Merged

(- )
GPSC, TET1, TET2 ,TAT ,

HTAT
IMP
.
.
.......
----::::/:::::--- . (M.sc. B.ed.)

(. . )
I am, we are, you are, He/ She / it is /they are

o I sVFIf C]v jIlST 5MTFG[ DF8[ I XaN JF5Z[ K[P I V[SJRG K[P I ;FY[ am J5ZFI K[P Am VG[ ToBe sALfv CMJ] \ lS|IF5NG]\ JPSF PG]\ ~5 K[P ALHF JPSFPGF ~5 Is, Are K[P
o We sJLf VD[ v We V[ I G]\ AC]JRG K[P We ;FY[ To Be G]\ Are ~5 VFJ[ K[P We ;FY[ to-be G]\
~5 VFJ[ K[P
o You- sI]fv T]\ q TD[P You XaNG]\ APJ 56 you H YFI K[P you ;FY[ to be G]\ are ~5 VFJ[ K[P
o He sCLfvT[P V[S KMSZF S[ V[S 5]Z]QF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P sGZHFlTf
o She sXLfv T[q T[6L VF XaN V[S KMSZL S[ V[S :+L DF8[ J5ZFI K[P sGFZL HFlTf
o It s.8fv T[P VF XaN GFgITZ HFlT 4 lGHL"J J:T] 5|F6L S[ GFGF AF/S DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o He, She, It 5KL to be lS|IF5NG]\ is ~5 VFJ[ K[P
o They sW[fv T[VMP They V[ He, She VG[ It G]\ AC]JRG G]\ ~5 K[P T[GF 5KL to be lS|IF5NG]\
DOWNLOAD FROM almayshah.blogspot.com
are ~5 VFJ[ K[P
ALMAY M. SHAH (Tunadar Primary School Ta. Malpur Dist. Aravalli)
This, That, These, Those
o This slW;f v VFP this XaN 5F;[GL q GHLSGL jIlST4 5|F6L4 5L S[ J:T]\ NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P
o That sW[8fv 5[,] P that XaN N}ZGL jIlST4 5|F6L4 5L S[ J:T]\ NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P
o this VG[ that A\G[ V[SJRG CMJFYL T[DGL ;FY[ JT"DFGSF/DF\ to be lS|IF5NG]\ is ~5 J5ZFI K[
VG[ T[ 5KL VFl8"S, a S[ an J5ZFI K[P
o HM jIlSTG]\ GFD CMI TM T[DF\ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL4 5Z\T] T[GM 5C[,M VZ S[l58,DF\ VFJ[ K[P
Formula:
o CSFZo
this / that + is + a / an s H[ ,FU] 50[ T[ VG[ jIlST G]\ GFD CMI TM GF VFJ[Pf +other
words
o GSFZo
this / that + is + not + a / an + other words
o 5|`GFY"o
Is + this / that + a / an + o.w + ?
o 5|P GSFZo Isnt this/ that + a / an + o.w+ ?
A, An, The articale:

o HM SM. XaNGM prRFZ U]HZFTL :JZ s V4 VFPPPPPPPPPf J0[ YFI TM T[ XaN VFU/ an J5ZFI K[P
VG[ jI\HG s S4 B PPPPPPPPPPPPf VFU/ a J5ZFI K[P
o ;UFv ;\A\WL S[ V[JF 5MTFGF SM. ;\A\WL jIlST VFU/ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYLP
.......
o 5|F6L S[ 5LGF ;DU| JU" DF8[ 56 the VFl8"S, VFJ[P
o HIFZ[ SM. V[S CMJF DF8[ V[S H jIlST CMI TM VFl8"S, J5ZFTM GYLP
o lGl`RTTF ATFJJF AC]JRG GL VFU/ the VFl8"S, VFJ[ K[P
o a /an GF[ VY" V[S YFI K[P HIFZ[ AC]JRGDF\ JF5ZJFGL H~Z 50[ TM the VFl8"S, VFJ[ K[P
o jIJFRS S[ EFJJFRS GFDMGL 5}J[" the VFl8"S, VFJT]\ GYL 56 lGl`RT VY"DF\ the VFl8"S,
J5ZFI K[P NFP T o Pride is bad . 56 The pride of Ravana was the cause of his
down tall.
o a / an GM p5IMU VlGl`RT q VQ5Q8 AFATM4 DM8F JU"DF\YL 5|F6L4 jIlST S[ J:T]G[ V,U
TFZJJF4 ;\7FJFRS G[ HFlTJFRS DF\ AN,L GFBJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o ;\NE" ATFJJF V[8,[ S[ V[SJFZ JFT S[ p<,[B YIF AFN OZLYL T[ H J:T]GL JFT SZJF4 V[S
JRGG]\ GFD VFBF JU" DF8[4 S]NZTGL V[S VG[ DF+ V[S H J:T]VM s ;}I"4 R\4 U|C4 5J"T PPPPPPf 4
o ;DU| JU" DF8[ the VFl8"S, J5ZFI K[P H[D S[ the Hindus, the muslims, the teachers,
WD" XF:+M4 DCF SFjI VlTLI s VHM0 f J:T]4 lJX[QF6YL GJFHFI[,F GFD4 ;]5Z,[l8J 0LU|L s
Superlative degree) VFU/ S|D NXF"JJF lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ 4 ;\ULTGF JFnM4 Noun G[ VnFCFZ
SZJF4 noun 5Z EFZ D}SJF DF8[ the VFl8"S, J5ZFI K[P
o water, milk, oil, honey H[JL 5|JFCL J:T] VFU/ a /an VFl8"S, D}SFTM GYL SFZ6 S[ VFJL
J:T]VM 1,2, 3........ V[D ;\bIF J0[ U6L XSFTL GYLP
These, Those
o This sVFf G]\ AC]\JRG These slW;f VG[ That s 5[,]\f G]\ AC]JRG Those sWMhf K[P
o These VG[ Those A\G[ AC]JRGGF ~5 CMJFYL T[DGL ;FY[ to be G]\ JT"DFGSF/G]\ are ~5
J5ZFI K[P
o These VG[ Those ;FY[ VFl8"S, s a /an) VJTM GYLP
Formula:
o CSFZo
These / Those + are + (o.w.p) 5NFY"G]\ S[ VgIG]\ AC]JRG
o GSFZo
These / those + are + not + o.w.p
o 5|`GFY"o Are + these/ those + o.w.p +?

o 5|PGSFZo Arent + these/ those + o.w.p +?
My, Your, His, Her, Our, Your, Their

My s DFIf DFZ]\
Your s IMZf TDFZ]\
Our sVJZf VDFZ]\

Your sIMZf TDFZ]\
His s lCh T[G]\ s5]Z]QFf

Her sCZ f T[G]\ s :+L f
T[VMG]\
Their s W[IZ f
Its s.8; f T[G]\ s GFgITZ f
o VCL My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their JU[Z[ KL lJElSTGF EFJ s ~5M f K[P VF
lJElST DFl,SLGM EFJ ;]RJ[ K[P
o Our, Your, VG[ their V[ AC]JRGGF ~5M K[P
o DFl,S VG[ DFl,SGL J:T[GM ;\A\W NXF"JGFZF ;J"GFDF[ my, your, her, his, Its GFDGL VFU/
VJLG[ lJX[QF6 G]\ SFI" SZ[ K[P T[YL T[DG[ DFl,SL NX"S lJX[QF6M s Possessive Adjectives )
SC[ K[P
o GFDGL 5C[,F\ lJX[QF6 VFJ[ TM GFDGL ;FY[ VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL a my bike ,BFI GCLP
DF+ my bike H ,BFIP
Plural s AC]JRGf
o ;DFgI ZLT[ XaN G[ K[0[ s ,UF0JFYL T[G]\ AC]JRG YFI K[P

o HM XaN G[ K[0[ s, ss, sh, ch, chh, x, o, CMI TM es ,UF0JFYL AP J AG[ K[P
o NFP T o bus busses, glass- glasses, box- boxes, mango- mangoes, watch watches.
o HM XaNG[ K[0[ t S[ te CMI TM T[ GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ T[GL HuIFV[ ves ,FU[ K[P H[DF\ roof,
hoof, safe, hanker chief JU[Z[ V5JFN K[P H[DF\ DF+ s ,FU[ K[P
o XaNG[ K[0[ y CMI TM y GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ ies ,FU[ K[ 56 HM y GL 5C[,F :JZ CMI ( a, e,
i, o, u ) TM DF+ S ,FU[ K[ VG[ y 56 GLS/TM GYLP NFP To baby babies, toy toys.
o ;\I]ST GFDMG]\ AP J SZTL JBT[ A\G[ DF\YL H[G]\ JWFZ[ DCtJ CMI T[GL VFU/ S ,FU[ K[P
H[D S[4 father-in- law - fathers-in-law
mather-in-law
- mathers-in-law
o S[8,FS ;\I]ST GFDMDF\ A\G[ 5NMG]\ AC]JRG YFI K[P

H[D S[4 man servant - men servants
o women servant women servants
o GFDGL 5C[,F ;\bIFJFRS lJX[QF6 VFJ[ TM AP J GM 5|tII ,FUTM GYLP H[D S[4 one dozen one dozen, one hundred dive hundred
o scissors, spectacles, people, cattle JU[Z[ C\D[XF APJ VG[ news, innings JU[Z[ C\D[XF
V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P
man men
woman women
foot feet
child - children
tooth teeth
mouse mice
o VD}SGF V[PJ VG[ APJGF ~5 ;DFG H CMI K[P H[D S[4

sheep sheep
sugar sugar
dear dear
salt salt
tea tea
o S[8,FS APJGF ~5 VlGIlDT K[P
Type of Questions :
o V\U|[HL DF\ A[ 5|SFZGF 5|`GM VFJ[ K[P

o s!f lS|IF5NYL (verb) X~ YTF 5|`GM H[G[ verbal Question SC[JFI K[P
o sZf Wh- YL X~ YTF 5|`GM what, when, which, who, where, How, why, whom,
whose VF AWF Wh- Question SC[JFI K[P
o VCL How V[ Wh YL X~ YTM GYL 56 T[G[ VF 5|SFZGM H U6FI K[P
s!f lS|IF5NYL X~ YTF 5|`GM s verbal Ques )

o H[ lS|IF5NYL 5|`GJFSIGL X~VFT Y. XS[ K[ T[ lS|IF5NM GLR[ D}HA K[P
o JPSFo is, am, are, have, has, do, does, shall, will, can, may, must, ought, need, dare
o E}PSFo was, were, had, did, should, would, could, might, used.
o p5ZMST Z$ lS|IF5N l;JFI ALHF SM. 56 lS|IF5NYL 5|`GGL X~VFT YTL GYLP
o lS|IF5NG[ GSFZ SZJF TGF 5KL TZT H not D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P not XaNG[ HM0JFYL T[DGF 8}\SF
~5M YFI K[P
is not = isnt ,
has not = hasnt JU[Z[ P
o lS|IF5NYL X~ YTF SM. 56 5|`GM HJFA yes S[ No DF\ VF5L XSFI K[P
sZf Wh Questions
o H[ 5|`GMGL X~VFT when, where, why, what, who, which, whom, whose VG[ How
XaNYL YFI T[JF 5`GMG[ Wh- Question SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
ZLT[ s VR}S q OZlHIFT f VF5JL 50[ K[P VFYL VFJF 5|`GM G[ Information Questions 56 SC[
K[P
o Wh- Question GM pZ Yes S[ NoDF\ V5FTF GYL T[DGF pZ DF8[ SM.G[ SM. DFlCTL RMSS;
Yes No
o VD]S lJlXQ8 5|`GM HJFA Yes S[ No DF\ H VF5JM 50[ K[P

