Unit1 VL PDF

10 MAT 21
Dr. V. Lokesha
2012
Engineering Mathematics II
(10 MAT21)
LECTURE NOTES
(FOR II SEMESTER B E OF VTU)
VTU-EDUSAT Programme-16
Dr. V. Lokesha
Professor of Mathematics
ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY
Soldevanahalli, Bangalore 90
Differential Equation - 1
10 MAT 21
Dr. V. Lokesha
2012
ENGNEERING MATHEMATICS II
Content
CHAPTERS
UNIT I
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS I
Unit-1
10 MAT 21
Dr. V. Lokesha
2012
Differential Equation- I
Equations of first order and higher degree

Overview:
In this unit, we shall study differential equations of the first order and higher degree,
We study the differential equations solvable for
and the problems involving in it, differential
equation solvable for and the problems involving in it, Differential equation solvable for and
some problems involving in it. We discuss the problems on special type called Clairauts
Equation and reducible to clairauts form involving both general solution and singular solution
and we discuss the application of the first order and first degree differential equation with
illustrative examples.
Objective:
At the end of this unit he will be able to understand
To obtain the solution of non-linear differential equation.
To obtain the solution of the differential equation of the form
The method of the solution is simple involving well known methods.
Singular solution exists for higher degree equations of first order.
Clairauts equation has numerous engineering applications like geodesics.
Non linear equation of first order differential equation is reduced to linear differential
equations of first order.
Mathematical models for some of the applications like Kirchoffs law, Newtons law of
cooling etc.
Equations solvable for .

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Introduction:
We are already familiar with differential equations of the first order and first degree , Now
we shall study differential equations of first order and degree higher than the first. For
convenience, we denote
by . Such equations are of the form
A differential equation of the first order but of the nth degree is of the form
Where
are functions of and .
In several cases (2) can be solved by reducing (2) to first order and first degree (n)
equations by solving for p(b), solving for y(c), solving for x.
In this unit we discuss the following cases.

Equations solvable for y.
Equations solvable for x.
Clairauts equation
Now we discuss the first case Equations solvable for p.
Splitting up the left hand side of (2) into n linear factors, we have
.
Equating each of the factors to Zero,
.
Solving each of these equations of the first order of first degree, we get the solutions
. These n solutions constitute the general
solution of (1).
Otherwise, the general solution of (1) may be written as
.
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Problems:
1. Solve :
Sol: Given equation is
From (1)
On integration, we get
From (2)
Thus,
, constitute the required solution.
On combining these into one, the required solution can be written as
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2. Solve:
Sol: We have,
Adding
on both sides,
=
From (1):
From (2):
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Thus combining (3) and (4), the required general solution is

3.
Solve:
Sol: we have,
On Integration, we get
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dy
dy
4. x +xy 6 y 2 =0
dx
dx
2
Sol : Given that x 2 p 2 + xyp 6 y 2 = 0 where p =

