1.05
%65.26
3.04
1.07
%60.87
3.25
0.89
%65.00
3.44
0.82
%60.75
2.95
0.49
%58.98
3.09
0.61
3.57
3.74
3.04
1.07
%71.33
3.78
0.80
%75.56
4.27
0.83
%85.45
0.67
%58.03
3.16
0.32
2.90
4.03
%61.82
0.93
%74.74
3.88
0.85
%77.50
0.65
3.43
3.79
%63.13
0.76
%80.54
0.57
%71.77
2.82
0.84
3.59
3.83
%68.51
0.83
%75.83
3.47
1.26
%69.47
2.80
0.64
%56.09
2.83
0.50
%56.56
%56.32
1.37
%76.52
3.25
1.28
%65.00
3.81
3.10
3.35
2.44
3.23
3.13
2.85
2.58
%35.00
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4-1
.1
( ) 24
(( )1
) ( )%54.8 ( )%75.6
( )2.74 ( )3.78
,
( )3.45 ( )%69 .
(( )2
) ( )%53 ( )%75.4
( )2.65 ( )3.77
,
()3.42 ()%68.4 .
(( )3
) ( )%60.8 ( )%76.4
( )3.04 ( )3.82 ,
( )3.48 ( )%69.6 .
(( )4 )
( )%55 ( )%85
( )2.75 ( )4.25
,
( )3.39 ( )%67.8 .
(( )5
) ( )%56.6 ( )%77.4
( )2.83 ( )3.87
,
( )3.3 ( )%66 .
(( )6
) ( )%54.71 ( )%79
( )2.71 ( )3.95
,
( )3.28 ( )%65.6 .
( )3.48
. ( )3.28
( )3.38 ( )%67.6
.
( )24
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3.57
1.04
%71.33
3.78
0.89
%75.56
3.64
0.95
%72.73
3.47
0.96
%69.47
3.21
0.93
%64.17
3.57
0.80
%71.35
3.58
1.10
%71.67
3.42
0.84
%68.42
2.74
1.01
%54.78
3.13
0.99
%62.50
3.77
0.63
%75.33
3.48
0.70
%69.63
3.73
0.88
%74.55
3.58
0.90
%71.58
3.29
0.86
%65.83
3.38
0.83
%67.57
3.46
0.98
%69.17
3.37
0.68
%67.37
2.65
1.11
%53.04
3.38
0.74
%67.50
3.80
1.03
%76.00
3.04
1.16
%60.74
3.82
0.73
%76.36
3.58
0.84
%71.58
3.46
0.83
%69.17
3.59
1.04
%71.89
3.50
0.83
%70.00
3.37
1.16
%67.37
3.04
1.02
%60.87
3.50
0.53
%70.00
3.83
0.53
%76.67
2.85
0.86
%57.04
3.50
0.96
%70.00
4.16
0.60
%83.16
2.75
0.85
%55.00
3.41
0.96
%68.11
3.29
0.95
%65.83
3.47
0.90
%69.47
3.09
1.00
%61.74
4.25
0.46
%85.00
3.87
0.73
%77.33
3.00
0.96
%60.00
3.77
0.81
%75.45
3.74
0.56
%74.74
2.83
1.01
%56.67
3.14
0.89
%62.70
3.38
0.88
%67.50
3.16
0.90
%63.16
2.87
0.81
%57.39
3.25
0.89
%65.00
3.30
0.49
%74.44
3.21
0.47
%64.20
3.67
0.58
3.50
3.95
3.72
0.78
%70.00
3.11
0.97
%62.22
3.55
1.01
%70.91
0.43
%74.91
3.09
0.42
3.75
3.22
%73.33
0.71
%78.95
3.00
1.10
%60.00
0.57
3.38
2.71
%61.81
1.06
%64.32
0.62
%66.39
3.40
0.54
3.32
3.04
%67.66
1.12
%54.17
3.63
0.83
%72.63
2.91
0.56
%58.12
3.48
0.24
%69.58
%68.07
1.19
%60.87
3.38
0.74
%67.50
3.28
3.38
3.39
3.48
3.42
3.45
.2
( )25
(( )1
) ( )%50.8 ( )%70.8
( )2.54 ( )3.54
,
( )3.15 ()%63
. (( )2
) ( )%47.8 ( )%71.6
( )2.39 ( )3.58
,
( )2.94
( )%58.8 . (( )3
) ( )%32.6 ( )%70
( )1.63 ( )3.5
,
( )2.57 ()51.4
. (( )4
)
( )%40.8 ( )%64.2
( )2.04 ( )3.21
,
( )2.79 ( )%55.8
. (( )5
) ( )%39 ( )%61
( )1.95 ( )3.05
,
( )2.55 ( )%51 . (( )6
) ( )%56.4 ( )%72
( )2.82 ( )3.6
,
()3.31
( )%66.2 .
( )3.31
( )2.57
. ()2.88
( )%57.6 .
( )25
3.33
0.96
%66.67
2.63
0.97
%52.59
3.27
1.03
%65.45
3.37
0.76
%67.37
2.54
1.02
%50.83
3.41
1.09
%68.11
3.54
0.98
%70.83
3.21
0.85
%64.21
3.22
1.17
%64.35
2.63
1.06
2.90
1.03
%58.00
2.59
1.19
%51.85
3.14
0.99
%62.73
3.21
0.92
%64.21
2.83
1.17
%56.67
3.00
1.08
%60.00
3.58
1.02
%71.67
2.95
0.71
%58.95
2.39
1.16
%47.83
2.88
1.13
%57.50
2.33
1.18
%46.67
2.37
0.97
%47.41
2.00
1.07
%40.00
2.68
0.95
%53.68
2.71
1.20
%54.17
2.89
0.99
%57.84
3.50
0.98
%70.00
2.32
0.82
%46.32
2.43
0.99
%48.70
1.63
0.74
%32.50
3.17
1.32
%63.33
2.04
0.98
%40.74
2.41
1.14
%48.18
2.79
0.85
%55.79
3.21
1.18
%64.17
3.08
1.19
%61.62
3.04
0.69
%60.83
2.26
0.81
%45.26
2.87
1.36
%57.39
2.63
1.41
%52.50
2.40
0.93
%48.00
2.07
0.62
%41.48
2.55
0.96
%50.91
2.47
0.77
%49.47
2.33
0.96
%46.67
3.05
1.20
%61.08
2.96
0.81
%59.17
1.95
0.71
%38.95
2.78
1.24
%55.65
2.63
1.30
%52.50
2.55
0.60
%59.11
2.43
0.49
%48.64
2.70
0.76
3.60
3.16
2.96
0.97
%72.00
2.89
1.01
%57.78
2.82
0.96
%56.36
0.46
%58.95
2.87
0.54
2.95
3.46
%53.94
0.90
%63.16
3.58
0.88
%71.67
0.61
3.15
3.42
%57.36
0.84
%69.19
0.56
%66.81
2.70
0.50
3.34
3.13
%62.97
0.72
%68.33
3.53
1.07
%70.53
2.80
0.72
%56.09
2.65
0.61
%52.92
%54.04
1.14
%62.61
3.50
1.20
%70.00
3.31
.3
2.88
2.79
2.57
2.94
3.15
%52.50
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
( )26
(( )1
)
( )%40 ( ) %59
( )2
( ) 2.95 ,
( )2.61
( )%52.2 . (( )2
) ( )%53.6 ( )%75.4
( )2.68 ( )3.77
,
()3.16 ()%63.2 .
(( )3 )
( )%48.8 ( ) %72.6
()2.44
( )3.63 ,
( )2.96
( )%59.2 . (( )4
) ( )%46 ( )%67.6
( )2.3 ( )3.38 ,
( )2.74 ( )%54.8 .
(( )5
) ( )%42.2 ( )%69
( )2.11 ( )3.45
,
( )2.7 ( )%54 .
( )3.16
( )2.61
( )2.83 ( )%56.6
.
( )26
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2.50
0.90
%50.00
2.56
1.12
%51.11
2.50
1.26
%50.00
2.95
1.03
%58.95
2.42
0.93
%48.33
2.86
1.16
%57.30
2.88
1.12
%57.50
2.42
0.84
%48.42
2.57
1.27
%51.30
2.00
0.53
%40.00
3.77
0.77
%75.33
2.78
1.12
%55.56
3.50
1.19
%70.00
3.42
0.84
%68.42
3.46
0.93
%69.17
2.84
1.07
%56.76
2.71
1.16
%54.17
2.68
1.11
%53.68
3.22
1.24
%64.35
3.50
1.07
%70.00
3.33
0.92
%66.67
2.44
0.89
%48.89
3.05
1.36
%60.91
2.89
1.05
%57.89
2.83
0.82
%56.67
2.92
1.26
%58.38
3.21
0.78
%64.17
2.63
0.96
%52.63
3.00
1.28
%60.00
3.63
0.92
%72.50
3.07
1.05
%61.33
2.30
1.14
%45.93
2.82
1.14
%56.36
2.84
0.90
%56.84
2.58
0.88
%51.67
2.95
1.15
%58.92
2.63
1.13
%52.50
2.68
1.25
%53.68
2.43
1.04
%48.70
3.38
1.06
%67.50
2.74
%61.27
2.97
0.68
%59.37
2.85
0.41
0.67
%61.47
2.44
0.62
2.70
3.45
3.06
3.07
0.95
%54.00
2.11
1.01
%42.22
%48.74
1.06
%69.09
2.86
0.95
2.74
1.05
%54.74
2.96
1.08
%59.17
0.82
%57.73
2.77
0.69
%55.33
2.58
0.84
2.89
2.52
%57.00
1.08
%57.30
2.42
1.06
%48.33
2.47
1.07
%49.47
2.75
0.82
%54.96
3.08
0.68
%61.50
%51.58
1.04
%50.43
2.88
1.36
%57.50
2.70
2.83
2.96
3.16
2.61
.4
( )27
(( )1
) ( )%47.8 ( )%75
( )2.39
( ) 3.75 ,
( )3.21 ( )%64.2
. (( )2
) ( )%46.6 ( )%70.4
( )2.33 ( )3.52
,
( )3.09 ( )%61.8 .
