Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

Section 2.3.5: Deep Beams

BUNGALE S. TARANATH

2.3.5. Dm cao
Dm cao l cu kin chu ti trng trn mt mt v c trn mt i din, do trong dm hnh
thnh nhng thanh chng (chu nn) gia ti trng v gi , v c mt trong cc c im sau:
1. Nhp thng thy ln b hn hoc bng 4 ln chiu cao ca dm
2. Ti trng tp trung xut hin gn v tr gi (nm trong khong 2 ln chiu cao dm tnh t
mp ca gi )
C hai la chn khi thit k cc dm cao: (1) theo quan im phn b phi tuyn ca bin dng,
hoc (2) s dng m hnh gin o (strut-and-tie models) quy nh trong ACI 318-08 - Ph lc A.
Mt s yu cu khi thit k:
1. Cng chu ct danh ngha, Vn, khng vt qu
2. Din tch ct thp chu ct Av vung gc vi ct thp dc chu ko khng nh hn
0,0025.bw.s. Khong cch s khng vt qu d/5 hoc 12in (30cm).
3. Din tch ct thp chu ct Avh song song vi ct thp dc chu ko khng nh hn
0,0015.bw.s2. Khong cch s2 khng vt qu d/5 hoc 12in (30cm).
Thay v s dng ct thp chu ct ti thiu ni trn, chng ta c th b tr ct thp theo tnh
ton vi m hnh gin o.
4. Din tch ti thiu ca ct thp chu ko As,min khng nh hn:

hoc

5. Khi chiu cao dm h vt qu 36in (90cm), cn b tr ct thp cu to dc trn thnh dm

hn ch cc vt nt trn bng dm gn vng ko.
ACI 318-08 cng nh cc phin bn c hn quy nh khng tnh ton dm cao nh cu kin chu
un tr khi s dng bin dng phi tuyn v c kim tra n nh tng th.
Nh ni trn, dm c gi l dm cao khi t s nhp trn chiu cao dm b hn hoc bng 4.
Khi s phn b ng sut theo l thuyt un (engineers bending theory, engineers theory of
building - ETB) khng cn ph hp v y .
ng sut trong dm cao khi cha xut hin vt nt c th c phn tch bng cc phng php
phc tp nh phng php phn t hu hn. Kt qu cho thy rng vi t l nhp trn chiu cao
dm cng nh, th s phn b ng sut cng khc bit so vi l thuyt un truyn thng. Hnh 2.34
cho thy s phn b ng sut do un ti v tr gia nhp ca dm n gin vi cc t l nhp trn
chiu cao (l/h) khc nhau di tc dng ca ti trng phn b u. im ng ch trong hnh
2.34 l vi t l l/h = 1 th ng sut ko ln hn hai ln so vi tnh ton theo l thuyt un truyn
thng (1,6.w/b so vi 0,75.w/b).
Xem xt k hn trng hp dm vung (l/h = 1), c 2 im c th nhn thy t hnh 2.54. Th
nht, vng ko pha di dm tng i nh, xp x bng 0,25.l , ct tho chu ko nn b tr
trong trong khong ny. Th hai, lc ko - cn c xc nh lng ct thp yu cu - c th xc
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Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

Section 2.3.5: Deep Beams

BUNGALE S. TARANATH

nh vi cnh tay n jd = 0,62.h . iu ng ch l gi tr ny xp x nhau cho tt c cc dm, c

ngha rng n chu nh hng khng ng k bi t s nhp trn chiu cao ca dm.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Hnh 2.34

Phn b ng sut ng vi cc trng hp chiu cao dm: (a) L/h = 4, (b) L/h = 2, (c) L/h = 1,
v (d) L/h < 1

2.3.6. Phng php gin o (Strut-and-Tie method)

Phng php gin o l mt phng php n gin v trc quan, da trn nguyn l cn bng
tnh lc.
Phng php ny c p dng cho cc cu kin kt cu khi gi thit ca l thuyt un khng cn
chnh xc. Mt trong cc gi thit c p dng cho cu kin chu un l tit din phng trc
v sau khi un. Gi thit ny c p dng cho tt c cc tit din ca dm tr nhng v tr ngay
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Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

