Problems

Section 4-2 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources

P4.2-1
KCL at node 1:
0=

v v
4 4 2
1
1
2
+
+i =
+
+ i = 1.5 + i i = 1.5 A
8
6
8
6

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.2-2
KCL at node 1:
v v
v
1
2
1
+
+ 1 = 0 5 v v = 20
1
2
20
5
KCL at node 2:
v v
v v
1
2
2
3
+2=
v + 3 v 2 v = 40
1
2
3
20
10
KCL at node 3:
v v
v
2
3
3
+1 =
3 v + 5 v = 30
2
3
10
15
Solving gives v1 = 2 V, v2 = 30 V and v3 = 24 V.
(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.2-3
KCL at node 1:
v v
v
4 15 4
1
2
1
+
=i i =
+
= 2 A
1
1
5
20
5
20

KCL at node 2:
v v
v v
1
2
2
3
+i =
2
5
15
4 15 15 18
i =
=2A
+
2
15
5

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.2-4

Node equations:

.003 +

v1 v1 v2
+
=0
R1
500

v1 v2 v2
+
.005 = 0
500
R2

When v1 = 1 V, v2 = 2 V

1 1
1
+
= 0 R1 =
= 200
1
R1 500
.003 +
500
1 2
2

+ .005 = 0 R2 =
= 667
1
500 R2
.005
500
.003 +

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.2-5
Node equations:
v1
v v 2 v1 v3
+ 1
+
=0
500
125
250
v v3
v v2
1
.001 + 2
=0
125
250
v v3 v1 v3 v3
2

+
=0
250
250 500
Solving gives:
v1 = 0.261 V, v2 = 0.337 V, v3 = 0.239 V
Finally, v = v1 v3 = 0.022 V
(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.2-6
12 + ( 40 & 10 ) = 20

60 & 120 = 40

The node equations are

3 103 =
2 103 +
v2 v3

v1 v 2
20
v1 v 2

=
20
v1 v 3

v1 v 3
20
v 2 v3
10
v3

0.06 = 2v1 ( v 2 v 3 )

0.04 = v1 + 3v 2 2v 3

0 = ( 2v 1 + 4 v 2 ) + 7 v 3

2 1 1 v1 .06
1 3 2 v = .04

2
2 4 +7 v 3 0

v1 0.244

v 2 = 0.228
v 3 0.200

10

20

40

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

(a) The power supplied by the 3 mA current source is 3 103 ( 0.244 ) = 0.732 mW. The power

supplied by the 2 mA source is 2 103 ( 0.228) = 0.456 mW.

(b) The current in the 12 resistor is equal to the current i =
so the power received by the 12 resistor is ( 0.8 10

v1 v 2
20

0.244 0.228
= 0.8 mA
20

) (12 ) = 7.68 10

3 2

= 7.68 W.

(checked: LNAP and MATLAB 5/31/04)

P4.2-7
Apply KCL at node a to get
2=

va
R

va
4

va vb
2

7 7 7 10 7 1
+ +
= +
R=4
R 4
2
R 4

Apply KCL at node b to get

is +

va vb
2

vb
8

vb
8

= is +

7 10 10 10
= +
is = 4 A
2
8 8
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

Section 4-3 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current and Voltage Sources
P4.3-1

Express the branch voltage of the voltage source in terms of its node voltages:
0 va = 6 va = 6 V
KCL at node b:
va vb
v v
+2= b c
6
10

KCL at node c:

Finally:

6 vb
v v
+2= b c
6
10

vb vc vc
=
10
8

4 vb 4 vc = 5 vc

9
30 = 8 vc 3 vc
4

vb
v v
+2= b c
6
10
vb =

30 = 8 vb 3 vc

9
vc
4

vc = 2 V

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.3-2

Express the branch voltage of each voltage source in terms of its node voltages to get:
va = 12 V, vb = vc = vd + 8
KCL at node b:
vb va
= 0.002 + i
4000

vb ( 12 )
= 0.002 + i vb + 12 = 8 + 4000 i
4000

KCL at the supernode corresponding to the 8 V source:

v
0.001 = d + i 4 = vd + 4000 i
4000
so

vb + 4 = 4 vd

( vd + 8) + 4 = 4 vd

Consequently vb = vc = vd + 8 = 4 V and i =

vd = 4 V

4 vd
= 2 mA
4000

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.3-3

Apply KCL to the supernode:

va 10 va va 8
+
+
.03 = 0 va = 7 V
100
100 100
(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.3-4
Apply KCL to the supernode:
va + 8 ( va + 8 ) 12 va 12 va
+
+
+
=0
500
125
250
500
Solving yields
va = 4 V
(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.3-5

The power supplied by the voltage source is

v v v v
12 9.882 12 5.294
va ( i1 + i 2 ) = va a b + a c = 12
+

6
4
6

4
= 12(0.5295 + 1.118) = 12(1.648) = 19.76 W

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.3-6
Label the voltage measured by the meter. Notice that this is a node voltage.
Write a node equation at the node at which
the node voltage is measured.
12 v m v m
v 8

+ 0.002 + m
=0
+
3000
6000 R

That is
6000
6000

3 +
v m = 16 R = 16
R

3
vm

(a) The voltage measured by the meter will be 4 volts when R = 6 k.

(b) The voltage measured by the meter will be 2 volts when R = 1.2 k.

