Trang 471

Lu rng dng v in p t in ngoi gi tr 90 - l, in p tr sau dng ca 90.

Cng thc 8,35 n 8,37 tt c u c dng V = ZI, trong Z i din cho tr khng
ca cc yu t mch v, ni chung, mt s phc , vi cc n v ca ohms. Tr khng cho
in tr l R, cun cm, jwL, v t in, -j/wC.Tr khng l mt s phc v khng phi l
mt phasor, mc d n c th ging nh mt. Phn tng tng ca s lin kt c gi l
in khng.
Phn cui cng lm vic trong vng phasor l chuyn i mt s mch t
thi gian ti min phasor. V d, mch th hin trong hnh 8.34 l chuyn i thnh min
phasor, th hin trong hnh 8.35, bng cch thay th mi mch yu t vi tr khng tng
ng ca h v cc ngun bng phasor ca h. i vi in p ngun, chng ti c Vs =
100sin500 = 100cos(500t - 90) mV <-> 500-90.
i vi t in, chng ta c: ...
i vi in tr, chng ta c: ..

Hnh 8.34 1 s mch

Hnh 8.35 Phasor v mch tr khng tng ng cho hnh 8.34.

Trang 472
Cho cun cm, chng ta c:
Mi yu t c thay th bi cc phasor v tr khng tng ng ca n nh th hin trong
Hnh 8.35.
8.12.3
Tht may mn l tt c cc ti liu c trnh by cho n nay trong chng ny lin quan
n nh Lut dng v in p ca Kirchhoff, v tt c cc k thut khc, p dng cho cc
phasors.Ngha l, i vi KVL, tng cc in p phasor quanh bt k ng dn ng l
zero:
V cho KCL, tng dng phasor chy qua bt k nt no l khng:
Tr khng ni tip c cho bi :
Tr khng song song c cho bi:
Phng php nt-in p, cng nh s chng cho v mch tng ng The'venin, cng
c p dng trong min phasor. Hai v d sau minh ho qu trnh, vi kha cnh kh khn
nht lin quan n i s phc tp
V d 8.26
i vi mch th hin trong hnh 8.35, tm p ng trng thi n nh i
Phng php
Tr khng ca mch l:
S dng nh lut Ohm,..
Quay tr li min thi gian, dng trng thi n nh l:

Trang 473
V d 8.27
Tm p ng trng thi n nh v bng cch s dng phng php nt-in p cho cc iu
sau mch.

Phng php
Bc u tin l bin i cc yu t mch thnh tr khng ca n, m cho
t in v cun cm l:
Cc phasors cho hai ngun l:
K t khi hai in tr gi li gi tr ca chng, cc phasor v ca mch c hin th trong
hnh sau vi t nt thp hn.

Vit phng trnh nt-in p cho nt 1 cho

Trang 474

Thu thp t cc iu kin, chuyn i sang dng v chuyn i sang cc c:

Gii php trng thi n nh l
8.13 HOT NG CA B LC TNG T
Phn ny trnh by mt s b lc tng t ang hot ng lin quan n opamp. Analog th
ng b lc s dng cc thnh phn mch th ng: in tr, t in, v cun cm. Ci tin
hiu sut trong mt b lc tng t th ng, ti in tr u ra ca b lc l thng tng
ln. Bng cch s dng amp op, kim sot tt cc hiu sut t c m khng tng ti u
ra ca b lc. B lc c s dng sa i o tn hiu bng cch loi b nhiu. B lc
c thit k trong min tn s rng tn hiu o c gi li c truyn qua v nhiu b t
chi.
Th hin trong hnh 8.36 l tn s c trng ca bn b lc: b lc thng thp, b lc thong
cao, b lc thng di, v b lc chn di. Tn hiu c truyn qua b lc c ch ra bi
khong tn s gi l bng thng. Tn hiu b loi b bi b lc c ch nh bi khong tn
s gi l chn di. ln ca b lc, |H (jw)|, l 1 trong di thng v khng trong bng tn.
B lc thp vt qua cho php thay i tn hiu chm vi tn s nh hn w1 i qua b
lc,v loi b bt k tn hiu hoc nhiu trn w1. B lc cao vt qua cho php nhanh chng
thay i tn hiu vi tn s ln hn w2 i qua b lc, v loi b bt k tn hiu hoc nhiu
no c tn s nh hn w2. B lc bng thng cho php tn hiu trong di tn s ln hn w1
v nh hn w2 i qua b lc, v loi b bt k tn hiu v nhiu ngoi thi gian ny.Di
tn s nh hn w1 v ln hn w2 i qua b lc, v loi b bt k tn hiu hoc nhiu bn
ngoi khong thi gian ny. Cc tn s w1 v w2 l thng c gi l tn s ct cho cc b
lc thp v cao vt qua.
Trong thc t, bt k b lc thc no khng th c nhng c tnh l tng ny m thay vo
c mt s chuyn i sun s t di vt qua n chn di, nh c hin th, v d,trong
Hnh 8.37; l do cho vic ny c m t trong Chng 10. Hn na,i khi thun tin
bao gm c khuch i v lc trong cng mt mch,

