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Detailing For Post-Tensioned: Published by VSL International Ltd. Bern, Switzerland
Detailing For Post-Tensioned: Published by VSL International Ltd. Bern, Switzerland
POST-TENSIONED
General Principales
Local Zone Design
General Zone Design
Examples from Pratice
3
VSL REPORT SERIES
PUBLISHED BY
VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD.
Bern, Switzerland
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Contents
Preface
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
Introduction
Objective and Scope
Background
Organization of Report
2
2
2
3
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
General Principles
Post-tensioning in a Nut Shell
Design Models
Performance Criteria
General and Local Anchorage Zones
4
4
4
5
7
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
8
8
8
10
11
13
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
16
16
19
19
26
31
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Design Examples
Multistrand Slab System
Monostrand Slab System
Bridge Girder
Anchorage Blister
34
34
36
38
43
6.
References
49
Copyright 1991 by VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD, berne/Switzerland - All rights reserved Printed in Switzerland- 04.1991 Reprint 1. 1996
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Preface
The purpose of this report is to provide information related to
details for post-tensioned structures It should assist engineers in
making decisions regarding both design and construction. This
document does not represent a collection of details for various
situations. Instead, VSL has chosen to present the basic information
and principles which an engineer may use to solve any detailing
problem. Examples taken from practice are used to illustrate the
concepts.
The authors hope that the report will help stimulate new and
creative ideas. VSL would be pleased to assist and advise you on
questions related to detailing for posttensioned structures. The VSL
Representative in your country or VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD.,
Berne. Switzerland will be glad to provide you with further information
on the subject.
Authors
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P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
1. Introduction
1.1 Objective and Scope
"Detailing for Post-tensioning" addresses the
important, but often misunderstood details
associated with post-tensioned structures. It
has been written for engineers with a modern
education who must interpret and use modern
design codes. It is hoped that this report will be
of interest to practising engineers and aspiring
students who want to "get it right the first time"!
The objectives of this document are:
- to assist engineers in producing better
designs which are easier and more
economical to build;
- to provide previously unavailable back
ground design information regarding the
more important VSL anchorages;
-
and
often
neglected
details!
1.2 Background
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bound to it.
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
concrete to fully
mentioning here:
f 'c
6
the
28
day
specified
strength.
To convert to cube strengths
one may assume that for a given
concrete the characteristic cube
strength will be 25 % greater
than the cylinder strength.
f 'ci
Item
Important Considerations
than
GUTS
f 'c.
load).
It should be noted that this document refers
specifically to the VSL "International" system
hardware and anchorage devices. The VSL
system as used in your country may be
somewhat different since it is VSL policy to
adapt to the needs of the local users. Your local
VSL representative should be contacted for
specific details.
Figure 1.2 Special stress situations must be recognized and provided whith appropriate
detailing
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
2. General Principles
2.1 Post-tensioning
in a Nut Shell
tendon.
not
reduce cracking.
Post-tensioning
is
special
form
Thus,
concrete
strains
are
of
member.
warranted.
congestion
Post-tensioning
treated differently.
those noted.
in
members.
Figure 2.1: After bonding, prestressed reinforcement can be treated like non-prestressed reinforcement.
4
similar
to
non-prestressed
DETAILING
find
what
might
appear
to
be
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
70 % GUTS.
absence
bond,
the
prestressed
strength.
of
about 62 % GUTS.
the concrete.
stressing
render
most
current
anchorage
designs
jack
to
prevent
excessive
not satisfactory!
efficiency.
GUTS
will
automatically
govern
the
DETAILING
FOR
lems.
Adequate
crack
control
is
the
usual
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
One
must
appreciate
that
many
the
an
about 95 % GUTS.
value.
probable
maximum
load
on
always be satisfied.
moderately
the
resistance.
equivalent.
unreinforced
ability prob
Note
that
for
aggressive
exposures,
In summary:
concrete
and
non-prestressed
DETAILING
zones
for
anchorage
zone
and
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
device
FOR
the
local
proprietary technology.
anchorage
zone
and
the
general
Key Principles
These forces must be accounted for in the design. Failures are bound to occur if these forces are
ignored.