P4.3-7

Apply KCL at nodes 1 and 2 to get

10 v1
1000
10 v 2

v1

v1 v 2

3000 5000
v1 v 3
v3
+
=
4000
5000 2000

23v1 3v 2 = 150

-4v1 + 19v 3 = 50

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

23 3 v1 150
4 19 v = 50

2
Then
ib =

v1 v 2
5000

v1 = 7.06 V and v1 = 4.12 V

7.06 4.12
= 0.588 mA
5000

7.06 10 4.12 10
+
= 4.41 mA
1000
4000

Apply KCL at the top node to get

ia =

v 1 10
1000

v 2 10
4000

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

P4.3-8
vo
R3

v o v1

R1

vo v2

=0

R2

vo =

v1
v2
+
R
R
R
R
1+ 1 + 1 1 + 2 + 2
R 2 R3
R1 R 3

(a) When R 1 = 10 , R 2 = 40 and R 3 = 8

vo =

v1
v2
+
= 0.4v1 + 0.1v 2
1 5 1+ 4 + 5
1+ +
4 4

So a = 0.4 and b = 0.1.

(b) When R 1 = R 2 and R 3 = R 1 & R 2 = R 1 / 2
vo =

v1

v2

= 0.25v1 + 0.25v 2

1+1+ 2 1+1+ 2

So a = 0.25 and b = 0.25.

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)
P4.3-9
Express the voltage source voltages as functions of the node voltages to get
v 2 v1 = 5 and v 4 = 15

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the 5 V source to get

1.25 =

v1 v 3
8

v 2 15
20

=0

80 = 5v1 + 2v 2 5v 3

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v1 v 3
8

v3
40

v 3 15
12

15v1 + 28v 3 = 150

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

1 1 0 v 1 5
5 2 5 v = 80

2
15 0 28 v 3 150

v1 22.4

v 2 = 27.4
v 3 17.4

So the node voltages are:

v1 = 22.4 V, v 2 = 27.4 V, v 3 = 17.4 V, and v 4 = 15

(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P4.3-10
Write a node equation to get
12 4.5 4.5 4.5 6
7.5 4.5 1.5

+
+
=0
+

=0
R1 R 3
R2
R1 R 3 R 2

Notice that
Similarly,

7.5
is either 0.75 mA or 1.5 mA depending on whether R1 is 10 k or 5 k.
R1
4.5
1.5
is either 0.45 mA or 0.9 mA and
is either 0.15 mA or 0.3 mA. Suppose R1
R3
R2

and R2 are 10 k resistors and R3 is a 5 k resistor. Then

7.5 4.5 1.5

+

= 0.75 + 0.9 0.15 = 0

R1 R 3 R 2

It is possible that two of the resistors are 10 k and the third is 5 k. R3 is the 5 k resistor.
(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P4.3-11
Label the node voltages:

Express the voltage source voltages in terms of the node voltages:

v1 v 2 = 8 and v 5 = 28

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the 8-V source:

2=

v1 v 6
16

v2
12

v 2 v3
3

v2 v3
6

+3

3v1 + 3v 6 28v 2 + 24v 3 = 48

Apply KCL at node 6 to get

2+

v 6 v1
16

v6
20

=0

5v1 9v 6 = 160

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v 2 v3
6

v2 v3
3

v3 v 4

10

15v 2 + 18v 3 3v 4 = 0

Apply KCL at node 4 to get

3+

v3 v4
10

v 4 v5
7

210 = 7v 3 + 17v 4 10v 5

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

0
0 v1 8
1 1 0 0

0
0
0 0
1
0 v 2 28

3 28 24 0
0
3 v 3 48

5
0
0
0
0

v 4 160
0 15 18 3 0
0 v 5 0

0 7 17 10 0 v 6 210
0

v1 8.5
v

2 16.5
v 3 15.5
=

v 4 10.5
v 5 28

v 6 22.5
(checked: PSpice 6/12/04)

P4.3-12
Express the voltage source voltages in terms of the node voltages:
v 2 v1 = 8 and v 3 v 1 = 12

Apply KVL to the supernode to get

v2
10

v1
4

v3
5

=0

2v 2 + 5v1 + 4v 3 = 0

So
2 ( 8 + v1 ) + 5v1 + 4 (12 + v1 ) = 0

v1 =

64
V
11

The node voltages are

v1 = 5.818 V
v 2 = 2.182 V
v 3 = 6.182 V

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

Section 4-4 Node Voltage Analysis with Dependent Sources

P4.4-1
Express the resistor currents in terms of the
node voltages:
va vc
= 8.667 10 = 1.333 A and
1
v v
2 10
i 2= b c =
= 4 A
2
2
i 1=

Apply KCL at node c:

i1 + i 2 = A i1 1.333 + ( 4 ) = A (1.333)

A=

5.333
=4
1.333

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.4-2
Write and solve a node equation:
va 6
v
v 4va
+ a + a
= 0 va = 12 V
1000 2000 3000
ib =

va 4va
= 12 mA
3000

(checked using LNAP 8/13/02)

P4.4-3
First express the controlling current in terms of
the node voltages:
2 vb
i =
a
4000
Write and solve a node equation:

2 vb
v
2 vb
+ b 5
= 0 vb = 1.5 V
4000 2000
4000

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.4-4
Apply KCL to the supernode of the CCVS to get
12 10 14 10 1
+
+ i b = 0 i b = 2 A
4
2
2

Next

10 12
1
=
2
V
=4
4
2 r =
1
A

r i a = 12 14
2

ia =

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.4-5
First, express the controlling current of the CCVS in
v2
terms of the node voltages: i x =
2
Next, express the controlled voltage in terms of the
node voltages:
v2
24
12 v 2 = 3 i x = 3
v2 =
V
2
5
so ix = 12/5 A = 2.4 A.
(checked using ELab 9/5/02)