(( )3 )
( )%40 ( )%56.2
( )2 ( )2.81 ,
()2.33
( )%46.6 .
( )3.21
( )2.33
( )2.87
( )%57.4 .
( )27
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3.73
0.83
%74.67
2.81
1.04
%56.30
3.32
0.99
3.21
%66.36
0.92
%64.21
3.13
0.95
3.57
%62.50
0.99
3.08
%71.35
1.02
%61.67
3.11
1.10
2.39
%62.11
1.16
%47.83
3.75
0.89
3.30
0.92
%66.00
3.52
0.85
%70.37
3.05
0.95
3.16
%60.91
0.90
%63.16
2.33
1.05
3.16
%46.67
0.83
2.92
%63.24
0.93
%58.33
3.37
1.01
2.74
%67.37
1.29
%54.78
3.50
1.07
%70.00
3.09
2.10
0.60
%60.89
2.84
0.58
%56.79
2.82
0.80
3.04
2.58
0.84
%42.00
2.19
0.83
%43.70
2.09
1.02
%41.82
0.87
%59.65
2.49
0.60
2.98
2.81
%56.36
1.22
%51.58
2.00
0.78
%40.00
0.74
3.18
2.71
%49.72
1.20
%56.22
0.83
%58.06
2.88
0.78
2.90
2.26
%63.60
1.16
%54.17
2.16
1.01
%43.16
2.46
1.01
%49.28
3.08
0.50
%61.67
%57.54
1.25
%45.22
2.00
1.07
%40.00
2.33
2.87
3.21
%75.00
.5
( )28
(( )1
) ( )%57.6 ( )%69.2
( )2.88
( )3.46 ,
( )3.16
( )%63.2 . (( )2
) ( )%55 ( )%72.6
( )2.75 ( )3.63
,
( )3.25 ( )%65 .
(( )3
) ( )%53.4 ( )%77.6
( )2.67 ( )3.88
,
( )3.3 ( )%66 . ()4
( ) ( )%50.4 ( )%82.6
( )2.52 ( )4.13
,
( )3.24 ( )%64.8 .
(( )5
) ( )%65 ( )%87.6
( )3.25 ( )4.38 ,
( )3.82 ( )%76.4 .
( )3.82
( )3.16
. ( )3.35
( )%67 .
( )28
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3.17
1.05
%63.33
3.07
0.87
%61.48
3.05
0.79
%60.91
3.16
0.96
%63.16
2.88
0.99
%57.50
3.46
0.84
%69.19
3.33
1.13
%66.67
3.21
0.98
%64.21
3.00
1.00
%60.00
3.13
1.25
%62.50
3.37
0.89
%67.33
2.89
0.80
%57.78
3.41
0.67
%68.18
3.32
0.82
%66.32
2.75
0.99
%55.00
3.22
0.89
%64.32
3.58
0.83
%71.67
3.37
0.83
%67.37
3.35
0.71
%66.96
3.63
0.92
%72.50
3.43
0.94
%68.67
3.04
0.85
%60.74
3.50
0.67
%70.00
3.63
0.50
%72.63
2.67
0.92
%53.33
3.24
0.93
%64.86
3.67
0.76
%73.33
3.37
0.90
%67.37
3.04
0.88
%60.87
3.88
0.99
%77.50
3.60
0.89
%72.00
2.52
0.85
%50.37
3.27
1.08
%65.45
3.68
0.67
%73.68
2.88
1.03
%57.50
3.54
0.87
%70.81
3.58
0.72
%71.67
3.00
1.29
%60.00
2.65
1.11
%53.04
4.13
0.64
%82.50
3.24
0.64
%71.07
2.97
0.59
%59.41
3.48
0.58
4.20
3.95
3.55
0.76
%84.00
3.33
1.27
%66.67
4.18
0.73
%83.64
0.42
%70.95
2.88
0.44
3.55
3.89
%69.64
0.52
%78.95
3.25
1.15
%65.00
0.46
3.47
3.75
%57.67
0.81
%77.84
0.54
%71.67
3.40
0.57
3.58
3.61
%69.41
0.68
%75.00
4.05
0.85
%81.05
3.13
0.49
%62.61
3.83
0.53
%76.50
%68.00
1.08
%72.17
4.38
0.52
%87.50
3.82
3.35
3.30
3.25
3.16
5-1
.1
( )%62.6 ()%73.4
:
( )3.13 ( )3.67
,
( )3.39 ( )%67.8
.
.2
( )%55.4 ()%72
( )2.77 ( )3.6 ,
( )3.07 ()%61.4
.
.3
( )%55.6 ()%65.4
( )2.78
( )3.27 ,
( )3.06
( )%61.2
.
( )29
P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M P S M
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3.20
3.01
3.27
0.55
%63.95
0.69
%60.21
0.30
%65.40
3.13
0.43
2.88
0.39
2.78
0.30
%62.69
%57.56
%55.56
3.60
0.50
3.15
0.53
3.15
0.55
3.14
3.01
3.24
%71.99
%63.09
%62.91
0.48
%62.76
0.71
%60.17
0.39
%64.76
3.45
0.29
3.16
0.18
2.84
0.24
3.63
3.48
3.21
%68.91
%63.10
%56.71
0.50
0.57
0.36
3.67
3.60
3.18
%72.64
%69.69
%64.27
0.41
%73.50
0.43
%71.97
0.47
%63.65
3.24
0.53
2.77
0.69
2.99
0.43
3.58
2.88
2.81
%64.83
%55.47
%59.85
0.49
%71.57
0.63
%57.57
0.48
%56.21
3.33
2.82
3.22
0.27
%66.52
0.42
%56.41
0.32
%64.43
3.39
3.07
3.06
(
) (
)
(
() ( ))R2
1-1
.1 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )29 , , ,
, (,1.07 ,0.93
)0.76 ,0.95 ,0.86
()
(2.02E- ,6.03E-27 ,1.42E-23 ,1.53E-21 ,2.81E-22
)22 ()%1
( )0.966 ,0.984 ,0.972 ,0.961 ,0.965
( )%96.6 ,%98.4 ,%97.2 ,%96.1 ,%96.5
( )H0
.
.2 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.71 ,0.988 ,0.77 ,0.983 ,0.86
( )
()1.95E-23 ,4.78E-21 ,4.87E-19 ,1.64E-18 ,1.36E-20
()%1 (,0.969
)0.981 ,0.971 ,0.958 ,0.954 (,%95.4 ,%96.9
)%98.1 ,%97.1 ,%95.8
( )H0
.
.3 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.76 ,0.91 ,0.86 ,0.97 ,0.89
, , ,
, ( ) (8.97E-
)1.53E-16 ,5.14E-20 ,2.76E-16 ,4.12E-14 ,19
( )%1 (,0.943 ,0.980
)0.967 ,0.985 ,0.965 (,%96.5 ,%94.3 ,%98
)%96.7 ,%98.5
( )H0
.
.4 ( , ,
, , )
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.84 ,1.05 ,0.98 ,0.97 ,0.92
, ,
, , ( )
( )6.54E-14 ,1.37E-14 ,1.14E-13 ,2.86E-11 ,1.82E-12
( )%1
( )0.963 ,0.970 ,0.961 ,0.926 ,0.946
( )%96.3 ,%97 ,%96.1 %92.6 ,%94.6
( )H0
.
.5 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.83 ,0.89 ,0.92 ,1.01 ,0.87
, ,
, , ( )
()3.08E-21 ,6.04E-21 ,2.6E-21 ,2.28E-18 ,2.96E-20
( )%1 (,0.979
) 0.983 ,0.982 ,0.983 ,0.969 (,%97.9
)%98.3 ,%98.2 ,%98.3 ,%96.9
( )H0
.
.6 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.91 ,1.02 ,0.91 ,1.01 ,0.97
, , ,
, ( )
( )2.46E-29 ,4.19E-32 ,3.76E-26 ,1.32E-30 ,5.24E-27
( )%1
( )0.973 ,0.981 ,0.959 ,0.977 ,0.963
( )%97.3 ,%98.1 ,%95.9 ,%97.7 ,%96.3
( )H0
.
.7 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.89 ,0.97 ,0.92 ,1.01 ,0.95
, , ,
, ( )
()7.94E-21 ,7.71E-22 ,4.43E-21 ,1.93E-20 ,3.42E-19
( )%1
( )0.981 ,0.985 ,0.982 ,0.980 ,0.974
( )%98.1 ,%98.5 ,%98.2 ,%98 ,%97.4
( )H0
.
.8 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )30 , , ,
, ( )0.69 ,0.88 ,0.74 ,0.95 ,0.84
, , ,
, ( )
()3.39E-12 ,1.71E-12 ,3.66E-11 ,1.58E-10 ,1.4E-11
( )%1 (,0.932
)0.942 ,0.947 ,0.924 ,0.910 (,%91 ,%93.2
)%94.2 ,%94.7 ,%92.4
( )H0
.