NFP To Is this your pen ?
Yes, it is.
yes,it is my pen.
yes, its my pen
o VCL\ 5|`GGF +6 pZ VF5[,F K[ 5C[,M pZ 8}\SF :J~5GM K[ VG[ AFSLGF A[ pZ 5}ZF VF5[,
K[P
o 36LJFZ V\U|[HLDF\ Yes S[ No GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ 5}ZF JFSIDF\ HJFA G VF5TF 8}\SDF\ pZ
V5FI K[P H[D S[4 Is this a book?
o Yes, it is
o No, it isnt
o VCL\ It is GF :YFG[ its 56 ,BL XSFI 56 DF+ CSFZDF\ it is H ,BJ]\ S[ AM,J]\ 50[ its
,BL S[ AM,L XSFI GlCP
o isnt V[ is not G]\ 8}\S]\ ~5 K[ GSFZDF\ pZ VF5TL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ is not G[ AN,[ isnt H
J5ZFI K[P
S & Of
farmers
donkey - donkeys.
o ;HLJM DF8[ S GF :YFG[ of JF5ZL XSFI 56 lGHL"J DF8[ TM DM8[ EFU[ of H J5ZFI K[P
o Rameshs pen pen of Ramesh 56 cows leg V[D G ,BFI T[G[ leg of cow V[D
H DM8[EFU[ ,BFIP
o APJ DF\ K[0[ s S[ es ,UF0JFGM CMI tIFZ[ S ,FUTM GYL DF+ ,FU[ K[P NFPT o farmers -
Mine-yours, theirs
o ;J"GFDGF KL lJElST GF ~5M mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs K[P
o his KL lJElST G]\ ~5 A[ ZLT[ J5ZFI K[P This is his book. / This book is his.
o It ;J"GFDG]\ ~5 its V[S H K[P VF ~5 SNL K[0[ D}SFT] GYLP
o my, your JU[Z[ is 5C[,F VFJ[ HIFZ[ mine, yours JU[Z[ is 5KL VFJ[P H[D S[4
o This is my book This book is mine.
Commands VF7FY"
o VF56[ ZMHAZMHGF HLJGDF\ SM.G[ S\. SZJFG]\ SC[TF CM.V[ KLV[ H[D S[4 5[G ,FJP VFJF JFSIMG[
VF7FY" JFSIM SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o V7FY" JFSIDF\ STF" TZLS[ you CMI K[ 56 T[GM p<,[B SZTM GYLP H[D S[4 T]\ q TDG[ VF5M G[
Give a pen V[D ,BFI K[P
o VF7FY" JFSIGL X~VFT ,UEU lS|IF5NYL X~ YFI K[ 56 S[8,LS JFZ p5N[X VF5JF S[ ;,FC S[
lJG\TL SZJF please, Dont H[JF XaNM J5ZFI K[P H[D S[4
o Please switch on the fan DC[ZAFGL SZL 5\BM RF,] SZM
o Dont speake a lie H}9}\ AM,M GlCP
o VlC Dont = Do not GSFZ JFSI DF8[ J5ZFI K[ HIFZ[ Dont VF7FY" JFSIDF\ J5ZFI TM T[GM
SM. VY" GYL T[ DF+ JFSIG[ GSFZ AGFJJF DF8[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N TZLS[ JT[" K[P
o VCL HIFZ[ Dont VFJ[ tIFZ[ ALHL lJElST GF ~5M me, us, you, him, her, it, them J5ZFI
o Dont cheat us VDG[ K[TZXM GlC
K[P H[D S[4 Dont disturb me DG[ B,[, q C[ZFG G SZM
Have - Has
o to have s C[J f v GL 5F;[ CMJ]\4 v G]\ CMJ]\4 GL DFl,SG]\ CMJ]P
o to has V[ JPSF +LP5] V[PJ DF8[ J5ZFT]\ to have G]\ ~5 K[P H[ He, She, it JU[Z[ DF8[ J5ZFI
K[P HIFZ[ AFSLGFDF\ has J5ZFI K[P
o have S[ has 5KL not D}SJFYL S[ no D}SJFYL GSFZJFRS JFSI AG[ K[ shave/ has) not G]\ 8]S}\
~5 havent K[P
o H[D S[4 VDFZL 5F;[ AF.S GYL We have not a bike/ We havent a bike/ We have no
bike.
o Have VG[ Has G[ JFSI GL X~VFTDF\ D}STF\ 5|`GFY" JFSI AG[ K[P H[GM yes/ no DF\ 8}SM T[DH
5}6" HJFA VF5L XSFI K[P
o 36LJFZ have / has ;FY[ got 56 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[YL JFSIDF\ SM. O[Z 50TM GYLP
o We have a bike = we have got a bike.
o got XaN JF/F 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ 8}\SDF\ HJFA VF5TL JBT[ got J5ZFTM GYLP 5}6" pZ DF8[ got
,BFI K[P H[D S[4 Has Minaxi got a pencil ?
No, she hasnt / yes, she has.
Yes, she has got a pencil
No, she hasnt got a pencil
Formula:
o GSFZo STF" + have/ has + not +got + AFP X

o 5|`GFY"o Have/ Has + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
o GSFZ o Havent / hasnt + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Had
o Have / has A\G[G]\ E}TSF/G]\ ~5 had K[P
o have /has ;FY[ H[D got J5ZFY K[ T[D had 5KL 56 got J5ZFI K[P
o had 5KL not D}STF had not / hadnt YFI K[ VG[ JFSI GSFZ AG[ K[P
o Have / has GL H[D had G[ X~VFTDF\ D}STF\ 5|`GFY"JFSI AG[ K[ H[G[ yes/ no DF\ 8}SM pZ S[
5}ZM pZ VF5L XSFI K[P
CSFZ o STF" + have / has( got) + AFSLGF XaNM
o Formula:
o CSFZo STF" + had + got + AFSLGF XaNM
o GSFZo STF" + had + not + got + AFSL GF XaNM
o 5|`GFY"o Had + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
o 5|P GSFZo Hadnt + STF" + got + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
10
Introductory there s5|F:TlJS, there )

o JFSIDF\ HIFZ[ SM. VlGl`RT DG]QI4 5|F6L S[ J:T] is S[ are lS|IF5N GF STF" TZLS[ VFJ[ tIFZ[ DM8[
EFU[ VF56[ is S[ are GL 5}J[" there VG[ is S[ areGL 5KL STF" TZLS[ VFJ[,]\ GFD D}SLG[ VF
5|SFZGL ZRGF SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
o VFJL ZRGF Introductory there (5|F:TlJS there) TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P
o ;FDFgI ZLT[ V\U|[HLDF\ JFSIGL X~VFT STF"YL YFI K[P VCL STF"G[ :YFG[ thereGM p5IMU YFI
K[P VF V\U|HLGM V[S lJlXQ8 5|SFZ K[P
o VCL JFSIDF\ there GM VY" S\. GYL T[ DF+ JFSIGL X~VFT SZL VF5[ K[P
o There 5KL JPSF DF\ to be lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 is/ are VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL STF" VFJ[ K[P
o There YL X~ YTF JFSIDF\ lS|IF5N T[GL 5KL VFJTF STF" 5|DF6[ V[PJ S[ APJ DF\ VFJ[ K[P V[8,[
S[ STF" V[PJ TM lS|IF5N V[PJ VG[ STF" APJ TM lS|IF5N APJ DF\ CMI K[P
o 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ is/ are/ wh. Que 5C[,F D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ VG[ 5KL there VG[ ALH] D}SJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P VG[ is/ are 5KL not D}STF\ isnt/ arent D}SLG[ JFSI GSFZ AGFJFI K[P
o
Formula:
o CSFZo There + is/ are + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM

o GSFZo There + is/ are +not + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM
o 5||`GFY"o Is / are/ + there + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
5|P GSFZo Isnt/ arent + there + STF" + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
11
How many? How much?

o How many? = How much? = S[8,]\
How many VG[ How much A\G[GM U]HZFTLDF\ VY" ;DFG YFI K[P 5Z\T] V\U|[HLDF\ T[DGM
VY" lEgG K[P
o How many 5|`GGF pZDF\ 1, 2, 10, 25, 50, V[D RMSS; ;\bIFGM q VF\S0FGM lGN["X YFI K[P
VFD4 H[ J:T]GL U6TZL Y. XSTL CMI T[JL J:T]G[ How many J0[ 5|`GFY"DF\ 5}KFI K[P
o How much 5|`GGM pZ H[ J:T] U6LGF XSFI T[JL J:T]GF[ 5|`GFY"DF\ p5IMU SZFI K[P H[D S[
AWL H jI JFRS s GFDf J:T]VM 5F6L4 T[,4 WFT] 4 VGFH JU[Z[ 5}KJF How much J5ZFI K[P
o U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]G[ Constable nouns & G U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]G[ Uncountable nouns
SC[ K[P
o How many & How much GF 5|`GGF HJFADF\ S[8,LS JFZ some, any H[JF XaNM J5ZFI
K[P some XaN CSFZDF\ TYF any XaN 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
o p5ZF\T some VG[ any A\G[ XaNM countable & uncountable DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
a lot of , plenty of
o some S[8,FS4 enough 5]ZT]\ 4 No- GFP VF XaNM U6L XSFI VG[ G U6L XSFI V[D A\G[
5|SFZGF 5|`GF[ GF HJFA DF8[ VF5L XSFI K[P
o HIFZ[ a few YM0]\P V[ U6L XSFI VG[ a little - YM0]\ P V[ G U6L XSFI T[JL J:T]VM DF8[
Going to:
o ElJQGL SM. IMHGF S[ .ZFNF G[ RF,] JT"DFGSF/DF\ NXF"JJF going to GM p5IMU YFI K[P
Formula:
CSFZo STF" + is / am/ are + going to + lS|IF5N G]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
GSFZo STF" + is / am / are + not + going to + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
J5ZFI K[P
12
Can, could, would, use used to- to be used

Can V[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[ VG[ T[ XlST q SFI"DTF NXF"J[ K[P
Can ;FY[ C\D[XF lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5 H J5ZFI K[P
Can GM p5IMU 5ZJFGUL DFUJF S[ VF5JF DF8[ SZL XSFI K[P

Formula:
CSFZo STF" + can + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
GSFZo STF" + cant + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
5|`GFY"o can + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
5|P GSFZ o cant + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Can G]\ E}PSF G]\ ~5 could K[P could D}SLG[ can JF/F JFSIMG]\ E}PSFDF\ ~5F\TZ Y. XS[ K[P
Formula:
can GL Formula DF\ can GF :YFG[ Could D}SL N[TF\ formula AGX[P
E}TSF/ DF\ SF[. lJlXQ8 AFATGL XSITF VYJF ;DY"TF jIST SZJF DF8[ could GF :YFG[ was /
were able to JF5ZL XSFI H[ JW] IMuI U6FI K[P
would V[ 56 V[S ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P T[ will G]\ E}PSFGL V[SFNL 8[J VYJF ZLT NXF"JFI K[P
would GF H[JL H ALHL ZRGF K[ used to GF +6 5|SFZ K[P use - used to - be used to.
YFI K[P
used to V[ would GL H[D E}PSFDF\ J5ZFI K[P be used to get, used to become used
to ZRGFDF\ 8[J 50L UI[,]\ S[ 8[JF. UI[,]\ V[JM VY" YFI K[P
used to VG[ be used to 5KL C\D[XF lS|IF5N G]\ D}/~5 J5ZFI K[P
used to GM JW] p5IMU E}PSFDF\ YTL JFZ\JFZGL 38GFVM DF8[ YFI K[P
use XaNGM p5IMU lS|IF5N TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P VF lS|IF5NGM VY" JF5ZJ]\ S[ p5IMUDF\\ ,[J]\ V[D
13
May Might
May 56 canGL H[D ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P

5ZJFGUL VF5JF S[ ,[JF DF8[ may lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P
SM. G[ X]E[rKF S[ VFXLJF"N VF5JF DF8[ 56 MayGM p5IMU YFI K[P
Might 56 May GL H[D H ;\EJ jIST SZJF DF8[G]\ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N K[P
Might VG[ MayGM VY" V[S H K[P
Formula:
CSFZo STF" +
may/ might + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
GSFZo STF" + may/ might + not + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM

5|`GFY"o May/ Might + STF" + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Must- Needt, Have to has to Had to

