Eaition Detail — Institut fori internationale Acchitektur- Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG Machen, Biekhauser — Publishers for Architecture Basel -Baston - Berlin,‘Editor Chision Sehizicn Prossctmanagor Andrea Veegeimana Edtoral Sewices: Herring Bouterwek, Alexander Foi Chrstna Kinmerie, {aa Lge, Thomas Mactever, Chrstna Raintard “Vaneiston German Engle: Peter Groen (pp. 72-168), ‘Etzabet) Schaiger (pp. 6-71, 160-175) [Deawnge: earn Oraeger, Beta Brocte Carsel Garior, Norbon Graeser, Cistane asiberg, Ol Hien, Andrea Sak, Andrea Sommer, Claudia Toopsch (DTP: Petor Gersrantal, Andrea Lika, Cornelia Kohn, Row Sieger “Ts book is a cooperation between DETAIL Ravew of Achtocturs ad ‘Branucer = Publators for Architoctie ALGIP catalogua record for his books avattie “3 ‘omit Library of Congress, Washington D.C. USA ‘ Nasonabitograe: etaled bblopraphic daa salable on fe Internet at . © 2005 institut i inteersionale Architektur Oclamneniaton GmbH &.Go. KG, 2.0. Bow 25 Os 60, 0-800 Munchen, Germany and Eke — Publshors for Archinect, P.O. Bax 138, GH-4010 Basel, Streriand hic works subject copjight. Allrights are reserved, whother the whole or pant ofthe materi! concerned, specicaly fe rights of ransifon, rpsintng, re-use of lueratons. rection, broadcasting, reproduction on microfins Orin other ways, nd ‘drags ta banks, Fer any kindof usa, permiason of the copyraht owner must ‘be obiaired, Frnte on acres paper produced fom chiorie-tree pulp (IGF =). Preted in Germany ‘Rapreducten: Kar Dot! Raprodulstans-GerbH, Mnehen Frining and binding: Kboal GmbH & Co.KG, Kempton, : SON a7es90787-4 oavessnasUniting Daylight ‘Helmut F.Q. Muller and Heide G. Schuster Projects: Passive-Energy Terraced Housing in Dornbirn Dombin, Johannes Kaufmann, Housing Estate in Kaiding BxNielsen, Arhus Lars Frank Nielsen, Kim Herforth Nielsen Passive-Eneray Terraced Housing in Lim Johannes Brucker, Stuttgart Point Blocks in Innsbruck Baumschlager & Ebede, Locheu Practice in Réthis Reinhard Drexel, Honenems ‘Sports Hall in Wang) Fent Solar Architecture, Wil Secondary School in Klaus Dietrich | Untertrifslier, Bregenz Conference and Exhibition Building in Osnabyrack Herzog + Partner, Miinchen (fice Building in Solihull Arup Associates, London ‘Administration Building in Recanat MCA Mario Gucinelia Architects, Bologna ‘Administration Building in Landquart Bearih & Deplazas, ChurThe endrgy potential, which the sun places at our disposal on a daily basis, Seems inexhaustible, The ineident radiation on ‘he landmasses of the earth alone is 3000 times greater than ‘he woridaide demands. Yet we continue to moet these: ‘derrands almost exclusively with non-renewable energies ‘generated primarity from fossil fuels. The resultant envircer ‘mental problems — air pollution, acid rain, effect and climate change ~ are only too well known. Asif this weren't bad enough, annual consumption is elimbing dramat- ically. For afuence is on the rise and some of the mast popu- lous countries of the wor, such as China and India, are about to adopt the extravagant lfestyie ot the Wet. This wall load to nearly immeasurable ecological and political conse- quences in the near future since the conventional eneray resources are finite and will soon be exhausted, The fight for acoess to and control over these energy resources, frst and, foremost oll wil intensify even more. Seon from this perspec: tive, a solar agenda js not only a sensible envirenmantal policy itis also a contribution ta peace. Itis high time, there- fore, o finally adopt a new philosophy and to emberk on the road towards sustainable development based on renewable energy resources. Energy resources, in other words, that are directly or indirectly linked to the sun such as solar radiation, wid and hydro power generation or biomass. Architecture and building play a Key role inthis context. For nearly half ofall the energy consumed in Central Europe is expended in the operation of buildings, that is. for heating, cooling and lighting. The last two factors, especially, wore neglected fora long time, When solar architecture gained in importance in the early 1970s as a result of the twa oll rises, attention was inially focused entirely on avoiding heat loss, on uilizing solar enecgy to heat buildings in winter and to heat domestic water. However, in office buildings especialy, cociing is generally a far greater problem anda major factor mi energy consumption. Office buildings are subject heat goins caused not only by climate, but also by the heat radiat- ing from oecupants, equipment such as. computers and mon- ®ors, and above all by the use of artificial lighting. Gne need only consider thet roughly three times the amount of energy = roquired to cool a room by one degree in comparison to heating the same space by one dearee, to grasp the signifi cance ef cooling with renewable energy resources and the mportance of natural lighting, Moreover, the comparison lustates the degree to wich the various factors are interde- pendent solar architecture cannot be reduced to isolated measures such as collectors or photovoltaic installations on the root. Rather, a building must be understood as a complex, another in this approach. from the orientation and division of the building to the integration of systems for the generation cf warm water or power. Flexible envelopes, regulated by intelligent control systems and capable of reacting to varying influences and weather conditions are making increasingly important contributions. It goes without saying that such a complex configuration cals for comprehensive interdiscipl- nary concepts, integrated planning, in other words, where: al participating experts are involved at an early stage. But energy-conserving architecture cannot be limited to the ‘operation of the buildings. I'tegins with urban planning and includes consideration of the energy content of the employed: _materials a8 well as the material cycles. Production tech- ‘niques, transportation routes, assembly and the recyclability -ol building components are all included in the approach. ‘Renewable and local building materials such as timber or ‘clay are preferable over those, which can only be manufac- ‘tured by cortsuming large amounts of energy (generated trom fossil fuels). The latter also cause high levels of poliyt- _ant emissions in production and must be transported across: great distances. Yet what are the concrete criteria, which an architect can apply to evaluate materials? There is still scarcity of available information and the primary energy demand of building materials is stil insufficiently evaluated ‘even in the case of solar architecture, although great strides, hhave recently been made in this area ‘The anvironmantal declaration of building products in Verart- ‘berg (Austria), where the allocation of government subsidies: for residential construction is based on ecological criteria, Is model worth emulating, A point catalogue is used to take not only the heating requirements into consideration, but: alse the eawonmental compatibility of each individual build- ing material as well as the employment of renewable energy ‘sources. In Germany, by comparison, subsidies for residen- ial housing are currently dispersed on the basis of the princi- ple of ‘equal shares forall and, a8 if that wecen enough, new building projects are given preference over rehabilita- tion projects: Ecologically speaking, the opposite approach would be required, For the primary principle of resource con servation is toutlize the most impartamt available resource, that is, buildings that already exist.eee Me PEE Cia Support should alse favour dense housing development over the Construction of single-family houses. Since nefther detached single-f se, nor high-rises for thet matter, ological, these two building are capable of being case of single family houses, land consump- ¢ vatic-related energy required to provide access gative. The high percentage of ‘ting and material.consuming exterior surfaces iS her unfavourable factor. High-rses, on the other hand, xd with comparatively large access areas, Dut all with a considerable inccease in material Coasamie- ion forthe load-bearing structure and the tacaderin order t uctural requirements resulting trom the high \e wind forces. Highrise facades fy realized with materials char- nary energy demand, such as ‘a very high 1 85, steel and aluminium. When DETAIL first published an issue on the topie of solar architecture precisely one decade ago (in 1998), wes stil jocument convincing examples. ft was all oo rere lly functioning measures were satistactorily a design perspective into rhature architec tural concepts. And the few successful examples placed excessive emphasis on the solar installations (as was the oe in the shading system on Norman Foster's vocational schoo! in Fréjus in southern France) ~in keeping wth the then deminamt High-Tech architecture. (Fig. 1.2) 1 Was. time when every building that had anything ata © do with energy conservation was profitably advertised a5 8 solar building, Much has changed in the meantime. There aremany more functioning and usefully integrated solar com cepts and individual measures, and they are rarely tu peted as unique achievements today. Many outstandingly designed low-energy buildings are barely recognizable as such from the outside. In office buildings, aspects such 2s bulging component heating and cooling seem fo have aln become routine for many architects. But we are still a long way from achieving our goals. The percentage of ranarwabie energy resources employed to operate buildings is stil far too low. There are stil too few truly comprehensive pts, and the confict between aesthetics and function remains. Its stil far too rare, foe example, that collectors of tic modules are usefully integrated into 8 Comores hansive concept. They are all too frequently simply placedway on top of conventional covered roofs. This is ly unsatisfying from an aesthetic perspective, but also wih regard to costs and material consumption = if they were 9d as roof or facade panels, they could be part of the ery Now and then one cannot escape the mpression that some measures are merely employed to. one's conscience or to pocket subsidies. Espe- cially when monstrous, energy: and reseuree-guzziing subur topped by a collector, in the overall picture, the eneray resources thus for fulfils litle: more jon of an alibi, Even if the Federal government ‘many should achieve its ambitious geal of increasing mn 2.2 per centta 4.2 per cent in 10 years, nnat negate the fact that the total energy demand con 3d and that solar energy resources re than surplus 2 total volume of a lasting change to nish energy Cor i i: =e ly as experimental solar buildings. An EU commission is Cur- renty at work to clarify this confuston.’ However, there Is: disputing that the consideration of solar radiation and the passive use of solar eneray in buildings is a central charac ‘erisic of sustainable architecture. In other spheres of ite, the tem sustsinabilty always possessed a clear, unambiguous meaning. Sustainable meant nourishing meals such 8% Grandma's pea soup, responsible forest management or solid buildings with a long lifespan. But a recent polF revealed much confusion: onty 10 per cent af eiizens Knew the meaning of the word - at least, somewhat. But nearly 90 per cent were in favour of a concept, the meaning of which they cannot fully comprehend. There seems to be a need for clarification. As a collective term. the word sustainabilty; originally employedito describe long-term forest management, is used to describe the correct treatment of the environment. The UN commission, chaired by former Norwegian Prime Minister Brundtland, formulated a suctinat definition: “Sustainability is development, which sat- ises the needs of the current generations, without influencing the oppartunities of future generations." This is relevant 10 building on many levels. On the one hand, in terms offs eco: nomic importance —_more than half of the entire investment capital in Germany is ied to the building sector -, and, on tha other hand, because itis the greatest factor in resource con sumption. Even thaugh the built environment is a long-term asset in its own right, produces more than hal ofall “waste,” recycling is stil an underdeveloped aspect in construction Buildings account for roughly 40 per cent of the total energy consumption in Germany. higher than transportation o¢ indus ty Clearly, energy conservation and the intelligent utlization of incident solar ragiation should play a role in a sustainable building. Fossil fuels, which are the foundation of our energy sunplies. particularly for heating our homes, are limited. The annual discoveries of new deposits have been less than con sumption for years, costs are-rising, and the conflicts sur- rounding access io the sources are unbearable. The’ deleterious impact of fossil fuels on the environment is equally gfave. since they are changing our glotal climate, Many okernatives have praven deceptive because they are ult- ‘iieca: Petia ts en owes nea Galina tral buildings will soon be seen as a phase. After all. why should ‘we utlize solar energy stored in fossils to such an extent if we ‘can put itto use drecty? It doesn’ interfere with the natural ‘global balance; on the contrary, it is the very foundation of thal balance. We are familiar with it as.a source of light and energy. Itwould be short-sighted, however, to do.no more than revive old principles. “Back to nature" is popular ‘stagan, but itisnt very logical. We cannot build houses in the “same manner aé before the start of the fossil age. The com- ‘ortable and almost universally available supply of energy has raised our expectations and demands considerably, and itis unicely that we wil give up this comfort in the future. No doubt, architecture that makes use of the sun will be able 1 adopt some ancient principles of clever solar use in build ings. Conversely, ints role as inteligent architecture, it will have to go beyond such principles in order to be accepted _and satisty today’s demands. While passive use of solar energy was the enly option available pxior to the beginning ‘of the fossil age [if necessary, complemented by fire pits for ‘the combustion of renewable raw materiais), fess heating -sourees and the technologies derived from tham allow for _active temperature contro toca. completely independent of conditions in the environment, and the form and materials of, ‘our homes, The stages of fist passive and then active energy supply in buildings are-bsing overtaken by interactive or ‘smart building concepts, which adopt certain passive sys- ‘ems and complement them wit intelligent components. Passive Use Passive use of solar radiation functions without the need for ‘technical systems. The building itself makes direct use of ‘solar energy by virtue of its placement, geometry, bulking components and materials. This is the simplest and, at the same time, the most effective form of solar architecture. The bbulling and its components are interpreted as a solar system. A carefully thought-out design can adapt a building ‘to the natural energy potential in order to utilize it efficiantty. The clever selection of the ste, placement, shape and orien- tation, deliberate window arrangement, considered selection 2. Chueen Community Cant, Semwinchrchan (2001): are Arcs, ‘an o16 stabs usc) as cleat Cer for he bmber ConstctON ot tha viearage, 84 ‘of materials and wall stuctures ~ these are the factors thst ‘make it possible to absorb and store solar heat. to msintain ‘comfortable temperatures in a climate-conscious envelop: ‘and to utilize ight to the best effect. In paying attention toa ‘ew simple rules, solar architecture |s thus the mast ettacive _and progressive form of gaining and conserving enesgy in buildings. Heating demand is reduced, while the heating season and the periods for Supplementary heating are con siderably shorter, Building thus makes a considerable conti. bution to environmental protection by reducing COZ emissions; CO2-neutral building materials 650 contribute io the reduction. Building and living with the sun also means more comfort. Bright interiors flooded with light have measur able positive physiological and psychological effects on human beings. Solar architecture, therefore, achieves move than environmental protection and energy conservation. I also increases comfort; sunshine penetrating deep into the house enhances one’s sense of well-being just as much as. the higher surface temperatures of well insulated exterior walls. This is accompanied by an increased use of daylight, in turn, reduces the energy demand for arifcial ight while also having a positive effect on the Users of such & building, Bret History insolation has fundamentally influenced the location, over tion, shape, construction and material selection of buildi since the beginning of architectural history. Together with other climate characteristics, it determined the evolution of house types and regional building styles. Socrates’ Me: House (470-399 BC} has archetypical characteristics of solar architecture. The compact stucture opens to the sor ‘The trapezoidal plan makes the most of this orientation simultaneously minimizes the northern surface tumed: from the sun. This is where the cool storage room Es! A, functioning at the same time as a buffer zone to the living area. Wallls and cellings/floors are massive and thus have @ high storage capacity. The roof overhang on the south. provides shade when the sun is high in the sky in’ ‘and allows the lower sun to penetrate into the Duilcfing ji winter (Fig. 2.2). The house concept exemplifies timeless principles of soler architecture: aa _ ining ol no mutans ecvertignsts Na 3 “open towards to the sun, je = solar zoning = coolroms on he nr i, the south side, 20s for large-area glazing. The early. artificial exotic worlds, made possible house effect of glass, which was used to tr radiation into infrared thermal radiation and ca glass (Fig. 2.3), ‘the earth trom beyond and emphasized both the uniqueness, and the vulnerability of our planet. The energy crisis (1973) demonstrated our dependence on fossil fueis-and the finite ese of thase resources. The warnings about the laritations of grav, issued by the Club of Rome and published for the fist time in 1972”, were assuming the stark mantle of realty. ‘These were the conditions under which so-called ecological ‘building Geveloped. ls topies were the return ta traditional building forms, the use of natural materials, eenewablo energy resources and, in particular, solar energy. Ignored at first by the architectural establishenent, the movement evolved into that of solar and, finally, sustainable building, ‘The intelligent use of solar radiation remained a constant in this appreach, regardless of the changes to other goals. The following pages describe the characteristics that conetitute solararchitecture. They all influence sustainability and ‘energy efficiency. However, paying attention to these consti Luda to the éxclusion of everything else, won't take us any further because overarching aspects of sustainability ron the areas of urban planning, transpestation or other parame- ters are ignored, The decision to not fulfil a particular erterion may, therefore, be completely reasonable and can generally be compensated with the help of other measures (¢.g., com ppensating a microclimatically unfavourable location with Detter insulation, oF the absence of wind protection wrth better sealing) Location and Microclimate The energy requirement of a building is not only dependent nits structural characteristics, but aiso, and to the same extent, on its location and the local climate conditions. Natu- rally, the global climate zones have the greatest impact: typical temperatures per season and time of day, humidity, insolation, wind velocities and directons. In addition, each microclimate has its own typical characteristic determined by topography, plants and graundcover, trees, loeation nar open bodies ef water, etc. When selecting a building sit, Cone should therefore seek to locate the best possible micro- imate. The position of the building on the site alone has an Influence on its energy balance, 22. Megaron Mouse (eres {00 BC), Sncrates, Opening towards the un in ‘na shope and eaiped wth Euler roar othe erm, Bs isthe ‘angnol a sar Rava worvaony in Soft Park. Liverpoel (1898); Design ancl execution | ange BManew. 