( xp + 3 y )( xp 2 y ) = 0
or
xp + 3 y = 0
dy
or
x + 3y = 0
dx
dy
dx
+ 3 = log C1
or
y
x
log yx3 = log C1
The general solution is
dy
dx
xp 2 y = 0
dy
x 2y = 0
dx
dy
dx
2 = log C2
y
x
y
or
log 2 = log C2
x
3
yx C1 y x 2C2 = 0
)(
5. Solve p 2 5 p 6 = 0
Sol : Given that p 2 5 p 6 = 0 where p =
dy
dx
( p 6)( p + 1) = 0
p6 = 0
or
p +1 = 0
dy
dy
6 = 0
or
+1 = 0
dx
dx
dy 6dx =0
or
dy + dx = 0
y 6 x =C1
or
y + x = C2
The general solution is ( y 6 x C1 )( y + x C2 ) = 0
6. Solve p 2 7 p + 12 = 0
Sol : ( p 4)( p 3) = 0
dy 4dx =0
or
dy 3dx = 0
The general solution is ( y 4 x C )( y 3 x C ) = 0
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dy
dy
7. x ( y x) y =0
dx
dx
Sol : Given that xp 2 ( y x) p y = 0 where p =
( xp + y )( p 1) = 0
The general solution is ( xy C )( y x C ) = 0
dy
dx
dy
dy
8. xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) + xy =0
dx
dx
Sol : Given that xyp 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) p + xy = 0 where p =
xp ( yp x) y ( yp x) = 0
( xp y )( yp x) = 0
dy
dy
x y=0
or
y x=0
dx
dx
dy dx
=0
or
ydy xdx = 0
y
x
y
log = log C1
or
y 2 x 2 = C2
x
The general solution is ( y xC ) y 2 x 2 C = 0
dy
dx
9. Solve p 2 + 2 p sinh x 1 = 0
2
Sol : Given that ( p sinh x ) sinh 2 x 1 = 0
2
( p sinh x ) = cosh 2 x
p sinh x = cosh x
or p sinh x = cosh x
dy
dy
= sinh x + cosh x or
= sinh x cosh x
dx
dx
y = cosh x + sinh x + C1 or y = cosh x sinh x + C2
e x + e x e x e x
e x + e x e x e x
y=
+
+ C1 or y =
+ C2
2
2
2
2
y = e x + C1 or y = e x + C2
The required solution is y e x C1
y + e x C2 = 0
)(
Exercise:
Solve the following differential equations:
1.
2.
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Equations solvable for

Introduction:
It is possible to express explicitly as a function of and
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. and Let
We get an equation of the form

Let the solution of this equation be
Eliminating between (1) and (2) we get a relation in and which is the required solution.
Note: It is not possible always to eliminate between (1) and (2). In that case (1) and (2)
together constitute the solution giving and in terms of the parameter .
Problems:
1. Solve:
Sol:
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.
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Consider
Integrating,
Substituting (3) in (1),
2. Solve:
which is the required solution.

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. ,
Or
Discarding the factor
, we have
Integrating
Or
Putting this value of in (1), we have
3. Solve:
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Or
Which is a linear equation.
or
Putting these values of
in (1), we have
Or
Equations (3) and (4) together constitute the general solution of (1).
4. Solve y = 2 px + p n
Sol : On differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy
dp
dp
= p = 2 p + 2x
+ np n 1
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx 2 x
n 1
p
+ 2 x = np
+
= np n p
dp
dp p
This is a linear differential equation in p
2
pdp
p dp
Integrating factor(IF) =e
=e
= p2
the solution is x ( IF ) = np n 2 ( IF ) dp + c
x( p 2 ) = ( npn )dp + c
np n+1
xp2 =
+c
n +1
np n1
x=
+ c (1)
n +1
Substituting this value of x in given equation, we get
n
2c (1 n ) p
y= +
(2)
p
1+ n
Equations (1) and (2) together constitute
the general solution.
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6. Solve y = x + p 3
Sol : On differentiating w.r.to x, we get
dy
dp
= p = 1 + 3 p2
dx
dx
3 p2
dp p 1
=
dp = dx
dx 3 p 2
p 1
p 2 1 +1
3
dp = dx
p 1
1
3 p +1+
dp = dx
p 1
On integrating we get,
p2
the solution is x =3
+ p + log( p 1) + c (1)
2
This solution expresses x in terms of p and the given differential equation expresses
y in terms of p. hence (1) and the given differential equation constitute its
general solution.
Exercise:
1.
2.
3.
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Introduction:
If the given equation on solving for
, take the form
differentiating w.r.t. gives an equationof the form =
Now it may be solve the new differential equation in
then
.
. Let its solution be
. The elimination of from (1) and (2) gives the required solution.
Problems:
1. Solve:
Sol: Solving for , we have