SM. SFD A\WGSFZS S[ OZlHIFT VYJF H~ZL K[ V[JM VY" jIST SZJF DF8[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
must D}SL G[ lS|IF5N G]\ D}P~P D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Neednt V[ 56 must H[J]\ H ~5 K[ 56 T[GM VY" SM. SFD SZJFG]\ A[WG GYL VYJF TM T[
SFD H~ZG]\ GYL T[D NXF"JJF YFI K[P
Formula: (must)
GSFZo STF" + must + not + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Formula: (Neednt)
STF" + Neednt + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG] D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Have to- Has to GM VY" must GL H[D H YFI K[P ElJQIGL 38GF DF8[ must G[ AN,[ Have to
S[ Has to D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ HIFZ[ E}PSF GL 38GF DF8[ must G[ AN,[ Had to D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Formula:
CSFZo STF" + have / has/had+ not + to lS|IF5NG]\ D}P~ + AFSLGF XaNM
CSFZo STF" + must + to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
14
Should- Ought to
Should V[ AWF H STF" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P Should VG[ Ought to A\G[ ST"jI NX"S XaNM K[P T[GM
VY" YJ]\ HM.V[4 SZJ]\ HM.V[ JU[Z[ YFI K[P
Ought to 56 Should GL H[D AWF H STF" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
Should VG[ Ought to 5KL C\D[XF D]bI lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/ ~5 VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ lS|IFVM E}PSF DF\ ATFJJL CMI TM should/ ought to 5KL have D}SL lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS'N\T
D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
GSFZ JFSI SZTL JBT[ shouldnt

Formula:
VG[ oughtnt D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
CSFZsGSFZfo STF" + should/ought to + not + have + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5

should / ought to (not) + have + lS|IF5NG]\ to JUZG]\ D}/~5
E}PSF DF8[ o STF" +
15
Adverbs (lS|IFlJX[QF6Mfo
H[ XaNM lS|IF5NGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[JF XaNMG[ lS|IFlJX[QF6M SC[JFI K[[P
H[ adverbs lS|IF S[JL ZLT[ Y. V[ ATFJ[ T[G[ V\U|[HL DF\ adverbs of manner ( 5|SFZ NX"S f
SC[JFI K[P soundly, sweetly, bravely, JU[Z[ 5|SFZ NX"S adverbs K[P
H[ adverbs lS|IF SIFZ[ Y. T[ ATFJ[ T[G[ adverbs of time s ;DINX"S lS|IFlJX[QF6 f SC[JFI
K[P today, yesterday, soon JU[Z[ ;DI NX"S adverbs K[P
H[ adverb lS|IF SIF\ Y. T[ ATFJ[ T[G[ adverbs of place ( :Y/ NX"S f SC[JFI K[P there, out,
here, JU[Z[ :Y/ NX"S adverbs K[P
lJX[QF6G[ K[0[ le CMI TM e SF-L y ,UF0TF\ adverb AG[ K[P gentle gently.
lJX[QF6G[ K[0[ y CMI VG[ y GL 5C[,F\ jI\HG CMI TM ly ,UF0TF\ 5C[,F\ y GM i SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
happy happily.
AFSLGF lJX[QF6MFG\ DM8[EFU[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ ly ,UF0TF\ adverb AG[ K[P
when, where, why VG[ how H[JF adverb 5|`GFY" JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ VFJ[ K[P
adverb H[ XaNGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[GL A\G[ V[8,L GHLS D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Always, never, of ten, sometimes V[ AWF time adverb K[P H[ lS|IF5NGF VY"DF\ JWFZM
SZ[ T[GL 5C[,F\ 56 to be lS|IF5N 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HM lS|IF5N ;CFISFZS VG[ D]bI lS|IF5NG]\ AG[,]\ CMI TM VF lS|IF lJX[QF6M ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
VG[ D]bI lS|IF5NGL JrR[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HM ;SD"S lS|IF5N GL 5KL TZT H SD" VFJT]\ CMI TM adverb SD" GL 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
16
Question tags
lJWFG JFSIG[ T[ lJWFG lJX[ CDlT 5}KJF S[ CSFZDF\ SC[JF DF8[ 8}\SF 5|`GM 5}KFI K[P H[DG[
Question tags SC[JFI K[P
DC[X CMlXIFZ K[4 GlC m v Mahesh is clever, isnt he?
HM lJWFG JFSI CSFZ TM Que. tags GSFZDF\ VG[ lJWFG JFSI GSFZ TM Que. tags CSFZ CMI
K[P
Question tags GF O[ZOFZMo
is isnt
can cant
are arent
must mustnt
am aint / am not
has hasnt
was wasnt
have havent
were werent
do dont
will wont
should shouldnt
shall shallnt
did didnt
would wouldnt.
Let / Lets
let us = Lets. SM. 56 ;}RGF SZTL JBT[ AM,GFZ ;FY[ 5MTFGM 56 T[DF\ ;DFJ[X SZ[ K[ tIFZ[
Lets GL ZRGF YFI K[P
Let me go (TD[ q T]f DG[ HJF NMP
Let her cook T[6L G[ ZF\WJF NMP
Let us, Let him, Let them H[JL ZRGF DF\ OST 5ZJFGUL DFUJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[JM VY" CMI K[P
Let lS|IF5NGM VY" allow SZJF NM4 5ZJFGUL VF5M V[D YFI K[P
Let GF :YFG[ allow JF5ZL XSFI 56 allow GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ lS|IF5NGL 5C[,F\ to
D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 Let me go.
Allow me to go.
Let GL ZRGF JF/F VF7FY" JFSIMDF\ DM8[ EFU[ you VwIFCFZ CMI K[P H[D S[4
17
Exclamatory Sentences (pNUFZ JFRS JFSIMf

pNJFZ JFRS JFSIM DF\ what/ How XaN X~VFTDF\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ lS|IF5N JFSIGF V\T[
D}SFI K[P JFSIG[ V\T[ (!) D}SJ] OZlHIFT K[P
pNUFZ JFRSG]\ lJWFG JFSIDF\ 5lZJT"G SZTL JBT[ what /how SF-L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
T[G[ :YFG[ 5|YD STF" VG[ 5KL lS|IF5N D}SL lJWFG JFSIGL ZRGF SZJL 50[ K[P
How / what G[ very J0[ VlElJST YFI K[ VG[ 5KL D}/ JFSIGF lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 D}SL
AFSLGF XaNM ,BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
How beautiful! S[8,] ;]\NZ

Excellent! pD
of course! CF:TM
How sad! S[8,]\ N]oBN
How interesting! S[8,]\ Z;5|N
Bravo!- XFAFX
How sweet! S[8,]\ DL9]\
How marvelous! S[8,]\ ;Z;
How terrible! S[8,]\ EIFGS
How funny! S[8,]\ DhFG]\
Thank god! - CFX
god! C[ EUJFG
Congratulations! VlEG\NG
What a pity! S[8,L N]oBN JFT
Wonderful! VF`RI"HGS
What a shame! S[8,]\ XZDHGS
Hurry up! H<NL SZ
Quite right! lA,S], AZFAZ
How absurd! S[8,]\ CF:IF:5N
Oh dear! VZ[
Thanks! VFEFZ
How surprising! S[8,]\ VF`RI"HGS
What nonsense! S[JL D}B"F.
How great! S[JM DCFG
Beware! - ;FJWFG
S[8,FS pNUFZ JFRS XaNMo
18
Degree:
Degree GF +6 5|SFZ K[P possitive, comparative VG[ Superlative.
Possitive Degree DF\ D}/ lJX[QF6 H J5ZFI K[P lJX[QF6G[ -er 5|tII ,UF0JFYL T[G]\
Comparative degree G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P JFSIDF\ V[ ~5 5KL C\D[XF T],GFNX"S XaN than J5ZFI
K[P
H[GL T],GF Y. CMI T[G]\ GFD STF" TZLS[ VG[ H[GL ;FY[ T],GF Y. CMI T[G]\ GFD than 5KL
D]SFI K[P HIFZ[ A[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]GL T],GF SZJL CMI tIFZ[ H Comparative degree J5ZFI
K[P
lJX[QF6GF D}/ ~5G[ -est 5|tII ,UF0JFYL T[G]\ Superlative degree AG[ K[P V[ ~5GL 5C[,F
C\D[XF VFl8"S, the D}SFI K[P Superlative degree +6 S[ T[YL JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\
V[SGL `F|[Q9TF ATFJJL CMI tIFZ[ H J5ZFI K[P
than 5KL ;J"GFD (pronoun) GF SD" lJElSTGF ~5M ( her, his, JU[Z[f GlC 56 STF"
lJElSTGF ~5M s she, he, you) JU[Z[ D}SFI K[P
Formula:
STF" + to be G]\ ~5 + not + as + D}/ lJX[QF6 + as + ;ZBFD6L H[GL ;FY[ Y. K[ T[ XaN
36LJFZ as.....as GF AN,[ not so... as H[JL ZRGF 56 J5ZFI K[P
CPG sCo): STF" + c. d G]\ ~5 + than + ALHM ;ZBFD6LGM XaN
Comparative & Superlative degree GF lJX[QF6GF S[8,FS lGIDM K[P H[ GLR[ D}HA K[P
;FDFgI ZLT[ er & -est 5|TII ,FU[ K[P tall taller tallest.
V\T[ e CMI TM DF+ r & st ,FU[ K[P wise wiser wisest.
K[0[ y CMI TM VG[ T[ 5C[,F\ jI\HG CMI TM y GM i YFI K[ VG[ 5KL -er /est 5|tII ,FU[ K[P
heavy heavier heaviest
happy happier happiest
GFGF s 3-4) lJX[QF6MG[ er S[ est D}STF K[0[GF VZM A[J0FI K[P
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest.
CPG sSup) : STF" + to be (+ not ) + S.D G]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
19
HM XAN ,F\AM CMI TM VG[ A[ S[ T[YL JW[ :JZ CMI TM T[GL VFU/ more & most ,UF0FI K[P
difficult more difficult most difficult
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful.
HM K[0[ ly CMI TM 56 more & most ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Carefully more carefully most carefully
bravely more bravely most bravely.
S[8,FS lJX[QF6GF XaNM VlGIlDT CMI K[P good better best, bad/ ill warse worst,
much/ many more most.
20
Squence of tense s SF/FgJI f
HM D]bI JFSIDF\ JPSF S[ EPSF G]\ lS|IF5N VFJ[,] CMI TM T[GF 5KLGF UF{6 JFSIDF\ JFSIGF EFJ
S[ VY" 5|DF6[ SM. 56 SF/G]\ lS|IF5N VFJL XS[P
HM D]bI JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSFDF\ CMI TM UF{6 JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSFGF IMuI~5DF\ CMJ]\ HM.V[P
5Z\T] HM UF{6JFSI S]NZTGF lGID 5|DF6[ AgIF SZ[ T[J]\ lJWFG CMI4 SM. SC[JT CMI S[ C\D[XF
;FRL U6FI V[JL CSLST CMI TM D]bI JFSIG]\ lS|IF5N E}PSF DF\ CMJF KTF\ 56 UF{6 JFSIG]\
lS|IF5N C\D[XF ;FPJP SF DF\ H ZC[ K[P
21
Active Passive voise

A.v : STF" + lS|IF5N + SD"
P.v: SD" + ;PlS| + E}PS' + by + SD"
VCL\ A.V DF\ O[ZOFZ YTF STF"G]\ :YFG SD" ,[ K[ VG[ SD"G]\ :YFG STF" ,[ K[P
SF/ 5|DF6[ IMuI ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL lS|IF5NG] E}P S' VG[ by D}SJFDF\ VFJ[
K[P T[GF 5KL STF"GL SD" lJElST VFJ[ L[P
HIFZ[ STF" SD" AG[ VG[ SD" STF" AG[ tIFZ[ V[P J q APJ GF GFD D]HA ;PlS|IF5N D]SFI K[P VG[
;J"GFDDF\ 56 O[ZOFZ YFI K[P TYF STF" lJElST SD" lJElST VG[ STF" lJElST SD" lJElST
I - Me
She her
We us
It It
You You
They them
He him.
p5ZGF ;J"GFD VF5[,F CMI TM T[DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P 56 HFlTJFRS GFD S[ BF:T GFD CMI TM
T[DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
22
too.....so......that.......not
too V[ V[S lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[P T[GM VY" .........so..........that.........not......... YFI K[P

H[D S[ He is so honest that he will not accept a bribe. VF JFSIDF\ ......so....that.....not
G[ AN,[ too JF5ZLG[ VY" AN<IF JUZ JFSI ,BL XSFI K[P He is too honest to accept a
bribe.
too XaN SF9LG[ T[GL HuIFV[ so XaN D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL H[ lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 CMI
T[ D}SFI K[P 5KL that D}SL to SF9L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL X~VFTFGM STF" S[ ;J"GFD D}SLG[
5KL cant , couldnt, wont S[ wouldnt DF\YL IMuI XaNM D}SJFP
tIFZ 5KL D}/ JFSIDF\ to 5KL VFJTM lS|IFJFRS XaN VG[ ALHF XaNM ,BJFP
23
As soon as, No sooner......then