Under ultimate load conditions, reinforcement stresses may approach yield. Under service load
conditions steel stresses should be limited to about 200 to 250 MPa for crack control. In normal
applications don't rely on concrete tensile capacity to resist a primary tension force.
Often confinement of the concrete is used to enhance its compressive strength. For every 1 MPa of
confinement stress about 4 MPa of additional compressive strength is produced. (Strain in the
concrete.
For the typical applications described, the maximum realizable capacity of the tendon (about 95 %
GUTS) will be the limiting ultimate anchor force, while the force immediately after lock-off will be the
limiting service anchor force. Strength considerations during stressing will generally govern local
zone designs with early stressing at f'ci <f'c Serviceability will usually govern general zone design.
The designs for the local zone and the general zone must be compatible. Understanding,
cooperation and communication between the engineer and the supplier of the post-tensioning
system is essential.
post-tensioning system.
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Es
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
are
valid
for
post-tensioning
Figure 3.3: Side friction on the confined concrete reduces the axial compressive stress at the end
of the local zone.
observed.
of X determined by:
Aspiral * f
s
fl=
(3.5)
r *p
i
where
Aspiral = cross sectional area of the rod
(3.3a)
or
f'ciX2 = 0.95 PN
(3.3b)
confined
core
concept.
The
unconfined
This approximately
(3.4)
corresponding
to a steel strain of 0.001,
Acore
ri
reinforcement, mm.
pitch of spiral
reinforcement, mm.
The length of the spiral reinforced zone can
be set equal to the diameter of the
9
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
dimensions
without
anchorage.
for
concrete
blocks
cover).
anchorage,
spiral
zone.
Fig.
3.3
provides
more
confinement
reinforcement
surrounding
zone.
confinement
reinforcement
could
to
vary
more
the
confinement
closely
match
Confinement
provided
by
reinforcement
will
vary
originally optimized.
eliminating
requirements.
10
the
spiral
reinforcement
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
can
struts
be
used
at
construction
joints.
which
react
against
the
splitting
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
250
MPa
has
been
assumed.
The
tensile strength.
utilizing
stationary.
12
anchorages
generally
have
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
forces,
and
out-of-plane
bundle
flattening forces.
contribution
resistance
tension
requirements.
to
mechanical
ring
but
will
increase
spiral
full
determined.
strand
development
can
be
readily
calculation.
This
elongation
can
be
13
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
elongation
variations
are
force
is
more
readily
verified
by
jack
14
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 3.11: These are just a few of the many other special anchorages available from VSL. Your local VSL representative should be contacted to
determine which anchors are available in your area.
15
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
anchorages.
region.
complex..
16
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 4.2: A range of acceptable Strut-and-Tie models provide flexibility in the amount and position of the renforcement.
17
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
requirements.
would
support
such
area
model
reinforcement
anchors.
prestressed reinforcement).
for
the
interior
of
prestressed
for
detailing
reinforcement
the
being
non-prestressed
remainder at 80 % GUTS.
perimeter
simplify construction.
provided
that
be anchored back.
19
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
buttresses,
blisters
and
other
dimensions
should
be
of
the
stressing
jack,
post-
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 4.11: Buttresses provide flexibility which can be used to improve tendon layout and overall
design efficiency
segments
the
This
post-tensioned
together,
also
accommodates
vertical
post-
21
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
22
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 4.14: Reinforcement should be positioned to control strain compatibility induced cracking.
23
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
banana.
shear
off.
would
not
govern.
Without
such
main
curve,
and (c).
24
member.
At
the
transition
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
friction
reinforcement.
For
design
is
precompression
from
adjacent
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
an
application
of
this
for
Figure 4.17: A precast anchorage zone can be used to simplify construction in the field.
design.
and flange.