.9 ( , ,
, , )
.
()30 , , ,
, ( )0.71 ,0.91 ,0.78 ,0.94 ,0.79
, ,
, , ( )
( )3.39E-18 , 1.51E-16,1.58E-16 ,1.02E-16 ,1.63E-16
( )%1
( )0.973 ,0.961 ,0.961 ,0.962 ,0.961
( )%97.3,%96.1,%96.1,%96.2 ,%96.1
( )H0
.
.10 ( , ,
, , )
()30 , , ,
, ( )0.73 ,0.93 ,0.81 ,0.94 ,0.84
, ,
, , ( )
( )3.5E-07 ,3.95E-06 ,1.87E-06 ,5.84E-06 ,E-061.38
( )%1
( )0.987 ,0.973 ,0.978 ,0.969 ,0.980
( )%98.7,%97.3,%97.8,%96.9,%98
( )H0
.
2-1 :
.1
()30
( ) 0.93
( ) ()2.79E-26
( )%1
( )0.982 ( )%98.2
()H0
.
.2
()30 ( )0.88
( ) ()6.9E-22
( )%1 ( )0.975
( )%97.5
( )H0
.
.3
()30 ( )0.88
( ) ()1.24E-18
( )%1 ( )0.979
( )%97.9
( )H0
.
.4
()30
( )0.99
( ) ()8.64E-14
()%1
( )0.962 ( )%96.2
()H0
.
.5
()30
( )0.90
( ) ()1.99E-21
( )%1
( )0.983 ( )%98.3
()H0
.
.6
( )30
( )0.97
( ) ()3.75E-32
( )%1 ()0.981
( )%98.1
( )H0
.
.7
( )30
( )0.97
( ) ()1.21E-20
( )%1
( )0.981 ( )%98.1
()H0
.
.8
( )30 ( )0.83
( ) ()1.07E-12
( )%1 ( )0.950
( )%95
( )H0
.
.9
( )30 ( )0.82
( ) ()3.84E-18
( )%1 ( )0.972
( )%97.2
( )H0
.
.10
( )30
( )0.84
( ) ()1.04E-07
( )%1
( )0.991 ( )%99.1
()H0
.
( )30 R
2
0.93
1.07
0.86
0.95
0.76
0.93
0.86
0.983
0.77
0.988
0.71
0.88
0.89
0.97
0.86
0.91
0.76
0.88
0.92
0.97
0.98
1.05
0.84
0.99
0.87
1.01
0.92
0.89
0.83
0.90
0.97
1.01
0.91
1.02
0.91
0.97
0.95
1.01
0.92
0.97
0.89
0.97
0.84
0.95
0.74
0.88
0.69
0.83
0.79
0.94
0.78
0.91
0.71
0.82
0.84
0.94
0.81
0.93
0.73
0.84
2.81E-22
1.53E-21
1.42E-23
6.03E-27
2.02E-22
2.79E-26
1.36E-20
1.64E-18
4.87E-19
4.78E-21
1.95E-23
6.9E-22
8.97E-19
4.12E-14
2.76E-16
5.14E-20
1.53E-16
1.24E-18
1.82E-12
2.86E-11
1.14E-13
1.37E-14
6.54E-14
8.64E-14
2.96E-20
2.28E-18
2.6E-21
6.04E-21
3.08E-21
1.99E-21
5.24E-27
1.32E-30
3.76E-26
4.19E-32
2.46E-29
3.75E-32
3.42E-19
1.93E-20
4.43E-21
7.71E-22
7.94E-21
1.21E-20
1.4E-11
1.58E-10
3.66E-11
1.71E-12
3.39E-12
1.07E-12
1.63E-16
1.02E-16
1.58E-16
1.51E-16
3.39E-18
3.84E-18
1.38E-06
5.84E-06
1.87E-06
3.95E-06
3.5E-07
1.04E-07
0.965
0.961
0.972
0.984
0.966
0.982
0.969
0.954
0.958
0.971
0.981
0.975
0.980
0.943
0.965
0.985
0.967
0.979
0.946
0.926
0.961
0.970
0.963
0.962
0.979
0.969
0.983
0.982
0.983
0.983
0.963
0.977
0.959
0.981
0.973
0.981
0.974
0.980
0.982
0.985
0.981
0.981
0.932
0.910
0.924
0.947
0.942
0.950
0.961
0.962
0.961
0.961
0.973
0.972
0.980
0.969
0.978
0.973
0.987
0.991
3-1 ( :
)
.1 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )31 , , ,
, (,0.95
)0.78 ,0.97 ,0.88 ,1.10
( ) (,8.58E-22 ,9.99E-22 ,7.27E-20
)4.58E-21 ,5.4E-22
( )%1 (,0.964 ,0.962 ,0.962 ,0.949
)0.958 (,%96.4 ,%96.2 ,%96.2 ,%94.9
)%95.8
( )H0
.
.2 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )31 , , ,
, ( )0.74 ,1.03 ,0.82 ,1.03 ,0.89
( ) (,6.8E-18
)6.46E-21 ,3.35E-20 ,2.96E-21 ,6.87E-19
()%1 (,0.972 ,0.957 ,0.949
)0.970 ,0.966 (%97.2, %95.7 ,%94.9
)%97, %96.6,
( )H0
.
.3 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )31 , , ,
, ( )0.73 ,0.87 ,0.82 ,0.92 ,0.85
, ,
, , ( )
()1.94E-16 ,2.42E-17 ,8.76E-14 ,8.42E-13 ,9.58E-16
( )%1 (,0.960
)0.966 ,0.972 ,0.938 ,0.923 (,%92.3 ,%96
)%96.6 ,%97.2,%93.8
( )H0
.
.4 ( , ,
, , )
( )31 , , ,
, ( )0.780 ,0.971 ,0.91 ,0.89 ,0.86
,
, , , ( )
( )3.33E-15 ,1.3E-13 ,1.68E-13 ,2.96E-10 ,1.01E-12
( )%1
( )0.974 ,0.960 ,0.959 ,0.903 ,0.950
()31 ( )0.96
( ) ()6.18E-16
( )%1 ( )0.962
( )%96.2
( )H0
.
.4
()31
( )0.91
( ) ()1.34E-13
()%1
( )0.962 ( )%96.2
()H0
.
.5
()31
( )0.91
( ) ()2.21E-22
( )%1
( )0.986 ( )%98.6
()H0
.6
( )31
( )0.93
( ) ()6.34E-29
( )%1 ()0.971
( )%97.1
( )H0
.
.7
( )31
( )0.96
( ) ()4.71E-19
( )%1
( )0.973 ( )%97.3
()H0
.
.8
( )31
( )0.87
( ) ()3.1E-13
( )%1 ( )0.956
( )%95.6
( )H0
.
.9
( )31
( )0.78
( ) ()2.37E-19
( )%1
( )0.979 ( )%97.9
()H0
.
.10
( )31
( )0.85
( ) ()7.48E-07
( )%1
( )0.984 ( )%98.4
()H0
.
( )31 R
2
7.27E-20
0.95
9.99E-22
1.10
8.58E-22
0.88
5.4E-22
0.97
4.58E-21
0.78
3.01E-23
0.95
6.8E-18
0.89
6.87E-19
1.03
2.96E-21
0.82
3.35E-20
1.03
6.46E-21
0.74
1E-20
0.92
9.58E-16
0.85
8.42E-13
0.92
8.76E-14
0.82
2.42E-17
0.87
1.94E-16
0.73
6.18E-16
0.96
1.01E-12
0.86
2.96E-10
0.89
1.68E-13
0.91
1.3E-13
0.971
3.33E-15
0.780
1.34E-13
0.91
9.63E-21
0.88
4.54E-17
1.01
1.26E-21
0.92
4.41E-20
0.89
9.11E-20
0.83
2.21E-22
0.91
5.94E-26
0.94
2.67E-27
0.98
2.36E-23
0.88
1E-29
0.99
6.18E-26
0.87
6.34E-29
0.93
2.86E-18
0.95
6.04E-21
1.01
1.6E-19
0.92
8.5E-19
0.97
7.44E-19
0.89
4.71E-19
0.96
8.91E-12
0.88
1.25E-11
1.01
3.44E-11
0.78
5.01E-13
0.92
6.6E-12
0.72
3.1E-13
0.87
5.96E-17
0.75
3.98E-18
0.90
2.89E-16
0.74
6.27E-17
0.86
7.25E-19
0.68
2.37E-19
0.78
7.45E-07
0.85
1.27E-05
0.94
1.96E-05
0.81
3.97E-05
0.93
1.46E-06
0.74
7.48E-07
0.85
0.949
0.962
0.962
0.964
0.958
0.970
0.949
0.957
0.972
0.966
0.970
0.969
0.960
0.923
0.938
0.972
0.966
0.962
0.950
0.903
0.959
0.960
0.974
0.960
0.981
0.959
0.984
0.978
0.977
0.986
0.958
0.965
0.941
0.974
0.958
0.971
0.968
0.982
0.976
0.972
0.972
0.973
0.935
0.933
0.925
0.954
0.938
0.956
0.964
0.972
0.959
0.964
0.976
0.979
0.984
0.960
0.954
0.942
0.980
0.984
**
5-1 ( :
)
.1 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )32 , , ,
, (,0.96 ,0.87 ,1.09 ,0.94
) 0.77
( ) (,3.27E-22
),3.57E-23 ,3.02E-26 ,2.28E-24 ,4.28E-23
( )%1 (,0.96
)0.97 ,0.98 ,0.97 ,0.97 (,%96.5
)%97,%98.2 ,%97.5,%97
( )H0
.