V[S lS|IF YFI S[ TZT H ALHL lS|IF YFI T[ ;}TJJF U]HZFTLDF\ cS[ TZTHc q cH[J]\ PPPPPS[ TZT Hc
J5ZFI K[ VFJF JFSIMG[ V\U|[HLDF\ as soon as / no sooner..........than J0[ NXF"JFI K[P
as soon as YL X~ YT]\ p5JFSI D]bI JFSIGL 5C[,F\ T[DH 5KL V[D A\G[ ZLT[ VFJ[ K[P 5Z\T]
No sooner TM JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
as soon as GL DFOS T[ JFSIGL JrR[ J5ZFI GlC P J/L No sooner 5KL TZT H ;CFISFZS
lS|IF5NG]\ IMuI ~5 VFJ[ K[P 5KL T[GM STF" VG[ tIFZ 5KL D]bI lS|IF5N D}SFI K[P V[ p5JFSI
5]Z] YIF 5KL H than J5ZFI K[P VG[ T[ 5KL H D]bI JFSI VFJ[ K[P
;CFISFZS lS|IF5N JUZ No sooner ;FY[ D]bI lS|IF5N V[S,]\ J5ZFI GlCP
as soon as
JF/F p5JFSIDF\ HM is, am, are, was S[ were lS|IF5N D]bI lS|IF5N TZLS[ CMI TM
No sooner JF/F JFSIMDF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ No sooner 5KL is, am, are, was S[ were VFJ[ K[
VG[ 5KL STF" VFJ[ K[P
24
Direct indirect Speech:

Direct speech G[ Indirect speechDF\ O[ZJJF DF8[ S], 4 5|SFZGF JFSIM CMI K[P s!f ;FN]
JFSI sZf 5|`GFY" JFSI s#f VF7FY" JFSI s$f VF`RI"SFZS JFSIP
A[ jIlST JrR[GF ;\JFNG[ direct speech SC[ K[P T[ ;\JFNG[ SM. +LHL jIlST NXF"J[ tIFZ[
indirect speech AG[ K[P
Direct speech DF\ AM,GFZG[ reporter VG[ ;F\E/GFZG[ listener SC[JFI K[P AM,GFZ ;FY[
Say, Said, Told, ask H[JF lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P H[G[ reporting verb SC[JFI K[P
JFSIDF\ s ......... ) lRgC JrR[GF JFSIG[ reported speech SC[JFI K[P
reporting verb JPSFDF\ S[ E}PSF DF\ CMI TM reported speech GF SM. SF/DF\ O[ZOFZ YTF\
GYLP V[8,[ S[ reporting verb TZLS[ say, says, will say, shall say CMI tIFZ[ SF/ DF\ SM.
O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP VJZ6 lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ that YL DF+ JFSI HM0FI HFI K[P ;J"GFDDF\
O[ZOFZ AM,GFZ VG[ ;F\E/GFZ D]HA YFI K[P
HIFZ[ ;GFTG ;tI 4 SC[JT S[ lJ7FG GM SM. l;wWF\T CMI TM 56 DF+ that J0[ HM0FI K[P SF.
AN,FTM GYLP
reporting verb E}PSFDF\ CMI TM reported speech GF GLR[ 5|DF6[ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P
VJTZ6 lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ that YL JFSI HM0FI K[P
reported speech G]\ JFSI ;FP J G]\ CMI TM T[GM ;FPE}PSF AGL HFI K[P V[8,[ S[ is/ am / are G]\
was/were YFI K[P
be G]\ E}PSFG]\ ~5 + lS| + ing AGL HFI K[P is/ am / are G]\ was / were YFI K[P
5}PJPSF G]\ JFSI 5}PE}PSF DF\ O[ZJFI K[P V[8,[ S[ have / has G]\ had AG[ K[ VG[ T[GL ;FY[
E}TS'N\T D}SFI K[P
JFSI ;FPE}PSFG]\ CMI TM 5}PE}PSF AG[ K[ V[8,[ S[ lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' D}SFI K[ VG[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N
had D}SFI K[ VG[ did not GF :YFG[ had not D}SFI K[P
JFSI RFPE}PSF DF\ CMI TM RFPE}PSF AG[ K[P V[8,[ S[ was / were G]\ had been YFI K[P
JFSI 5}PE}PSF G]\ CMI TM T[GF SF/DF\ SM. O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
shall, will, can, could, may, might, should, would CMI TM could, would, should,
might V[DGF V[D H ZC[ K[P HIFZ[ shall / will G]\ would, can G]\ could VG[ may G]\ might
YFI K[ VG[ T[DGL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}P~5 V[D H ZC[ K[P V[8,[ S[ will go G]\ would go YFI
56 would went YT]\ GYLP
RFPJPSF G]\ JFSI RFPE}PSFDF\ O[ZJFI K[ V[8,[ S[ to be G]\ JPSF G]\ ~5 + lS|IF5N + ing CMI T[G]\ to
25
HM ;DI ;}RS XaN CMI TM T[DGM O[ZOFZ GLR[ D}HA YFI K[P
this that, these those, here there, to day that day, tomorrow the next,
yesterday the previous day / the day before, next week the following week,
last week the previous week, to night that night, ago before, now then,
come go, thus so.
p5ZGF XaNM DF\ W]\ YT]\ GYL V[8,[ S[ go G]\ come S[ that G]\ this YT]\ GYLP
reported speech DF\ VFJTF ;J"GFDM AM,GFZ S[ ;F\E/GFZ DF8[ J5ZFI[, CMI TM T[GL lJElST
5|DF6[ indirect speech DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P VF O[ZOFZ GLR[ D}HA K[P
STF" lJElST
SD" lJElST
;A\WS sKLf lJElST
Me
My
Mine
We
Us
Our
Ours
You
You
Your
Yours
He
Him
His
His
She
Her
Her
Hers
It
It
Its
Its
Their
Theirs
They
Them
reporting verb TZLS[ said to G[ AN,[ indirect SZTL JBT[ told J5ZFI K[ VG[ VJTZ6
lRgC GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ JFSI that YL HM0FI K[P
reported speech GF 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ A[ 5|SFZGF JFSIM K[P s!f ;CFISFZS lS|IF5NYL sZf
s!f HIFZ[ JFSIGL X~VFT ;PlS| H[JF S[ is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, should,
would, can, could, has, have, had, may, might, do, does, did YL YFI tIFZ[ it /
whether J0[ JFSI HM0FI K VG[ JFSI ;FN] AGL HFI K[P VG[ O[ZOFZ ;FNF JFSIM D]HA YFI
K[P said to G[ AN,[ 5|`GFY" JFSIDF\ asked J5ZFI K[P VG[ 5|`GFY" lRgC= GLS/L HFI K[P
HIFZ[ JFSIGL X~VFT 5|`G;}RS XaN H[JF S[ what, why, when, who, whom, whose,
which, where, how much, how many, how far JU[Z[ YL X~ YFI tIFZ[ T[ 5|`GFY" ;]RS
XaN H ;\IMHS AGL HFI K[P JFSI ;FN] AG[ K[P 56 5|`GFY" ;}RS XaN H ;\IMHS AGL HFI K[P
said to G]\ asked YFI K[P
5|`GFY" JFSIG[ Indirect speech DF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ do, does, did JU[Z[ GLS/L HFI K[P SFZ6 S[
JFSI 5|`GFY" ZC[T]\ GYL JFSI ;FN]\ AGL HFI K[P
5|`GFY" ;}RS XaNYL X~YTF JFSIM o
26
pTZMST lGIDM 8}\SDF\ Direct speech DF\ ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[

is, am, are G]\ was, were YFI K[P
have / has G]\ had YFI K[P
;FPJPSF GM ;FPE}PSF4 ;FPE}PSFG]\ 5}PE}SF AG[ K[P had 5KL E}PS' SM. O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
shall / will G]\ would, can G]\ could, may G]\ might YFI K[P should, would, could,
might DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
Do / Does GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ lS|IF5NG]\ E}PSFG]\ ~5 AG[ K[P do/ does not G]\ did not AG[
K[P
Did GLS/L E}TS'N\T D]SFI K[P did not G]\ had not YFI K[P
;DI ;]RS XaNMDF\ O[ZOFZ YFI K[P say, says, will / shall say CMI TM SF/ AN,FTM GYLP
;GFTG ;tI4 SC[JT S[ lJ7FG GF l;wWFTMDF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYL DF+ that ,FU[ K[P
5|`GFY" JFSIG[ it/ whether J0[ HM0FI K[ VG[ 5|`GFY" ;]RS XaN CMI TM T[ ;\IMHS AG[ K[P
;FNF JFSIDF\ said to G]\ told VG[ says to G]\ tells D}SFI K[P HIFZ[ 5\`GFY" JFSIDF\ asked/
asks D]SFI K[P
5|`GFY" JFSIMG]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[ T[ ;FN] JFSI AG[ K[ VG[ ;FNF JFSIGL H[DF\ O[ZOFZ YFI
K[P
C]SDGM VFN[X S[ VlGJFI" OZHGM EFZ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ ordered S[
commanded J5ZFI K[P
;,FCGM EFJ ;}RJFIM said to G[ AN,[ advised J5ZFI K[P
;}RGGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ suggested J5ZFI K[P
;]RGFGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ Instructed J5ZFI K[P
said to G[ AN,[ told S[ asked 56 J5ZFI K[P
p5ZGF O[ZOFZ YIF 5KL Indirect SZTL JBT[ to FZF reported speech G]\ JFSI HM0FI K[P
JFSIGL V\NZ ZC[,F please H[JF XaNM GLS/L HFI K[P
VF7FY" JFSIG]\ GSFZ SZTL JBT[ Dont /Do not lS|IF5N VFJ[ K[P T[G]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[
Do GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ lS|IF5N VFU/ not to VFJ[ K[P
VF`RI"SFZS JFSIM GM VFZ\E SZTL JBT[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ what / How YL YTM CMI K[P VFJF JFSIM
G]\ indirect SZTL JBT[ said to G[ AN,[ exclaimed to D}SFI K[P VG[ JFSI ;FN] AGL HFI K[P
T[DF\ O[ZOFZ 56 ;FNF JFSIGL H[D H SF/ & ;J"GFDDF\ YFI K[P
lJG\TLGM EFJ ;}RJFIM CMI TM said to G[ AN,[ requested XaN J5ZFI K[P
27
reported speech GF JFSIGF EFJ 5|DF6[ exclaimed with delight, exclaimed with,
sorrow , exclaimed with, disgust, exclaimed with joy, joyfully, angrily, in fear,
with wonder, with surprise, with appreciation H[JF phrases J5ZFI K[P
JFSIDF\ J5ZFTF oh, Hurrah, Alas, what VG[ How H[JF XaNM GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ S[8,LS
JFZ ptS'Q8TF ;}RS XaNM very, really S[ Indeed J5ZFI K[P
pN=UFZ JFSIG]\ lJWFG JFSI AGTF\ T[ that ;\IMHSYL HM0FI K[P VG[ JFSIG[ pN=UFZ lRgC=G[ AN,[
5}6"lJZFD V\TDF\ VFJ[ K[P
SM. jIlST 5F;[ 5ZJFGUL DF\ULV[ tIFZ[ T[ JFSIG[ ;FDFgI ZLT[ VF7FY" JFSI CMI K[P VFYL
VFJF JFSIMG]\ indirect SZTL JBT[ said to G[ AN,[ requested, asked S[ told D}SFI K[P
tIFZ 5KL VF7FY" JFSIGF O[ZOFZ D]HA to YL JFSI HM0FI K[ VG[ GSFZ JFSI not to YL
HM0FI K[P Let G[ AN,[[ SIFZ[S allow S[ permit J5ZFI K[P
Let FZF NZBF:T 56 ;}RJFI K[P VFJF JFSIMG]\ Indirect speech DF\ ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[ said
to G[ AN,[ proposed to VYJF suggested to D}SFI K[P
Let 5KL J5ZFI[, SD" lJElST STF" lJElST AG[ K[P VG[ T[GL ;FY[ should J5ZFI K[P
good morning, thank you V[JL X]E[rKF jIST SZTF JFSIM X]E[rKF NXF"J[ K[P VFJF JFSIM
;LWF\ H HM0L XSFI K[P
VFJF JFSIMDF\ said to G[ AN,[ wished S[ prayed S[ thank H[J]\ lS|IF5N D}SLG[ ;LW]\ H
HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
56 OSZF DF\ YM0MS O[ZOFZ SZTF\ wIFG ZFBJFG]\ K[P