6Topography The topography has a decisive influence on the tempera! conditions of the site, Elevated locations generally mean lower average temperatures, Conversely, law-lying locati may be subject to cold fronts or cold-air corridors as-we te ground fog, which result in temperatures that are con ably lower than those in adjacent sites. ture means as a result of the pr ‘al night: accordingly, energy requirements for heat higherin these locations. Gold-air pressure regions, whe no other mans of influencing the microcima should therefore be avoided, They are recognizable others, by adjacent fog fields, dew and hair-rost precipi tion, and frost damage on plants. Favourable building positions and vegetation screens pre vent cold-air pressure near built structures and, thus, unt essary heat losses. Coid-air influences can be deflected wih the help of measures such as embedding the building in the ‘earth, earth walls, hedges or neighbouring buildings. Slope sites are characterized by preneunced differences in is: tion, depending on cxientation, and, therefore, difference: ound and surface air temperatures. The insolstion condi tions for buildings on such sites are similarly different, without saying that south-facing slopes are warmest - Sout west slopes in winter, and south to south-east slopes in summer, Wind Protection High average wind velocities lead to correspondingly high émnission lasses in the building. Sites that are sheltered from the wind are preferable, therefore or, if that isnt possi big, one should initiate wind protaction measures. These may take the form of plantings such as hedges and dense rows of trees, planted facades orernbankments. Hedges and tree groupings block cold air streams and simultaneously redirect them into desired channels. Sites that are naturally sheltered trom wind and active wind protection measures greatly improve the site conditions tor a building. Moreover, plants near the building contribute to cooling the immediate Sur roundings as @ result of evaporation and transform carbon dioxide into oxygen. When properly selected and located, they also provide shade in summer. Evergreens shade the building in winter because they reduce insolation in that season. Deciduous trees, on the other hand, shed their inaves in fall and allow the warming rays of the sun fo pene trate into the building interior. Studies of idendica buildings at different sites demonstrate the impact of location on the: energy contumption of buildings. Based on a detached single-family house in.a standard location with 100 per een ‘energy consumption, an identical building at diferent loca tions may have considerably higher or lowe heating require ments." Ferm Gpiimized, energy-conscious building forms take climate concems into consideration and respond te the microclimaic Portcularities. Urban planning and other overarching factors ‘often make it impossible to achieve this ideal. However. in ht interest of getting a3 close to the ides! as possible, tis wort while to return to traditional local building forms andature in acidiion entific parameters. ilding Forms as Models al building types, which have been developed and 4 over many centuries, are excellent indicators of ond. Structurally, they are adapted to the ser requirements, and take the availabi jals and the regional climate conditions tor, and, upon closer examination, ever manner. Windy locationg led to build wm and the buildings .ct. Homes in moderate climate since early of glazed areas via large diminish heat loss (Figs. 2.4- 2.6). iar, to climate them can be an cture. Yet for a long solutions to the discipline 32 form and the which is warmed that offer good wind protection and insulation as well as. effective utilization of natural ight and solar heat, are elabo- rate and expensive, In other words, ecanamy and ecology ‘are closely linked. Cne useful value in determining an opti- mized building form is the s0-called A/V-ratio, which expresses the relationship between the heat-radiating sur faces of a building (A) and its volume (V). A low A/V-rai saves costs and energy. Following are some examples for Clarification. A sphere has the best AM.ratio, Since a sphere isnot practical as a building form and poses problems for use (plan), the hal-sphere comes closest to the ideal as a building shape, An igloo, for example, utilizes an optimum AN-ratio and is particularly euitable for the climate conditions in cold regions. As the volume of the compact forms jcreases, the area decreases and the transmission heat loss diminished. Smaller volumes always have a less fa ‘AN-ratio than larger volumes. Compact structures anc sity, therefore, considerably reduce the cooling surfaces in comparison to a detached, free-standing building. Large compact buildings are therefore preferabi di Jed into compartments (Fig. 2.8). Hove are necessary, the disadvantages of their compensated with the help of improved mented use of solar radiation. Once again, tioned principle applies: there is litle sense in adhe exciusively, and at all costs, to a climate-conscious-bulld form as a criterion. AW-optirOrientation and Ineolation Inthe earty stages of solar architecture, orientation tothe sun was seen 2s an unalterable lav. In moderate climatg zones, such as Central Europe, this naturally meant com plete or partial sauthem orientation, In hot regions, on the ‘other hand, protection from the sun is an important factor, However, this rule is too one-dimensional and limits the ‘poseibiities of urban planning and spatial articulation. Ted nical advances in building today permit considerable sage gains for other orientations as well, High insulation standart in combination with constantly high internal loads (artificial lighting, equipment, number of occupants) may suogest the opposite choice; that is. turning away from the sun i order to avoid additional solar gains. The decision must bbe made for each individual ease, in particular for bulging types with high internal loads (e.g, ofices with high ose pancy rates, laboratories). Orientation to the sun, 6 penetration and shading should also always be evaluated in advance for urban projects. Simple solar altitude char (grams.are classic assessment tools, although CAD pro (grammes and specialized CAD tools are mere comen9 Used to today to gather reliable data as well as static an moving images. Shading from neighbouring buildings, vegetation and to faphy must all be taken into consideration. Once ag moderate or northern latitudes, (6.9. Eurepe), tation = especially of the principal rooms in apart homes — can be advantageous. Itallows sunshine 1 Be trate into the interior, even in denser developments 2 ‘winter, and contributes high solar gains. Moreover, It to provide sun protection for southern exposure than f ‘or west orientation: the steeper angie of incidence: radiation results in a higher degree of reflection on ‘ral surface of the glazing, Shading systems and: ‘are more readily harmonized, again due to the sto -of incidence. In the warm season, east- and ‘openings lead to high solar gains because the angles allow sun to penetrate the glazing. In this: tive shading will come at the price of diminished incidence — unless complex shading syst winter, onthe other hand, solar gains Gre low oon to south orientation. Nevertheless, greater and improved insulation qualities, for examp ingly contributing to good results even for in some cases achieving a passive building Qual orientation is ideal for uses with low heating requ high internal loads. Itis worth remembering. slazing can produce an energy supplus ‘complete north ortertation. ZoningThe building skin provides weather protection, creates com- {ort in the interior, allows daylight to fall into the building and allows for visual contact with the outside. The utilization of solar energy further expands the already complex functional Spectrum of the envelope. The interface between interior and exterior must be understood as.a dynamic system, which responds to the permanent variability in extemal radiation, ci- mate conditions and internel requirements. Simple rules such ‘as enguring excellent qualiy in insulation are by no means: nullified as a result, they are, however, placed into a larger context. Insulation and Wind Protection “The good insulation quality of a building skin is essential for the passive use of solar energy. There is lite sense in captur- ing solar radiation ifit cannot be effectively stored in the inte- rior Efficient insulation of the building skin fs usually created ‘withthe help of building components with a high insulating -capacity: in the opaque facade areas, these are insulating materials or insulating components, inthe transparent areas, ‘these are high-grade glazing, ansparemt insulating materiais ‘or multi-layered facades. Thermal bridges must be reliably avoided through careful planning. Modem energy simulation ‘systoms or programanes for the calculation of the Enev (German Energy Savings Requistion)* assist the architect in identifying and removing any thermal bridges. High insulating values can be achieved in opaque building components: with ‘corresponding superstructures. The costs lie less in the mate- rials than in the installation effet, in choosing the insulation ‘thickness, itis essential to take the installation requirements 2.7 Solar atid ctagram and recommends onentton 28 Changes in hating demands ofa building for otterent urtace areas ut identical woume 2.9 nfuonee of climate on bulging formand crientaton, and etic pscomont of arma sorage masses 1%‘and the architectural appearance into account. Ths extreme) thickness of insulating layere for passive houses, for exam. pple, is-a particular challenge for architects. Vacuum insula: tion. eriginally developed for refrigerators and subsequently ‘employed for space travel, are an innovation in the feld of building. They.can achieve an extraordinarily high quality insulation with only a few centimetres of insulating layer. However, the installation problems, especially the treatment of butt joints, are largely unresolved, particularly for vertical installation. Insulation is ineffective without proper wind tection. To control unwanted ventilation heat losses, in. ton to the transmission heat losses, the building skin must isa ‘designed to be airtight according to code: the e : can only be tested empirically by means of blower-doo= | tests. Recent studies and dasign, however, have Semon strated that other means may be equally effective in facades with high energy-efficient qualities. The pres is that the building skin is no longer interpreted 25 a Static System, But a¢ a dynamic envelope that reads and compas the conditions in the envirenment. This so-called interpretation leads to completely new solutions, which | such efficient use af insolation either directly or through if mediate storage in building components, that this kind of truly interactive system is capable of largely replacing (tad ‘vonal) insulation. The frst buildings are already ip and the dynamic simulations are promising."