.2 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )32 , , ,
, ( )0.73 ,1.01 ,0.80 ,1.01 ,0.88
( ) (E- ,1.66E-19 ,6.67E-20
)1.30E-23 ,8.65E-22 ,3.9721
()%1 ()0.982 ,0.975 ,0.971 ,0.962 ,0.964
( )H0
.
.5 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )32 , , ,
, ( )0.83 ,0.89 ,0.92 ,1.012 ,0.87
, , , ,
( ) (E- ,1.84E-18 ,4.79E-22
)5.58E-22 ,4.78E-22 ,1.8423
( )%1 (,0.985 ,0.989 ,0.970 ,0.985
)0.985 (,%98.5 ,%98.9 ,%97 ,%98.5
)%98.5
( )H0
.
.6 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )32 , , ,
, ( )0.89 ,1.00 ,0.89 ,0.99 ,0.95
, , , ,
( ) (E- ,2.59E-30 ,1.52E-27
)1.03E-28 ,6.68E-33 ,1.8225
( )%1 (,0.983 ,0.955 ,0.976 ,0.966
)0.971 (,%98.3 ,%95.5 ,%97.6 ,%96.6
)%97.1
( )H0
.
.7 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )32 , , ,
, ( )0.89 ,0.97 ,0.92 ,1.01 ,0.95
, , , ,
( ) (E- ,1.85E-19
)1.07E-20 ,4.11E-21 ,2.59E-21 ,6.9822
( )%1 (,0.985 ,0.975
)0.981 ,0.982 ,0.983 (,%98.5 ,%97.5
)%98.1 ,%98.2 ,%98.3
( )H0
.
.8 ( , ,
, , )
.
( )32 , , ,
, ( )0.71 ,0.90 ,0.76 ,0.98 ,0.86
, , , ,
( ) (E- ,1.35E-11 ,2.40E-12
)8.60E-13 ,1.08E-13 ,9.5612
( )%1 (,0.961 ,0.935 ,0.932 ,0.945
)0.951 (,%96.1 ,%93.5 ,%93.2 ,%94.5
)%95.1
( )H0
.
.9 ( , ,
, , )
.
()32 , , ,
, ( )0.69 ,0.88 ,0.76 ,0.92 ,0.77
, , , ,
( ) (E- ,8.30E-18 ,4.08E-17
)4.11E-19 ,3.99E-17 ,9.1817
( )%1 (,0.963 ,0.9708 ,0.966
,0.966
)0.978
( )% 97.8,%96.6,%96.3,%97.08,%96.6
( )H0
.
.10 ( , ,
, , )
()32 , , ,
, ( )0.74 ,0.93 ,0.81 ,0.94 ,0.84
, , , ,
( ) (,4.54E-06 ,5.43E-06 ,3.34E-07
)2.21E-07 ,1.05E-05
( )%1 (,0.971 ,0.970 ,0.988
) 0.989 ,0.962 (,%97.1 ,%97 ,%98.8
)%98.9 ,%96.2
( )H0
.
5-1 (
).
.1
()32 ( )0.94
( )
()3.58E-27
( )%1 ( )0.984
( )%98.4
( )H0
.
.2
()32 ( )0.90
( )
()1.23E-22
( )%1 ( )0.978
( )%97.8
( )H0 .
.3
()32 ( )0.86
( )
()6.65E-18
( )%1 ( )0.976
( )%97.6
( )H0 .
.4
()32 ( )0.95
( )
()2.94E-14
()%1 ( )0.967
( )%96.7
( )H0 .
.5
()32 ( )0.90
( )
()4.14E-24
( )%1 ( )0.99 ()%99
( )H0 .
.6
( )32 ( )0.95
( )
()2.57E-32
( )%1 ( )0.981
( )%98.1
( )H0 .
.7
( )32 ( )0.97
( )
()9.56E-21
( )%1 ( )0.981
( )%98.1
( )H0
.
.8
( )32 ( )0.85
( )
()5.82E-14
( )%1 ( )0.964 ()%96.4
( )H0 .
.9
( )32 ( )0.80
( )
()2.55E-19
( )%1 ( )0.979
( )%97.9
( )H0 .
.10
( )32 ( )0.85
( )
()5.24E-08
( )%1 ( )0.993
( )%99.3
( )H0
.
.
( )32 R
3.27E-22
0.94
4.28E-23
1.09
2.28E-24
0.87
3.02E-26
0.96
3.57E-23
0.77
3.58E-27
0.94
6.67E-20
0.88
1.66E-19
1.01
3.97E-21
0.80
8.65E-22
1.01
1.30E-23
0.73
1.23E-22
0.90
8.20E-18
0.87
9.85E-14
0.94
2.48E-15
0.84
1.16E-19
0.89
3.53E-17
0.74
6.65E-18
0.86
5.48E-13
0.89
5.59E-11
0.93
3.95E-14
0.94
1.01E-14
1.01
3.48E-15
0.81
2.94E-14
0.95
4.79E-22
0.87
1.84E-18
1.012
1.84E-23
0.92
4.78E-22
0.89
5.58E-22
0.83
4.14E-24
0.90
1.52E-27
0.95
2.59E-30
0.99
1.82E-25
0.891
6.68E-33
1.00
1.03E-28
0.893
2.57E-32
0.95
1.85E-19
0.95
6.98E-22
1.01
2.59E-21
0.92
4.11E-21
0.97
1.07E-20
0.89
9.56E-21
0.97
2.40E-12
0.86
1.35E-11
0.98
9.56E-12
0.76
1.08E-13
0.90
8.60E-13
0.71
5.82E-14
0.85
4.08E-17
0.77
8.30E-18
0.92
9.18E-17
0.76
3.99E-17
0.88
4.11E-19
0.69
2.55E-19
0.80
3.34E-07
0.84
5.43E-06
0.94
4.54E-06
0.81
1.05E-05
0.93
2.21E-07
0.74
5.24E-08
0.85
2
0.965
0.970
0.975
0.982
0.970
0.984
0.964
0.962
0.971
0.975
0.982
0.978
0.975
0.937
0.956
0.984
0.971
0.976
0.953
0.9206
0.966
0.971
0.974
0.967
0.985
0.9700
0.989
0.985
0.985
0.9908
0.966
0.976
0.955
0.983
0.971
0.981
0.975
0.985
0.983
0.982
0.981
0.981
0.945
0.932
0.935
0.961
0.951
0.964
0.966
0.9708
0.963
0.966
0.978
0.979
0.988
0.970
0.971
0.962
0.989
0.993
( :
)
( ) () ( )R2 .
( .1 )
( )33
( )-0.004 ( )%5 ((3.7E-21
( )0.95 ( )%95
( )H0
.
( .2 )
( )33
( )0.65- ( )%5 ((1.12E-23()
( )0.982 ( )%98.2
( )H0
.
( .3 )
( )33
( )1.05- ( )%5 ()5.53E-15( )
( )0.953 ( )%95.3
( )H0
.
( .4 )
( )33
( )0.16- ( )%5 ((7.81E-14()
( )0.963 ( )%96.3
( )H0
.
( .5 )
( )33
( )2.76 ( )%5 () 9.29E-26()
( )0.993 ( )%99.3
( )H0
.
( .6 )
( )33
( )0.43- ( )%5 () 1.35E-25()
( )0.98 ( )%98
( )H0
.
( .7 )
( )33
( )1.51 ( )%5 () 6.54E-21()
( )0.982 ( )%98.2
( )H0
.
( .8 )
( )33
( )0.17 ( )%5 () 3.15E-14()
( )0.96 ( )%96
( )H0
.
( .9 )
( )33
( )0.07 ( )%5 () 1.43E-15()
( )0.952 ( )%95.2
( )H0
.
( .10 )
( )33
( )0.12- ( )%5 () 3.62E-06()
( )0.973 ( )%97.3
( )H0
.
( )1.05-
( )0.004 -
.
( )33 b R2
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.16-
7.81E-14
OC------ CWB-------HRF
2.76
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.43-
OC------ CWB-------HRF
1.51
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.17
OC------ CWB-------HRF
1.05-
5.53E-15
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.07
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.65-
1.12E-23
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.12-
OC------ CWB-------HRF
0.004 -
3.7E-21
9.29E-26
1.35E-25
6.54E-21
3.15E-14
1.43E-15
3.62E-06
0.958
0.982
0.953
0.963
0.993
0.98
0.982
0.966
0.952
0.973
( OC CWB, HRF, )
:
:
,
. .
.
.1
.1
, ,
,
.2
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
.3
:
, , ,
.
.
,
.
.4
,
.
.5
.6
.
.7
.8
.
.9
.
.
:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5
.
.6
.
.7
.
.8
.
.
.9
.
.
.10
.
.11
.12
.
.13
.
.14
.
.15
.
.16
.
.
.17
.
:
.1 ( ) .1987
.2 ( ) .1986
.3 ( )
.1972
.4 ( ) .2005
.5 , (, ) , .2007 ,
http://www.iraqnla-iq.com/fp/rawafid20/test4.htm
:
.1 , () ,
) , , ,14,2
.2012 .48-8
.2 , (,
: ),
, , .. ,
.2012 ,
Books
2.
3.
4.
5.
22. Clark,Jon,( Managing Innovation and Change: People, Technology and Strategy),
Sage Publications Ltd, 1995.
