Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 sf Kién trae may tinh 4 Noi dung gido trinh + Chuomg 1. Gist tigu chung + Chung 2.8 théng may tinh Chong 5 + Chuomg 3. $6 ngc may tinh BO NHO MAY TINH oop ene ‘Wubng Behe ch Kha 8 f= Chung 4, 86 xt iy trang tam 1 Chuong 5. 88 nhé may tinh 1 Chuong 6, H8 théng vao-ra = Chuong 7. Kién trie may tinh tén tién ae Néi dung cua chyong 5 5.1. Téng quan v8 hg théng nhs 5.2. B6 nhé ban dan 5.3, B9 nhé-chinn 5.4. BG nhé cache 5.5. BO nhd ngoai 5.6. BG nhé do 5.7. Hé théng nhé trén may tinh ca nhan. 5.1, Téng quan v hé théng nhe 71. Cac dac trung cia hé théng nho = Vite Ben trong CPU 8p hanh hi +B nbd trong bo ane ein {bp nn eache +B nhs ngoai: cde thit bi nhor = Dung long + D6 dai tinh (tinh bang bit) + 86 lugng tir nhs Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHNBai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 pj 286 tg cia ht tring nn (i) = Bon vj truydn = Tir nho = Kh6i nko = Phuong phap truy nhap 1 Truy nhap tua te (bang ti) «Try nhap tec tép (cdc log dia) + Truy np ngBu nbién (b8 nd ban dn) + Truy nhgp lin két (cacho) pipe C86 te tara ca hg thing an (i) = Higu nang (performance) + Tho gian truy nhap Chu ky nbs + Téc 4 truyén = Kidu vat ly + BO nhé ban din = BO nhs ty = BO nh quang [ie cee cee cita hé théng nhé (tiép) = Cc dae tinh vat iy «Kd bién / Khng kh bib (Wolatie /nanvo'atie) + X08 durge /knéng x08 duge = Téchire 2. Phan cp hé théng nho ung Wanatang abn 1 eaoiamate + ga nanvtorgén tn Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHNBai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 pl 2 ern va inn rng bmn pl S208 onatrin va ng enn i + Nguyén te chung: cn tg ra viv tr thm théng tn du tira. + Tir ai ligu edn gh va bg nh: m bit — Ly = CAn tao ra va lu trit tir ma: k bit a > Lana ts (mek) it al ce = Khi doc ra 66 cde kha ning sau: + Kong phat ni Py 20 pub + Phat ign thy ot eu va 6 th Nu enh ou tbh ding + Pnatgn ny Bi nang kong 6 chin cn pra in hig sang niga ‘aang od [orate] Ta, sine nox icgnos [Mt lerRow pate Se ane Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 3Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 ROM (Read Only Memory) 4 Cac kiéu ROM = BG nhé khéng kha bién = ROM mat na: = Luu tri c&c thong tin sau: + thing tn dpe gh an at + Thu vign cdc churong trinh con + Ce chirong tinh aidu Khién hi théng (8108) + Cée bang chite nang + Vichuong tinh = PROM (Programmable ROM) + CAin thit bi chuyn dung d8 ghi bing chuwong ‘tinh chi ghi dure mét lan = EPROM (Erasable PROM) + Cdn thi chuyén dung d8 ghi bang chung ‘tinh > ghi dro nhidu in + TrrGe khi ghi li, x6a bang tia cu tim He cae tatu rom itt) = EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) 1+ C6 thé ghi theo timg byte «= Xéa bing dign «= Flash memory (86 nhé’ cure nhanh) + Ghi theo khdi «= Xéa bling dlgn me RAM (Random Access Memory) +» B6 nhé doc-ghi (Read/Write Memory) = Kha bién = Lu tri théng tin tam the = Cé hai logi: SRAM va DRAM (Static and Dynamic) Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHNBai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 SRAM (Static) ~ RAM Ginh + Cée bit duge lu tre bing cae Flip-Flop > théng tin én dinh + Chu trée phi tap + Dung lweng chip nnd = Téc 46 nhanh = Bat tin + Ding lm b6 nhé cache 4 DRAM (Dynamic) ~ RAM