we have
Integrating
Putting this value of p in the given equation, we have
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2. Solve:
Sol: Solving for , we have
Integrating,
Equations (1) and (2) together constitute the general solution.
3. Solve:
Sol: Writing the above equation in the form
Integrating,
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y = 2 px + y 2 p 3
4.
Sol : Solving for x , we get x =
1 y
2 2
y p
2 p
D iffrentiating w.r.to y
dx 1 1 1
y dp
dp
=
= 2
2 yp 2 2 y 2 p
dy
p 2 p p dy
dy
dp
dp
2p = p y
2 yp 4 2 y 2 p 3
dy
dy
dp
p 1+2 yp 3 + y
1+2 yp 3 = 0
dy
( 1+2yp ) p + y dp
=0
dy
3
dp
=0
Consider p + y
dy
dy dp
+
=0
y
p
c
.
y
Putting this value of p in the given equation, we get
2cx c 3
y=
+
y 2 = 2cx + c 3
y
y
5.
log y + log p = log c yp = c p =
y 2 px + yp 2 = 0
S o l : S o lv in g fo r x , w e g e t 2 x =
1
y yp 2
2
D iffere n tiatin g w .r.to 'y '

dx
1
1
y dp
dp
=
=
2
+ y
+ p
dy
p
p
p dy
dy
1
1 dp
p = y 1 2
p
p dy
1
dp
p 2 1 + y 2 1
= 0
p
p
dy
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dp
2 1 p + y = 0
dy
p
dp
dy dp
Consider p + y
=0
+
=0
dy
y
p
c
.
y
Substituting this value of p in the given equation, we get
2cx c 2
y
+ =0 y 2 2cx + c 2 = 0
y
y
6.
log y + log p = log c yp = c p =
p
p = tan x
2
1+ p
Sol : Solving for x, we get
p
(1)
1 + p2
Differentiating w.r.to 'y '
dp
dp
1 + p2
p 2p
dy
dy
dx 1
1 dp
= =
+
2
dy p 1 + p 2 dy
1 + p2
x = tan 1 p +
2
2
1 2 1 + p 2 p dp
=
2
p
dy
1 + p2
2p
dy =
dp
2
2
1+ p
c
y =c
(2)
1 + p2
(1) and (2) constitute the general solution.
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7. y 2 log y = xyp + p 2
Sol : Solving for x, we get x =
1
p
y log y +
p
y
Differentiating w.r.to 'y '

dx 1 1
dp 1
p 1 dp
= = 2 y log y + (1 + log y ) 2 +
dy p p
dy p
y
y dy
1
dp 1
p 1 dp
2 y log y + log y 2 +
=0
y
y dy
p
dy p
1
y dp p
y dp
log y 1
2 1
=0
p
p dy y
p dy
1
p
y dp
log y 2 1
=0
p
y
p
dy
y dp
dp dy
1
=0
=0
p dy
p
y
p
log p log y = log c = c o r p = cy
y
Substituting this value in (1) gives the general solution.
:
1.
2.
3.
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CLAIRAUTS EQUATION
Introduction:
An equation of the form
is known as Clairauts equation.
Differentiating w.r.t , we get
, we have
Integrating,
Putting ,
in (1), the required solution is
Thus, the solution of (1) is obtained by writing for p.

Note: 1.If we eliminate from
and (1), we get an equation involving no
constant. This is the singular solution of (1) which gives the envelope of the family of straight
lines (3).
2. Equations which are not in the Clairauts form can be reduced to Clairauts form by
suitable substitutions (transformation).
To obtain the singular solution, we proceed as follows:
i) Find the general solution by replacing by i.e., (3).
ii) Differentiate this w.r.t. giving
iii) Eliminate
from (3) and (4) which will be the singular solution.
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Problems:
1. Solve:
Sol: The given equation can be written as
This is of Clairauts form. Hence putting c for p, the solution is
2. Solve:
Sol: {In problems involving
and
put
Put
}
and
So that
Or
Its solution is
3. Solve:
which is of Clairauts form.

and hence
Sol: Put
So that
Or
which is of Clairauts form.
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Its solution is
4. Solve:
and hence
2012
. Also find its singular solutions.
Sol. Given equation can be written as
which is the Clairauts
equation.
(1)
To find the singular solution, differentiate w.r.t.
0=x+
giving
(2)
To eliminate c from (1) and (2), we rewrite (2) as

C = N ( -1)/x
Now substituting this value of c in (1), we get
y = N ( -1) +
{N( -1)/x}
which is the desired singular solution.
5. Solve:
Sol: Clairauts equation is
. Its general solution is obtained by replacing by . Thus
is the required complete integral.