23. Collins, Judith M.,( Preventing Identity Theft in Your Business How to Protect
Your Business, Customers, and Employees), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.
24. Copleston. Frederick S.J,( A History of Philosophy volume I Greece and Rome
part I),New York,NY,Doudleday,1985.
25. Cutler. Lan,(Cynicism From Diogenes to dilbert),Mcffarland& Company, Inc
USA,2005
26. Compaine, Benjamin M.,( The Media Monopoloy Myth: How New Competition
Is Expanding Oou Sources Of Information And Entertainment), New Millennium
Research Council press,UK, 2005.
27. Cowling, Alan,(Developing A Strategy For Human Resources), Edit by, Cowling,
Alan, & Mailer, Chloe,( Managing Human Resources), 3 ed, Arnold Publisher,
Britain, 1998. Pp 5-20.
28. Dadderio, Luciana,( Inside the Virtual Product: How Organizations Create
Knowledge Through Software), Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2004.
29. Desmond. William,( Cynics), Acumen Publishing Limited, 2ed, 2008.
30. Dudley Donald R.,(A History of Cynicism From Diogenes to the 6th Century
A.D),Methuen&CO.LTD.London,1937.
31. Edwards, Marissa S.,& Greenberg, Jerald,( What Is Insidious Workplace
Behavior?), Edit by, Greenberg, Jerald, (Insidious Workplace Behavior), Taylor
and Francis Group, 2010. Pp 3-28.
32. Emlen, Arthur C.,( Solving the Childcare and Flexibility Puzzle: How Working
Parents Make the Feasible), Universal-Publishers, 2010.
33. Farnham, David&Horton,Sylvia,(The Flexibility Debate), Edit by, Farnham,
David,& Horton, Sylvia,(Human Resources Flexibilities in the Public services,
International Perspectives), Macmillan Business Press, London,2000. Pp 3-22.
34. Frantzich. Stephen,(Citizen Democracy, Political Activists in a Cynical Age),3th
ed, Rowman& Littlefield publisher, INC,USA, 2008.
35. Folger, Robert,& Cropanzano, Russell,(Fairness Theory: Justice As
Accountability), Edited By, Greenberg, Jerald, Cropanzano, Russell,(Advances in
Organizational Justice), Stanford University Press, California, 2001. Pp 1-50.
36. Folger, Robert; Skarlicki, Daniel P.,( Beyond Counterproductive Work Behavior:
Moral Emotions and Deontic Retaliation Versus Reconciliation), Edited by, Fox,
Suzy (Ed); Spector, Paul E. (Ed),( Counterproductive work behavior:
Investigations of actors and targets), American Psychological Association,
2005.pp 83-105.
37. Folger, Robert,& Baron, Robert,( Violence and hostility at work: A model of
reactions to perceived injustice), VandenBos, Gary R. (Ed); Bulatao, Elizabeth Q.
(Ed), Violence on the job: Identifying risks and developing solutions, Washington,
DC, US: American Psychological Association, 1996,(pp. 51-85).
38. George, Jennifer M.,& Jones, Gareth R.,( Understanding and Managing
Organizational Behavior), Pearson Education, Inc, 6ed, 2012.
39. Greenberg, Liane,& Barling, Julian,(Employee Theft), Edit by, C. L. Cooper&
D.M Rousseau, Vol 3, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1996. Pp 49-64.
40. Green, Vanessa A., Sigafoos, Jeff, O'Reilly, Mark, Pituch, KeenanA., Bidden,
Robert, Lancionf, Giulio E., & Singh, Nirbhay N.,(Behavioral Flexibility in
individuals With Autism: Theory, Assessment, And Intervention), Edit by, Zhao,
L.B.,( Autism Research Advances), Nova Science Publishers.Inc, 2007. Pp 63-77.
41. Goldforb. Jeffrey C.,(The cynical Society, The culture of politics and the politics
of culture in American Life), The university of Chicago press,1991.
42. Guion, Robert M.,( Assessment, Measurement, and Prediction for Personnel
Decisions), 2nd ,Taylor& Francis Group, Britain,2011.
43. Hayden .Patrick,( Cosmopolitan global politics),Ashgate Publishing Limited,
British, 2005
44. Hardin, Russell,(Trust& Governance), Editors: Braithwaite, Valerie, & Levi,
Margaret, Russell Sage Foundation, New York press,1998.
45. Harvey Sir pawl, Hoatson M.C,(The Oxford companion to classical literature),
Oxford University Press,2ed ,1989.
46. Hatum, Andres,& Pettigrew, Andrew M.,( Adaptation, Inertia and the Flexible
Organization: A Study of the Determinants of Organizational Flexibility in an
Emerging Economy), Edit by, Costanzo, Laura Anna,& Macka, Bradley,(
Handbook of Research on Strategy and Foresight), Elgar Press, UK, Mars , 2009.
Pp 454-504.
47. Hausknecht, John P.,& Wright, Patrick M.,(Organizational Strategy and Staffing),
Edit by, Schmitt, Neal,( The Oxford Handbook of Personnel Assessment and
Selection), Oxford University Press, 2012. Pp 147-155.
48. Hedman, Jonas,& Borell, Andreas,( The Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning
Systems on Organizational Effectiveness: An Artifact Evaluation), Edit by, Fui,
Fiona,& Nah, Hoon,( Enterprise Resource Planning Solutions and Management),
IRM press, USA,2002. pp 125-143.
49. Hellriegel, Don,& Slocum, John W.,( Organizational Behavior), 12ed, SouthWestern Cengage Learning, 2009.
50. Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon,( A Greek-English
Lexicon), Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940
51. Hicks. R.D.,(Diogenes Laertius, lives of Eminent Philosphers) , William
Heinemann,London,1925.
52. Hellman, Lillian,(The Little Foxes, Play in Three Acts), Acting Edition,
Dramatist Play Service, USA, 1939.
53. Hochschild, Arlie Russell, (The Managed Heart: Commercialization of
Human Feeling With a New afterword ), University of California Press,
Berkeley& Los Angeles, California,20ed, 2003.
80. Maslach, Christina,& Leiter, Michael P.,( The Truth About Burnout: How
Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What to Do About It), JOSSEY-BASS,
A Wiley Company,1997.
81. Mazella. David,(The Making of Modern Cynicism),University of Virginia
Press,USA,1ed ,2007.
82. Merton, Robert K.,( Social Theory and Social Structure), New York: The Free
Press.1968.
83. Mills, Melinda,& Blossfeld, Hans-peter,( Globalization, uncertainly and the early
life course. A theoretical framework), Edit by, Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Klijzing,
Erik, Mills, Melinda,& Kurz, Karin,( Globalization, Uncertainty and Youth in
Society: The Losers in a Globalizing), Routledge press, USA, 2005. Pp 1-23.
84. Mikulecky, Larry,( Preparing Workers and Students for the New Workplace), Edit
by, Knudsen, Daniel C.,(The Transition To Flexibility), Kluwer Academic
Publishers, USA, 1996. Pp 49-65.
85. Mntion, Charles,(Flexibility in Personnel Policies inInternational Organizations),
Edit by, Farnham, David,& Horton, Sylvia,(Human Resources Flexibilities in the
Public services, International Perspectives), Macmillan Business Press,
London,2000. Pp 298-312.
86. Murphy, Kevin R.,(Honesty in The Workplace), Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Company, Pcific Grove, California, 1993.
87. Murray, Richard,(Human Resources Management in Swedish Central
Government), Edit by, Farnham, David,& Horton, Sylvia,(Human Resources
Flexibilities in the Public services, International Perspectives), Macmillan
Business Press, London,2000. Pp 169-188.
88. Naus, Fons, Iterson, Ad van, & Roe, Robert A.,( Value incongruence, job
autonomy, and organization-based self-esteem: a self- based perspective on
organizational cynicism),Edit by, Proefschrift,( Organizational Cynicism On The
Nature, Antecedents, And Consequences Of Employee Cynicism Toward The
Employing Organization), aan de Universiteit Maastricht, 2007. Pp 37-64.
89. National Research Council,( Aeronautics Innovation: NASA's Challenges and
Opportunities), National Academies Press, USA,2006.
90. Navia, Luis E.,( The philosophy of cynicism: an annotated bibliography), Green
Wood Press,London,1995.
91. Navia. Luise,(The Adventure of Philosophy), Green Wood publishing
Group,USA,1999.
92. Navia, Luis E.,(Classical Cynicism A Critical Study), Green Wood Press,
London, 1996.
93. Niederhoffer, Arthur,(Behind the shield, The Police in Urban Society),
Doubleday&Company,Inc, Garden City, New York,1967.
94. Ness, Kate,& Green, Stuart,( Human resource management in the construction
context: disappearing workers in the UK), Edit by, Dainty, Andrew,& Loosemore,
107. Reilly, Peter,( Flexibility at Work: Balancing the Interests of Employer and
Employee), Gower Publishing Limited, England, 2001.
108. Robinson, Sandra L.; Bennett, Rebecca J.,( Workplace deviance: Its definition, its
manifestations, and its causes), Lewicki, Roy J. (Ed); Bies, Robert J. (Ed);
Sheppard, Blair H. (Ed), Research on negotiation in organizations, Vol. 6. ,1997.
(pp. 3-27).
109. Robinson, Peter,( Insecurity and the flexible workforce), Edit by, Heery,
Edmund,&Salmon,John,(The Insecure Workforce), First published by Routledge,
London, 2000. Pp 25-38.