P4.4-6
Pick a reference node and label the unknown node voltages:

Express the controlling current of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:

i4 =

va

. Then v b = 2 i 4 =

6
Apply KCL at node a:

va
3

.
v a 12
3

va
6

va vb
4

=0

So:
v
va a
v a 12 v a
3 =0
+ +
3
6
4

va

4 ( v a 12 ) + 2 v a + 3 v a + = 0 v a = 4.8 V
3

12 4.8 7.2
The current in the 12-V voltage source is i =
=
= 2.4 A
3
3
So the power supplied by the voltage source is 12(2.4) = 28.8 W.
(checked: LNAP 5/18/04)

P4.4-7
Label the node voltages:
First, v2 = 10 V, due to the independent
voltage source. Next, express va and ib, the
controlling voltage and current of the
dependent sources, in terms of the node
voltages:
ib =

v3 v2
8

v 3 10
8

and
v a = v 1 v 2 = v 1 10

Next, express ib and 3va, the controlled voltages of the dependent sources, in terms of the node
voltages:
v 3 10
8i b = v 1 v 3

8
= v1 v 3
8
and
3v a = v1

3 ( v1 10 ) = v1

v1 = 15 V
So
v 3 10 = 15 v 3

v 3 = 12.5 V

Next
v a = 15 10 = 5 V

ib =

and

12.5 10
= 0.3125 A
8

Finally, apply KCL to the top node to get

ic =

va
2

+ ib =

5
+ 0.3125 = 2.8125 A
2
(checked: LNAP 6/3/04)

P4.4-8
Label the node voltages.
First, v2 = 10 V due to the independent voltage
source. Next, express the controlling current
of the dependent source in terms of the node
voltages:
ia =

v3 v2
16

v 3 10
16

Now the controlled voltage of the dependent source can be expressed as

v 3 10
v1 v 3 = 8 i a = 8

16

3
v1 = v 3 5
2

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent source to get

v1 v 2
4

v1
12

v3 v 2
16

v3
8

=0

Multiplying by 48 and using v2 = 10 V gives

16v 1 + 9v 3 = 150

Substituting the earlier expression for v1

3

16 v 3 5 + 9v 3 = 150
2

v 3 = 6.970 V

Then v1 = 5.455 V and ia = -0.1894 A. Applying KCL at node 2 gives

v1
12

= ib +

10 v1
4

12 i b = 3 + 4 v1 = 30 + 4 ( 5.455 )

So
i b = 0.6817 A.
Finally, the power supplied by the dependent source is
p = ( 8 i a ) i b = 8 ( 0.1894 ) ( 0.6817 ) = 1.033 W

(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P4.4-9
Apply KCL at node 2:
i a + bi a = i b =
but
ia =

v3 v2
20

v 2 v1
40

6 ( 0 )
= 0.3 A
20

04
= 0.1
40

so

(1 + b )( 0.1) = ( 0.3)

b =2

A
A

Next apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the voltage source.

v1
10

+ 2 ia +

v3
R

=0

4
6
+ 2 ( 0.1) +
=0
10
R

R=

6
= 30
.2

(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)

P4.4-10
(a) Express the controlling voltage of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:
va = 9 vb

Apply KCL at node b to get

9 vb
100

= A(9 v b ) +

vb
200

A=

18 3v b

200 ( 9 v b )

= 0.02

(b) The power supplied by the dependent source is

( Av a ) v b = ( 0.02 ( 9 18 ) ) (18 ) = 3.24 W

(checked: LNAP 6/06/04)

P4.4-11
This circuit contains two ungrounded voltage sources, both incident to node x. In such a circuit
it is necessary to merge the supernodes corresponding to the two ungrounded voltage sources
into a single supernode. That single supernode separates the two voltage sources and their nodes
from the rest of the circuit. It consists of the two resistors and the current source. Apply KCL to
this supernode to get
v x 20 v x
+ +4=0

v x = 10 V .
2
10
The power supplied by the dependent source is

( 0.1 v ) ( 30 ) = 30 W .
x

(checked: LNAP 6/6/04)

P4.4-12

Express the voltages of the independent voltage sources in terms of the node voltages
v 1 v 2 = 16 and v 4 v 5 = 8

Express the controlling current of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages
ix =

v3
6

Express the controlled voltage of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages

v3
v 2 v 4 = 4i x = 4
6

6v 2 + 4v 3 + 6v 4 = 0

Apply KCL to the supernode to get

v1 v 3
2

v 4 v3
3

v5
8

=1

12v1 20v 3 + 8v 4 + 3v 5 = 24

Apply KCL at node 3 to get

v 3 v1
2

v3
6

v3 v4

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

=0

3v1 + 6v 2 2v 4 = 0

0 0 v1 16
1 1 0

0 0
0
1 1 v 2 8

0 6 4
6 0 v 3 = 0

12 0 20 8 3 v 4 24
6 2 0 v 5 0
3 0

v1 24
v
2 8
v 3 = 12

v 4 0

v 5 8
(checked: LNAP 6/13/04)

P4.4-13
Express the voltage source voltages in terms of the node voltages:
v 1 v 2 = 8 and v 4 v 3 = 16