Trang 475

Hnh 8.36 p ng tn s cc i-tn s cho bn b lc: t trn xung di, thng thp,thng
cao, di thng, v chn di

do , ti a ca cng khng cn phi l 1, nhng c th l mt gi tr ca M c xc

nh bi cc nhu cu ca ng dng.
xc nh hiu sut ca b lc, b lc c iu khin bi mt u vo sng sin. Mt thay
i u vo trn ton b ph ( tn s ri rc) v ghi li cng u ra. Cc tn s quan
trng l khi |H(jw)| = M/2.
V d bi 8.28
S dng b lc thp trong mch sau y, thit k b lc c c li 5 v mt tn s ct
l 500 rad/S.
Trang 476

Hnh 8.37 p ng tn sut thc cho mt b lc bng thng. Lu rng cc ln M khng

nht thit cn phi l 1. Di thng c nh ngha l khong tn s m ti cng ln
hn M/2.

Phng php
Bng cch s dng opamp l l tng, lu rng u vo khng o c kt ni vi t, v
do , u vo o cng c ni vi t. Hot ng ca b lc ny r rng: tn s thp
cc t in hot ng nh mt h mch, lm ti gin mch mt b khuch i ngc i
qua cc tn hiu tn s thp, v tn s cao cc t in hot ng nh ngn mch, vi nhng
kt ni thit b u ra n u vo nghch o v t.
Phng php phasor s c s dng gii quyt vn ny bng cch chuyn i mch
vo min phasor nh th hin trong hnh trn trang sau.Tng hp dng qua u vo o:
T cc iu kin trn v sp xp li thu c

Trang 477
Sau khi chuyn i,

Tng t nh l lun cho bi ton c trng phng trnh vi phn,tn s ct c nh

ngha l jwc = 1/RoC, (tc l, thut ng s m, jw + 1/RoC, l thit lp bng khng). Vi tn
s ct c t wc = 500 rad/S, sau 1/RoC = 500.Tn s ct cng c nh ngha l
|H(jw)| = M2, trong M = 5. ln V0/VS c cho bi

V tn s ct, wc = 500rad/s,

Vi 1/RbC = 500, ln l

Trang 478
Suy ra RaC= 1/2500
V chng ta c ba iu cha bit v hai phng trnh (RaC = 1/2500v1/RbC = 500), y
c nhiu cch gii quyt. V vy, ngi ta c th chn mt gi tr thun li cho mt trong
cc phn t,rng Ra = 20kOhm, v hai phn t khc c xc nh l

Mt pht ha v ln so vi tn s c th hin trong hnh di y. Nh c th thy,tn

s ct cho mt gi tr ca cng bng 3,53 100 Hz, l mc ch ca thit k.
V d bi 8.29
S dng b lc cao trong mch sau, thit k b lc c c li l 5 v mt tn s ct l
100 rad/S.