* To what these solutions will succeed in the everyday 6fivir ‘tll unanswered, however. Openings ‘The openings of a house offer the greatest opportunities atthe Same time, pose the greatest risks for passive sd Use. Given appropriate dimensions, amangement, Cf and execution, they can make a considerable: today to the energy supdly of a building and the cor users. Conversely, they are a source of considerable heat less, cooling or overheating — all factors in diminished! comfort, The calculations of the EnV suggest that thera ‘até in design and can often appear cumbersome = much ‘work remains to be done in this area. One alternative is #0 08 ‘witout frames altogether, as long as this approach is co patible with the structural and ventilation concept and Wi ‘the Use of the building: fairty lange window formats ‘with few openable elements arranged in an optimal fashion for ventiaton. An aften-averiookad aption isthe selectionGlazed Butter Zones - Winter gardens Glazed buffer zones or winter gardens make sense from the perspective of energy efficiency if they are unheated and are ‘at intended for everyday use. When used 2s intermodiato temperature zones or simpie warm-air collectors, the pre- \wermed air in this area can be oistributed throughout the ‘bulging with the hip of gravitational ventilation or mechani- cal systems. The alternating effects between interior and exterior in different weather conditions are very attractive, not only in residential construction. Roof lazing plays an imoor- tant role in how we experionoe a space: in terms of eneray efficiency, however, it poses disadvantages such os rapid cooling at night and overheating when the eun is high in the, sky in summer. The spatial qualities of such butfer zones can tempt one toransform them after the fact inte an additional living space that has to be heated. This is in conflict with the function of buffer zones, however, because the large glazed surfaces and the low glazing qualities (preferable single giaz- ing) nulity any energy-related advantage created at the ‘uiset, Stiging baloony doors can achieve similar effects as a Writer garden. This type of temporary winter garden is espe- cially popular in Scandinavian countries. Transparent insulating Materia (TIM) The expression transparent insulating materials is a misno- mer because the insulation is generally translucent, rather than transparent. itis available in a variety of materials — as translucent materials, embedded between glass panes. or a8 light-ransporting and oittracting synthetics integrated into equally translucent rendering, the so-called aero gals, which are quasi homogeneous in structure and availabe in the form ‘of lamina or beads (Fig. 2.10, 2.11). Transparent isculating materials are installed on an absorbent extemal wall; the wall heats up as a result ofthe sunlight that is allowed to pass. ‘through the materials. With the appropriate structural design, ‘hese materials become, in effect, a sotar wall heating system, especially in winter and in the transitional seasons Fig. 2.15), ifthe val has goed thermal storage capacity, comfort ean be maintained even on cold nights and overcast days: In ‘summer, on the other hand, the TIM must be effectively sod Schrock. Daylighting Sbinde neshaded to avoid overheatin makes the entire system m« ad be employed in the form of light-scattering glass, ay 1 skylights. This ensures that light is evenly distrlouted in tha ‘terior, which can be advantageous especially in workshops or exhibition spaces with great room d ani note that TIM embedded inta glazing nail greater installatic ally selective, or gas- printed glazing with more con edor age Mas torage masses stabilize the temperature inside the fespite fluctuations in the outdoor climate, inso internal fh ss. They maintain a constant indoss mate and can thus contribute toward the efficient use of rage Component ‘on of massive building components, OF Com ponents with good storage capacity, is both simple and ef lent. Thermal storage capacity is surface, the high thermal capacity insolation, Exposed massive bu! walls and ceilings have these char Hollow floor nd suspended ceilings, on the ether hand, reduce the sion solar energy can then be Ute lized only for when there is fect, indoor temperatures rise during the warm season and! ve systems for cooling are requi 3 5 can be used instead; they har ni water is used as ‘a much higher storage capacity per age can be used as long-term (seasonal storage) and the solar energy stored th heating in winter (cf. pp. 43tf). Hawever, d requires very large storage volumes, roughly 50. gle-family house, Consequently liquid storage units are e00: oically efficient when they are used for larger applications particular, for solar district heating in housing Javekr ments, Several pilot projects are in operation; they all employ large underground storage units, where the A/V-ratio is much ter than in smaller units attached to a house.” Liquid stor age units always require additional active components, kt pumps, to integrate them into the heating system. The same is true for so-called energy piles. he high ity of the foundation concrete is u with the relatively stable temperatures in the Sol er and utilize it in winter via heat ure in the soil can be g components such as combinatior to store solar pumps. Co Used to cool the building in summer. Latent Thermal Storage Latent thermal storage utilizes phase transition in materials = predominantly from liquid to solid state = for mate mal storage with a correspondingly high sto ‘When heat is stored the material Begins to melt but dO88 ase in temperature until itis completely melted. Because no noticeable temperat. rease occurs desPae the heat transfer, the heat that is storad during phase trans ion is also referred to being “hidden” or latent. Parstin 8 8 0asible Storage medium: its thermal capacity is ten timesver ‘Smart Solar Architacture wuniemesticen emcee Earth ducts utlize the constant temperature levels in the Soil. ‘As heat exchangers they are located in the frost-free layer ‘As it passes through the length of the duct, suctioned in fresh ‘iris pre-warmed to the Soil temperature (approx, &°C all year long). Buring the cold season, the earth duct pe-heats the supply air required for the building, and cools the air in summer, + Adiabatic Cooling: ‘Adiabatic cooling functions according to the fountain princi- pple that was used in antiquity. As water evaporates, it humic fies the surrounding air and coo's it by a few degrees. ‘Although this process has physical mations, ree aciababe cooling and its aimospheric qualities can greatly contribute {0 the comfort of users. Tho disadvantage ofthe increase in relative humidity combined with decreased temperature can be regulated in mechanical ventilation systems wit the help of a heat exchanger. + Free Night Cooling: Free cooling is no more and no less than window or gap ven- tiation. Combined with thermal storage masses, however. it an be very effective in balancing summer temperatures: hhgat stored in building components over the course of a day, thereby preventing temperature peaks, can be released at night through open windows or gap. The dimension and construction of these openings is designed to prevent Beeak- ins, to Keep insects out and to avoid excessive air velocives. They can be controlled manually or mechanically. By the time morning arrives, even well-insulated volumes are atfactvely ‘cooled by this means. + Light. sirecting elements: Light-directing elements guide daylight deep into rooms and reduce the need for artificial ight. They come inthe form of reflecting louvres or light shelves, light-scattering panes, light-detlecting prisms cr holographic-optical elements. They. should be designed to optimize daylight supply by means of 2.13 Residentl Bulding, Argau (1997), Tharasia Senveiber. Extarcr wa \win eardboard Ponaycom inulin bofind a single layer of tough ‘ed glass to @yramicalyimorove fe vale 2.15 Reser! bulging, EbeatKappe! (2000) Dich Schaarz Sche- ‘matic secton of wall conshucton wih parafin tert toa. 23minimized cross-sections, without greatly increasing heat loads as a result of incident-sun. = Switchable Glass: Glass technology is progressing at a rapid pace. 8. {ass is of particular imerest in the area of building. charged with currant or injected with gases and tra into various states, for example, from transparent to ‘cert, Depending on the incident light or temperature may even change automatically and thus, for exaerp vide shading, This type of glass is very complex: but doubt be Introduced in practice in the coming years. which are generally ‘smart, meaning they are“ne gern 23, ta Eacpen nen ce aan on “Sustanaiie Construction Methods and Techndlogies‘The first solar collectors were installed on rooftops in the .id-1970s, followed nearty a decade later by the frst Integrated photovoltaic system. Now that the intial prob- Jems, such as system glitches and economic hurdles, have been overcome, active solar technology has gained a sali position in the construction market. Indeed, it