OSZFDF\ yes/ no GF 8}\SF ;\JFNM CMI K[ TM T[ 5C[,F\GF JFSIGF ;\NE"DF\ CSFZ S[ GSFZGF VFBF
JFSI ,BJF\ HM.V[P told positively / told negatively YL CSFZ q GSFZGL NXF"J6L Y. XS[ K[P
5|`GGF HJFAGL replied VG[ OZLYL HJFA V5I T[G[ again replied YL NXF"JFI K[P
HIFZ[ 8}\SF 5|`GFY" ;}RS XaN J5ZFI K[P s H[D S[4 why, how, when )VFJF 5|`GFY" XaNMGF
;\NE"DF\ T[GF VFU/GF JFSI D]HA ~5FTZ6 SZJFG]\ CMI K[P
V[SGM V[S jIlST JFZ\JFZ 5|`G 5}K[ TM again asked, inquired JU[Z[ ,BFI K[P
sir H[JF DFGJFRS XaN GLS/L HFI K[P VG[ told with respect / replied with respect
VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ jCF, S[ 5|[DYL Dear JU[Z[ XaNM CMI TM T[ GLS/L HFI K[ VG[ told loving V[D ,BFI
K[P
CJ[4 p5ZGF AWF lGIDM TM JFSIM DF8[ K[P OSZFG]\ Indirect SZTL JBT[ 56 VFH lGIDM K[P
28
V[S jIlST A[ ;\JFN AM,[ tIFZ[ added D}SL ALH] JFSI HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VF p5ZF\T VD]S ;\NE" DF8[ GLR[ D]HAGF XaNM J5ZFI K[P
IFN VF5JFo reminded
J6"G SZJFo related
VFD\+6 VF5JFo invited
5}KTFH SZJFo inquired
8LSFq 8SMZ SZJFo remarked
WDSL VF5JFo threatened
DFlCTL VF5JFo informed
5|FY"GF SZJFo prayed
R[TJ6L VF5JFo warned
;CFG}E]lT 5|No told- sympathy
VFHLHL SZJFo begged
lX"T SZJF o theatrically
BF+L VF5JF o reassured

pt;FC 5}J"S o told enthusiastically
5|X\XF 5}J"So told admiringly
OZLYL SC[JFo repeated
lJWFG SZJF o stated
29
Prepositions:
In, into, on, at, above.........JU[Z[ G[ GFDIMUL VjII s preposition ) SC[ K[P
prepositions GFD S[ ;J"GFDGM JFSIDF\GF ALHF XaNM ;FY[ ;\A\W NXF"J[ K[P
S[8,FS propositions V[SYL JW] 5|SFZGF XaNMGF 56 AG[,F CMI K[P H[D S[4 into, out of JU[Z[P
VD]S GFD lJX[QF6 lS|IF5N VD]S H prepositions H VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 worry about,
sympathy for.
VD}S prepositions XaN ;D}CGF :J~5DF\ CMI K[P H[D S[ in change of, in front of JU[Z[P
S[8,FS prepositions GF V[SYL JW] VY" YFI K[P H[D S[4 by & with A\G[GM VY" 5F;[4 ;]WL JU[Z[
;ZBM H YFI K[P
VD]S propositions GM VY" lS|IF5N ;FY[ HM0FTF\ AN,FI HFI K[P H[D S[4 give up TM KM0L N[J]\
HM up G[ AN,[ in V[8,[ give in TFA[ YJ]\ YFI K[P
36F BZF prepositions :Y/ VG[ ;DI A\G[ NXF"JJF YFI K[P in, on, at, from, to, by JU[Z[P
In : (DF\ V\NZ4 :Y/ S[ ;DI NXF"JJF f

V[S HuIFDF\ UlT S[ l:YlT ATFJJF in J5ZFI K[P
Into (DF\ V\NZ4 UlT NXF"JJF S[ JC[RL N[JF S[ EFU 5F0JFGF VY"DF\f
V[S HuIFV[YL ALHL HuIFV[
UlT NXF"JJF 56 into J5ZFI K[P

on: (p5Z4 :Y/ NXF"JT] CMI TM V0LG[4 ;DI NXF"JJF VD]S ;DI[f
At: s :Y/ NXF"JJF4 VD]S :Y/[ S[ :Y/ TZO VG[ ;DI NXF"JJF VD]S ;DI[f
Over: s p5Z 56 V0[ GlC T[D p5Z Y. G[ 4 GF SZTF JW]\f
From: s DF\YL 4 :Y/ S[ ;DI DF8[ f
To sTZOv :U/ DF8[4 ;]WL ;DI4 G[ v jIlSTf
With s;FY[ J0[4 v YLf
Without sJUZ4 lJGFf
Near (5F;[f
By s 5F;[4 J0[4 ;]WLDF\4 5F;[ Y.G[f
Beside (5F;[f
Besides(p5ZF\Tf
Between (OST A[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JrR[4 :Y/ S[ ;DI NXF"JJFf
Among s JrR[4 v A[ S[ T[YL JW] AWFGL JrR[ f
Above: s p5Z 56 V[S[ GlC V[8,[ S[ \R[4 JW] p5Z S[ p5Z Y.G[P vYL JW]f
30
Before s VFU/4 ;D S[4 5C[,F 4 v :Y/q ;DI NXF"JJF f

After s:Y/q ;DI4 5FK/ S[ 5KLf
Behind s 5FK/ S[ 5KL4 v :Y/ q ;DI NXF"JJFf
For s DF8[4 TZO4 ;DIf
of s v G]\f
off s V\NZYL S[ p5ZYL ACFZ4 A\W l:YlTDF\f
About s lJX[ f
Under s GLR[4 v YL VMK]\4 vDF\ f
Below s GLR[4 v GF SZTF\ VMK]\f
Against s GL ;FY[ f
During s NZdIFG f
Since s VD]S ;DIYL f
Across s V[S 5FZYL ALH[ 5FZ4 v GL 5[,[ 5FZ f
Throught s v DF\ Y.G[4 v GF FZF f
Till s ;]WL f
Untill s ;]WLf
Except s l;JFI f
Out of s vDF\ Y.G[ 4 v DF\YL f
Due to v GF ,LW[
Admist s DF\4 JrR[ V[JM among H[JM VY" f
Like s GF H[J]\ f
S[8,FS GFD4 lJX[QF6 S[ ;J"GFD 5KL VD]S RMSS; prepositions H GLR[ D]HA K[P
Accuse of
Inform of
Admit to
guard against
Agree to
Insist on
Agree with
Interfere with
Aim at
Long far
Call on
Look forward to
Compare to
Object to
along s p5Z Y.G[4 GL AFH]DF\ 4 50B[ 50B[ f
31
Recover from
Bestowed upon
Refer to
Complain against
Relay to
Born of
Remind of
Complain of
Stand by
Congratulation on
Suspect of
Annoyed at
Warn against
Anxious for
Yield to
Capable of
Absorbed in
Committed to
Accused of
Concerned with
Acquainted with
Confident in
alarmed at
Accustomed to
Angry with
Consent to
Superiors to
deal in
Inferior to
deal with
Care of
depend on
Sick of
differ from
Encroach on
distinguish from
Encroach upon
get through
Hanker after
Deprive of
Prior to
Endowed with
Proceed with
Entitle to
Identical with
familiar of
Indebted to
familiar to
Indifferent to
foresight to
Jealous of
Die of
Liable to
Worthy of
Liable far
attend to
Proud of
authority on
reduced to
Collide with
Expert in
Compare with
32
Exception to
carving far
fond of
lacking in
fondness far
Prevention against
Substitute for
zeal for
Consistent with
Confidence in
33
Reflexive & Emphatic pronouns s :J JFRS VG[

EFJJFRS ;J"GFDM f
lS|IF SZGFZ lS|IF 5MTFGL HFT 5Z H SZ[ V[JM VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ U]HZFTLDF\ 5MT[4 HFT[ V[JF
:JJFRS ;J"GFDM VF56[ JF5ZLV[ KLV[P VFJF H ;J"GFDM V\U|[HLDF\ J5ZFI K[P H[G[ reflexive
pronouns SC[JFI K[P
:JZ JFRS ;J"GFDM SD"GF :YFG[ VFJ[ K[P
V[SJRG ;J"GFDG[ self VG[ AC]JRGGF ;J"GFDG[ selves ,UF0JFYL :JJFRS ;J"GFDM T{IFZ YFI
K[P
My + self = my self
Your + self = Your self
Our + selves = Ourselves

Your + selves = Your selves
Him + self = Him self

Her + self = Her self
Them + selves = Themselves
It + self = It self
HIFZ[ my self, yourself JU[Z[ ;J"GFDM EFZ NXF"J[ tIFZ[ T[DG[ :JJFRS ;J"GFD G SC[TF\
EFZNX"S ;J"GFD SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
:JJFRS ;J"GFD SD"GF :YFG[ VFJ[ K[ P T[GM SNL STF" TZLS[ p5IMU YTM GYLP
HIFZ[ SM. jIlSTV[ lS|IF 5MT[ H SZL K[ V[J]\ EFZ5}J"S NXF"JJF DF8[ :JZJFRS ;J"GFD J5ZFI K[
34
Conjunctions- And, or, But

And, or VG[ But V[ A[ JFSIMG[ HM0JF DF8[ GF\ ;\IMHSM K[P
HIFZ[ A[ H]NF H]NF JFSIMDF\ STF" H]NF H]NF CMI VG[ AFSLGF XaNM ;DFG CMI4 lJX[QF6M H]NF CMI
AFSLGF XaNM ;DFG CMI TM VFJF JFSIMG[ and ;\IMHSM J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ STF"G[ and J0[ HM0[,F CMI TM to be G]\ AC]JRGG]\ ~5 VFJ[ K[P V[8,[ S[ is G]\ are, was
G]\were JU[Z[ YFI K[P
HM A\G[ JFSIMDF\ STF" H]NF H]NF CMI TM HM0LG[ AGFJ[,F GJF JFSIDF\ T[ A\G[GM p<,[B SZJM H~ZL
K[P 5Z\T] HM A\G[ JFSIMDF\ STF" V[S H CMI TM STF"GM V[S H JFZ p<,[B YFI K[P ALHF JFSIDF\
STF" VwIFCFZ CMI K[P
A[ XaNM 4 XaN ;D}CM S[ JFSIM JrR[ lJS<5 NXF"JJF ;\IMHS or GM p5IMU YFI K[P
H[ A[ JrR[ lJS<5 NXF"JJM CMI T[DGL JrR[ H or D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
cv VF VYJF T[ c V[J]\ HIFZ[ NXF"JJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ or GM p5IMU YFI K[P
H[ A[ JFSIMDF\ 5Z:5Z lJX[WGM VY" ATFJTF\ lJX[QF6M VFJ[,F\ CMI S[ V[SALHF JrR[ lJZMWGM EFJ
Impersonal Construction:It s V[S T'"S JFSI ZRGF o It)
There GL H[D 56 it V[S lJlXQ8 5|SFZGL JFSI ZRGF K[P

S[8,LS JFZ JFSIDF\ lS|IF5NGM STF" B}A H V:5Q8 S[ VRMSS; CMI K[P VFJF JFSIMDF\ STF" GL
HuIFV[ It J5ZFI K[P
VFD TM JFSIDF\ It GM SM. BF; VY" GYL 56 It JF5ZJFYL JFSI ;Z/ VG[ :5Q8 AG[ K[P
JFSIDF\ STF"G[ :YFG[ It J5ZFTM CMJFYL T[G[ Introductory
It 56 SC[JFI K[
ZC[,M CMI T[JF\ A[ JFSIMG[ but J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
35
Infinitive Construction s ;FDFgI S'N\TJF/L ZRGF f