Trang 479

Phng php
K t khi op mp c gi nh l l tng v u vo khng o c kt ni vi t, u
vo o cng c kt ni vi t. Hot ng ca b lc ny l : tn s thp cc t in
hot ng nh mt mch h, v do khng c in p u vo nh u vo khng o. V
khng c u vo, sau u ra l s khng. tn s cao, t in hot ng nh ngn
mch,ti gin mch mt b khuch i o i qua tn hiu tn s cao. Nh trc,phng
php phasor s c s dng gii quyt vn ny bng cch chuyn i mch u tin
vo min phasor nh th hin trong hnh di y.
Tng cc dng chy qua nt o l:

Sau khi chuyn i

Tn s ct wc = 100rad/s = 1/RaC. ln ca Vo/Vs c cho bi

Trang 480
V tn s ct,

Vi 1/RaC = 100 v wc = 100rad/s,cho bi :

Nh vy Rb/Ra = 5. Do chng ta c ba n s v hai phng trnh, ta c th chn mt gi tr

tin li cho mt trong cc yu t, ni Rb = 20kOhm, v hai yu t khc c xc nh nh

Mt pht ha v ln so vi tn s c th hin trong hnh di y. Nh c th thy,tn

s ct cho mt gi tr ca cng bng 3,53 100 Hz, l mc ch ca thit k.
V d tip theo th hin k thut to mt b lc bng thng (i hi hai tn s ct)

Trang 481
V d bi 8.30
S dng b lc thng di trong mch sau, thit k b lc c c li l 5 v t tn s
t 100 rad/S n 500 rad/s

Phng php
Nh thng l, thit k ca b lc c thc hin trong min phasor, v thc hin cng vic
nh trong hai v d trc . Lu cc phn t xung quanh opamp bn tri l cc phn
ca b lc thp, v bn phi, ca b lc cao.Trong thc t, khi lm vic vi opamps, b lc
c th c kt hp vi nhau to thnh cc b lc khc nhau; do mt b lc thp v cao
kt hp cng nhau to thnh mt thng di. Cc mch min phasor c a ra trong hnh
tip theo.
Nh trc, u vo khng o opamps c kt ni vi t, c ngha l u vo o
ngc cng c ni vi t. Tng cc dng qua u vo o ca mi opamp cho bi:

Trang 482

Gii phng trnh u tin cho VL c:

Gii phng trnh th 2 cho V0 c:

..
Thay th VL vo phng trnh trc c c:

Hnh thc ca gii php n gin ch l sn phm ca mi b lc. ln ca b lc l

V c hai tn s ct, khai trin hai phng trnh,

c hai tn s ct, ln l 52, sao cho ti wcH = 100rad/s

V th,

Trang 483

Cc tn s ct khc cho kt qu tng t nh phng trnh trc.By gi ba phng trnh
(1/RaHCH = 100, 1/RbLCL = 500 v 50026 = RbH/RaHRaLCL), v su n. thun tin,
t RbL = 100kOhm v RaH = 100kOhm, cho CL = 1/500RbL = 20nF v CH = 1/100RaH =
0.1 uF.By gi t 50026 = RbH/(RaHRaLCL),
RbH/RaL = 50026pCLRaH = 5.099
Mt ln na, ngi ta c th ch nh mt trong nhng in tr, RaL = 10kOhm, cho RbH =
50.099kOhm.

Mt phc tho ca ln so vi tn s c hin th trong hnh di y.C th nhn thy,

tn s ct cho bi gi tr ca cng bng 3,53 500Hz, l mc ch thit k.
Khng c cc b lc trong cc V d 8.28-8.30 c cc c tnh l tng ca Hnh 8.36.
nng cao hiu sut t thng di di ngng trong b lc thng thp vi s chuyn i sc
nt hn, ngi ta c th thu thp cc b lc ging nhau (v d:kt ni u ra ca b lc u
tin vi u vo ca b lc tip theo, v vn vn).Kt hp nhiu b lc, hiu sut tt hn.
ln ca b lc tng th l sn phm ca cng lc ring l.
Mc d cch tip cn ny l ci thin hiu sut ca b lc,cng tng th ca b lc
khng phi l mt hng s trong di thng. Tt hn

Trang 484
Hnh 8.38 (u trang) B lc thp Butterworth th hai. (Di) b lc thp Butterworthth th
ba