is a ‘routine component of many building concepts, and not ‘ony of those with innovative energy strategies, In the field ‘t solar architecture, the so-called indirect systems play ‘3 special role, The collector installations and photowotaic modules integrated into the building skin are far more present, visually speaking, than direct measures such as ‘compactness, high-performance glazing. intelligent insula~ ton oF efficient building systems. In addition to the func- tional taaks — heating domestic water, complementary space heating and power generation ~ the iraduction of nese components also translates into a considerable semante expansion of the technological repertory of buiking. [key characteristic of imegrated solar technology isthe: Visible installation of the components on roots or facades. which function as the required interfaces between solar radiation and the building system. fis the building skin that allows us to experience architecture and architectural dessgn in the public space - in the street, square or urban quarter, The question arises, however, whether and to what extent, solar systems engender novel building solutions, and what their contribution right be to the cutural quality of architecture. The Search for Quality in Architecture The lack of quality in architecture has been noted for some time, both professionally and politically. If German architec ‘ual cuture saems to sufler from neglect in general, what is the status of so-called solar architecture in particular? Even ster nearly three decades of intensive focus in this field, solar architecture = as pars pro toto of architecture in gen ral - continues to reflect a certain “randomness and lack ‘of styla" and ‘solar’ buildings are criticized for their lack of architectural quality. On the one hand, many architects sil refuse to address the topic and leave the issue in the hands of engineers and builders; on the other hand, it seems even ‘move aificult to define what constitutes. quality given the Ccoriplesity of the requirements and the abundanca of System choices. When we tac a lock at quality in architecture, two phenom ‘ona are immediately apparent: first, the difference in opin- lon between experts and laypeople, and second, the view that architectural quality is simply a matter of aesthetics, {tis true that the rigour of a solutton, including the appropri- atenass of the means and the logic of the expression. is stronply defined by aesthetic oritaria both in terms ofits integration into the urban context and the building concept itself, but liiting qualty in architecture to these criteria is simply too restrictive. This is because architecture is ‘closely linked to utlty and stability, and is determined by funetional and structural characteristics of quality as well Defining these characteristics is dit cult enough owing to the wide range of requirements and poorly defined erteria. Tha question of aesthetic quality ~of what makes a build- ing beautiful and conclesive in terms of spataity, scale, ‘proportion, colour and surface treatment — poses an even greater challenge because the criteria on which assess- ment is basedin this instance are even less definitive due to diferent depths af knowledge and personal preferences, The usé of solar technology places new demands on the complex construct of the envelope - for example, t9 act ‘as an information carrier between climate moduiator and ‘media screen. This does not mean, however, that estab- lished modes of evaluation have become superfluous. Ut- mately, architectural quality can only flourish through the interplay and interaction of architectonic cetegories in the Vitruvian sense. Intetigent Bulking Skins In the context of re-defining the building skin, that is to say, its transition from monofunctional protective roles to poly- valent control functions, much ado is made of eynergetio effects, and the expression ‘intelligent building skin” is tre- ‘quently mentioned. If “responding fo néw situations with problem-solving behaviour” constitutes a criterion of inte: ligence, then the technological advances and new facade elements can justifiably be referred to.a8 exhibiting “intel ‘gent behaviour.” In addition to a multitude of window systems forthe direct uilization of solar energy, including natural ventiation, so-called manipulators for shading and heat protection, and daylight deflection, solar components play an impor 8.1. Archeological Museum, Heme (2002) by von Busse Kian Bruning. ‘The roomap phetovetac system feeds 100 KW fi ho munca poner ridot Heme araa 1 Oxtecter 2 Soar cycle 3 Soragetanks aa 1 Soler generator cn mounting 12 Canpwcton solar gen em 8 Drect curent 4 Corer eu (berating covert) tant role in intelligent or innovative building skins. technology they introduce (and their link to an el network system), enables the facade and the r respond fiexibly'to changing extemal conditions, result is a lasting effect on essential room or build) ‘acteristics, in other words, on user comfort. The cro spectrum is vast and the rate of innovation truly si photovoltaics are gaining in importance as pave tors for the necessary control technologies and as m {ators suitable for many applications. Technology is {or creating architecture that is both physically and thetically satisfying, and for establishing a more hurane and intalligent approach to building « But inteligent building is not necessarily just a matte technical systems. The tremendous variaty in regio ‘approaches to building exemplifies what inelige. ‘efficient, use of material and energy can be, bec ‘combine rational thinking and craftsmanship with co “sive forms of expression. More technology is, clezri. ‘the only answer. Avoiding unnecessary technology. cially when it becomes an end in itsell. can be innovative and intelligent. Solar Technology The technical and economic potential of solar technology is continually being questioned. Recently, however, he systems have improved tremendously. The amortizaton periods for the investment costs have diminished cons ‘erably in some cases, even when primary energy is taken into account. Nevertheless, the original principle stil apm collectors and photovoltaic installations can only mske & noticeable contribution toward replacing fossil fuels 20d reducing GO, emissions if the direct measures the basic ‘strategies relating fo the building's energy consumotion and indoor climate and above all the building skin =e‘and reo incline up to 45° yields optimum results with nly negligible deviations: conversely, insolation is drast- ‘ally reduced on vertical facade surfaces." ‘Solar Systoms for Thermal Use Air- and vrarm-veater collactors lat plate and evacuated ‘tuba collectors) are chietly used to preheat supply air, 10 heat domestic water and io supplement other heating systems. Flat plate collectors generally consist of a solid metal absorber sat into a rectangular frame. The absorber is covered by a glass pane on top, is insulated on the under- side and is equipped with lateral connections to the heat cartier medium. By its very function, thet of absorbing ‘energy, ts the most important component of a collector: its abscrptive and emissive power determines the collector's officiancy. Simple, black coatings are rarely used today ‘and have been largely replaced by more efficient solutions. New, highly solective absorber coatings, which deliver 8 high ratio of absorptance (85 per cent) and drastically reduce reflectance in the infrared ragion of the spectrum. further increase the annual energy yield. Moreover, changes to the surface structure can be used to ereate coatings: ranging from blue-black to blue-grey instead of the previ ‘ously monotenous black coatings, thereby expanding the design options. In evacuated tube collectors, glass tubes with Duit-in absorbers are bundled in a collecting pipe. The glass tubes serve simultancously as a transparent cover and @ housing. Since heat losses are virtually eliminated asa resultof the vacuum in the individual tubes, operating temperatures of up to 120°C can be achiaved. However, the increased performance of evacuated tube collectors (up to one third highs) is inked to a.doubling of costs. Evacuated tube collectors are manutactured in a var of system designs, although most aré "open sy; meaning they do not form a water-bearing layer and must therefore be mounted on roo! supports or suspended ont of the facade, In the meantime, frst sttempts ha been made towards integrated installations, wihich make ‘evacuated tube collectors a more interesting option for facade applications as wel igh the adcitional effort requirad for insulation must 82 eration. Collector systems for water heating are generally sized to liver raughly 50 to 80 per cent of the average annual requirement; whike nearly 100 per cent coverage can be achieved in summer, the output dips to approximately 50 te 60 per cont in winter as a result of heat losse: shed insolation, s per Standard solar systems designed requirements, called combination sy according to the heating load. A rule Cf callector area per KW, res pplement the he: joms, are sized thumb, roughiy 1 m* ‘sions of 6 to 16 m¥ collector area — an area of roughly 10 mis 9.2 Functional agram of thermal une of solar eneegA Hoatsuppty 1 Coweta 8 Hoatron 2 House transter station © Soa uD 3 Soar transfer staton “4 Butler storage as 5 Longtermsiorage sufficient when avacuated tube collectors are ‘and an installed storage volume ranging trom 41000 litres, The solar installation can thus cove one quarter of the total heating requirement, ayed= Solar District Heating and Cooling Processes Two additional theres are gaining in impertan field of solar systems for thermal use: solar cist: ‘concepts’ and solar-supported cooling proces systems designed to supplement cistrict heating s aim to address the probiem of asynchroniciy ben peak solar radiation in summer and heating demands in ‘winter by bridging the gap through seasonal storage. This model is pradominantly used for neve housing develop ments due to the requirement for large store: theating Sol (up 10 20,000 m®), coordinated integration into Wy grid and spacially designed control technology. Since such ne cok. installations tend to require large absorber ares: lectors are generally realized as fully prefab roots." The roots and facades of neighbouring : ‘exsing smucts: sod eonstvetan ‘eevee! corsirvctonPage Projects ‘(Useable area Passive measures Sereqywracednoushg Srv pavantageous ANV«ata dou onentatcn: decererakzed corwed 72 Passive-snergy teraced housing Srey ynm _vernaieneaing teat exchanger a ‘advantageous AYa80: Tn teria orate eee oe a coma Sa $557 cunts Sourwal hrm! srapein pany was between apatartuna = — “2 Passive-onorgy terraced cgoms Tinh Adiantapeas aio corboledhatinghartiston ia est andGNaraE 2 eae Ps Grenson unts methest exchanger a $B Point blocks in Innsbruck Tieoms, OB AV-ate; decormalzed contolled ventlaten and heatng va est Baumschlaper S Eber ‘36 resided ute ‘exchanger, rier heat UTD 2 zi i" 250m ‘ovartageous ANrato; southwest orientation: sunahade ee 3 aeesice nes gare era ee “gs Sporthalinwangi 4686 Tybrd focado gytary active heat goin ayatem and passive Mest oom: Foot Slare aerials Cortoted verdaice'va hes changer a 402 Secondary school in Klaus ‘appre. 