Express the controlling current of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:
ix =

v 2 v3
10

v1 v 3
5

= 0.2v1 + 0.1v 2 0.3v 3

Express the controlled voltage of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages:
v 5 = 4i x = 0.8v1 = 0.4v 2 1.2v 3

0.8v1 + 0.4v 2 1.2v 3 v 5 = 0

Apply KVL to the supernodes

v1 v 5

v2 v4

2
v4 v2
4

4
v3
8

v 2 v3

10
v3 v2
10

v1 v 3

5
v 3 v1
5

=0

=2

14v1 + 7v 2 6v 3 5v 4 10v 5 = 0
8v1 14v 2 + 17v 3 + 10v 4 = 80

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

1
0
0
0 v1 8
1
0
v 16

0
1
1
0

2
0.8 0.4 1.2 0 1 v 3 = 0

6 5 10 v 4 0
7
14
8 14 17 10
0 v 5 80

v1 11.32
v

2 3.32
v 3 = 2.11

v 4 18.11
v 5 7.85

(checked: LNAP 6/13/04)

P4.4-14
Express the voltage source voltage in terms of the node voltages:
v 3 = 12

Express the controlling signals of the dependent sources in terms of the node voltages:
v y = v1 v 3 and i x =

v2
8

Express the controlled voltage of the CCVS in terms of the node voltages:

v2
v 2 v 4 = 3i x = 3
8

11v 2 8v 4 = 0

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent voltage source:

v 2 v1
5

v2
8

v4 v3
2

= 2 ( v1 v 3 )

88v1 + 13v 2 + 60v 3 + 20v 4 = 0

Apply KCL at node 1

3+

v1 v 3
4

v1 v 2
5

=0

9v1 + 4v 2 + 5v 3 = 60

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

0 1 0 v1 12
0
88 13 60 20 v 0

2 =
0 11 0 8 v 3 0

9 4 5 0 v 4 60

v1 230.4
v

2 = 518.4
v 3 12

v 4 712.8
(checked: LNAP 6/13/04)

P4.4-15

Express the controlling voltage and current of

the dependent sources in terms of the node
voltages:
v3 v4
v a = v 4 and i b =
R2
Express the voltage source voltages in terms of
the node voltages:
v 1 = V s and v 2 v 3 = A v a = Av 4

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent voltage source

v 2 v1

R1

v3 v 4
R2

= Is

R 2 v1 + R 2 v 2 + R1 v 3 R1 v 4 = R1 R 2 I s

Apply KCL at node 4:

B

v3 v4
R2

v3 v4
R2

v4
R3

( B + 1) v 3 B + 1 +

R2
v4 = 0
R 3

Organizing these equations into matrix form:

1

0
R2

0
1
R2
0

v1 V s
v

2 = 0
v 3 R R I

R 2 1 2 s
B +1 B +1+
v 4 0

R
3

0
1
R1

0
A
R1

With the given values:

v1 25
0 0
0 v1 25
1
v
v
0

5 2 0
1 1
44.4
2

=
v 3 8.4
20 20 10
10 v 3 400

0 4 4.667 v 4 0
v 4 7.2
0
(Checked using LNAP 9/29/04)

P4.4-16

Express the controlling voltage and current of

the dependent sources in terms of the node
voltages:
v a = v 4 = 22.5 V
and
v 3 v 4 15 22.5
ib =
=
= 0.75
R2
50
Express the dependent voltage source voltage
in terms of the node voltages:
v 2 v 3 = Av a = Av 4

so

A=

v2 v3
v4

75 ( 15 )
= 4 V/V
22.5

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent voltage source

v 2 v1
R1

v3 v 4
R2

= Is

75 10 15 22.5
+
= 2.5 R1 = 20
R1
50

Apply KCL at node 4:

v3 v 4
R2

v4
R3

+B

v3 v 4
R2

15 22.5 22.5
15 22.5
=
+B
B = 2.5 A/A
50
20
50
(Checked using LNAP 9/29/04)

P4.4-17
v 2 v1 21 12
v2
3
a. R1 =
=
=4
=
= 6 and R 2 =
2 0.5
1.5
1.25 2 0.75

b. The power supplied by the voltage source is 12 ( 0.5 + 1.25 2 ) = 3 W . The power supplied
by the 1.25-A current source is 1.25 ( 3 12 ) = 18.75 W . The power supplied by the 0.5-A
current source is 0.5 ( 21) = 10.5 W . The power supplied by the 2-A current source is

2 ( 21 ( 3) ) = 48 W .

P4.4-18

i1 =

12 ( 1.33)
= 1.666 A
8

and
i2 =

a. R1 =

v 2 v1
2 i1

9.6
= 2.4 A
4

v3
1.33
9.6 12
= 6 and R 2 =
=
= 3.98  4
i1 2 1.666 2
2 2.4

b. The power supplied by the voltage source is 12 ( 2.4 + 1.66 2 ) = 24.7 W . The power supplied
by the current source is 2 ( 9.6 ( 1.33) ) = 21.9 W .