Cc b lc c sn vi hiu sut cao, chng hn nh mt b lc Butterworth. Hai B lc

Butterworth c th hin trong hnh 8.38. Phn tch cc b lc ny c thc hin trong cc
bi tp 53 v 55.
8.14 Thit k BIOINSTRUMENTATION
Hnh 8.2 m t cc yu t khc nhau cn thit trong mt h thng dng c y sinh hc. Mc
ch ca loi dng c ny l gim st u ra ca mt cm bin hoc cc cm bin v
trch xut thng tin t cc tn hiu c sn xut bi cc cm bin.
Cc cm bin y sinh hc c m t trong Chng 9 v vic x l cc s o tn hiu c
m t trong Chng 10.
C c mt tn hiu ri rc thi gian v lu tr tn hiu ny trong b nh my tnh t
mt tn hiu thi gian lin tc c thc hin bng b chuyn i tng t sang s (A / D).
Cc B chuyn i A / D ng thi ly mu dng sng lin tc v bin i n vo mt dy
s, mi giy mt giy. B chuyn i A / D cng bin i dng sng thi gian lin tc thnh
mt tn hiu s (tc l, bin mt mt hoc 2 pht
Trang 485
gi tr ri rc) c chuyn thnh t my tnh v lu tr trong b nh my tnh. thu c
y tn hiu thi gian lin tc, cc ln ly mu tk phi c la chn cn thn thng tin
khng b mt. Nh tho lun trong Chng 10,t l ly mu ti thiu l gp i tn s cao
nht ca tn hiu (da trn nh l ly mu t l thuyt truyn thng).Thc t, chng ta
thng ly mu tn s cao nht 5-10 ln tn s ca tn hiu t c tt hn chnh
xc bng cch gim li nhm ln.
8.14.1 Nhiu
Cc tn hiu o lng lun b hng do nhiu trong h thng dng c sinh y hc . Ting n
nhiu xy ra khi tn hiu khng mong mun c a vo h thng bng cc ngun bn
ngoi nh ng dy v i pht thanh truyn hnh v truyn hnh sng in t. Loi nhiu
ny c tc hi lm gim i s chnh xc cu hnh ni kt ca mch lm gim thiu kh nng
ghp i.
Ting n nhiu thng xut hin bi cc ng dy in (50 hoc 60Hz), n hunh quang,
Pht sng v tuyn AM / FM, my ng h to dao ng , thit b phng th nghim, di ng
in thoi, vn vn. Nng lng in pht ra t cc ngun nhiu c a vo mch khuch
i hoc vo xut hin bng cch kt ni in dung v/hoc dng in cm.Ngay c nhng
in th hot ng t dn truyn qua dy trong n to ra nhiu ti cm bin / giao din
khuch i. B lc c s dng gim nhiu v ti a ha tn hiu n nhiu (S / N) u
vo ca b chuyn i A / D.
Nhiu tn s thp (b khuch i DC b khuch i, cm bin chuyn ng, dao ng nhit
,vv) c loi b bi mt b lc cao vi tn s ct t trn tn s nhiu v di tn s tn
hiu sinh hc. Nhiu tn s cao (truyn dn v tuyn, my tnh, in thoi di ng, vv) c
ti gin bi b lc thp vi cc thit lp cutoff t di tn s nhiu v trn tn s ca tn
hiu sinh hc ang c theo di. Nhiu ng dy in l mt vn rt kh khn trong
vic gim st sinh hc t tn s 50 n 60 Hz thng nm trong di tn s ca tn hiu sinh
hc ang c o. B lc bng tn thng c s dng gim nhiu ng dy in. Tn
s trong cc b lc chn di c thit lp tn s dng in ca 50 hoc 60Hz, vi tn s
ct v tr mt vi Hertz hai bn.
Loi th hai ca tn hiu h cng c gi l nhiu.Nhiu pht sinh t cc quy trnh ngu
nhin c bn cho hot ng ca cc yu t mch , v, do , ti gin bng cch thc hnh
thit k mch tt. Mc d nhiu ny c th c gim, n khng bao gi c th c loi b.
C th s dng cc b lc thng thp gim cc thnh phn tn s cao. Tuy nhin, tn hiu
nhiu trong phm vi tn s ca sinh hc ang c khuch i khng th b loi b bng
phng php lc ny
8.14.2 MY TNH
My vi tnh bao gm ba n v c bn: b x l trung tm (CPU), s hc(ton hc) v n v