6844 a? raul iphing via window and skjighs: Binds fof acing: crmoted Deven und Umer ‘aengtorlaton va enh eoleciors ana eat exchanger 7 08 Conleence and extibtion bulking oppo 00 ne _aryara rack ehaghgtsng and dayight recon a ng Heep + Pater ETE tnaien. concbodneahngveruassn va Peak acrSnge and Srovndat eeig Eee 412 Office building in Soimuit ‘soon hacing provided by igi akin iouvers in gable wal binds Pa ‘aes Aeneas ‘Setine apamoveabe necdon shor on soue-s6et Ge OR ‘nlaicn va os enya: busing compare as mae rs 118 Administration building in Recanati s08smr ‘un-protacton ro! wih fe aluminum ouvers; natura verona {Hoa Mare Cusnataarcriects ing oa tacags: syights adoro avium balding Coronas S&T (ermal sorage Bae é if ae are “ eee | 328 Adminisvation building in Landquart 454m ausonated baldng sytem: heating 2otng, dayigrangarscial igh ‘Beorn § Dopazes insang provged by oxernal uring: bung concoTens a f 330 "aerate butding ester: ightdrecing aarinun overs BORE (Eon Guubiesth ca wselrate Ceres aren 186 Solar factory in Braunschweig e215? Eure + Reco 442 Academy of further education in Herne 1g000 mr 148 oun Architect Hegge Hooper Schist Archtskoen Reichstag in Bertin Foster anal 11000 r# ‘dame: dayigh rection exhaust or plenary chamber vi ‘con: conoed heakng'vorniaton, aquter storage: hea essicatve and evaporalive cooling and absoratn-5ystmfi ciEeceR 4 Passive-Energy Terraced Housing in Dornbirn Architect: Johannes Kauimann, Doenbirn Energy consuttants: E-Pius, Ralf Lensinger, E9o view ta the Bregenz Forest, this row of nine ter a communal unit at the end is situated on in Voreriberg, Austria. A group of eects mcluding the architect himself, joined forces to realize, this scheme. The dwellings form the frst stage of a mixed develapment. Further housing strips and a commercial unit are rnnad, The use of prefabricated timber elemants: helped to ensuré low production costs and a short onstruc- tion peried. The individual two-storey Nouses, each with a floor area of roughly 80 me, alow a flexible use of tha internal spaces. The only fred eloments are the ground floor Kitchen, laid out along the western party WCs and bathroom on the ground and first floors. From the open kitchen and iving area, a singlesight staircase, with storage space Teads to the upper level. Here, there are two rooms, with the bathroom in the middie and a separate WC. Inthe entrance hall of each duvlling, a trap door inthe floor provides access to a small cellar space containing: mechanical services, which comprise a combination of indivice Ul and communal systems. The high density of tha development means that the site has, been exploited with great economy. Itwas nevertheless poss bie 1 create a small open space with a timber patio on tha south side of every house. Pivoling shutters provide visual screening to the balconies and the private points of access on the garden side. A small porch-lke structure, consisting of a lancing with a side wall and root in fibre-cement sheeting forms a sculptural element on the north face of each nouse. The porches afford protection against the weather andi also define the entrance situation, Parking spaces will be provided later in the form of an undergeaund garage. The consortium of clients received a grant from the state of \orartberg from funds to support envirenmentally friendly hous- ing in the region, The level of fmancial support was calculated according to a points system based on a. comprehensive list of crteria. These included the use of ecological building materials {and forms of construction, and other measures Gesigned tO promote passive low-energy housing, The system provides ‘Support for individual building concepts drawn up fer specific: Stuations, The scheme was planned and executed in such a way that it would achieve the maximum possible subsidy under this assessment system. With this low-cost development, the itect and other cients have managed to reconcile the needs of qual ‘9 design with high environmental standards. Enjoying a‘aed ai sched ost tars ws va. faa sarong ot hos eo thewsng gua trocrtay ander wr fro perce. Tha hastancrangs vet oot Tonenna gr aw awa Fras cinnat wal Fon corona ‘ha towel raiators inte batons a8 supped wih hot water fom a cena! source. ‘Tha communal hotter supply, also using rn \walr, a heated by soar colectors. Inthe avert ofan anergy shoal, a peter tres bolle is avalabie as wel. This supclerentany saree of haating and so) coronation Rot note rk or SRustod te basement the ‘comma ut Diagraen of Resting sytem 11 Sar coleetorston oor af rouss 13 2 Pedat red boi in basamert of cameras ‘uti supplement heating supoiy at teres ct (peak derand | 2 Solar combination tark (2000 in asorert ‘at cemmral ust 44 Heating supnby correction to corral ut 1 Neathg ana vertiaton conmactar to ‘crvcnal ens (6 Raciaorsn balvooms and in conerunal unt 7 Vendlaton plat in bawararts of rouse atone neateg gid tor sacra: Fry Supply at tas of peak aman and sar heal exchange tr narra! Sera 18 Receunted water aur port tr ‘resQual ouses t Te aryorizontal sacten thesugh sou tocade ‘on ground Foxe [pint betwaon construction Semone: assembly sequence seate 120 1 internal wal etenares 2 BSD men tirber stud van sealing sie 3 enteral wal element 2 twipdou 4 hieged stator 5 ictal mal Leng 6 vapour bare tized ‘back at edge 7 eternal tenet 8 enernat eadsing 74 is were erected in a dry form of construc: 120, multilayer timber elements. An amend= mont of the state Dullding laws in Vorarlberg allowed the party falls to-be built in timber. Executed in a two-leaf form of con- ‘otion for sound-insulating purposes, they provide a certi- fied one-hour fire resistance. Only one cross-wall, between houses § and 6, had to be built inrainforced concrete a8 an additional means of fire protecticn, Itacts as a rigid stab that iso serves to brace the row in the longitudinal direction. The (ground floor slab. consisting of softwood bax elements filed! with insulation, is borne by the concrete basement units on the hrorth side of the houses and a strip foundation along the south side. The upper floer construction consists of prefabricated, {five-ply, solid laminated:-timber elements spanned between the party walls of the houses. Theré are no further finishings on top the stooth softwoed surface forms the actual flooring. It was also possible to do without impact-sound insulation within he individual dwellings. The soffit s finishad with @ sus- pended layer of larch boarding, with electrical runs laid in the intermediate cavity. A prefabricated, solid laminated-timber jotion was also used for tha flat roof, The outer walls f insulated timber box elements, complete with the necessary door and window openings. Work executed on site included the triple glazing, the external horizontal larch beard- ;00! insulation and finishings, and the gypsum fibre- ‘board linings to the internal walls,Housing Estate in Kolding architects: 3xNialsee, Arhus Lars Frank Nilsen, Kim Herforth Nielsen ‘This Danish development, comprising 59 terraced houses and J building with communal facities, was the outcome of a com ‘petition for environmentally friendly construction. To achieve a Pevcmum exploitation of solar energy, the houses are turned! gt an angle of 15° tothe north-south axis, thereby ensuring the ideal oclentation for buliings at this latitude, The north-facing, external walls are in a wel-inoulated multilayer form of con Sruction. The gouth faces, in contrast, are fully glazed. Inte- Grated in the glazing of every house is a verticat solar wall Glement between 6,00 and 8.40 mi in area. Behind the double: lazing in nese strips is a black, perforated sheet-stee! panel, with a cavity and a layer of insulation to the rear. When ‘exposed fo solar radiation, the stee! panel heats up and warms the air in the cavity. The systemis used as @ Supple hantary form of heating, complementing the central heating ‘supply from the community building, ‘The solar wells are divided into-two sections. The lower part serves to preheat the fresh-air intake, while the heat gains in the upper partare stored in the 290 mm concrate party walls between the houses. Ifthe temperature within the solar wall rises above 30 °C during the heating period, a fan is switched fon which blows the heated air into the storage walls. These, in jum, yield their heat at night to the dwelings. At the tap of the Solar walls are ventilation flaps. In summer, when the fans ‘are turned off and heating is not required. the flaps can be opened to allow warm air to escape, thus avoiding overheating of the wall ‘Twa different types of prefabricated thermal storage walls were developed. The system for the party walls consists of Concrete units with built-in heating tubes with hot-air circulas tien, For the outer walls to the end houses of each raw, hollow cellular concrete elemants were manufactured with an integral layer of broken stone, ‘On completion of the work, test measurements were made in ‘wo representative houses to determine the thermal behaviour ‘of the solar walls and the storage