(Checked using LNAP 10/2/04)

Section 4-5 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources

P4.5-1

2 i1 + 9 (i1 i 3 ) + 3(i1 i 2 ) = 0

15 3 (i1 i 2 ) + 6 (i 2 i 3 ) = 0
6 (i 2 i 3 ) 9 (i1 i 3 ) 21 = 0

or
14 i1 3 i 2 9 i 3 = 0
3 i 1 + 9 i 2 6 i 3 = 15
9 i1 6 i 2 + 15 i 3 = 21

so
i1 = 3 A, i2 = 2 A and i3 = 4 A.
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)
P4.5-2
Top mesh:
4 (2 3) + R (2) + 10 (2 4) = 0
so R = 12 .
Bottom, right mesh:
8 (4 3) + 10 (4 2) + v 2 = 0
so v2 = 28 V.
Bottom left mesh
v1 + 4 (3 2) + 8 (3 4) = 0
so v1 = 4 V.
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.5-3
Ohms Law: i 2 =

6
= 0.75 A
8

KVL for loop 1:

R i1 + 4 ( i1 i 2 ) + 3 + 18 = 0
KVL for loop 2
+(6) 3 4 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0

9 4 ( i1 ( 0.75 ) ) = 0
i 1 = 3 A

R ( 3) + 4 ( 3 ( 0.75) ) + 21 = 0 R = 4
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)
P4.5-4

KVL loop 1:
25 ia 2 + 250 ia + 75 ia + 4 + 100 (ia ib ) = 0
450 ia 100 ib = 2

KVL loop 2:
100(ia ib ) 4 + 100 ib + 100 ib + 8 + 200 ib = 0
100 ia + 500 ib = 4
ia = 6.5 mA , ib = 9.3 mA
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)
P4.5-5

Mesh Equations:
mesh 1 : 2i1 + 2 (i1 i2 ) + 10 = 0
mesh 2 : 2(i2 i1 ) + 4 (i2 i3 ) = 0
mesh 3 : 10 + 4 (i3 i2 ) + 6 i3 = 0
Solving:
5
i = i2 i = = 0.294 A
17
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.5-6

60 & 300 = 50

40 + 60 = 100
and

100 + 30 + ( 80 & 560 ) = 200

so the simplified circuit is

The mesh equations are

200 i1 + 50 ( i1 i 2 ) 12 = 0

100 i 2 + 8 50 ( i1 i 2 ) = 0

or

250 50 i1 12
50 150 i = 8

i1 0.04
i =

2 0.04

The power supplied by the 12 V source is 12 i1 = 12 ( 0.04 ) = 0.48 W . The power supplied by the
8 V source is 8i 2 = 8 ( 0.04 ) = 0.32 W . The power absorbed by the 30 resistor is
i12 ( 30 ) = ( 0.04 ) ( 30 ) = 0.048 W .
2

(checked: LNAP 5/31/04)

Section 4-6 Mesh Current Analysis with Voltage and Current Sources
P4.6-1
1
A
2
mesh 2: 75 i2 + 10 + 25 i2 = 0
mesh 1: i1 =

i2 = 0.1 A
ib = i1 i2 = 0.6 A
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)
P4.6-2

mesh a: ia = 0.25 A
mesh b: ib = 0.4 A
vc = 100(ia ib ) = 100(0.15) =15 V

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-3

Express the current source current as a function of the mesh currents:

i1 i2 = 0.5 i1 = i2 0.5
Apply KVL to the supermesh:
30 i1 + 20 i2 + 10 = 0 30 (i2 0.5) + 20i2 = 10
50 i2 15 = 10 i2 =

5
= .1 A
50

i1 =.4 A and v2 = 20 i2 = 2 V

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-4
Express the current source current in terms
of the mesh currents:
ib = ia 0.02
Apply KVL to the supermesh:
250 ia + 100 (ia 0.02) + 9 = 0
ia = .02 A = 20 mA
vc = 100(ia 0.02) = 4 V
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-5

Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents:

i 3 i 1 = 2 i1 = i 3 2

Supermesh: 6 i1 + 3 i 3 5 ( i 2 i 3 ) 8 = 0 6 i1 5 i 2 + 8 i 3 = 8
Lower, left mesh: 12 + 8 + 5 ( i 2 i 3 ) = 0 5 i 2 = 4 + 5 i 3

Eliminating i1 and i2 from the supermesh equation:

6 ( i 3 2 ) ( 4 + 5 i 3 ) + 8 i 3 = 8 9 i 3 = 24
24
The voltage measured by the meter is: 3 i 3 = 3 = 8 V
9

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-6

Mesh equation for right mesh:

4 ( i 2 ) + 2 i + 6 ( i + 3) = 0 12 i 8 + 18 = 0 i =

10
5
A= A
12
6

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-7

i2 = 3 A

i1 i2 = 5 i1 ( 3) = 5
i1 = 2 A

2 ( i3 i1 ) + 4 i3 + R ( i3 i2 ) = 0
2 ( 1 2 ) + 4 ( 1) + R ( 1 ( 3) ) = 0
R=5

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.6-8
Use units of V, mA and k.
Express the currents to the supermesh to get
i1 i 3 = 2

Apply KVL to the supermesh to get

4 ( i1 i 3 ) + (1) i 3 3 + (1) ( i1 i 2 ) = 0

i1 5 i 2 + 5 i 3 = 3

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

2i 2 + 4 ( i 2 i 3 ) + (1) ( i 2 i1 ) = 0

( 1) i1 + 7i 2 4i 3 = 0

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

1 0 1 i1 2
1 5 5 i = 3

2
1 7 4 i 3 0

i 1 3

i 2 = 1
i 3 1

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P4.6-9
Label the mesh currents:

Express the current source currents in terms of the mesh currents

i x = i1 and i y = i 3 i 2

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the current source with current iy to get
4 ( i 3 i1 ) + v z + 12 ( i 3 i 4 ) + 2i 2 = 0