To obtain the singular solution, differentiate the general solution w.r.t. . Then
From
Eliminating from the general solution, we get
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Thus the singular solution
(which is a parabola) is the envelope of the family of one
parameter family of straight lines
6) Solve the D.E
2012
(representing the general solution).
p = tan( px y )
Sol:
Given p = tan( px y )
tan 1 p = px y
1
=> y = px tan p ..(1)
this is in the form y = px + f ( p )

replacing p by c we get
y = cx tan 1 c
is the general solution.
To find singular sol: consider [ x + f ' ( p )] = 0

=> x 1 = 0
1 + p2
1 x
p=
x
Using this in (1) we get
(1 x )
y = x(1 x) tan 1
x
is the singular solution.
7 : Solve p + log( y px ) = 0
log( y px) = p
Sol :
y px = e p
y = px + e p
The general soln is

Now consider
.(1) is clairauts equation.
y = cx + e c
x + f ' ( p) = 0
x e p = 0
x = e p
( x)
Using this in (1) we get y = x log ( 1 ) + e (
x
y = x log ( 1 ) + x
x
y x = x log ( 1 )
x
p = log 1
log 1
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is the singular solution.

2
use substitution X = x ; Y = y
2
3
2
8) Solve yp + x p x y = 0
Sol :
Let yp + x p x y = 0
We have
p=
(1) becomes
..(1)
x
dy dy dY dX 1 dY
dY
=
=
2 x = P , where P =
dx dY dX dx 2 y dX
dX
y
2
y x 2 p 2 + x3 x p x 2 y = 0
y
y
x2 p2 + x4 p x2 y2 = 0
( )
XP 2 + X 2 P XY = 0
Divide by X we get
Y = XP + P 2 (2)
2
is the clairauts Equ with f ( P) = P .
2
The solution of (2) becomes Y = Xc + c
The general Soln of (1) is y = x c + c

Consider
X + f ' ( P) = 0
X + 2P = 0
P = X
2
X 2
Using this in (2) Y = X X 2 + X 4 =
4
4
x
y2 =
is singular solution of (1)
4
Exercise:
1.
2.
3.
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Miscellaneous Problems
Problems:
1. Solve:
On factorizing, we get
From (1):
From (2):
2. Solve:
Sol:
Integrating,
3.
Solve:
Sol:
is of Clairauts type whose solution is got by replzcing p by c.

.
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4. Solve:
, we have
Or
Or
Putting this value in (1), we get
, which is the required solution.
Applications of Differential equations of first order

Overview:
In this section, we study the engineering applications in ordinary differential equation
of first order by illustrative examples.
Objective:
At the end of this section, you will be able to understand
The physical problems in real situations can be mathematically modeled as a differential

equation.
The application of differential equation is in various fields like research, Engineering,

Sciences, Management, Life science etc.
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Application to Electric Circuits:

If
be the electrical charge on a condenser of capacity C and be the current, then

(a)
(b) The potential drop across the inductance
is
(c) The potential drop across the resistance
is
(d) The potential drop across the capacitance
.
.
is .
Also, by Kirchhoffs Law, the total potential drop (voltage drop) in the circuit is equal to
the applied voltage (E.M.F.).
Example 1. A constant electromotive force E volts is applied to a circuit

containing a constant resistance R ohms in series and a constant inductance
L henries. If the initial current is zero, show that the current builds up to half
its theoretical maximum in
seconds.
Sol. Let be the current in the circuit at any time t

