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Thumb Rules For Structural Design
Thumb Rules For Structural Design
A safe and structurally sound column size for a 1 and half storey structure should not be
less than 12x9 using M15 grade concrete. This should be in your most preferred and
practical options list.
Thumb rule no.2
Alignment of Columns
A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns. This helps in avoiding mistakes
and placing in columns can be done in the right way.
In this article, we will see an example of a residence of which column layout is done keeping
the above three thumb rules in mind.
generally
can
also
be
used
to
carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a
beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent
structural compression members. In Light frame construction the joists rest on the beam.
A singly reinforced beam is a beam provided with longitudinal reinforcement in the tension
zone only.
Beams reinforced with steel in compression and tension zones are called doubly
reinforced beams. This type of beam will be found necessary when due to head room
consideration or architectural consideration the depth of the beam is restricted.
The beam with its limited depth, if reinforced on the tension side only, may not have
enough moment of resistance, to resist the bending moment.
By increasing the quantity of steel in the tension zone, the moment of resistance
cannot be increased indefinitely. Usually, the moment of resistance can be increased by
not more than 25% over the balanced moment of resistance, by making the beam overreinforced on the tension side.
Besides, this doubly reinforced beam is also used in the following circumstances:
The external live loads may alternate i.e. may occur on either face of the member.
A pile may be lifted in such a manner that the tension and compression zones may
For example:
alternate.
The loading may be eccentric and the eccentricity of the load may change from one
side of the axis to another side.
Determine the limiting moment of resistance for the given c/s(Mulim) using the equation for
singly reinforced beam
Mulim = 0.87.fy.Ast1.d [1 0.42Xumax]
Or
Balanced section
Ast1 = (0.36.fck.b.Xumax)/(0.87fy)
Step 2
If factored moment Mu > Mulim, then doubly reinforced beam is required to be designed for
additional moment.
Mu Mulim = fsc.Asc (d d)
Step 3
Additional area of tension steel Ast2
Ast2 =Asc.fsc/0.87fy
Step 4
Total tension steel Ast, Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three
times the least lateral dimension. Compression members whose lengths do not exceed
three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete.
In this article, we are going to discuss in detail the basis of classification of columns and
different types of reinforcement required for a certain type of column.
Rectangle
Square
Circular
Polygon
Short column, ? ? 12
Tied columns
Spiral columns
Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the gross
cross-section area of the column.
Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not
exceed 300mm.
Transverse reinforcement
The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.
300mm
Helical Reinforcement
The diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4th the diameter of largest
longitudinal and not less than 6mm.
The pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is allowed);
75mm
25mm
300mm
Stairs
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors of
a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various
floors of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.
In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main entrance.
In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally,
to provide quick accessibility to the principal apartments.
All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.
Various types of Staircases
Straight stairs
Dog-legged stairs
Geometrical stair
= x T x R x 25
Live load
= LL (KN/m2)
Floor finish
= 1 x R/2 x 25
Live load
= LL (KN/m2)
Floor finish
= 1 x t x 25[(R2 + T2)/T]
For the efficient design of an RCC stair, we have to first analyse the various loads that are
going to be imposed on the stair.
The load calculations will help us determine, how much strength is required to carry the
load. The strength bearing capacity of a staircase is determined on the amount of steel and
concrete used.
The ratio of steel to concrete has to be as per standards. Steel in the staircase will take the
tension imposed on it and the concrete takes up the compression.
These are the essential steps that are to be followed for the RCC Stair Design.
Four loads are to be considered in order to measure total load on the footing:
1. Self load of the column x Number of floors
2. Self load of beams x Number of floors
3. Load of walls coming onto the column
4. Total Load on slab (Dead load + Live load)
If you get well versed with load calculations, then calculating the size of the footing and
following the procedure for foundation design wouldnt be a problem.
Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the
induced reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as uniform as
possible and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.
In sloped or stepped footings, the effective cross-section in compression shall be limited by
the area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps
should be such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section.
Step 1
Area required for footing
Square = B = (w+w1)/P0
Where, Po = safe bearing capacity of soil
w1 = self weight of footing
w = self weight of footing
For Rectangle = b/d = B/D
A=bxd
Net upward pressure on the footing
q/p = W/A
Step 2
Bending Moment
Critical section for maximum bending moment is taken at the face of the column
For a square footing,
Mxx = q x B/8 (L a)2
Mxx = q x L/8 (B b)2
Myy = q x B/8 (L a)2
Step 3
= 0.16square rootfck
Step 4
= V/4((b+d)d)
Tv
= k . Tc
- {for a square
; [Beta = ratio of sides of the column
Tc
= 0.16square rootfck
In any case of the above, the thickness should not be less than 100mm
Effective span
The spacing or c/c distance of main bars shall not exceed following:
Calculated value
3d
300mm
The spacing or c/c distance of distribution bars shall not exceed the following
Calculated area
5d
450mm
Diameter of bars
The diameter of the bars varies from 8mm to 14mm and should not exceed 1/8th of the
overall depth of the slab.