4i1 2i 2 16i 3 + 12i 4 = v z

Substituting i1 = i x and i 2 = i 3 i y gives

4i x 2 ( i 3 i y ) 16i 3 + 12i 4 = v z

18i 3 + 12i 4 = v z 2i y 4i x

Apply KVL to mesh 4 to get

6i 4 + 12 ( i 4 i 3 ) = 0

So

3
i3 = i 4
2

3
18 2 + 12 i 4 = v z + 2i y 4i x

i4 =

v z + 2i y 4i x
15

Express the output in terms of the mesh currents to get

1
1
1
2
io = i3 i4 = i 4 = v z + i y + i x
2
30
15
15

So
a=

2
1
1
, b=
and c =
15
15
30

(checked: LNAP 6/14/04)

P4.6-10

(a)

50 ( i 3 i 2 ) + R 3i 3 + 32 = 0 50 ( 0.0770 0.7787 ) + R 3 ( 0.0770 ) + 32 = 0

R 3 = 40

i1 R1 + 20i 2 + 50 ( i 2 i 3 ) 24 = 0

R1 ( 2.2213) + 20 ( 0.7787 ) + 50 ( 0.7787 0.0770 ) = 24

(b)

R1 = 12

I s = i 2 i1 = 0.7787 ( 2.2213) = 3 A

The power supplied by the current source is

p = I s ( 24 R1 i1 ) = 3 ( 24 12 ( 2.2213) ) = 152 W

(checked: LNAP 6/19/04)

P4.6-11

3
3
= i1 i 2 i1 = + i 2 .
4
4
3

Apply KVL to the supermesh: 9 + 4i1 + 3 i 2 + 2 i 2 = 0 4 + i 2 + 5 i 2 = 9 9 i 2 = 6

4

2
4
so i 2 = A and the voltmeter reading is 2 i 2 = V
3
3

Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents:

P4.6-12

Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents: 3 = i1 i 2

i1 = 3 + i 2 .

Apply KVL to the supermesh: 15 + 6 i1 + 3 i 2 = 0 6 ( 3 + i 2 ) + 3 i 2 = 15 9 i 2 = 3

Finally, i 2 =

1
A is the current measured by the ammeter.
3

Section 4-7 Mesh Current Analysis with Dependent Sources

P4.7-1
Express the controlling voltage of the
dependent source as a function of the
mesh current

v2 = 50 i1
Apply KVL to the right mesh:
100 (0.04(50i1 ) i1 ) + 50i1 + 10 = 0 i1 = 0.2 A
v2 = 50 i1 = 10 V
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)
P4.7-2
ib = 4ib ia ib =

1
ia
3

1
100 ia + 200ia + 8 = 0
3
ia = 0.048 A

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.7-3
Express the controlling current of
the dependent source as a function
of the mesh current:
ib = .06 ia

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

100 (0.06 i a ) + 50 (0.06 i a ) + 250 i a = 0

ia = 10 mA

Finally:
vo = 50 i b = 50 (0.06 0.01) = 2.5 V

(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)

P4.7-4
Express the controlling voltage of
the dependent source as a function
of the mesh current:
vb = 100 (.006 ia )

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

100 (.006 ia ) + 3 [100(.006 ia ) ] + 250 ia = 0 ia = 24 mA
(checked using LNAP 8/14/02)
P4.7-5

apply KVL to left mesh : 3 + 10 103 i1 + 20 103 ( i1 i2 ) = 0 30 103 i1 20 103 i2 = 3

apply KVL to right mesh : 5 103 i1 + 100 103 i2 + 20 103 ( i2 i1 ) = 0 i1 = 8i2
Solving (1) & ( 2 ) simultaneously

Power delivered to cathode =

i1 =

6
3
mA, i2 =
mA
55
220

( 5 i1 ) ( i2 ) + 100 ( i2 )2

( 55)( 3 220) + 100 ( 3 220)

= 5 6
Energy in 24 hr. =

= 0.026 mW

( 2.6 105 W ) ( 24 hr ) (3600 s hr ) = 2.25 J

( 2)

(1)

P4.7-6

(a)

(b)

vo = g R L v and v =

vo
= g
vi

R2
R1 + R 2

vi

(5 103 )(103 ) = 170

1.1103

RL R2
vo
= g
vi
R1 + R 2

g = 0.0374 S

P4.7-7

Express va and ib, the controlling voltage and current of the dependent sources, in terms of the
mesh currents
v a = 5 ( i 2 i 3 ) and i b = i 2
Next express 20 ib and 3 va, the controlled voltages of the dependent sources, in terms of the
mesh currents
20 i b = 20 i 2 and 3 v a = 15 ( i 2 i 3 )
Apply KVL to the meshes

15 ( i 2 i 3 ) + ( 20 i 2 ) + 10 i1 = 0

( 20 i 2 ) + 5 ( i 2 i 3 ) + 20 i 2 = 0
10 5 ( i 2 i 3 ) + 15 ( i 2 i 3 ) = 0

These equations can be written in matrix form

10 35 15 i1 0
0 45 5 i = 0

2
0 10 10 i 3 10

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

i1 = 1.25 A, i 2 = +0.125 A, and i 3 = +1.125 A

(checked: MATLAB & LNAP 5/19/04)

P4.7-8
Label the mesh currents:
Express ia, the controlling current of the CCCS,
in terms of the mesh currents
i a = i 3 i1

Express 2 ia, the controlled current of the

CCCS, in terms of the mesh currents:
i 1 i 2 = 2 i a = 2 ( i 3 i 1 ) 3 i1 i 2 2 i 3 = 0

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the CCCS:

80 ( i1 i 3 ) + 40 ( i 2 i 3 ) + 60 i 2 + 20 i1 = 0

100i1 + 100i 2 120i 3 = 0

Apply KVL to mesh 3

10 + 40 ( i 3 i 2 ) + 80 ( i 3 i1 ) = 0

-80 i1 40 i 2 + 120 i 3 = 10

These three equations can be written in matrix form

1
2 i 1 0
3
100 100 120 i = 0

2
80 40 120 i 3 10

Solving, e.g. using MATLAB, gives

i1 = 0.2 A, i 2 = 0.1 A and i 3 = 0.25 A

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

v b + 40 ( i 2 i 3 ) + 60 i 2 = 0 v b = 40 ( 0.1 ( 0.25 ) ) 60 ( 0.1) = 0 V

So the power supplied by the dependent source is p = v b ( 2i a ) = 0 W .

(checked: LNAP 6/7/04)

P4.7-9
Notice that i b and 0.5 mA are the mesh currents.
Apply KCL at the top node of the dependent
source to get
1
i b + 0.5 103 = 4 i b i b = mA
6
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to
the dependent source to get

5000 i b + (10000 + R ) 0.5 103 25 = 0

5000 103 + (10000 + R ) 0.5 103 = 25

6

125
6
= 41.67 k
R=
0.5 103

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P4.7-10
The controlling and controlled currents of the CCCS, i b and 40 i b, are the mesh currents. Apply
KVL to the left mesh to get
1000 i b + 2000 i b + 300 ( i b + 40i b ) v s = 0

The output is given by

15300i b = v s

v o = 3000 ( 40 i b ) = 120000 i b

(a) The gain is

vo
vs

120000
= 7.84 V/V
15300

(b) The input resistance is

vs
ib

= 15300
(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P4.7-11
Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents:
i 4 i3 = 1

Express the controlling current of the dependent source in terms of the mesh currents:
i x = i 3

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the current source to get

3 ( i 3 i1 ) + 8 + 8i 4 + 6i 3 = 0

3i1 + 9i 3 + 8i 4 = 8

Apply KVL to mesh 1 to get

16 + 4 ( i 3 ) + 3 ( i1 i 3 ) + 2i1 = 0

5i1 7i 3 = 16

Apply KVL to mesh 2 to get

2i 2 8 4 ( i 3 ) = 0

2i 2 + 4i 3 = 8

Solving, e.g using MATLAB, gives

0
3

0 1 1 i 1 1

0 9 8 i 2 8
=
0 7 0 i 3 16

2 4 0 i 4 8

i 1 6
i
2 = 8
i 3 2

i 4 1
(checked: LNAP 6/13/04)

P4.7-12
Label the mesh currents.

Express ix in terms of the mesh currents:

i x = i1

Express 4ix in terms of the mesh currents:

4 i x = i3

Express the current source current in terms of the mesh currents to get:
0.5 = i1 i 2

i 2 = i x 0.5

Apply KVL to supermesh corresponding to the current source to get

5i1 + 20 ( i1 i 3 ) + 10 ( i 2 i 3 ) + 25i 2 = 0

Substituting gives
5i x + 20 ( 3i x ) + 10 ( i x 0.5 4i x ) + 25 ( i x 0.5 ) = 0

ix =

35
= 0.29167
120

So the mesh currents are

i1 = i x = 0.29167 A
i 2 = i x 0.5 = 0.79167 A
i 3 = 4i x = 1.1667 A
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P4.7-13

Express the controlling voltage and current of

the dependent sources in terms of the mesh
currents:
v a = R 3 ( i1 i 2 ) and i b = i 3 i 2

Express the current source currents in terms of

the mesh currents:
i 2 = I s and i1 i 3 = B i b = B ( i 3 i 2 )

Consequently

i1 ( B + 1) i 3 = B I s
Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the dependent current source
R1 i 3 + A R 3 ( i 1 i 2 ) + R 2 ( i 3 i 2 ) + R 3 ( i 1 i 2 ) V s = 0

or

( A + 1) R 3 i1 ( R 2 + ( A + 1) R 3 ) i 2 + ( R1 + R 2 ) i 3 = V s
Organizing these equations into matrix form:

( A + 1) R 3

1
0
( R 2 + ( A + 1) R 3 )

0 i1 I s

( B + 1) i 2 = B I s

R1 + R 2 i 3 V s

With the given values:

i1 0.8276
1
0 i1 2
0


1

0 4 i 2 = 6 i 2 = 2 A

i 3 1.7069
60 80 50 i 3 25

(Checked using LNAP 9/29/04)

P4.7-14
Express the controlling voltage and current of the dependent sources in terms of the mesh
currents:
v a = 20 ( i1 i 2 ) = 20 ( 1.375 ( 2.5 ) ) = 22.5

and

i b = i 3 i 2 = 3.25 ( 2.5) = 0.75 A

Express the current source currents in terms of the mesh currents:

i 2 = 2.5 A

and

i 3 i1 = B i b

1.375 ( 2.5) = B ( 0.75) B = 2.5 A/A

Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the dependent current source

0 = 20 i 3 + Av a + 50 i b + v a 10 = 20 ( 3.25) + A ( 22.5) + 50 ( 0.75) + 22.5 10

A = 4 V/V

(Checked using LNAP 9/29/04)

P4.7-15
Label the node voltages as shown. The controlling
va
.
currents of the CCCS is expressed as i =
28
The node equations are
va va vb va
12 =
+
+
28
4
14
and
va vb va vb
+ =
4
14 8