By Kirchhoffs Law, we have
Which is Leibnitzs linear equation,
Thus (2) becomes,

This equation gives the current in the circuit at ant time .
Clearly, increases with and attains the maximum value .
Let the current in the circuit be half its theoretical maximum after a time T seconds.
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Then
Example 2. The equations of electromotive force in terms of current for an

electrical circuit having resistance R and a condenser of capacity C, in series,
is
Find the current at any time , when
Sol. The given equation can be written as
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we have

which is Leibnitzs linear equation.
Or
Which gives the current at any time .
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Newtons Law of cooling

Example: According to Newton,s Law of cooling, the rate at which a substance cools in
moving air is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the substance
and that of the air. If the temperature of the air is
and the substance cools from
in 15 minutes, find when the temperature will be 4
Sol. Let the unit of time be a minute and T the temperature of the substance of any instant time
t. Then by Newton,s Law of cooling, we have
Integrating,
Initially, when
Substituting the value of c in (1), we have

Or
Also, when
Dividing (2) by (3), we have

Now, when T=40, we have from (4),
Hence the temperature will be of 4
after 52.2 minutes.
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Conduction of Heat
The fundamental principle involved in the problems of heat conduction is that the
quantity of heat Q flowing per second across a slab of area A and thickness
at temperature
, is given by
whose faces are
where k is the coefficient of thermal
conductivity and depends upon the material of the body.

Example: A long hollow pipe has an inner diameter of 10 cm and outer diameter of 20cm. The
inner surface is kept at 200
and the outer surface at 50 . The thermal conductivity is 0.12.
How much heat is lost per minute from a portion of the pipe 20 meters long? Find the
temperature at a distance x = 7.5cm from the centre of the pipe.
Sol. Here the isothermal surfaces are cylinders, the axis of each one of them is the axis of the
pipe. Consider one such cylinder of radius x cm and length 1 cm. The surface area of this
cylinder is
. Let
be quantity of heat flowing across this surface, then
Integrating, we have
Since
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Also
Subtracting (3) from (2), we have
Or
Hence the heat lost per minute through 20 metre length of the
pipe=60*2000Q=120000*163=1956000 cal.
Now, let T=t, when x = 7.5
From (1),
Subtracting (2) from (5),
Dividing (6) by (4), we have
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Multiple choice questions:

1. The general solution of the equations yp2+(X-Y)P-X=0 is
A)
(x-y-c)(y2-x2-c)=0
B) (yx-c)(x2-y2-c)=0
C)
(y-x-c) )(y2+x2-c)=0
D) (y-x2-c)(x2-y2-c)=0
2.The given differential equation is solvable for x if it is possible to express x in term of

A) x & y
B) x & p
C) y & p
D) None of these
3. The singular solution of the equation y=px+a/p is

A) y2=4ax
B) x2=4ay
C)x2=y
D)y2=x
4. The general solution of the clairauts equation is

A) y=cx + f(c)
B) x=cy +f(c)
c)y=c x-f(c )
D)none of these
5. The differential equation of first order but second degree ( solvable for p) has the general
solution as
A) f1(x,y,c)+f2(x,y,c)=0
B) f1(x,y,c)*f2(x,y,c)=0
C) f1(x,y,c) - f2(x,y,c)=0
D) f1(x,y,c)/f2(x,y,c)=0
6. If the given differential equation is solving for x then it is of the form

A) x= f(p/y)
B) y= f( x,p)
C) x= f(y/p)
D) x=f( y,p)
7. Clairauts equation of P= sin(y-xp) is

A) y= p/x+ sin-1p
C) y=px+sin-1p
B) y=px+sinp
D) y=x+sin-1p
8. The differential equation of R.L series circuit is

A)
+Ri =E
B) L
+I =E
9. The general solution of the equation

A) (x2+y2+c)(y-c)=0
C) (x2-y2-c)(xy-c)=0
C)
+Ri =
D) L
+ Ri =E
= B) (x2+y2+c)(xy) =0
D) none of these
10. The general solution of the equation y= 2px+ y2p3 is

A) x2 =2cx + c
B) y2=2cx+c3
C) y=2cx+c3
D) none of these
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11. The generally clairauts equation in the form