dong = Cac bit duoc luru tri trén ty dién > c&n phai o6 mach lam tuoi + Cu trie don gidn + Dung long len «= Téc 46 cham hon = Ra tién hon + Ding lam b6 nhé chinh 4 Cac DRAM tién tién = Enhanced DRAM = Cache DRAM = Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM): lam vige duge dng bd béi xung clock + DDR-SDRAM (Double Dala Rate SDRAM) = Rambus DRAM (RORAM) ez theme ota ono me 30° dG co” clia chip nh “4 bso, — es csnme Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHNBai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 Cac tin higu cia chip nho me Té chirc bo nho mot chidu = Ce duting dla chi: A... + Ay > 6 2° ti nhs + Ci ehng dt iu Dp + Dp > 86 it ol he>, nihd = m bit So] a fe + Dung krong chip nhés= 2" mbit Je] pace -]S «= Cac dhrémg did khién: 2 fa mw ++ Tin higu chon chip CS (Chip Select) a r™ + Tin higu didu khién doc OE (Output Enable) ali 1 {Tin udu ein gh WE (Wee Emad) (Cac tin higu diéu khién thong tich eye voi mic 0) NE TT 7 4 Té chic bé nhé hai chidu 4 Té chire b@ nh hai chidu = Cén dutng dia chi: = nt +2 arate = 2 hang 4 f+ mBi nang o6 2° te nha, = + Gém during ig: « HL fa fo + mtr nh 08 ds mb evensteemee KY sr [> = Dung lurgng ciia chip nhé: ba {22° xm —— = Hoat dong gia ma dia ci 7 r + Bu 1: didi ma hg chon 1 rong 2 hing cawataae * Bae 2 9 ct an ong 221 (oo Ning dave chon ri 2 Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 6Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 ae Té chire ctia DRAM rae 6 chite ctia DRAM pence ft += Ding n duréng dia chi din kénh > cho a phép truyén 2n bit dia chi per] += Tin higu chon dja chi hang RAS Ele ~ (Row Address Select) RHE eh + Tin higu chon dja chi c6t CAS “III * (Column Address Select) ttt 1 = Dung lirong cilia DRAM= 2% x m bit thr pe chionne file Vi dy chip no 16 Mb DRAM (4M x 4) Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 7Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 ae IBM 64Mb SDRAM ' 3. Thiét ké m6-dun nhé ban din = Dung lurgng chip nhé 2". m bit + Cn thiét ké a8 tang dung lueng: 1 Tht kb ting 46 dal tr nh {Tht tng 6 hog tr nor 1 THidt kb Kat hop eo 6 dai ttr nh _ dy tang 46 dai tir nhe vot A = Cho chip nbd SRAM 4K x 4 bit = Thidt 6 mé-dun no 4K x 8 bit ow ~ cial : 30, De hfeee O60, = Dung rang chip no = 2"? x4 bit odes = chip nine 6: eo me_oe. t J + 12cm da chi 1 ohn = m6-dun nhé edn 06: 112 chin dia chi 1 Bhan 6 bu aio Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 8Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 Bai loan tan + Cho chip nhé 2° x mbit = Thiét ké md-dun nhé 2° x (kim) bit = Diing k chip nhe 9 dai tir nhe téng quat Tang 36 lurong tir nhé Voz = Cho chip nhé SRAM 4K x 8 bit i6t ké mé-dun nba 8K x 8 bit Giai = Dung lurgng chip nhs = chip nine cf: "2h da chi 1 a chin Hu Dung lugng mé-dun nhé = 25x 8 bit "13 edn da chi 1 acini fu 2 xabit Bai tap Tang s6 lwong tr gap 4 In: + Cho chip nho SRAM 4K x 8 bit Tht ké mé-dun nh 16K x 8 bit 2. Tang s6 lwang tir gdp & ln + Cho chip nh SRAM 4K x 8 bit Tht ké mé-dun nh 32K x 8 bit 3. Thibt ké két hop: + Cho chip nh SRAM 4K x 4 bit + Tht ké mé-dun nh 8K x 8 bit Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHNBai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 pe cima ae ve 82.80 ms cin 1. Cac dc trung co ban = Chita cée chuong trinh dang