mass. Parallel to this, & eurvey was carried out among the residemis. The wall sySt6™s have proved effective, and the users are Satisfied with the system, ln the case of the solar wall strips, the costs were 7 per cent higher than for conventional forms of construction (Le. a standard glazed facade). The costs for the storage wall were 45 per cont higher than for a normal brick wall, The energy savings achieved with this system (115-125 kWh/méa) compensate for the greater oullay, however 11h in Bormavk costs €0.06 figures for 2000 = year of measurement)Taal betas of sr mat ard ore Ste papre show tate sate tctone wot ‘npractee. vgn he ein wate ay reinhas ‘toctve aren (od torte ermal 207098 #yS!e- Lu‘Sie pan ‘vewe 12500 Passive-Energy Terraced Housing in. Ulm ‘Arenitect: Johannes Brucker, Stuttgart Mechanical services: ebék, Tobingen esvainad in ts design and economical in ts use Of Pesan ris developmentin Ur, Germany, comprises 18 reer energy haves iid out n thre stepped tors, Despite Rrehlng enjove panoramic views and a great deal of sunight eee couth. The architects chose a mixed fon of constiuc Som the south Tacadss consist of large, pretabricated tinier laments, while the exiemnalwalis on the north side and thes fred: bearing party walls were constructed with large sanding Stocks, The use of reinforced concrete floor slabs allowed the creation of tree column free storeys thet the occupants can fay cut according to personal needs. and which can De restruc: tuted at a later date, In addition, it is possible to divide the ouses into two independent units or to install an office. ‘The individual dwellings 9 not Nave their own separate neat ing systems. Unconivoled heat losses are avoided by means ‘of Hghtly sested joins in he outer enclosure as well as a high Standard of thermal insulation: 40 em in the roof, SO em in the ‘outer-walls and 20 cm beneath the base slab. The balconies ‘and porches af6 discrete constructional elements stn front of the facades to aveid creating thermal bridges. In addition, fall windows are tiple glazed. The ventilation plant not only heats the intake of fresh air; trough heat recovery and a pro- cess of geothermal heat exchange, itensures an agresable indoor climate and good air quality. f the energy from these ‘sources plus that derived ftom insolation snot adequate in Cold weather, a back-up system is available: residual heat can tbe drawn from the return flow of a district-heating service to a ‘conventionally Built black of flats nearby. The hat-water supply is provided by solar collectors concealed in the plarited roof. ‘A photovottaic plant for the generation of electricity canbe ‘added if required, The requisite connections have already, been installed. peptone 8 remamston Sieempy ond andatgrrean” Veranda couong Sn money meee | apevwema woe evan + erlaion ath Specie 2 eetheaaeoe | Mere om = 2 eae 3 dayight detection 3 nor-bearing ‘exchange Galant” pein Faun Sreaer’” ——‘anema on Sipe pool ingserttaton [Eiary novse has a mechanical i =u ‘exact systor wth a Peatrecoveny fr is sucked 0 wa atte adc Dl ifrequred betora being testo Port ofthe hotunter suo is peorded ys hora! soar instalation wih 4 oe a roughly St? per house. The eolectars (pated mre extensively planted ooh, Scope isthas proved tor the ‘3cotenal power trom soar ener Suoplemensary neaing system im the evont of the hosing SUB ‘quate in Gold weat?or, a reserve sou bla n the for of the manic Focted i the det-eatng nab paghbourng block of a, whereby renumflon is 38d,1 raat construction: {700 ren extensive planting (wo lays) Sern ot enting pero” ‘Porm laminated wood conseuction board $494201mm (av) émb er Baars berm av) mingraluco thermal inauston Sammenpboard ‘Surmuercoatet pyrene vapour bari Jager plasiorbosd, seated anaparted ‘eenm eirtorcng| ‘300 nm rigid foam ternal aston 180 mm sancsim block waling (large Docks) 2 mm Sker-coat of paterq 4 45a Point Blocks in Innsbruck Bornbien n AusWvia, les surrounded by in. The Lohbach cusing estate, was erected stern outskirts of the city sountaing to the ted as low-energy ther in. chequer- e gemtly sloping site at vark te deep r@ consti D and E are identical. lings for senior ral building, © as well as comm ‘af the blocks provide spaces, and there are surprising views to néscape in all directions. 3s of the individual the starting point fer the innovative solar energy is the hot-water supply By decentral 1cept had er devel- allar in scale. The concept and of construction were coordinated to provide a high tal floor area of snguring a. low heating-energy ‘a. That means a reduction of GO, emis: sions of h the usual figure for new housing developments in 0-80 KIVIvInFa).Haatog ara vartiaton (ssgrame Band C) + Aris sucked nwa that (1). nme okt ‘esernal ais heated toa temperate oh 9-10°C by means ofthe solar storage unt (2). When no solar heating of te a rake occurs. {Ris tucson ig pertorme by 9 gas heater (3). + Inthe verlag applances athe Gneliens, (4). feats Meats 18-20 °C ‘by eat exracted fom exhaust ai (5). ins (present, €0 par centot a thermal onorgy ‘hom te exhaust a (20-22 °C s recovered \thout any contamination we ated a + Inte evertot no heaing being necessary a ‘aresul of neat gain fom people, ighing or insolation, the esha take is tod to he Paoied We feaung ered foonar natn remed rogy 220°C + Exhaustalr passes trough a eat-recovery plantin the vectiaten Petalazen 1) below beng emined atroot lve! (8 ‘Solr nating of hot vr and preheating of a suey ‘Sar neatng of the hot-water supply acouss by ‘meses of salar colectors (9) and central sigr ‘Scrage elon 2 * Wha ingoation eccurs, the solar colectes, wit an area of 120-180 m per ioc yl ‘ho haa! to the coral sla storage ete (80-108 me por block) sated nthe comers cf he basenart priate. + in summer, te requiem Pot water is Deatad the storage eaearts ta temperate of 40-00" and then fed int Potente ars tha indict dwalings (10). where tear be Teonoates by te Meat pune: ough ES por fer mero etioeal ava elect wale In wine, solar heat ses to warmth aie supply (11). Al ss Ue of yoar, the sora temperate can sink toS-15 °C. th teres ranuras around 207°C, hw colacios can ye ‘solar haat Using conventional caleccr, ‘Paretore, voy high yolks of around 450 km ‘per square metre of cllecter area can BS ‘sehioved per serum, 31oe Diagram of compact ve wih irwraan-sined Rest pure 1 Par fcr plan showing vor c Sector seaie 1200 90 The com of the blecks, with a good ratio between the footprint area and the volume (0.2), provides a sound basis for minimizing energy losses, The entrance halls act as butter problem posed by the front doors of the ceakest point of the outer skin in The flats are heated largely via the nthe use of minimally dimensioned heat sh ait has to be preheated to at least ly zones and reduc awelings - terms of ene: ntilation syster imps. In this syst 5°G, since the heat pump would no longer function efficie peratures, and there would also be a danger of condensation freezing on the autgoing side of the heat- exchange unit. The large lings inevitably necessitates a greater vo! «. Cost constraints and lack of space led ta a decision to provide heating via rater-filed solar storage elements rathee than by means of an ‘earth grid. On the roois of the blocks, a mixture of glycol and water in the solar collectors is heated and pumped to the heat- exchange units in the solar storage elements. The heat from this medium fiuid is transferred to the water in the storage tanks, and the cooled medium is then returned to the collec- tors. The tanks are situated in these comers of the basement garages that cannot be used as parking spaces. Solar storage ‘slemants have a further advantage over earth grids in that they allow temperatures to be controlled, They can also be used in summer to help heat the hot-water supply Decenvalized compact ventilation appliances with flat heat- exchange elements and minimum-sized heat pumps Nave: been installed in the bathroom of every dwelling bahind room: height glass sliding doors. Regulated by pressing a simple sat of buttons, the appliances can be operated at three different levels to dividual heating and ventilating needs. The pretreated, fitered air supply is blown into the living spaces: pu by rotary fans. Exhaust air is sucked out via disc valves in the sanitary and ancillary s A special video flm was pro: duced and distributed ta every household to instruct residents in the operation of the system, When the external temperature falls below 10 °C, a gas heater is automatically activated {and supplies a conventional radiator installed in every flat The radiator provides residents with an additional source of eating or a place to dry wat clothing, The outer skin of the: ‘building is s0 highly insulated that the intemal temperature generated by secondary heat sources (people, appliances ‘and lighting) would not fall below about 15°C, even if both heating systems were out of action.