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
of
(compression
the
compression
chord
forces)
force
and
are
previously,
tendon
curvature
angle
of
strand
on
strand
is
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
various
random
packed
strand
smaller
tendons
there
is
little
Figure 4.20: Bundle flattening can be treated as a special type of earth pressure problem.
anchorage.
one hour.
providing
tendons.
28
One
common
method
of
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
walled
steel
duct;
high
density
not
govern
practical
cases.
The
tendons cross.
recommended
minimum
radius
assumes
29
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 4.22: Strand contact forces increase with tendon capacity (Parts (a), (b) and (c) adapted
from Oertle [23]).
30
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
at
supplementary
of
The
the
be
the
4.5 Additional
Considerations
A variety of unrelated minor, but not
unimportant
spacing
and
considerations
suggestions
will
for
now
reducing
reason
reinforcement
for
the
capable
difference
in
least
form
in
this
of
example,
ordinary
the
stirrup
non-prestressed
so
reinforcement congestion.
31
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
inferior
(especially
the
distributed
minimum
minimum
values
(anchor
structure.
Properly
placed
and
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 4.25: If the design is based on a comprehensive Strut-and-Tie model, stirrup requirements do not need to be superimposed on general
anchorage zone reinforcement requirements.
Brisbane's Gateway Bridge, was designed and detailed using many of the concepts and methods described in this report.
33
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
5. Design Examples
application
of
the
methods
previously
strength
may
have
considerable
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
designed
acceptable.
arrangements
would
also
be
amount
of
sufficient
for
no
orthogonal
prudent.
reinforcement
The
modest
provided
is
ordinary
nonprestressed
local
anchorage
zone
stresses
are
35
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
The
standard
anchorage
zone
post-tensioned
structures.
This
the
greatest
load
on
an
Figure 5.2.1: Typical monostrand anchorages rely on concrete tension capacity alone to resist
local primary tension forces.
and restressing.
direction.
36
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 5.2.2: Banded tendon arrangements produce non-typical monostrand anchorage zones.
are
"typical"
usually
efficient,
but
the
Note
the
concrete
tension
that
the
area
outside
which
diameter
provides
of
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
was
construction
formwork
for
provided
to
tolerances.
the
deck
accommodate
Elimination
slabs
of
speeded
Figure 5.2.4: Reinforcement should be provided to resist local primary tension forces at banded
tendon anchorages.
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
irregular
en
face
of
the
girder
Figure 5.3.3: Determination of member form must take into account the method of construction.
39
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 5.3.5: Careful detailing during the design produces easier construction and fewer problems in the field.
40
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
41
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 5.3.7: Reinforcement in different regions of a member will be governed by various load cases and construction stages.
42
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
design
simplification,
it
is
VSL
standard
minimum
radius
resulting
strength.
and web.
transverse
tensions
must
be
43
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Geometric Considerations
prevent
thus defined.
behind
the
anchorage
reinforcement
requirements.
simplified
45
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Analysis
The blister may be conveniently analyzed
graphically as shown in Fig. 5.4.4. A few
comments on the analysis are warranted. Since
it was desired to use ties perpendicular to the
tendon immediately in front of the anchorage,
the tension ties in the statical model (members
1-2) were given this inclination. Fixing the
position of point A then fully defines the
geometry of the strut-and-tie model.
orthogonal
sufficient
Reinforcement
46
ties
which
provide
DETAILING
FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
reinforcement.
Since
MPa
of
lateral
bars
achieving
tendon.
Selection of a hair pin arrangement with
after
the
basic
adequate
web
and
development
flange
without
orthogonal
reinforcement.
worth doing.
demonstrate
is
following reasons:
area
that
the
will
now
reinforcement
be
Shear Check
= 114029 mm2
= 7355 kN
possible.
47
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FOR
P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
Figure 5.4.5: Blister reinforcement should be detailed for ease of steel and concrete placement.
Other Considerations
The calculations presented are sufficient for
the blister itself. One should not overlook the
general zone problem of dispersing the force
from the blister into the entire girder cross
section. In particular, in zones where blisters
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P O S T- T E N S I O N I N G
6. References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
49
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