V\U|HLDF\ Infinitive 5|SFZGL ZRGFGM p5IMU STF" TZLS[4 SD" TZLS[4 C[T] NXF"JJF4 lJX[QF6GF S[
GFDGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZJF T[DH lS|IF5}ZS TZLS[ YFI K[P
HM Infinitive YL X~ YTF JFSI G[ It YL X~ SZJ]\ CMI TM JFSIDF\GF lS|IF5NYL T[GF A[ EFU
SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ 5KL lS|IF5NGL 5}J[" It D}SL X~VFTGM EFU 5FK/ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Infinitive ZRGFGF p5IMUYL A[ H]NF H]NF JFSIMG[ GLR[ D]HA HM0L XSFI K[P
I head those words I was sad.
I was sad to hear those wards.
VCL\ JFSIDF\ to VFJTF\ C\D[XF lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 H D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
36
Something, Everything, Anything, Nothing
some, every, any, no lJX[QF6GL ;FY[ thing XaN VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ VlG`RIJFRS ;J"GFDM In
definitive pronouns AG[ K[P VG[ STF" S[ SD" TZLS[ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFI K[P
some CSFZ VG[ any GSFZ DF8[ J5ZFI K[P T[JL H ZLT[ something CSFZ VG[ anything
GSFZJFRS lJWFG JFSIDF\ J5ZFI K[P
nothing V[8,[ S[ not thing VFYL not thing JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM lS|IF5N H[DG]\ T[D J5ZFI
K[P 56 not any thing GM p5IMU SZTL JBT[ ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N do DNN ,[JL 50[ K[P
Everything
XaN AWL H J:T]4 NZ[S V[JM VY" NXF"JJF J5ZFI K[P T[ CSFZ4 GSFZ VG[ 5|`GFY"
JFSIDF\ 56 JF5ZL XSFI K[P
37
The Demonstrative pronouns s NX"S ;J"GFD f

this, that, these, those, such, one, ones, none JU[Z[ NX"S ;J"GFDM K[P
NX"S ;J"GFDGM p5IMU SM. 56 5|F6L S[ 5NFY"GM lGN["X SZJF S[ T[G[ ATFJJF DF8[ T[ 5|F6L S[
5NFY"G[ AN,[ H[ ;J"GFD J5ZFI T[G[ NX"S ;J"GFD SC[ K[P
;J"GFD such V[ NX"S ;J"GFD K[ 56 T[GM AC] p5IMU YTM GYLP
this, that VG[ such ;J"GFD TZLS[ J5ZFI S[ lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI 5Z\T] T[G]\ SFD DF+ VD]S
5|F6L S[ 5NFY"GM lGN["X SZJFG]\ H K[P
HIFZ[ GFDG[ AN,[ T[ XaNM J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[ NX"S ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P VG[ GFD GL VFU/
J5ZFI K[P T[G[ NX"S lJX[QF6 SC[JFI K[P
HIFZ[ such lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI tIFZ[ a/an VFl8"S, V[GL 5KL D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5C[,F\ GlC P
a such book GlC 56 such a book V[D ,BFI K[P
SM. lJX[QF6GL 5KL NX"S ;J"GFD JF5ZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ VFU/ VFJ[,]\ GFD OZLYL JF5ZJFG[ AN,[
V[PJ GF GFDG[ AN,[ one VG[ APJGF GFDG[ AN,[ ones J5ZFI K[P
5Z\T]\ VFU/ VFJ[,F GFDGL 5KL ;\A\W lJElSTG]\ ALH]\ GFD CMI tIFZ[ 5C[,F\ GFDG[ AN,[ V[PJ
DF\ that & APJ DF\ those J5ZFI K[P
38
The relative pronouns : s ;\A\WL ;J"GFD f
H[ XaN JFSIDF\ pronoun s ;J"GFD f VG[ conjunction s ;\IMHS f G]\ V[D A\G[ 5|SFZG]\ SFD
SZ[ T[JF XaNMG[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P
who, what, which, that JU[Z[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD K[P H[ pronoun TZLS[ GFDGL HuIFV[ J5ZFI
K[ VG[ conjunction TZLS[ JFSIG[ 56 HM0[ K[P H[D S[4 I know the girl who lives in that
house.
who DF+ DG]QIM s 5]Z]QFM q :+LVM f DF8[ J5ZFI K[ VG[ T[ 5]l<,\U & :+L,L\UDF\ TYF V[PJ VG[
APJDF\ V[S~5 ZC[ K[P
which OST DG]QI l;JFIGF 5|F6LVM VG[ 5NFYM" DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VG[ +6[I HFlT T[DH A\G[
HRGDF\ V[S~5[ H ZC[ K[P
That DG]QI4 5|F6L4 5NFY" AWF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VG[ +6[ HFlT VG[ A\G[ JRGDF\ V[S~5[ ZC[ K[P
H[ GFDG[ AN,[ VF ;\A\WL ;J"GFDM J5ZFI K[P T[ GFD C\D[XF ;\A\WL ;J"GFDGL 5C[,F\ VFJ[ K[P
VG[ T[ GFD Antecedent s 5]ZMUFDL 5N f SC[JFI K[P
I, we, you, he, she, they V[ AWF DG]\QIM DF8[ J5ZFTF 5]Z]QFJFRS ;J"GFDMGL HuIFV[ JFSIMG[
HM0LG[ ,BJF DF8[ who VG[ me, us, you, him, her, them G[ HM0JF whom J5ZFI K[P
My, our, your, his, her, there JU[Z[ G[ whose J0[ HM0JFI K[P
whose GF :YFG[ of which 56 JF5ZL XSFI 56 of which V[ OST 5]ZMUFDL 5N 5|F6LNX"S
CMI TM H J5ZFI K[ HIFZ[ whose AWFG[ DF8[ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
only, nothing H[JF XaNM CMI 4 5|`GFY" ;J"GFD who S[ what CMI4 A[ 5]ZMUFDL 5N v 5|F6L &
jIlST NX"S D[ 5NFY" GM VY" ATFJGFZ TM V[JF AWF JFSIMDF\ who/ which G[ AN,[ that GM
p5IMU JWFZ[ IMuI K[P
V\U|[HLDF\ HM0[,F JFSIDF\ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD H[ GFDGL ;FY[ ;\A\W WZFJT]\ CMI T[GL 5KL TZT VFJJ]\
HM.V[ VG[ V[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFDYL X~ YT]\ JFSI 56 T[GL ;FY[ H VFJ[ K[P V[ 5|DF6[ ;\A\WL
;J"GFDYL X~ YT]\ p5JFSI H[ GFDGL ;FY[ ;\A\W WZFJT]\ CMI T[GL ;FY[ ZC[ T[ DF8[ JFSIGL
DwIDF\ 56 D]SFI K[P
SM. GFDGM EFZ5}J"S p<,[B SZJM CMI tIFZ[ who, which S[ that G[ AN,[ as GM ;\A\WL ;J"GFD
TZLS[ p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[GL VFU/ such S[ some H[JF XaNM D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
H[ JFSIM DF\ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD GF 5]ZMUFDL 5N 5C[,F Superlative degree G]\ lJX[QF6 CMI4 all,
39
that GL 5C[,F\ SNL preposition VFJL XS[ GlC VG[ HM JFSIDF\ JF5ZJFGL H~Z 50[ TM K[0[
D}SJ]\ VG[ HM which JF5Z[, CMI TM proposition which GL 5C[,F VFJ[ K[P V[ JBT[ T[G[
JFSIGL V\T[ D}SL XSFI GlCP
;\A\WL ;J"GFD T[GF 5]ZMUFDL GFDGL 5KL TZT H VFJJ]\ HM.V[P
U]HZFTLDF\ SM. JBT c H[ c VwIFCFZ ZC[ K[ V[J[ JBT[ c H[ c D}SL G[ V\U|[HLDF\ EFQFF\TZ SZJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P tIFZ[ what J5ZFI K[P
HIFZ[ what XaNIMUL VjIIGL ;FD[ SD" lJElSTDF\ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ XaNIMUL VjII 36]\ SZLG[
what GL 5}J[" GlC 56 JFSIG[ K[0[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
what DF\ that GM ;DFJ[X YTM CMJFYL what GL 5C[,F\ that D}SL XSFI GlC S[ ALHF SM. GFDGL
;FY[ what HM0L XSFI GlCP
who, which & what G[ ever ,UF0JFYL T[DGM VY" VG]S|D[ H[ SM.4 H[ H[4 H[ S\. H[JM YFI K[P
who ever ( whom ever ) = anyone who
which ever = any which
what ever = any thing which
;\A\WL ;J"GFD JFSIDF\ lS|IF5N S[ XaNIMUL VjIIGF SD" TZLS[ J5ZFI]\ CMI tIFZ[ 36L JFZ T[
AM,FT]\ GYLP ,BF6DF\ 56 36L JFZ VF ZLT[ ;\A\WL ;J"GFD VwIFCFZ ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Use of to do
SM. lS|IF5N JFSIDF\ V[S JBT J5ZFI]\ CMI VG[ OZLYL T[ JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U VFJ[ tIFZ[ T[ lS|IF5N
D]HAGF ~5 D}SFI K[P

JFSIDF\ to be & to haveGF ~5M J5ZFIF CMI VG[ JFSIDF\ T[ OZLYL JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U VFJ[ TM
to do J5ZFT]\ GYLP to be & to have lS|IF5NMGF ~5M OZLYL JF5ZJFGM JFZM VFJ[ TM T[ VwIFCFZ
ZC[ K[P
HIFZ[ EFZ5}J"S lJG\TL SZJFGL CMI VYJF S\.S EFZ5}J"S SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ D]bI lS|IF5NGF D}/ ~5
;FY[ to do lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P
Too & Enough

too GM VY" very SZTF\ YM0M H]NM K[P very GM VY" JWFZ[ YFI K[ HIFZ[ too GM VY"4 CN SZTF\
JWFZ[ c VlTXIc V[JM YFI K[P
too DF\ AZFAZ 38LT4 5;\N SZJF IMuI4 :JEFlJS4 JU[Z[ SZTF\ JW] CMI T[JM VY" ZC[,M K[P
G JF5ZTF\ to do lS|IF5NGF ~5M s do, dose, did JU[Z[ f J5ZFI K[P H[ SF/ & 5]Z]QF CMI TM
40
too........too GL JFSI ZRGFDF\ GSFZFtDS VY" ZC[, K[P

HIFZ[ lJX[QF6GL ;FY[ very JF5ZJFDF\ VFjI]\ CMI TM VG[ T[GL ;FY[ VFl8"S, a JF5ZJFGM 5|;\U
VFJ[ tIFZ[ a very GL 5C[,F\ D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 56 HM too JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ TM a/an lJX[QF6 &
GFDGL JrR[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Formula : too + adj + a/an.
Enough GM VY" 5}ZT]\4 HM.V[ T[8,]\ S[ RF,[ T[8,]\ V[JM YFI K[P
Enough HIFZ[ lS|IFlJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[ lJX[QF6 S[ lS|IFlJX[QF6GL 5FK/ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ enough lJX[QF6 TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P tIFZ[ H[ T[ GFDGF VY"DF\ JWFZM SZ[ T[GL VFU/ S[
5FK/ JF5ZL XSFI K[P
41
Such & So
Such & so A\G[GM VY" c V[J]c S[ c V[8,]c YFI K[P 56 A\G\GF VY"DF\ O[Z K[P
such NX"S lJX[QF6 VYJF NX"S ;J"GFD TZLS[ J5ZFI K[P
T[YL T[ GFDGL 5C[,F\ VYJF GFDGL VFU/ VFJ[,F lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ D]SFI K[ VG[ T[ V[S,]\
J5ZFI K[P
So lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[ T[YL T[ GFDGL VFU/ VFJ[,F lJX[QF6GL 5C[,F\ D]SFI K[P 56 GFDGL 5C[,F\ T[
V[S,]\ VFJT] GYLP
HM GFD V[PJDF\ CMI
VG[ a/an D}SFI K[P 5|;\U VFJ[ TM such 5KL a/an D]SFI K[P HIFZ[ so
lS|IFlJX[QF6 K[P VFYL a/an V[ so 5KL lJX[QF6 VFJ[ K[P VG[ T[GF 5KL VFl8"S, a/an D}SJFDF\
VFJ[ K[P
42
To Dare & To Need

to dare GM VY" lC\DT CMJL4 lC|DT RF,JL V[JM YFI K[P CSFZ JFSIDF\ dare 5KL lS|IF5N G]\ to
;FY[G]\ D}/~5 J5ZFI K[P
HIFZ[ 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ dare 5KL to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
VCL4 ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N do GL DNN JUZ GSFZ & 5|`GFY" JFSIM AG[ K[P
HIFZ[ JPSF CMI VG[ STF" +LP5] V[PJ CMI TM 56 dare G[ S 5|tII ,FUTM GYLP
dare ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N TZLS[ DM8[EFU[ 5|`GFY" VG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ J5ZFI K[P
need GM p5IMU ;S|D"S lS|IF5N TZLS[ p5IMU YFI K[P V[8,[ JPSF +LP 5] V[PJDF\ need G[ S
5|tII ,FUL HFI K[P ;G[ ;PlS| do GL DNNYL GSFZ & 5|`GFY" JFSIM AGL HFI K[P
need GM p5IMU ;PlS| TZLS[ 56 SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P need 5KL to JUZG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[
K[P GSFZ VG[ 5|`GFY" JFSI ZRGFDF\ to do ;PlS|GM p5IMU YTM GYLP
43
Causal verb s 5|[ZS lS|IF5NM f
Get, make VG[ have V[ 5|[ZS lS|IF5NM K[P