110. Ruffini, Renato,(Employment Flexibilities and the New people Management in
Italy), Edit by, Farnham, David,& Horton, Sylvia,(Human Resources Flexibilities
in the Public services, International Perspectives), Macmillan Business Press,
London,2000. Pp 135-150.
111. Rusell. Bertrand,(The History of Western Philosophy),4ed ,Stratford Press,
Inc,NY, USA,2008.
112. Ruggiero, Vincenzo,(Understanding Political Violence: A Criminological
Analysis), MC Grow Hill Eduction,1ed, 2006.
113. Secord,Hugh,( Implementing Best Practices in Human Resources Management),
CHH Candian Limited, Canada, 2003.
114. Schreier. Benjamin,(Cynicism and the history of modern Americah Literature,
The power of negative Thinking), University of Virginia press,2009.
115. Schmid, Gnther,( Full Employment in Europe: Managing Labour Market
Transitions and Risks), Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK, 2008.
116. Schief, Sebastian,( Patterns of Flexibility in Domestic and Foreign Enterprises),
Edit by, Delsen , Lei, Bauer, Frank, Gette, Gilbert, Smith, Mark,( Comparative
Analyses of Operating Hours and Working Times in the European Union),
Physica-Verlag A Springer Company, Germany, 2009. Pp 143-164.
117. Schilstra, K., Dietz, G. & Paauwe, J.,( Contrasting Metal and IT Sectors: Internal
Versus External Regulation of Flexibility), Edit by, Paauwe, Jaap,( HRM and
Performance: Achieving Long-term Viability), Oxford University Press, 2004.
Pp121-150.
118. Shipton, John,(Human Resource Management), Edit by, Wilson , John,( Human
Resource Development: Learning & Training for Individuals & Organizations), 2
ed, Kogan Page Limited, London, 2005. Pp 26-34.
119. Schmid, Gunther,( Transitional labour markets and flexicurity: managing social
risks over the life course), Edit by, Rogowski, Ralf, Salais, Robert, Whiteside,
Noel,( Transforming European Employment Policy: Labour Market Transitions
and the Promotion of Capability), Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Germany,
pp 46-70.
120. Shore, Lynn McFarlane,& . Tetrick, Lois E.,( The Psychological Contract as an
Explanatory Framework in the Employment Relationship), in Cooper and D.L
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
30. Bateman, Thomas S., Sakano, Tomoaki,& Fujita, Makoto,( Roger, Me, and My
Attitude: Film Propaganda and Cynicism Toward Corporate Leadership), Journal
of Applied Psychology, Vol. 77, No. 5, 1992.pp 768-771.
31. Barefoot, John, Dodge, Kenneth A., Peterson, Bercedis L., Dahlstrom, W. Grant,
& Williams JR, Redford.,( The Cook-Medley Hostility Scale: Item Content and
Ability to Predict Survival), Psychosomatic Medicine 51,1989.pp 46-57.
32. Beltrn-Martn, Inmaculada, Roca-Puig, Vicente, Escrig-Tena, Ana, & BouLlusar, Juan Carlos,( Human Resource Flexibility as a Mediating Variable
Between High Performance Work Systems and Performance), Journal of
Management, 2008. Pp 1-36.
33. Berton, Fabio, Richiardi, Matteo& Sacchi, Stefano,( The Political Economy of
Work Security and Flexibility: Italy in Comparative Perspective), Policy Press ,
UK, 2012.
34. Bhattacharya, Mousumi, Gibson, Donald E.,& Doty, D. Harold,( The Effects of
Flexibility in Employee Skills, Employee Behaviors, and Human Resource
Practices on Firm Performance), Journal of Management, Vol. 31 No. 4, August
2005. Pp 1-19.
35. Blau, Gary,( Influence of Group Lateness on Individual Lateness: A Cross-Level
Examination), The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5 (Oct., 1995),
pp. 1483-1496.
36. Blanchard, Anita L.,& Henle, Christine A.,( Correlates of different forms of
cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control), Computers in
Human Behavior, 24 ,2008.pp 10671084.
37. Bolton, LaMarcus R., Becker, Liesl K.,& Barber, Larissa K.,( Big Five trait
predictors of differential counterproductive work behavior dimensions),
Personality and Individual Differences, 49 ,2010.pp 537541.
38. Boski, Pawe, Bias-Henne, Monika,& Wickowska, Joanna,( Cynicism in Love
and in Politics), Psychological Aspects of Social Axioms, International and
Cultural Psychology, 2009. pp 239-266.
39. Boudreau, John W.,& Ramstad, Peter M.,( Measuring Intellectual Capital:
Learning from Financial History), Human Resource Management, Vol. 36, No. 3,
1997. Pp. 343-356.
40. Bowling, Nathan A .,& Gruys, Melissa L.,( Overlooked issues in the
conceptualization and measurement of counterproductive work behavior), Human
Resource Management Review 20, 2010. Pp 54-61.
41. Brewer, Paul R.,(Public Trust in(OR Cynicism A bout) other Nations Across
time), Political Behavior, VOL 26,NO.4, December ,2004 . pp317-341.
42. Brummett, Beverly H., Maynard, Kimberly E., Babyak, Michael A., Haney,
Thomas L., Siegler, ILence C., Helms, Michael J., Barefoot, Johnc.,( Measures of
hostility as predictors of facial affect during social interaction: Evidence for
construct validity), Annals of Behavioral Medicine,VOL20, Issue 3,
September,1998.pp168-173.
43. Blau, Judith R,& Blau, Peter M.,( The Cost Of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure
And Violent Crime), American Sociological Review, Vol. 47 , February,1982, pp
114-129.
44. Bommer, William H., Rich, Gregory,& Rubin, Robert, (Changing attitudes about
change: longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee
cynicism about organizational change), Journal of organizational Behavior ,26,
2005. Pp733-753.
45. Bedeian, Arthur,(Even if the Tower is Ivory it isnt white; understanding the
Consequences of faculty Cynicism), Academy of management Learning
&Education, Vol 6,2007.pp9-32.
46. Belot, Michle,& Schrder, Marina,( Sloppy work, lies and theft: A novel
experimental design to study counterproductive behavior), Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization xxx ,2013. Pp 1-6.
47. Blau,
56. Byle, Kevin A.,& Holtgraves, Thomas M.,( Integrity Testing, Personality, and
Design: Interpreting the Personnel Reaction Blank), Journal of Business and
Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 4 ,June 2008, pp. 287-295.
57. Byrne, Zinta & Hochwarter, Waynea,( Perceived organizational support and
performance Relationships across levels of organizational cynicism), Journal of
Managerial Psychology, Vol. 23 No. 1, 2008, pp. 54-72.
58. Cartwright, Susan,& Holmes, Nicola,( The meaning of work: The challenge of
regaining employee engagement and reducing cynicism), Human Resource
Management Review ,16 ,2006.pp 199208.
59. Cappella, Joseph N.,& Jamieson, Kathleen Hall,( News Frames, Political
Cynicism, and Media Cynicism), Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, Vol. 546, The Media and Politics (Jul., 1996), pp. 71-84.
60. Caplan, Joel,(Police Cynicism: Police Survival Tool ?), The Police Journal,
Volume 76, (2003).pp304-313.
61. Chen, Peter Y.,& Spector, Paul E.,( Relationships of work stressors with
aggression, withdrawal, theft and substance use: An exploratory study), Journal
of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Volume 65, Issue 3, September
1992, pp 177-184.
62. Chen, Sylvia Xiaohua, Guan, Yanjun,& Hui, Chin-Ming,( Responding to news
about a natural disaster: The interplay of group identification and social
cynicism in perceived prototypicality), International Journal of Intercultural
Relations 36, 2012. Pp 586 597.
63. Clark, John p.,& Hollinger, Richard,( Theft by Employees in Work
Organizations), Executive Summary, U.S. Department of Justice, National
Institute of Justice, September 1983, pp 1-37.
64. Clarke, Sharon,( The contemporary workforce Implications for organizational
safety culture), Personal Review, Vol 32, No 1, 2003. Pp 40-57.
65. Cohen, Taya R., Panter, A. T.,& Turan, Nazli,( Predicting Counterproductive
Work Behavior from Guilt Proneness), Journal of Business Ethics, April 12, 2012.
Pp 1-26.
66. Chu, Yuping, Li, Shucai,& Jin, Yuran,( Flexible Index System of Human
Resources Considering the Organizational Flexibility Factor), Advances in
Electrical Engineering and Automation, Advances in Intelligent and Soft
Computing Volume 139, 2012, pp 41-46.
67. Cohen, Taya R., Panter, A. T.,& Turan, Nazli,( Predicting Counterproductive
Work Behavior from Guilt Proneness), J Bus Ethics, 114, 2013. pp 4553.
68. Coffin, Bill.: (Breaking the Silence on White Collar Crime), Risk Management
50, 8,2003.
69. Costa, Paul T., Zonderman, Alan B., Mccrae, Robert R.,& Williams, Redford B.,(
Cynicism and Paranoid Alienation in the Cook and Medley HO Scale), American
97. Gamson, William A., Croteau, David, Hoynes, William,& Sasson, Theodore,(
Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality), Annual Review of
Sociology, Vol. 18 (1992), pp. 373-393.
98. Gavreliuc, Alin, Cmpean, Manuella,& Gavreliuc, Dana,( The Availability to
Gossip, Life Satisfaction and Social Cynicism among Romanians), West
University of Timisoara, Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, 2007.pp1-10.