thye hign va cde df gu dang duge sit dung «= Tén tg trén moi he théng may tinh = Bao gdm céc ngan nhé duge dénh dia chi try tibp bat CPU + Dung lugng etia bg nhé chinh nhé han khéng dian dla chi b§ nho ma CPU quan i. «= Vige quan Ij logic bf no chinh tuy thupe v8o be aibu hanh agin q hp 28 cb cans inated mane 20> mot nang nme tytn ton = BO rong ciia bus dt ligu a8 trao abi ves b6 nhs: m=8, 16, 32, 64,128 ... bit = Cée ngan nhé duoc t8 chirc theo byte > t8 chire bé nhé vat ly khdc nhau Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 10Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 m= 16bit > hai bang nhé dan xen ooze? = m= 32b1t> bn bang nhé dan xen Gaeta ipe ety = 4 m= 64bit > tam bang nhé dan xen 4 5.4. BO nhé dom nhanh (cache memory) tc chung ciia cache 1. Nguyé Nguyén ly cue bd hod tham chibu bo inh: Trong mot khong thar gian dil nnd CPU thung chi tham chiéu cae théng tin trong mét khéi nhé cyc bo = Vidu + Cu tric churong trinh tn yr Vong lp 66 than nhs Tt= Its = Cu tric do ligu mang Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 1"Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 Nguyén téc chung cita cache (tiép) 4 Vi du vé thao tac ela cache ache e6 tbe 48 nhanh hon bg whe chinh oe — = Cache durge dt gira CPU va b nbd chinh * CPU yéu cu nd dung cua ngan nh inhim tang t6c 9 CPU truy cp b6 nhér = CPU kiém tra trén cache v6i dir ligu nay = Cache 6 thé duge dat trén chip CPU = Néu c6, CPU nhén dG ligu tir cache (nhanh) = Néu khéng 06, doc Block nhé chira dir ligu ti b6 nhé chinh vao cache “+” «= Tiép 46 chuyén dit ligu tir cache vao cPU ratenenne — tahsotaee 4 Cu tric chung cila cache / b6 nhé chinh 4 Au tric chung etia cache / b8 nhé chinh (tiép) = BO nhé chinh 06 2% byle nhé = = BO nhé chinh va cache duge chia thanh on ccc khdi cé kich thu bang nhau = = BO nhé chinh: By, By, By, .., By; (P Blocks) + BG nbd cache: Ly, Ls, Las» Loos (m Lines) + Kich the cia Block = 8,16,32,64,128 byte Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 12Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 Be cts cng ci cao bo nts tin tt fe 2222 onuong pha ann xe '= M@t s6 Black ciia b6 nhé chinh duoc aca so 8 chive bo ot 36 (Chinh la cae phurong phap 18 chire bo nap vao cac Line cila cache, {ng cache) + Noi dung Tag (thé nhé) cho biét Block = Anh xa try tiép rndo ctia 6 nhé chinh hign dang duroc (Direct mapping) chira 6 Line 46, . «= Anh xa lin két toan phan = Khi CPU truy nhap (dgcighi) mét tir nho, (Fully associative mapping) Pare cb tong ke ace 7 Roma ren ete ee 1 Tir nhé 6 khing ed trong cache (cache (Set associative mapping) ris, 4 tiéo 4 Minh hoa anh xa tryc tiép FNbi Block cia bd nhé chinh oh thé duge nap Le | ‘Yao mgt Line cua cache we By > ly rau + BaP bn ret +B ts = Tg quat + Be eb N8 n90 V0 Lun 1 mids Line ca cache Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 13Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 Dae diém cia anh xa true tiép ™ Mi m6t dia chi N bit cia bp nhé chinh gm ba trad: + Trang Wore gdm W be xde dh mt wong Block hay Line 2 Klch bude a Bbc hay Line + Trsong Line gdm L tite dn mt rang a8 ode Une tong case 2 6 Line tong eacho= + Truong Tag gbm Tb =n (wet) += 86 60 sanh don gin «= Xe sua cache hitthép 4 Anh xa tién két toan phan = Méi Block 06 thé nap vao bat ky Line nao cila cache. + Bja chi cita b6 nh chinh bao gbm hai trong 1 Trrdng Word giéng nhur truéng hep & tan. 1 Trung Tag ding dé xde dinh Block eda bo nhé chinh = Tag xc dinh Block dang nam 6 Line 46 xa lién két toan phan 4 Minh hoa a 4 Bac ciia anh x@ lién két toan phan + So séinh dng thai v6i tt od cfc Tag > mat niu tnéi gian + Xée sudt cache hit ac. + BG so sénh phitc tap. Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 14Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 Anh xa lidn kat tap hep = Cache duoc chia thanh cdc Tap (Set) = Méi m@t Set chira m@t s6 Line = Vidy + 4 Line'Set > 4-way associative mapping = Anh xa theo nguyén tac sau: +B) 2S) +B, 28, +B, 38, 4 Minh hoa anh xa lién két tap hop lee] 4 Dac diém cilia anh xa lién két tap hop = Kich thuréc Block = 2” Word += Trudng Set od S bit diing a8 xéc ainh mét trong s6 V = 2° Set + Trrdng Tag od T bt: T= N-(W#S) + Téng quat cho ca hai phurong phap trén = Théng thudng 2,4,8,‘6LinesiSet 4 Vi du vé anh xa dia chi = Khong gian dja chi bd nhé chinh = 4GB = Dung lirong b@ nné cache Id 256KB «= Kich thurée Line (Block) = 32byte. «= Xéc dinh sé bit cia cdc trrong la cht cho ba truréng hop t6 chitc: + Anh x9 true tibp «An x9 lin k6t toan phn «An x lin k8t tp hop 4 dudmg Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 15Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 Voi anh xa tryc tip IGB = 2 byte > 56 KB = 2' byte. 2 byte = 2°byte > + 88 Line trong cache = 2" 25 4 Voi anh xq lién két toan phan = 86 nhé chinh = 4GB = 2" byte > N= 32 bit = Line = 32 byte = 25byte > W =5 bit «= Sé bitcia tudng Tag sé la: T= 32-5 = 27 bit DL= 13 it = 7 =32-(13+5)= 14 dit we TH Tas Wa seat wat__L se, 4 Voi anh xq lién két tap hop 4 durong 86 nhd chinh = 4GB = 2” byte > + Ling = 32 byte = 2%byte > V = 86 Line rong cacho = MGt Sets Lin > 86 Settrong cache S= 11 bit + S6 it ela trdmg Tag 86 la: T= 32 -(11 +5) s2bit ‘Sot 7 Twat fe st ia tay 8 (1) Aaa te tb + Knéng phai iva chon 1 MBi Block chi nh xa vao mot Line xe inn + Thay thé Block & Line a6 Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 16Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 pl 10 fa tay tn 2h: An xan wt ple + Pruzona no ohio cache nt ‘urge thy hién bing phn cing (nhanh) » Random: Thay thé ng4u nhién = Ghi xuyén qua (Write-through): 0 (First In First Out): Thay thé Block no * gh c@ cache va c@ B6 ng chinh nim lu bt & trong Sot do «=the a9 cham + LEU (Least Frequently Used): Thay thé Block = Ghi tré sau (Write-back) nao trong Set sf lan truy nhgp it nt trong ‘cing mgt khoding thdi gian = LRU (Least Recently Used): Thay thé Block & «chi ghi ra cache += t6c-d6 nhanh : tho + khi Block trong eacho bi thay thé c&n pha trong Set twang ing 6 the gian ant Kha Groetham chu " hi tr 68 Block vB bg nh chin += Téi uu nhdt: LRU cc bd xir ly Inte! eo So dd Pentium 4 {80486: 8KB cache L1 trén chip + Pentium: e& hal eache L1 trén chip Cache inh = 8x8 Cache di igu = xB = Pentium 4 (2000): hal mire cache L1 va L2 ttén chip + Cache Lt tc tine=64 oe niente nee deg 5. Cache tr 1 i i Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 7Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 '* PowerPC G4 (ding cho Power Mac) ' 5.5. BO nhé ngoai 1, Cac kidu b6 nho ngoai 2s =e = Bang tir a = Bia tir = Bia