B) y2= px+ f(P)
A) xy= px+ F(p)
C) y = p x +f(p)
D) y= pc+f(c)
12. The general solution of the clairauts equation is obtained by replacing

A) x by c
B) y by c
C) x by y
D) p by c
13. The given differential equation is solvable for y if it is possible to express y in term of
A) x & y
B) x & p
C) y & p
D) None of these
14. The general solution of the equation p= sin(y-xp) is

A) x= cy + sin-1c
B) y = cx + sin-1x
C) y = cx + sin-1c
D) y = px + sin-1p
15. The general solution of the equation y= 3x+logp

B) y= 3x+logy C) y= 3x+log(3+cey) D) y= 3x+log(3+ex)
A) y= 3x+logc
16. In general, singular solution of the equation in the form

A) f(x, p, c)=0
B) f( y,p,c)=0
C) f ( x,y,c) =0
D) f( x,y,p)=0
17. The singular solution of the equation Y=Px +

B) (y+k)2=4ax
A) y-k=4ax
C) (y- k)2=4ax
D) y+k=4ax
18. Clairauts equation of (px-y)(py+x)=2p by taking substitutions X=x2,Y=y2 is

A) y2=cx2-
B) y=px-
C) y=px+
D) none of these
19. The given differential equation is solvable for x then general solution of the equation in the
form
A) f(x, p, c)=0
B) f( y,p,c)=0
C) f ( x,y,c) =0
20. The singular solution of the equation is y=cx+

A) x+y=4x
B) (x+y)2=4x
D) f( x,y)=0
is
C) (x+y)2=4
D) none of these
Answers:
1-C
2-C
3-A
4-A
5-B
6-D
7-C
8-D
9-C
10-C
11-C
12-D
13-B
14-C
15-A
16-D
17-B
18-A
19-C
20-B
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10 MAT 21

Equations of first order and higher degree

and the problems involving in it, differential

To obtain the solution of non-linear differential equation.

To obtain the solution of the differential equation of the form

The method of the solution is simple involving well known methods.

Singular solution exists for higher degree equations of first order.

Clairauts equation has numerous engineering applications like geodesics.

equations of first order.

Equations solvable for .

by . Such equations are of the form

are functions of and .

Equations solvable for .

, constitute the required solution.

On combining these into one, the required solution can be written as

Thus combining (3) and (4), the required general solution is

Thus combining (3) and (4), the required general solution is

Sol : Given that x 2 p 2 + xyp 6 y 2 = 0 where p =

Equations solvable for

We get an equation of the form

Substituting (3) in (1),

which is the required solution.

Sol: Given equation is

Putting this value of in (1), we have

which is the required solution.

Equations solvable for .

, take the form

differentiating w.r.t. gives an equationof the form =

Now it may be solve the new differential equation in

Sol: Solving for , we have

Discarding the factor

Sol : Solving for x , we get x =

log y + log p = log c yp = c p =

D iffere n tiatin g w .r.to 'y '

log y + log p = log c yp = c p =

Differentiating w.r.to 'y '

is known as Clairauts equation.

Differentiating w.r.t , we get

Discarding the factor

in (1), the required solution is

Thus, the solution of (1) is obtained by writing for p.

and (1), we get an equation involving no

from (3) and (4) which will be the singular solution.

This is of Clairauts form. Hence putting c for p, the solution is

which is of Clairauts form.

which is of Clairauts form.

. Also find its singular solutions.

Sol. Given equation can be written as

which is the Clairauts

To eliminate c from (1) and (2), we rewrite (2) as

which is the desired singular solution.

. Its general solution is obtained by replacing by . Thus

is the required complete integral.

Thus the singular solution

(which is a parabola) is the envelope of the family of one

parameter family of straight lines

6) Solve the D.E

(representing the general solution).

this is in the form y = px + f ( p )

is the general solution.

To find singular sol: consider [ x + f ' ( p )] = 0

is the singular solution.

The general soln is