99. Giacalone, Robert A.,& Knouse, Stephen B.,( Justifying Wrongful Employee
Behavior: The Role of Personality in Organizational Sabotage), Journal of
Business Ethics, Vol. 9, No. 1 ,Jan., 1990, pp. 55-61.
100. Giluk, Tamara L.,( Mindfulness, Big Five personality, and affect: A metaanalysis), Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 2009. Pp 805811.
101. Gibson, Cristina,& Birkinshaw, Julian,( The antecedents, consequences, and
mediating role of organizational ambidexterity), Academy of Management
Journal, Vol. 47, No. 2,2004. pp 209226.
102. Greenberg, Jerald,(Organizational Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow),
Journal of management, Vol 16, No 2, 1990. Pp 399-432.
103. Gruys, Melissa L.,& Sackett, Paul R.,( Investigating the Dimensionality of
Counterproductive Work Behavior), International Journal of Selection and
Assessment, Vol 11, Issue 1, 2003. Pp 30-42.
104. Gibson, James L., & Klein, Stuart M.,(Employee Attitudes as a function of Age
and Length of Service: A Reconceptualization), The Academy of management
Journal, Vol 13, No4, December 1970. Pp411-425.
105. Grima. Francois & Glaymann. Dominique,(A revisited analysis of the Exit-VoiceLoyalty-Neglect model: Contributions of a Longitudinal and Conceptually
extended approach) , Management is the official journal of AIMS, Volume 15,
issue 1, 2012.
106. Goldner. Fredh.,Ritti. Richard, Ference. Thomas,(The Production of Cynical
Knowledge in Organizations), American Sociological Review, Volume 24,
Number 4, August 1977.
107. Gould, Larry A.,& Moore, Clay L.,( Comparison of the MMPI-2 and
Niederhoffer Cynicism Scales for a Sample of Police Academy Trainees), Journal
of Police and Criminal Psychology, Volume 18, Number 2, 2003.pp 20-27.
108. Grtler,
Oliver,&
Mnster,
Johanne,(
Rationalself-sabotage),
MathematicalSocialSciences,65,2013. Pp 14.
109. Han, Kyunghee, Weed, Nathan C., Calhoun, Robert F., & Butcher, James N.,(
Psychometric Characteristics of the MMPI-2 Cook-Medley Hostility Scale),
Journal of personality Assessment, Vol 65(3),1995.pp567-585.
110. Hackett, Rick D.,& Bycio, Peter,( An evaluation of employee absenteeism as a
coping mechanism among hospital nurses), Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, Volume 69. Issue 4, December 1996. pp 327-338.
111. Ham, J. van, Philips, Paauwe, J.,& Williams, R.,( Human Resource Flexibility
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
Some Necessary Conditions for Success), Personnel Review Volume 16, Issue 2,
1987. Pp 27-30.
Haukkala, Ari, Konttinen, Hanna, Laatikainen, Tina, Kawachi, Ichiro, &
UUTELA, ANTTI,( Hostility, Anger Control, and Anger Expression as Predictors
of Cardiovascular Disease), the American Psychosomatic Society, Psychosomatic
Medicine 72, 2010. pp 556 562.
Hacket, Rick D.,( Work attitudes and employee absenteeism: A synthesis of the
literature), Journal of Occupational Psychology, Volume 62, Issue 3,September,
1989. Pp 235-248.
Harris, Lloyd C.,& Ogbonna, Emmanuel,( Service sabotage : The dark side of
service dynamics), Business Horizons ,52, 2009. Pp 325335.
Henle, Christine A., Giacalone, Robert A.,& Jurkiewicz, Carole L., (The Role of
Ethical Ideology in Workplace Deviance), Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 56,
No. 3 (Feb., 2005), pp. 219-230.
Heywood, John S.,& Jirjahn, Uwe,( Teams, Teamwork and Absence), The
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 106, No. 4 ,Dec., 2004. pp. 765-782.
Helma, Bob, Bonomaa, Thomas V.,& Tedeschia, James T.,( Reciprocity for
Harm Done), The Journal of Social Psychology, Volume 87, Issue 1, 1972. Pp 8998.
Henle, Christine A., Kohut, Gary,& Booth, Rosemary,( Designing electronic use
policies to enhance employee perceptions of fairness and to reduce cyberloafing:
An empirical test of justice theory), Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 2009. Pp
902910.
Hengel, Martin,( The interpenetration of Judaism and Hellenism in the preMaccabean period),Edit by, Davies, W.D.,& Finkelstein, Louis,( The Cambridge
History of Judaism: The Hellenistic age), Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp
167-228.
Hollinger, Richard,( Acts against the workplace: Social bonding and employee
deviance), Hemisphere publishing Corporation, Deviant Behavior, Vol 7, Issue
1,1986.pp53-75.
Hollinger, Richard C.; Clark, John P.,( Formal and informal social controls of
employee deviance), The Sociological Quarterly, Vol 23(3), 1982, 333-343.
Hollinger, Richard C.; Slora, Karen B.; Terris, William,( Deviance in the fastfood restaurant: Correlates of employee theft, altruism, and counterproductivity),
American Psychological Association, Deviant Behavior, Vol 13(2), Apr-Jun
1992, 155-184.
Ho, Violet T.,( Interpersonal Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Distinguishing
Between Person-Focused Versus Task-Focused Behaviors and Their
Antecedents), J Bus Psychol, 27, 2012. Pp 467482.
Hung, Tsang-Kai, Chi, Nai-Wen,& Lu, Wan-Lin,( Exploring the Relationships
between Perceived Coworker Loafing and Counterproductive Work Behaviors:
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138. Karacaolu, Korhan,& nce, Fatma,( Reliability and Validity of the Turkish
Version of Brandes, Dharwadkar, and Deans (1999) Organizational Cynicism
Scale: The Case of Organized Industrial Zone, Kayseri), Business and Economics
Research Journal, Volume 3, Number 3, 2012. pp. 77 92.
139. Kalleberg, Arne L.,(Nonstandard Employment Relations: Part-Time, Temporary
and Contract Work), Annu. Rev. Sociol, 26, 2000. Pp 341-365.
140. Kant, IJmert, Jansen, Nicole W.H., Amelsvoort, Ludovic G.P.M. van, Swaen,
Gerard M.H., Leusden, Rudy van,& Berkouwer, Ate,( Screening questionnaire
Balansmeter proved successful in predicting future long-term sickness absence in
office workers), Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62, 2009. Pp 408-414.
141. Kalagan,Gamze & Aksu, Mualla Bigin,( Organizational cynicism of research
assistants: A case of Akdeniz University), Procedia Social Behavioral Sciences 2
,2010, pp 4820-4825.
147.
148.
149.
150. Klammer, Ute,(Flexicurity Schemes), Edit by, Farrell, Gilda,( Reconciling labour
flexibility with social cohesion Facing the challenge), Council of Europe
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164. Li, Fuli, Zhou, Fan,& Leung, Kwok,( Expecting the Worst: Moderating Effects of
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228. Reichers, Arnon E., Wanous, John P., & Austin, James T., (Understanding and
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
254. Schenck-Hamlin, WJ, Procter, DE, & Rumsey,DJ,( The influence of negative
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
283. van den Berg, Peter T.,& van der Velde, Mandy E. G.,( Relationships of
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
Functional Flexibility with Individual and Work Factors), Journal of Business and
Psychology, Volume 20, Issue 1, 2005. pp 111-129 .
Varca, Philip E.,( Service skills for service workers: emotional intelligence and
beyond), Managing Service Quality, Volume 14 Number 6 2004 pp. 457-467.
Vijayasiri, Ganga,( Reporting Sexual Harassment: The Importance of
Organizational Culture and Trust), Springer Science+Business Media, Gend.
Issues , 25, 2008 pp 4361.
Volberda, Henk W.,( Building Flexible Organizations for Fast-moving Markets),
Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1997. pp. 169- 183.
Wanous, John P., Reichers, Arnon E.,& Austin, James T.,( Cynicism about
Organizational Change: Measurement, Antecedents, and Correlates), Group
Organization Management, Vol 25; N.2, June, 2000.pp132-153.
Wang, Jijie, Tian, Jun,& Shen, Zhen,( The effects and moderators of cyber-loafing
controls: an empirical study of Chinese public servants), Information Technology
and Management, Springer, June 2013.
Wei, Feng,& Si, Steven,( Tit for tat? Abusive supervision and counterproductive
work behaviors: The moderating effects of locus of control and perceived
mobility), Published online: 20,Springer April 2011. Pp 281-296.
Wenwang, Yang, Gui, Fu, Jiangshi, Zhang, Song, Qing, Nan, Shao, Zhongqian,
Chang,( Analysis and methods of the blasters unsafe behavior taking gas
explosion accident as an example), Procedia Engineering, 45, 2012, pp 220 224.
Wiener, Richard L, Winter, Ryan, Rogers, Melanie,& Arnot, Lucy,( The Effects
of Prior Workplace Behavior on Subsequent Sexual Harassment Judgments), Law
and Human Behavior, Vol. 28, No. 1, Feb., 2004, pp. 47-67.
Wood, Donna J.,( Corporate Social Performance Revisited), The Academy of
Management Review, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp. 691-718.
Wright, Patrick M.,& Snell, Scott A.,( Toward a Unifying Framework for
Exploring Fit and Flexibility in Strategic Human Resource Management), Center
for Advanced Human Resource Studies, 8, 1,1997. Pp 1-37.
Wu, Shu-Ling,( Impact of Environmental Uncertainty on Human Resource
Flexibility), International Conference on Business and Economics Research,
vol.1, IACSIT Press, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2011. Pp 277-281.