Section 2.3.5: Deep Beams

BUNGALE S. TARANATH

st v tr cht ti hoc gi ta. V d cho trng hp cu kin khng p dng c gi thit ny

l dm c nhp thng thy ln b hn hoc bng 4 ln chiu cao. Do , thay v p dng l thuyt
un, chng ta s dng mt m hnh hp l hn l m hnh gin m t ng truyn ti trng.
Quy trnh bt u t vic gi thit ng truyn ti trng trong cu kin, l cc thanh chng v
thanh ging, v tin hnh thit k cc cu kin ny da trn lc tnh c.
Cc cu kin c trong m hnh gin in hnh bao gm:
1. Cc thanh chng xin v thng ng
2. Cc cu kin chu ko dc trong gin, hay cn gi l ging
3. Cc vng nt l v tr lin kt ca thanh chng v ging
Kch thc ca cc cu kin trong m hnh gin c la chn tha mn ni lc xut hin trong
thanh chng, ging, v cc nt di tc dng ca ti trng thit k khng vt qu kh nng chu
lc. Cn lu khi b tr ct thp chu ko, thanh ging chu ko cn m bo c neo chc chn
truyn c ti trng vo cc nt gin.
iu ti quan trng cho s an ton ca thit k khi s dng phng php gin o l cc cu kin
phi c do thch hp cho php phn phi ti trng theo ng dn nh ch nh.
Mt iu d nhn thy l c th la chn c nhiu m hnh gin chu cng mt ti trng. Khi
mt m hnh gin hiu qu hn cc m hnh gin khc theo cc tiu ch thit k, th chng t rng
m hnh m bo kh nng chu ti v c do thch hp.
Trc khi cp nhiu hn n m hnh thanh chng v ging, cn tm hiu qua v nguyn l
Saint-Venant, l nguyn l c s ca phng php ny. Khi cp n l thuyt un n gin,
Saint-Venant (1797-1886) pht biu rng s phn b ng sut theo l thuyt un n gin khng
ng trong mt phm vi xung quanh im t lc tc dng. ng cng khng nh rng kt qu tnh
ton theo l thuyt un n gin vn ng trong hu ht cc mt ct tr cc v tr ngay st im t
lc hoc gi ta.
Hnh 2.35 l mt v d ca nguyn l Saint-Venant. Hai lc bng nhau v ngc chiu tc dng ln
ng sinh ra bin dng cc b. ng sut ch xut hin ngay ti v tr t lc, v ti mt khong cch
xa k t v tr t lc, thnh ng khng b nh hng. Phm v nh hng ca nhng tc ng
cc b ch nm trong khong t 1 n 2 ln kch thc c trng ca cu kin.
Phng php gin o s dng thit k dm cao cho trong ph lc A - tiu chun ACI 318-08
da vo nguyn l Saint-Venant c cp trn. Vng b bp cong ca ng nh trong hnh
2.35 tng ng vi vng khng lin tc (Discontinuity region) theo ACI 318. Vng ny c gi
thit c phm b khng vt qu mt ln chiu rng ca cu kin tnh t im t lc hoc gi ta.
Cc vng un (Bending regions, vng B theo ACI) l cc vng cn li, c khong cch xa so vi
cc vng khng lin tc, trong phm v c th p dng l thuyt un n gi m khng gy ra sai
st ng k.
Cc thnh phn ca m hnh thanh chng - ging c nh ngha trong ACI 318. Vng lin kt
(nodal zone), xem hnh 2.36, l vng b tng bao quanh lin kt c chc nng truyn ti lc dc
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Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

Section 2.3.5: Deep Beams

BUNGALE S. TARANATH

trong thanh chng v ging. Thanh chng (strut) l phn b tng chu nn v ging (tie) l phn
chu lc ko.

Hnh 2.35

V d v nguyn l Saint-Venant: vng D l vng khng lin tc. Vng cnh vng D l vng B
(theo ACI 318-08, ph lc A)

Hnh 2.36

M hnh gin o, nt loi C-C-C (chu 3 lc nn), v cc nt loi C-C-T (chu 2 lc nn, 1 lc
ko)

Phng php thit k kh ging vi phng php chng ta thng s dng vi trng thi gii hn
va cu kin b tng: chng ta so snh ni lc tnh ton Fu trong cc thanh chng, ging v vng
lin kt, vi kh nng Fu, cu kin m bo kh nng chu lc nu:
Fu Fu

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Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings

Section 2.3.5: Deep Beams

BUNGALE S. TARANATH

Thit k dm cao theo m hnh thanh chng - ging l mt hnh thc ca phng php th sai. Do
kh ph hp vi cc quy trnh tnh ton s dng biu tng tc.
Trnh t thit k nh sau:
1. Gi thit trng tm ca thanh ging BC nm v tr ngay pha trn ca y dm. Gi tr ph
hp c th s dng l 0,05.D vi D l chiu cao dm.
2. Gi thit trng tm ca nt A cng mt khong cch 0,05.D pha di mp trn ca dm.
3. Cc gi thit trn cho php chng ta xc nh cc thng s hnh hc, qua xc nh c
cc lc, bao gm lc ko trong thanh BC v lc nn trong cc thanh AB v AC. Kt qu tnh
ton, k hiu Fu, l lc nhn h s xut hin trong thanh chng, ging hoc trn cc mt
ca nt.
4. Tnh ton sc bn danh ngha Fn ca thanh chng, ging, hay vng lin kt theo cc cng
thc sau:
i vi cc thanh chng: fce = 0,85. s.fc'
trong
s = 1,0 vi cc thanh chng hnh lng tr
s = 0,75 vi cc thanh chng dng c chai, c ct thp
s = 0,6. vi cc thanh chng dng c chai, khng c ct thp. l h s gim
bn i vi b tng nh (Xem ACI mc 8.6.1)
i vi thanh ging: Fnt = Ats.Fy (vi thanh ging khng c ng sut trc)
Ch rng ct thp chu ko cn c neo bng cc phng php ko di, b gc hoc
bng c cu neo.
i vi vng nt: Fnn = fce.Anz
trong
Fnn l bn chu nn danh ngha ca vng nt
Anz l din tch b mt ca nt chu tc ng ca Fu
fce l cng chu nn hu hiu trn b mt ca vng nt, fce = 0,85.n.fc'
n = 1,0 vi nt loi C-C-C
n = 0,8 vi nt loi C-C-T
n = 0,6 vi nt loi C-T-T
(Bn gc c a ra mt v d, nhng s liu khng c th nn chng ti khng a vo trong phn
dch ny, ngi c tm hiu thm thng tin t bn gc c th ti v ti trang cng ch trn
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