VF lS|IF5N SM.SG[ ;DHFJL G[ S[ lJG\TL SZLG[ SM. lS|IF SZJF 5|[IF" K[P T[J]\ ;}RJ[ K[P VCL\ Get
5KL A[ ZLT[ lS|IF5NGM p5IMU YFI K[P
A.V GL ZRGF CMI TM get 5KLG]\ to JF/]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[ 56 P.V DF\ E}PS' VFJ[ K[P
Have HIFZ[ casual ZRGFDF\ J5ZFI K[ tIFZ[ T[GF 5KLG]\ lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 VYJF E}PS' TZLS[
VFJ[ K[PA.V GL JFSI ZRGFDF\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ P.V GL ZRGF DF\ E}PS'N\T VFJ[ K[P
O[Z V[8,M K[ S[ A.V GL ZRGFDF\ lS|IF5N GL VFU/ to VFJT]\ GYLP VCL SM.G[ 5]Z:SFZ DC[GTF6]\
S[ SM. ZSD VF5LG[ SFD SZJF DF8[ 5|[ZJFGM VY" ;}RJFI K[P
have GF :YFG[ make D}SL XSFI VCL make to have & to get SZTF\ JWFZ[ EFZ ;}RJ[ K[P
44
To be sure to, can not but, cannot help
to be sure to, cannot but, cannot help H[JF XaNM GM VY" YJ]\ S[ SZJ]\4 YIF S[ SIF" JUZ
ZC[J]\ GlC4 YIF S[ SIF" JUZ ZCL XSJ]\ GlC4 H[JM YFI K[P
to be sure to & cannot but 5KLYL lS|IF 5NG]\ D}/~5 VFJ[ K[P HIFZ[ cannot help 5KL
JT"DFG S'N\TG]\ ~5 JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
is sure to ;FZF VY"DF\ J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ cannot help DZHL p5ZF\T S\. YFI tIFZ[ J5ZFI
K[P cannot but A[p VY"DF\ J5ZFI K[P 56 T[ AC] J5ZFT]\ GYLP s T[GM JW] p5IMU GYLf
45
Other, Another, the other & others
OST A[ H jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMGF ;\NE"DF\ ALHL jIlST S[ J:T] DF8[ the other J5ZFI K[P 56
HIFZ[ A[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T]VM lJX[ JFT YTL CMI tIFZ[ V[SGL JFT SIF" 5KL4 ALHL UD[
T[ V[S jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZTF\ another J5ZFI K[P
the other V[ lGl`RT jIlST S[ J:T]GM lGN["X SZ[ K[P T[YL other GL VFU/ VFl8"S, the J5ZFI
K[P
another XaN an & other YL AG[,M K[PVCL 5C[,[YL H VFl8"S, an VFJ[,M K[P VFYL another
5C[,F\ SNL the VFl8"S, VFJTM GYL VG[ another C\D[XF V[PJDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
HIFZ[ A[ SZTF\ JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMGL lGN["X CMI tIFZ[ V[S (one) VYJF YM0LS (some)
H]NL 5F0L c AFSLGL AWL c DF8[ the other JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VFDF\ 56 lGl`RTTFG]\ ;}RG YFI
K[P
T[YL other GL VFU/ the VFl8"S, JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 56 HM lGl`RT jIlST S[ J:T]GM lGN["X G
CMI VG[ UD[ T[ ALHL V[J]\ ATFJJ]\ CMI tIFZ[ others GL 5C[,F\ the VFl8"S, D}SJFDF\ VFJTM
GYLP
p<,[B YIF lJGFGL jIlSTVM DF8[ others HIFZ[ p<,[B YIF lJGFGL J:T]VM DF8[ et cetra ( etc
8}SDF\f J5ZFI K[P
S\. G[ S\. SFD4 S\. G[ S\. 4 SM. G[ SM. JU[Z[ NXF"JJF V\U|[HLGF\ some work or other,
Perfect participle (5}6" S'N\T f
V[S lS|IF Y. UIF AFN ALHL lS|IF Y. CMI tIFZ[ 5C[,L lS|IF ;}RJJF DF8[ perfect participle
GM p5IMU YFI K[P
A.V DF8[ Having + E}PS' P HIFZ[ P.V DF8[ Having + been + E}PS'P D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
something or other, some one or other H[JF XaNM J5ZFI K[P
46
The distributive & Reciprocal Pronouns (lJIMHS

VG[ VgIMgIJFRS ;J"GFDMf
36L jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\YL NZ[SG[ K}8L K]8L U6LG[ T[DG[ DF8[ VD]S lJWFG SZJ]\ CMI tIFZ[
each ;J"GFD VG[ DF+ A[ DF\YL UD[ T[ V[S G[ lJWFG SZJ]\ CMI TM either ;J"GFD J5ZFI K[P
eitherG]\ GSFZFtDS ~5 neither K[P T[GM VY" A[DF\YL V[S 56 GlC V[JM YFI K[P
VFJF JC[RJ]\ JF/F XaNM G[ Distributive pronouns SC[JFI K[P ;D]NFI DF\GL AWL J:T]G[ S[
jIlSTVMG[ H]NL H]NL U6LG[ lJWFG SZJF DF8[ VFJF ;J"GFDM JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
J/L4 JFSIDF\ each GF A[ :YFG CMI TM H[GL ;FY[ T[GM ;\A\W CMI T[GL 5C[,F\ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[
VYJF TM JFSIGF K[0[ D}SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Each, either & neither HIFZ[ GFDGL ;FY[ J5ZFI K[P tIFZ[ T[DG[ Distributive adjectives
SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
HIFZ[ A[ jIlSTVM S[ A[ J:T]VM 5{SLGL SM. 56 V[S lJQF[ JFT SZLV[ tIFZ[ either S[ neither
J5ZFI K[P 5Z\T] HIFZ[ A[YL JWFZ[ jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VM lJQF[ JFT SZLV[ tIFZ[ any, no one/ none
GM p5IMU YFI K[P
Each & Every A\G[GM VY" ;ZBM K[P A[ S[ T[YL JW] jIlSTVM S[ J:T]VMDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ SC[J]\
CMI tIFZ[ each J5ZFI 56 DF+ A[ jIlST S[ J:T]VMDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ every
J5ZFI GlCP
36L jIlST S[ J:T]DF\YL NZ[SG[ K]8L K]8L U6LG[ T[DG[ DF8[ JFT SZJL CMI tIFZ[ each J5ZFI K[P
56 VFBF;D}CG[ VG],LG[ JFT SZJL CMI tIFZ[ evry J5ZFI K[P
each V[8,[ NZ[S & every V[8,[ V5JFN JUZ NZ[S VFD each SZTF\ everyDF\ JWFZ[ VY" ZC[,M
K[P
each & every C\D[XF V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P Every & every body 56 ;J"GFD K[P H[GM VY"
NZ[S jIlST YFI K[P
every & All the A\G[ XaNM VFBF H]YGM VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ J5ZFI K[P 56 A\G[ H]NF H]NF
JRGDF\ J5ZFI K[P
every V[PJDF\ VG[ T[GL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5N 56 V[PJDF\ J5ZFI K[P
All the ;DU| H]Y DF8[ AC]JRGGF GFD ;FY[ J5ZFI K[ T[YL T[GL ;FY[G]\ lS|IF5N 56 APJDF\ H
VFJ[ K[P
A[ S[ JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T] CMI TM H T[DGFDF\GL NZ[S lJX[ JFT SZJF every J5ZFI K[P
47
all V[8,[ AWF\ & all the V[8,[ H]YGF AWF VFD all & all the GF VY" DF\ YM0MS O[Z K[P
A[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZJF Both & each J5ZFI K[P HIFZ[ A\G[ jIlST S[ J:T]GL JFT SZJL
CMI tIFZ[ Both VG[ SM. V[S G[ SC[J]\ CMI tIFZ[ each JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
Both APJ & each V[PJDF\ JF5ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
each other & one author A\G[ VY" V[SALHF G[ 5Z:5Z V[D ;DFG YFI K[P 56 HIFZ[ A[
jIlST S[ J:T]GM ;\A\W NXF"JM CMI tIFZ[ each other & A[ YL JWFZ[ jIlST S[ J:T]GM ;\A\W NXF"JM
CMI tIFZ[ one another XaN J5ZFI K[P
each other & one another V[ reciprocal pronouns SC[JFI K[P
48
;FNM JT"DFGSF/ s Simple present tense )
usege : (p5IMUf
JT"DFGGL C\D[XGL q ZMHL\NL lS|IFVM NXF"JJF
;GFTG ;tI NXF"JJF
JT"DFGDF\ AGL ZC[,L lS|IFG[ VF`RI"HGS ZLT[ here & there H[JF XaNM FZF NXF"JJF
E}PSFDF\ AG[,F AGFJ G[ VFA[C]A ZLT[ HLJ\T56[ NXF"JJF
ElJQIGF 5|;\UGM SM.S ;\NE" S[ EFlJ IMHGF lJX[GL DFlCTL NXF"JJF
VJTZ6M s Quotations ) 8F\SJF sNXF"JJF f
Adverb clause & time VG[ condition ;FPEPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSFDF\ NXF"JFI K[P
S[8,FS lS|IF5NMDF\ RFPJPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSF J5ZFI K[P RFPJPSF G[ AN,[ ;FPJPSFDF\ J5ZFI T[JF
S[8,FS lS|IF5NM see, here, smell, touch, feel, derive, wish, hate, care, forgive, know,
believe, dislike, mind, mean, understand, realize, suppose, expect, remember,
truth, forget, possess, owe, own, belong, seem, appear, consist, concern, signify.
sing s lGXFGL f every day, daily, often, always H[JF XaNM
Formula :
STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 q s S[ es JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
STF" + do / dose + not + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Do /dose + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM +?
Present continuous s" RFPJPSFf
Usage (p5IMUf
JT"DFG GL RF,] lS|IFVM NXF"JJF P
ElJQIDF\ VD, SZJF DF8[GL 30[,L IMHGFP
jIJ:YF NXF"JJF DF8[
VtIFZ[ AGL ZCI]\ G CMI V[J]\ SFD R,Fp WMZ6[ s temporary ) RF,T]\ CMI V[DNXF"JJF P
Sing ( lGXFGL f o now, look, see, hear H[JF XaNM
Formula:
P. STF" + is/ am / are + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + is/ am / are + not + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
Dont / dosent + STF" + lS|IF P D}P~ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
49
I. is/ am / are + ing JF/]\ lS|IFP ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?