Solving the node equations gives v a = 84 V and v b = 72 V . Then i =

va
28

84
=3A .
28

(checked using LNAP 6/16/05)

Section 4.8 The Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared
*P4.8-1
Analysis of this circuit requires 1
node equations or 3 mesh equations,
so we will use node equations.
Apply KCL at the top node to R3 to
get
v a v1
R1

va v2
R2

va
R3

v a Av a
R4

=0

Solving gives

1
1

R1
R2
v1 +
v2
va =
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 A
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 A
R R
R R
R3
R 4
R3
R 4
2
2
1
1
Suppose we choose A so that
1
1
1
1 1 A
=
+
+
+

R R1 R 2 R 3
R4

A = 1+

R4
R1

where R is a resistance to be determined later. Then

va =

R
R
v1 +
v2
R1
R2

and
v o = Av a =

AR
AR
v1 +
v2
R1
R2

we require
AR
AR
= 2 and
= 0.5
R1
R2
so

R 2 = 4 R1
To simplify matters, choose R3 = R 4 = R 2 . Then
A = 1+ 4 +1+1
Now

4 R1
R

= 7

4 R1
R

R4
R2

R4
R3

R4
R

4 R1

7
R 7R 4R
R
AR
1
=
=
2=
R1
R1
R1

2 R 1 = 7 R 4 R1

R=

6
R1
7

Then
A=7

4 R1 7
=
6
R1 3
7

Any value of R1 will do. For example, pick R1 = 10 . Then R 2 = R3 = R 4 = 40 .

(checked: LNAP 6/22/04)

P4.8-2
(a)

Apply KVL to meshes 1 and 2:

32i1 v s + 96 ( i1 i s ) = 0

v s + 30i 2 + 120 ( i 2 i s ) = 0

150i 2 = +120i s v s
vs
4
i 2 = is
5
150

1
v o = 30i 2 = 24i s v s
5
So a = 24 and b = -.02.
(b)
Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to
the voltage source to get
va (vs + vo )
96
So
is =

vs + vo
120

va vo
32
+

vo
30

vs + vo
120

vs
120

vo
30

vo
24

Then

1
v o = 24i s v s
5
So a = 24 and b = -0.2.
(checked: LNAP 5/24/04)

P4.8-3
(a) Label the reference node and node voltages.

v b = 120 V
due to the voltage source.
Apply KCL at the node between the resistors to get
vb va
50

va
10

v a = 20 V

Then

i a = 0.2 ( 20 ) = 4 A

and the power supplied by the dependent source is

p = v b i a = (120 )( 4 ) = 480 W

(b) Label the mesh currents. Express the controlling

voltage of the dependent source in terms of the mesh
current to get
v a = 10 i 2 i1

Express the controlled current of the dependent

source in terms of the mesh currents to get
i1 = i a = 0.2 10 ( i 2 i1 ) = 2i 2 2i1

i1 = 2i 2

Apply KVL to the bottom mesh to get

50 ( i 2 i1 ) + 10 ( i 2 i1 ) 120 = 0

i 2 i1 = 2

i 2 2i 2 = 2

i1 = 4 A

So
Then

i 2 = 2 A

v a = 10 ( 2 ( 4 ) ) = 20 V and i a = 0.2 ( 20 ) = 4 A

The power supplied by the dependent source is

p = 120 ( i a ) = 120 ( 4 ) 480 W

(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

Section 4.10 How Can We Check ?

P4.10-1
Apply KCL at node b:
vb va
v v
1

+ b c = 0
4
2
5
4.8 5.2
1 4.8 3.0
+
0
4
2
5

The given voltages do not satisfy the KCL

equation at node b. They are not correct.

P4.10-2
Apply KCL at node a:
v
v v
b a 2 + a = 0
2
4
4
20 4

= 4 0
2+
2
4

The given voltages do not satisfy the KCL

equation at node a. They are not correct.

P4.10-3
Writing a node equation:

12 7.5 7.5 7.5 6

+
=0
+
R
R
R

1
3
2
so
4.5 7.5 1.5
+
+
=0
R1 R3 R2
There are only three cases to consider. Suppose
R1 = 5 k and R 2 = R 3 = 10 k. Then

4.5 7.5 1.5 0.9 + 0.75 + 0.15

+
+
=
= 0
R1 R3 R2
1000

This choice of resistance values corresponds to branch

currents that satisfy KCL. Therefore, it is indeed possible
that two of the resistances are 10 k and the other
resistance is 5 k. The 5 k is R1.

P4.10-4
KCL at node 1:
0=

v1 v 2
20

v1
5

+1

8 ( 20 ) 8
+
+1 = 0
20
5

KCL at node 2:
v1 v 2
20

= 2+

v 2 v3

KCL at node 3:

10

8 ( 20 )
20 ( 6 )
= 2+
20
10
12 6

=
20 10

v2 v3
10

+1 =

v3
15

20 ( 6 )
6
4 6
+1 =

=
10
15
10 15

KCL is satisfied at all of the nodes so the computer analysis is correct.

P4.10-5

Top mesh: 10 (2 4) + 12(2) + 4 (2 3) = 0

Bottom right mesh 8 (3 4) + 4 (3 2) + 4 = 0
Bottom, left mesh: 28 + 10 (4 2) + 8 (4 3) 0 (Perhaps the polarity of the 28 V source was
entered incorrectly.)
KVL is not satified for the bottom, left mesh so the computer analysis is not correct.