quang = Flash Disk s Cc ago tinh dia tir + Bu lr 66 dinh hay du tt di gong + Bia cé inh hay thay ai = Mét mat hay hai mat + Mét dia hay nhidu dia = Co ché dau ti = Tip xtic (dia mém) = Khong tiép xtc Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 18Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 '* Nhidu aia ' Cylinders + Dung lang nhé: chi t6r 1.44Mbyte «= Téc 66 cham + Théng dung = RB ibn + Turong lai c6 thé kinéng ding niva ? pie cia mim ple biz ins 2 8", 5.257,3. + Mot hoa nhibu dia = Tnéng dung + Dung lrgng tang lén rd nhann + 1993: 2003 + 2004: 3063, 40GB + Tée 48 docighi nhanh = Retién Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 19Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 RAID hae Dae diém cia RAID = Tap cdc iia ctmg vat ly duc OS coi nhur mot 6 logic duy nhdt > dung long lon = Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks «= D@ ligu dug lu tr phn tan trén cdc & + Redundant Array of Independent Disks ia vat fj > truy cap song song (nhann) «HG théng nh dung long 16n + C6 th8 sir dung dung rong du tira 68 lu trie ce théng tin kiém tra chain i, cho phép khéi phuc igi thang tn trong truang hgp dia bi héng > an toan théng tin + 7 loai phé bién (RAID 0-6) pe rao.t.2 pagers ef EB Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 20Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 he RAID 5&6 ae xa di ligu cilia RAID 0 rie 3. Bila quang re 3. Bia quang (tiép) = CD-ROM (Compact Disk ROM) = CD-R (Recordable CD) = DVD = CD-RW (Rewriteable CD) += Digital Video Disk: chi ding trén 8 dia += Dung ugg thang dung 6508 xem video = 0 iac: «= Digital Versatile Disk: & trén may tinh + Oco.ROM @ {+ 0 CDWitr- Ghimdt pidn hoBe gh nhidu = Ghi mot hoae hai mat hn = Mot hod hai gp trén mot mat + OcoRW = Théng dung: 4,7GB/6p + Tée 49 doc co sé 150KByte/s. = Téc 06 bdi, vi dy: 48x, 52x... Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 2Bai ging Kién tric may tinh 18 March 2007 4 4, Flash Di = Thuong két ni qua céng USB «= Khéng phai dang gia = Dung lung tang nhanh = Thuan tign += BO nhé ban dn cyte nhanh (lash memory) 5.6. BO nhd do (Virtual Memory) ™ Khai nigm b9 nhé do: gdm bo nhér chinh va 66 nh@ ngoai ma drge CPU coi nhur ld mét 6 nhé duy nhat (bg nhér chinh). = Cc ky thuat thy hign b6 nhé ao + Kj thuat phan trang: Chia khdng gian dia chi b6 nh than cdc trang nho co kich thuée bang nhau va nam lién Ké nhau ‘Thing dung: kich thud trang = 4KBytes + Kj thuat phan dogn: Chia khdng gian nhér thanh cde doan nho 6 kich thug thay dj, cde doan nt 6 thé gfi én nhau, 4 7. H@ théng nhé trén PC hign nay +B nhé cache: ich hep trén cho vi xt ly + 8 nhé chinh: Tén tai dus dang cée m@-dun nhé RAM + SIMI Single inne Memory Module 1 30 ch: 8 ing {yeh 32 auong 2 tu « DIMM ~ Dua Inne Memory Module += 64 ing ao «RIMM ~ Rambus DRAM He théag nhé trén PC (tp) ROM BIOS chita ede chutong trinh sau: + Chuong tinh POST (Powsr On Sf Test) + Chwong tinh CMOS Setup + Chong tinh Bootstrap loader + Cac tinh did kin vioraco bin (B10S) = CMOS RAM: + Chis thing in chu hint bg 1 Bling hb thn + C6 pin musing «= Video RAM: quai iy thing tn eda man hinh = Céc lagi bd nhér ngoat Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 22Bai ging Kién tric may tinh j; Hét chong 5 Nguyén Kim Khanh - BHBKHN 18 March 2007 23