I.N . is/ am / are + not + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
ing ,UF0JFGF lGIDM
HM lS|IF5NG[ K[0[ e CMI TM e GLS/LG[ ing ,FU[ 56 be & see DF8[ VF lGID ,FU] 50TM GYLP
lS|IF5NG[ K[0[ V[S jI\HG CMI VG[ T[GL VFU/ V[S :JZ CMI TM jI\HG A[J0FI K[ 56 VFU/GM
:JZ EFZ5}J"S prRFZFTM G CMI TM jI\HG A[J0FTM GYLP
Perfect present tense ( 5}6" JT"DFGf
usage ( p5IMU f
lS|IF 5}ZL Y. CMI TM 56 T[GL V;Z JT"DFGDF\ K[ T[ NXF"JJFP
YM0MS ;DI 5C[,F H 5}ZL YI[,L 38GF NXF"JJF
E}PSFDF\ AG[,L V[JL 38GF VM lJX[GM SM. lGl`RT ;DI VF5JFDF\ VFjIM G CMI S[ lGl`RT ;DI
G CMI T[JL 38GFVM NXF"JJFP
E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IFGL V;Z CH] X~ K[ T[ ATFJJF
Sing (lGXFGL f o Just, just now, ever, never, already, yet, since for.
Formula:
P. STF" + have/ has + lS|IFP E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + have/ has + not + lS|IFP E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
I. have/ has + STF" + E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Perfect continuous present tense ( RF,]\ 5}6"

JT"DFGSF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IF CHL RF,] K[ T[ ATFJJF
sing ( lGXFGLf o 5C[,L lS|IFG[ VG];\WFG[ ALHL lS|IF NXF"J[,L CMI K[P
Formula :
P. STF" + have/ has + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/] ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + have/ has + not + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I.
Have/ has + STF" + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N Have/ has + not + STF" + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/\\ ] ~5 + ?
50
Simple past tense (;FNM E}TSF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
GHLSGF E}PSFDF\ YI[, lS|IF NXF"JJF
;DINX"S lS|IFlJX[QF6 G CMI tIFZ[ AG[,L CMI T[JL E}PSFGL lS|IF NXF"JJFP
E}PSF GL 8[JM NXF"JJFP
Sing ( lGXFGL f o Yester day, last day/ night/ week / month, year/ decade JU[Z[
Formula :
P. STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PSF G]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + did not + lS|IFP D]/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Did + STF" + lS|IFP D]/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N. Did not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
-ed ,UF0JFGF lGIDM
;FDFgI ZLT[ AWF lS|IF5NMG[ v ed ,UF0JFYL E}PSF G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P VG[ lS|IF5NG[ K[0[ HM e CMI
TM DF+ d
.,UF0JFYL E}PSF G]\ ~5 AG[ K[P
HM lS|IF5NGF K[0[ jI\HG CMI VG[ jI\HGGL 5C[,F\ :JZ CMI TM jI\HG A[J0F.G[ - ed ,FU[ K[P
lS|IF5NGF K[0[ y CMI TM y GLS/LG[ - ied YFI K[P 56 y GL 5C[,F\ :JZ CMI TM DF+ - ed
Continuous past tense ( RF,] E}TSF/ f
usage ( p5IMUf
RMSS; ;DI[ E}PSFDF\ lS|IF RF,] CTL V[D ATFJJF DF8[
E}PSF GL EFZ[ 8[JM NXF"JJF DF8[
Sing ( lGXFGL f o when, while, before, after, H[JF XaNM
Formula :
P. STF" + was/ ware + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + was/ ware + not + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I . was/ ware + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N was/ ware + not + STF" + lS|IF P ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
,FU[ K[P
51
Perfect past tense ( 5}6" E}TSF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
N}ZGF E}TSF/GL lS|IF NXF"JJF
A[ lS|IFGF VG];\WFGDF\ 5|YD lS|IF 5}P E}PSFDF\ NXF"JJF DF8[
Sing ( lGXFGL f o when, after, before, last
Formula:
P. STF" + had + lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS'N\T + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + had + not + lS|IFP G]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Had + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N : Had + not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ E}PS' + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Perfect Continuous past tense ( RF,]\ 5}6" E}TSF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IF E}PSFDF\ X~ YTL CTL T[ ATFJJF
Sing ( lGXFGL f o when H[JF XaNM
Formula:
P. STF" + had been + lS|IFP G]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + had not + been + lS|IFPG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I.N: Had not + STF" + been + lS|IF5NG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I. : Had + STF" + been + lS|IFPG]\ ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
52
Simple future tense ( ;FNM ElJQISF/ f
usage ( p5IMU f
ElJQIDF\ YGFZL lS|IF NXF"JJF
Sing ( lGXFGL f o tomorrow, later, next/ day / week / month/ year / decade
Formula:
P. STF" + will/ shall + lS|IF5N G]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + will/ shall + not + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. Shall/ will + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N : Shall/ will + not + STF" + lS|IF5NG]\ D}/~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
Perfect continuous future tense ( RF,]\ 5}PEPSF f

usage
E}PSFDF\ X~ YI[,L lS|IF ElJQIDF\ 56 RF,] CX[ T[ NXF"JJF
Sing: after this time, before this time.
Formula:
P. STF" + will/ shall + have been + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
N. STF" + will/ shall + not + have been + lS|IF P ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM
I. shall/ will + STF" + have been + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + AFSLGF XaNM + ?
I.N: shall/ will + not + STF" + have been + lS|IFP ing JF/]\ ~5 + ?
53
Master keys of English grammar or English

grammars success formula:
I, We, you, they - do, have, verb

He, She, It does, has, verb+s, es
Simple present tense:

A.V: P- S+ V(s/es) + o
N- S + do/does + not + V + o
Q.- Do / does + not + S + V + o+?
W + do/ does + not + S + V + ?
Who + V ( s/es ) + o +?
Which/ whose + o + do/does + S + V + ?

P.V: P- O + is/am / are + not + V-III +by + S
Q- Am/ is/ are + O+ V-III + (by+ s) +?

-
Simple past tense:

A.V:
S+ V-II + O
S+ didnt + V + O
Did + not + S + V + O +?
W + did + not + S + V + ?
Who + V- II + O +?
Which/ whose + O + did + not + S + V + ?

P.V: O + was/ware + not + V -III + by + S
was/ ware + O + V- III + by + S + ?

W + was / were + O + V - III + by +S + ?
Simple future tense:

A.v : S + will/ shall + not + V + O
will/shall + S + V + be + V + O + ?
W + will/shall + S + V + O +?
P.v : O + will/shall + not + be + v-III + (by+ s)
W + is/am /are + O + V-III + by + S +?
54
will/shall + O + be + V - III + by + S + ?
W + will/shall + O + be + V - III + by + S + ?
Continuous present tense:

A.v : S + is/am / are + not + ( v+ ing) + O
is/am /are + S + ( v+ ing ) + O + ?

W + am /is /are + S + ( V+ ing ) + O + ?
P.v : O + is/ am /are + not + being + V- III + by + S
is/ am /are + O + being + V -III + ( by + S ) + ?
W + am / is/ are + O + being + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
Continuous past tense:

A.v : S + was/ were + not + ( v- ing ) + O
was/ were + S + ( v + ing ) + O + ?
W + was / were + S + v+ ing + O +?
P.v : O + was/ were + not + being + V III + by + S
was /were + O + being + V-III + by + S + ?
W + was / were + O + being + V III + by + S + ?
Continuous Future tense:

will/ shall + S + be + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
W + will/shall + S + be + ( V+ ing ) + O + ?
Perfect present tense:

A.v: S + have/ has + not + V-III +O
Have/ has + S + V- III + O +?
W + have/has + S + V-III + O + ?
P.v : O + have/has + not + been + V-III + ( by + S )
Have / has + O + been + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
W + have / has + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) +?
Perfect past tense:

A.v: O + had + not + been + V- III + ( by + S )
A.v: S + will/shall + not + be + ( v + ing ) + O
55
Had + S + V- III + O + ?
W + had + S + V- III + O + ?
P.v : O + had + not + been + V- III + ( by + S )
Had + O + been + V - III + ( by + S ) + ?
W + had + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
Perfect Future tense:

A.v: S + will/shall + not + have + V-III +O
will/ shall + S + have + V- III + O + ?
W + will /shall + S + have + V- III + O ?
P.v : O + will /shall + not + have + been + V-III + ( by+ s )
will /shall + O + have + been + V-III + ( by + S ) + ?
W + will /shall + have + O + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
Continuous perfect present tense:

A.v : S + have/has + not + been + ( V + ing ) + O
Have/has + S + been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?

W + have/has + S + been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
Continuous perfect past tense:
Had + S + been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?

W + had + S + been + ( V+ ing ) + O + ?
Continuous perfect Future tense:

A.v: S + will/shall + not + have been + ( V + ing ) + O
will / shall + S + have been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
W + will/ shall + S + have been + ( V + ing ) + O + ?
Can/ Could / Should / Must / Would / May:

A.v: S + can/ could / should / must / would / may + not + V + O
Can / Could / Should / Must / Would / May + not + S + V + O + ?

W + can / could / should / must / would / may + not + S + V + O + ?
P.v: O + can/ could / should / must / would / may + not + be + V- III + ( by + S )
A.v: S + had + not + been + ( V + ing ) + O
56
Can / Could / Should / Must / Would / May + not + O + be + V- III + ( by + S ) +

?
W + can / could / should / must / would / may + not + O + be + V- III + ( by + S
)+?
Should have / Could have / Must have / Might have /

Would have:
A.v : S + should / could / must / might / would + not + have + V-III + O
Could + Should / Must / Might / Would + not + S + have + V-III + O + ?

W + should/ could / must / might / would + not + S + have + V-III + O + ?
P.v: O + should / could / must/ might / would + not + have + been + V-III + ( by +
S)
Should / Could / Must / Might / Would + not + O + have + been + V-III + ( by+S)
+?
W + Should / ......... + not + O + have + been + V- III + ( by + S ) + ?
Let:
A.v:
Let + O + V
P.v:
Let + O + be + V - III + ( by + S )
Lets:
A.v:
Lets + V + O
Have / Has to:

A.v: S + have / has to + do /does + not + have to + V + O
Do/ Does + not + S + have to + V + O + ?

W + do/ does + not + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + have/ has to + be + V- III + V + O + ?
57
Had to:
A.v: S + had to + V + O/S + did + not + have to + V + O
Did + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
W + did + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + had to + be + V- III + ( by + S )
Did / will /Shall have to:

A.v: S + did / will/ shall + have to + V + O
did /will/ shall + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
W + did / will / shall + not + S + have to + V + O + ?
P.v: O + did / will/shall + not + have to + be + V- III + ( by + S )
58
Format of the Application:

ADDRESS
Date: ___________.
To,
The___________
Respected Sir / Madam,

Subject: An application for the post of _________
With respect to your advertisement appeared in todays news paper. I wish to apply
for the said post. The details about me are as under.
Name: XYZ
Sex: ( Male/ Female )
Birth date: __________
Age: _________years
Height:___________
Weight:___________
Personality: ( Dy nemile / Extra ordinary )
Hobby: (Music / reading, etc)
Religion: __________
Caste: ___________
District: __________
Languages Known: _________
Mother tongue: __________
Nationality: _________
Education: I have passed the _______ Examination of ________ in _______
obtaining ________ % of marks. I have also passed the ________ Examination in
__________ obtaining _______.
Experience: I have been serving as _______ at _________ for ________ ( yrs / mnths
).
Region: Gujarat
59
Expected Salary: As per government rule.

References: 1._________
_________
__________
2. _________
__________
__________
I am interested in extra activities like debates, drama, music, games, etc.
I hope your honour will consider my application and send me the interview call.
Thank you in anticipation.
Yours Sincerely
( X Y Z ).
Enct: True copies of the following certificate
1._________
2. ________
3. character certi
4. L.C
5. Exp. Certi.
Having come to know from your advertisement. I beg to apply for the said post. My
qualifications are as under.
I have come to know from the news paper that there is a post of ______ vacant in
your _______ ( company, firm, school, etc ). I wish to apply for the above mentioned
post. Following are my qualifications.
In response to your advertisement in The Times of India dated____ 20____ for the
post of _______. I would like to apply for the same. My qualifications, etc. are stated
below.
Beginning point of the Application:
60
In response to your advertisement in The Times of India of today for the post of a
________. I apply for the same. I give below the particulars of my qualifications and
experience.
I wish to apply for the post of ______ advertisement in todays Sandesh. The
particulars of my qualifications and experience are as follows.
In reply to your advertisement in the Gujarat Samachar of today, inviting
applications for the post of _______ in your _______. I offer my- self as a candidate.
I give below the particulars of my qualifications and experience.
Ending Points of the Applications:

I hope your honour will consider my application and send me the interview call.
I assure you that if I am give a chance. I shall satisfy you as possible as I can .
I assure you, sir that I shall prove to be the most proficient _____ at _____. An
I request you, sir, to give me an opportunity for a personal interview. When I shall
submit the necessary certificates and testimonials.
interview will convince you of my real ability.
61

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