logic (ALU), v b nh. CPU ch o hot ng ca tt c cc n v khc v kim sot s
chuyn i thng tin gia cc n v trong qu trnh thc hin
Trang 486
Cc phng thc. N c iu khin bi cc ch dn ca chng trnh. ALU thc hin tt c
cc s hc tnh ton (cng, tr, nhn v chia) cng nh cc php ton logic (AND,OR, NOT)
so snh mt b thng tin vi nhau.
B nh my tnh bao gm b nh ch c (ROM) v truy cp ngu nhin b nh
(RAM). ROM c lp trnh vnh vin vo mch tch hp to thnh c s ca CPU v khng
th thay i bi ngi s dng. RAM lu tr thng tin tm thi v c th c thay i bi
ngi s dng. RAM l ni m ngi dng to ra chng trnh, d liu u vo v d liu
c x l c lu tr.
My vi tnh l thit b nh phn th hin s c mt ca mt tn hiu in i din
cho s 1 v khng c ca mt xung in i din l 0. Cc tn hiu c kt ni trong cc
nhm 8 bit, mt byte, m ha thng tin. Mt t c to thnh t 2byte. Hu ht cc my
tnh bn hin nay u c h thng 32-bit, c ngha l h c th gii quyt 4.29 x 109 v tr
trong b nh. Cc Thit b 8-bit siu nh u tin c th tng tc vi ch c 256 a im b
nh.
Ngn ng lp trnh lin quan n cc ch dn v d liu n mt mng c nh ca
cc bit nh phn sp xp c th ch c mt ngha. Cc ch ci ca bng ch ci v cc k
hiu khc (v d: du chm cu) c biu th bng cc m c bit. ASCII l vit tt ca B
lut Tiu chun Hoa K v Trao i thng tin. ASCII cung cp mt tiu chun chung cho
php cc loi my tnh khc nhau trao i thng tin.Khi tp tin x l vn bn c lu di
dng tp vn bn, chng c lu nh dng ASCII.Thng thng, cc tp tin x l vn
bn c lu trong cc nh dng nh phn c bit ca chng trnh,nhng hu ht cc
chng trnh phn tch d liu u c th nhp v xut d liu trong cc tp ASCII.
Mc thp nht ca ngn ng my tnh l ngn ng my, bao gm 0s v 1s m my
tnh din gii. Ngn ng my i din cho ngn ng t nhin ca mt my tnh c th. cp
tip theo, ngn ng assembly s dng cc t vit tt tng t trong ting Anh cho cc s
nh phn tng ng. Cc chng trnh vit bng ngn ng assembly c th thao tc trc
tip cc v tr b nh. Cc chng trnh ny chy rt nhanh v thng c s dng trong cc
h thng thu thp d liu m phi nhanh chng thu c mt lng ln s mu, c th t mt
dy cc cm bin, tc ly mu rt cao.
Cc ngn ng cp cao hn (v d: FORTRAN, PERL v C++) cha cc cu lnh thc
hin cng vic i hi nhiu my hoc lp rp cc cu ngn ng. Cc lnh trong cc ngn
ng ny thng ging vi ting Anh v cha cc k hiu ton hc thng c s dng.
Ngn ng bc cao d hc hn my mc v lp rp ngn ng. Cc hng dn ca chng
trnh c thit k ni vi my tnh khi no v nh th no s dng cc thnh phn
phn cng khc nhau gii quyt cc vn c th. Nhng hng dn ny phi c
chuyn n CPU ca my tnh theo ng trnh t cho kt qu mong mun.
Khi my tnh c s dng c c d liu sinh l, ch dn lp trnh ni vi my
tnh khi bt u thu thp d liu, nn lm th no vi cc mu nn c ly t bao nhiu cm
bin, cch thu thp d liu nn tip tc, v u d liu c s ha s c lu tr. T l
m h thng c th ly mu l ph thuc vo tc ng h ca my tnh (v d: 233 MHz)
v s cc bc my tnh phi c hon thnh ly mu. Mt s my tnh cng c th kim
sot c trn cc b khuch i u vo cc tn hiu c th c iu chnh trong qu
trnh thu thp d liu. Trong cc h thng khc, s thu c ca cc b khuch i u vo
phi c iu chnh bng tay

Trang 487
Bi tp
1. Tm cng sut hp th cho phn t mch trong hnh 8.7 nu