Zhao, Hongdan, Peng, Zhenglong,& Sheard, Geoff,( Workplace ostracism and
hospitality employees counterproductive work behaviors: The joint moderating
effects of proactive personality and political skill), International Journal of
Hospitality Management 33 ,2013,pp 219227.
Zolin, Roxanne, Kuckertz, Andreas,& Kautonen, Teemu,( Human resource
flexibility and strong ties in entrepreneurial teams), Journal of Business Research
64 ,2011. Pp 1097 1103.
Zollo, Maurizio,& Winter, Sidney G.,( Deliberate Learning and the Evolution of
Dynamic Capabilities), Organization Science, Vol. 13, No. 3, MayJune 2002.
Pp 339351.
Internet
1. Adams, Susan,( How We Waste Time at Work), 2013.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2013/03/21/how-we-waste-time-atwork/.
2. Battacharya, Mousumi,( HUMAN RESOURCE FLEXIBILITY: A
MULTINATIONAL VIEW), Documents & Resources for Small Businesses &
Professionals, 2010. Pp 1-12.
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/69550728/Discuss-the-Impact-of-Flexibility-on-theManagement-of-Human-Resource-in-Firms
3. Broek, Alexander Van,( Is it illegal for your work company to change your time
card so we wouldn't hit overtime and double time?), 2013.
http://www.avvo.com/legal-answers/is-it-illegal-for-your-work-company-tochange-your-584522.html
4. Bullock, Monica,(What to do when a coworker steals), Yahoo! Contributor
Network Tue, Oct 16, 2012
http://shine.yahoo.com/coworker-steals-220900625.html
5. Collinsdictionary,
http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cynicism?showCookiePolic
y=true ,(2013).
6. Dahlgaard-Park, Su Mi,& Dahlgaard, Jens J.,( In Search of Excellence - Past,
Present and Future),2005.
http://www.gobookee.net/search.php?q=organizational+change+about+cynicism.
7. Decision Risks International Organization,( Different Types Of Information
Misuse), 2013. http://www.decisionrisks.com/information_misuse.html
8. Emmerich, Roxanne,( Top 10 Workplace DysfunctionsAnd How
toTERMINATEThem),2012.
http://www.thankgoditsmonday.com/blog/2010/02/03/dysfunctions/
9. Eiguer, Alberto, (Can the world perversion be used when talking about
adolescence), N7,2010. Pp1-13.
www.controversiasonline.org.ar/.../Eiguer-n7-ing.pdf
10. Federman,
Joel,
(Beyond
Social
Cynicism),
2002.
http://www.topia.net/social_cynicism.html
11. Feretic, Eileen,( The Use and Misuse of Information), Base line Magazine, July,
2011.
http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Business-Intelligence/The-Use-andMisuse-of-Information-375708/
12. Freeman, A. Elizabeth,( How to Handle Coworkers Who Steal Ideas), Houston
Chronicle, 2013.
http://work.chron.com/handle-coworkers-steal-ideas3704.html
13. Keating, Matt,( Why do employees steal from their workplace), The Guardian,
Saturday
8
October
2005.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2005/oct/08/careers.work1
14. H.
W.
&
F.
G.
FOWLER,(
Dialogues
of
The
Dead),
http://www.theoi.com/Text/LucianDialoguesDead1.html#4 ,2012
15. Merriam-Webster,
http://www.merriam-webster.com
/dictionary/cynicism,(2013).
16. Mcnamara. Carter,(Overview of cynicism in Business organizations),
http://managementhelp.org/personalwellness/cynicism/index.htm, 2010.
17. Peter, Tom,& Amit, Kumar,( a passion for excellence), 2012. www.hrfolks.com
.
18. Piering. Julie,( Cynics),Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/cynics/
19. Plato,
(Apology),
Translator:
Jowett.
Benjamin,
http://www.gutenberg.myebook.bg/1/6/5/1656/1656-h/1656-h.htm ,2013
20. Rothenberg. Molly Anne, (Why We Need Cynicism Now), Tulane
University, 2007.
http://ecti.english.illinois.edu/reviews/50/rothenberg-manzella.html
12. Secretan, & Lance,( Spirit At Work -- Hope vs Cynicism), Dec. 21, 2004.
http://www.industryweek.com/workforce/spirit-work-hope-vs-cynicism
22. Sherwood, Jeff,( Brookhaven Science Associates Cited for Failure to Follow
Safety Rules), Release Date: April 19, 1999. Pp 1-2. http://tis.eh.doe.gov/enforce
23. Withey, Philip,( Misuse of confidential information), Addleshaw Goddard, 2013.
http://www.addleshawgoddard.com/view.asp?content_id=3313&parent_id=3309
24. White, Ron,( What Do You Do If You See a Co-Worker Stealing?), The Nest,
2013. http://woman.thenest.com/see-coworker-stealing-3833.html
25. Xenophon, (The Apology), , http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1171/1171-h/1171h.htm , 2013
( )1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
()2
" "
1434
2013
...
:
(
)
.
-1 .
-2 .
-3 ( )5 (
) ( ) .
-4 .
.
:
)1:
)230 :
39-31
59-50
)3 :
)4 :
)5 :
49-40
60
9-6
14-10
19-15
20
)6 :
)7:
: .:
.
:1 :
.
2
3
5
6
7
:2 :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
:3 :
.
1
2
3
4
5
:4 :
.
1
2
:5 :
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
: :
. :
: :
1
2
10
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
:
.
.1 :
2
3
4
5
6
.2 :
2
3
5
6
.3 :
2
3
.4 :
2
3
.5 () :
2
3
4
5
Abstract
This study aims to identify the impact of organizational cynicism on the flexibility of human
resources through negative behaviors with the growing challenges and difficulties in the business
environment and the failure to meet the wishes of the workers and the lack of commitment by the
government to apply its obligations to individuals in the community appeared organizational
cynicism. The goal of non-confidence in their leaders and staff believe that employers are taking
advantage of their contribution at an opportune moment while trying organizations restructuring
cost in an effort to contain costs. Moreover, attitudes cynical about the organization can have a
far-reaching impact on both the organization and employees in the form of negative consequences,
such
As lack of commitment to work and motivation low and apathy and resignation and despair,
suspicion and contempt and disdain and this is what leads to the behavior of non-moral among
employees themselves As a result, it is reflected in the low flexibility of human resources.
The researcher in the study was based on five dimensions of organizational cynicism to be more
comprehensive and accurate knowledge of the motives of the organization have included the
cynicism-dimensional (personality cynicism, Employee cynicism, Organizational change
cynicism, work cynicism, social cynicism). and Has also adopted two dimension researcher on the
Counterproductive work behaviors and Counterproductive work behaviors towards them
organized and negative attitudes towards individuals and their impact on the low Flexibility of
human resources And included the flexibility of human resources five basic dimensions
(contractual flexibility, flexibility of working hours, wage flexibility, flexibility length of life,
functional flexibility) and it has been included in the study, four Iraqi universities which
(Karbala, Babil, Qadisiyah and Kufa) has been taking a number of colleges and sample
included 233 individuals from holding advanced degrees and administrative managers.
Based on the above came importance of the study through the importance of the topic being
discussed if the recent increased pace of organizational cynicism among individuals which
reflected negatively on the productivity of individuals, which is generated by the reaction behavior
towards actually miserable and lead to the emergence of Counterproductive work behaviors, which
is reflected in the work of individuals and low of human resources Flexibility
The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important that the fundamental belief of the
cynicism organizational is to be sacrificing to the principles of honesty, integrity, sincerity and
confidence to promote the self-interest of the leadership and it will be directed by cynics against
the methods of management of their organizations and against the procedures, rules and
regulations, which appears in the workplace embodied in mistrust and contempt toward law
enforcement services to the community and the loss of trust, respect and pride for the job, and
dissatisfaction with the organization they work for.
And that one of the main reasons for Counterproductive work behaviors to the personality of the
individual, which includes its dimensions (Extraversion, admissibility, conscience, openness,
nerve) or as a result of the pressures of the environment in which it operates has been proven that
the high rates of heat and noise in the workplace are among the reasons for the occurrence of
Counterproductive work behaviors, as well as exposure organizational injustice and not getting
a fair chance of promotion or pay system is fair and that occur as a result of the violation of the
psychological contract burnt due to psychological reasons, such as revenge, rush, paranoia,
mental disorder.
The factors that affect the flexibility of human resources flexibility vary from one country to
another due to the difference of the Constitution and the political system and administrative
traditions and structure of the public service and the role of trade unions and their impact on the
political system, as well as differences in HR practices.
It has built a set of recommendations based on the conclusions presented including the need to
fulfill the government's commitment to its promises to the community because the loss of
confidence in the government lead to a loss of confidence in institutions across the promised
commitment to these individuals, institutions. As well as organizations, non-violation of the
psychological contract for its members employed, which generates organizational cynicism and the
organization follow the Counterproductive work behaviors in their organizations and processed
as soon as the emergence of negative behaviors or limit types leads to the appearance of
Counterproductive work behaviors of other more complicated in the organization and also the
organizations to adopt modern models in the application of human resources flexibility in their
environments in order to achieve greater efficiency.
Researcher
Karbala University
College of Administration and Economics
Department of Business Administration
Counterproductive Work
Behaviors Hervorgegangen as
the Organizational Cynicism and
reflections on the Human
Resources practices Flexibility
A prospective study analyzed a sample of
universities in the Middle Euphrates
2014 AD
Prof. Dr.
AwadKadem AL Kalidi
1434 AH