For distribution steel, the diameter varies from 6mm to 8mm.
Cover
The bottom cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 15mm or less than the diameter
of such bar.
A Reinforced Concrete Slab is the one of the most important component in a building.
It
is
structural
element
of
modern
buildings.
Slabs
are
supported
RCC Slabs whose thickness ranges from 10 to 50 centimetres are most often used for
the construction of floors and ceilings.
Thin concrete slabs are also used for exterior paving purpose.
In high rises buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung
between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level.
While making structural drawings of the reinforced concrete slab, the slabs are
abbreviated to r.c.slab or simply r.c..
Corrugated, usually where the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray. This
improves strength and prevents the slab bending under its own weight. The
corrugations run across the short dimension, from side to side.
Reinforcement design
Construction
A concrete slab can be cast in two ways: It could either be prefabricated or cast in situ.
Prefabricated concrete slabs are cast in a factory and then transported to the site ready
to be lowered into place between steel or concrete beams.
They may be pre-stressed (in the factory), post-stressed (on site), or unstressed. Care
should be taken to see that the supporting structure is built to the correct dimensions
to avoid trouble with the fitting of slabs over the supporting structure.
In situ concrete slabs are built on the building site using formwork. Formwork is a boxlike setup in which concrete is poured for the construction of slabs.
For reinforced concrete slabs, reinforcing steel bars are placed within the formwork and
then the concrete is poured.
Plastic tipped metal, or plastic bar chairs are used to hold the reinforcing steel bars
away from the bottom and sides of the form-work, so that when the concrete sets it
completely envelops the reinforcement.
Formwork differs with the kind of slab. For a ground slab, the form-work may consist
only of sidewalls pushed into the ground whereas for a suspended slab, the form-work
is shaped like a tray, often supported by a temporary scaffold until the concrete sets.
The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel. On
commercial building sites today, plastic and steel are more common as they save
labour.
On low-budget sites, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden planks
are very common. After the concrete has set the wood may be removed, or left there
permanently.
In some cases formwork is not necessary for instance, a ground slab surrounded by
brick or block foundation walls, where the walls act as the sides of the tray and
hardcore acts as the base.
Excessive deflections of slabs will cause damage to the ceiling, floor finishes and other
architectural details. To avoid this, limits are set on the span-depth ratios.
These limits are exactly the same as those for beams. As a slab is usually a slender
member the restriction on the span-depth ratio becomes more important and this can
often control the depth of slab required in terms of the span effective depth ratio is
given by,
When a slab is supported on all four of its sides, it effectively spans in both directions,
and it is sometimes more economical to design the slab on this basis. The moment of
bending in each direction will depend on the ratio of the two spans and the conditions
of restraint at each support.
If the slab is square and the restraint is similar along the four sides, then the load will
span equally in both directions. If the slab is rectangular, then more than one-half of
the load will be carried in the shorter direction and lesser load will be imposed on the
longer direction.
If one span is much longer than the other, a large portion of the load will be carried in
the shorter direction and the slab may as well be designed as spanning in only one
direction.
Moments in each direction of span are generally calculated using co-efficients which
are tabulated in the code.
The slab is reinforced with the bars in both directions parallel to the spans with the
steel for the shorter span placed farthest from the natural acis to five the greater
effective depth.
The span-efective depths are based on the shorter span and the percentage of the
reinforcement in that direction.
The concrete of the R.C.C. (floor and sunken slab) should mixed with a waterproofing
material to get a denser, watertight concrete.
Then cement and waterproofing material should be diluted in water and splashed onto
the RCC sunken slab. Over that a layer of plaster should be provided using a mortar
plasticizer with the cement mortar.
Brick laying of walls and plastering (prior to tiling) of the walls and floor should be
done with cement mortar mixed with a mortar plasticizer.
Tile fixing for the floor and walls tiles should be done with non-shrink, waterproof tile
adhesives to make the tiled area waterproof.
Sanitary pipe joints should be sealed with sealants specially manufactured for Sealing
Sanitary joints firmly so that no water can leak through.