= ceawe | edoral wal coneuucton (U = 0.16 Wire boardingte pin seal 1.2000 a4 Lawyer's Practice in Rathis. Architect: Reinhard Drexel, Hoheners Mechanical Services: Cristot Oraxsl, Reinhard Weiss, Bregenz in the centre of this, a small cosrwnunity in Vorariberg. ‘Austria, a cubic structure with shingle facades stands sell- ‘confidently between the old village church and a number of buildings of traditional constructon. Having grown derelict qver the years, this former agricultural outhouse was demol- ished down to the foundation walls and has now been rebuilt and converted into a legal practice for the client. A reinforced Concrete skelotor-trame structure braced by a staircase was ingerted within the existing refurbished wells, which now Con: sistof stone and tamped concrete, The building has been raised ia height, and the new concrete floers are supported con each storey by eight steel columns. A construction joint between the solid masonry plinth walls and the timber facade above marks the transition between old and new. The wo parts are constuctionally and thermally separated. The new External walls ere in a three-layer lightweight stud construc tion with a high degree of thermal insulation (overall thickness 96 cm). Other aspecis that support the passive-energy Gesign are the compact cubic form of the building and the: ‘9c0d ratio between the footprint aréa and the volume. The facades are ead with @ homogeneous skin of untreated Canadian larch shingles. Tha extensive areas of glazing are covered externally by bays of timber strip cladding. Above balustrade level, these sunshading strips are divided lnfo top-hung pivating elements in 602,000 em specially many- factured bead-blasted aluminium fremes. The elements, Which ean ba manually operated by the staff to provide pro- tection against insolation and glare, form an important part of the passive energy concept. Triple glazing was used througheut for the room-height windows behind the facade shading, While the large bays of fixed glazing consist of fed glass with an argon-filed cavity (U = 0.6 Wim’). the glazing to the casement doors is filed with krypton (U = 07 Wink), Internally, the building is distinguished by its meticulous ‘detailing: exposed concrete surtaces with an oiled finish, which brings out the grain of the wood shuttering: black bitu- ‘minous terrazzo; and perforated birch plywood to the ceilings. instead of a conventional heating installation, a controled alr- ‘Supply and air-extract system were foreseen, with a minimally dimensioned heat pump and a heat-recovery facility. The external air ‘s preheated by a roughly 60-metre-tong geother- mal collector. The frestr-air ducts are incorporated in the SOK concrete floor slabs and function in the nature of a hypocaust system. A dynamic simulation program was used to test the energy concept at the planning stage, allowing any necessary Ccanstructional changes to be mae in good time.Vestal section -Hoszontaleoeton scale 120, 1 SO ermlayer af gravel {wo ayer biuminous memérane e120 rm minershacnl bwrnal nessten‘ala 12000 ports Hall in Wangi a ‘rentects: Fent Solar Architecture, Wil in Wangi, Switzerland, the existing multi-purpose sports hal foe now been extended by a new hall~ the frst minimum trevgy (mingegy’) sports hall in that couniry. During the plan a fing phase, heating-energy needs were calculated at tity kWhvinéa. In other wards, the energy consumption is 0 par cent below that of a convantional sports hall. Th ea uc volume of the new structure and its facades, consisting of prefabricated wood-and-glass elements, form a bokd cone (ut to the existing brick building. A two-storey entrance tract between the halls links the two structures. On the ground floor ig. large foyer for vistors. Access for puplts [sat subfloor level. Intomally, the finely articulated load-bearing Structure is jn native timber, which has been laft exposed. To achieve the required minimum-eneray standard, the building Was Con structed with a solar-active “Lucido” glass facade, a system ‘developed by the architects themselves. Thick layers of instil = ‘fon and an alright skin also serve to reduce the heating needs, The thermal insulation in the east and west facades Is 460 rm thick: in the north and south facades, itis 200mm thick; and in the roof, 400 mm thick. Preheated air from the insulation and the planted layer of the root The Lucido facade functions as folks. Sunlight penetrates single outer pane of toughened glass, and the soler energy iS absorbed by a layer af wood jouvres:in the cavity fo the rear. ‘The air in the cavity is heated to a temperature of around 706. This thermal eneray is stored and released later into the interior. In view of the high temperatures involved and the thet= mal expansion they cause, the elements are point fixed wy slotted apenings at 1,25 m centres. : ‘The system of fenestration for the hall consists of nine open able casoment units within a larger area of fixed tiple glazing (U£0.8 Wimek). The post-and-rall construction was to passive solar-eneegy standards, one important criterion of Which js that a building should have an airtight seal (nS = (0.6h"). In the present hall, a value of 0.2 fr! was achieved, ‘The ventlaton plant, with scope for heat-racovery, produces wait ait via an airAvater exchange system. The air is then biowm into the hall, The energy needed for this process is provided by the heating plant in the existing hall In the frst ‘year of operation, additional thermal energy was required ‘rom Noveriber onwards, but by the beginning of February, it was possible to heat the sports hall entirely from solar sources. In comparison with a conventional hal, the \Wangi community saves roughly 14,750 litres of fuel oll year, and carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by roughly” 50 tonnes.Soxplen seats 13500 1 New seneot butting 2 Spores nal ¥act 3 Former choo! bulsng secondary School in Klaus architects: Dievich and Untorvisier, Bregenz aor venical seraeee: IGT Consulting & Engineering, Honan Vorarberg, a small state in Austria s known forthe igh archi oy a Bulkings. into realm of environment eer colar contruction, 199, one finds pioneering profects such athe secondary schoo! in Kiays, which wes exeouted a3 a Jassive-onaray structure. With a heating requieent Of te KWhinea, a.controlled ai-supply and extract system conte bined wih ge aivearh heat-exchange grid, and the appropr as insulation values, he school complies with Voraribero Standards for passive-energy buildings. This timber structure, hus api scheme in the field of school constuction, Ga the basis of a study it had commissioned, the local author= ity decided to Sal the ok schoo! building, for envitnmental ery economic reasons, and tareplace it with a new one. An existing sports hall tact has been retained and will bereft bished later in a second phase of construction, The schoolis situated directly on thé road between the town of klaus and a: nearby industial area. The clearly articulated volume of the three-storey building, together with a two-storey linking tractto the existing eports hall, sereens the tree-lined playground from the oad, The school provides teaching for 12 classes. The pupils come from Klaus and the to nearby communities of Weller and Fraxem. Atthe head of the classroom tact is a two-storey entrance space, which is also used as an assembly hall. The upper floor of the linking tract accommadates a municipal library. Access to the fwo-bay teaching trectis via a. Tong Gorridoriluminated by roc lights. WCs, ancillary spaces ‘and mechanical services are noused in box-like structures ingorted within the layout. Light wells extending over the full height of the building allow daylight to penetrate to the lower floors, The main classrooms on the ground and first floors Of ‘the eastern tract are connected by bridges to the corridors. Sunshading to the windows is provided by automatically Con ‘rolled louvres, which can also be individually operated tf required. The fully glazed south face of the assembly hall is protected against insolation in summer by a 30 per cent BaF forated shest-copper screen fixed to a steal frame structure. The building consists entiely of prefabricated timber ele ments, vith the exception of the stalroase cores, which are in reinforced concrete. The school cast ony 3 par cent more than a comparable building in.a conventional, solid form af ‘construction. From the outset, the architects and mechanical serviegs engineers collaborated to achieve a school that would comply with passive-eneray standards. A lot of porsua= sion was needed during preliminary discussions with local authority cammitiees to ensure not only a high level of archl= tecture, but the best and most efficient mechanical services for the situationenstaon By choosing ecological uling materia, Shusing a compact, woltinuiatod (pt £0 £00), and ntaling a contol hating and varsaton sytem, mwas possible reduce the healing needs below 15 KWh pec hated toc area per annum, T ng i svopied by a central vetlaion plant wih on sito volume of 35,000 ih. Ta fans. were seule van tacuay Vader 0 ‘entation rads. Connected 9 tie vertiaton pant tsa thoesaye Siearth grid that préhwsts cr coos he fesh at Indah, Te ealestod vokame ol fresh a 1000 preeatedt afro of 28°C by drain it ove nea hygienic ‘Section = Flor plans jraation nal ssrcom pacts provaea Araetene hang NS azo bon taba in every oo aKa HAS tahenperahre corre ‘adsscnal nasng needs x tho assert arora wth wore net ase essivo-crergy srucnes = are ral 8 atta carne blr. The Kr smees8 Sndottoor heating sam eae AEE srs aa 870 oy Be foo nr sara days sures, te fash a tae CaN ‘rovecled by eraving wove Bae? Former ar conctonng saat reese27 rm laminated tinge aneet. ahesive fixed 1 flotsam leure sunband “2 520180 mm larinated tember ining to revant 5 tiple gazing (U = 0.8 WIT): © mm toughened a mm foot glass = Ben fot glass vat 2c td mmearibes i 66 ple glazng (U = 0.8 WirFK) wood frame: {U= O78 WinFX glazing 03 208. Wl 17 here natural ver fr boarding oa ‘Sore battens und 40 mm counko- battens "drat layer 2x 4080 rm Nalved bearers wih rock-wechingiaton ‘Zterm laminated construction Board 180 men rack-neol neustion between 180 rm laminated ember bears 200 Wir? Essttaeingmnsons > 200 Were ‘Westiacing windows 3200 Wir Indoor ternperatore measuremerAs Tis 22°C an a Te 0 Ti> 22°C wd > Te. Tio 24°C and M2 Tek ‘External ragition measurements ‘on root mast (ie) Tunas oftCionod Bam Bam sam High wind seeds, precipitation SeroberApi TiatGam. «22°C < 150 ver <150Vtire 150 Veh ‘Hosting (Beer by ood: ‘Norneen zone =215°C average wpe ~225°C Seuthern zon ~205°C average temperate 2215S Een ss Winter: ma November ‘Ae change: 0.25 (taps opened ‘Stucdays, Sundays, toma-Feorvary (byautomaictire switch) bolidaye 5 pm~7 50 am. ‘Summon: ichJure foendet Auge ‘Ar changa; 0.25 (as above) arabe Translionel perods: ‘Ae change; 035-06 (ans oot ste (eo-a3y6rM0 window vertiaton) 5 Ventilation in root storey: ‘ATi > 25 °C: cooling a Tiewas’ ‘Heating and vention Components, though me contol system can Inna, tha bulcing i segaty hese by sla saianon, wnen enters Waugh re lrge areas of ‘double glaring on the south sce (= 0.8 Vil K: ‘gq = 046%). Protection against gare is peoiced [yintsral fabric curtains. The solar aneegy is ‘sbearbad by te sructure teat wich acts as ‘astoroge mass, Tha pemary storage elses a, fo0rs. walls, unite and tings exposed to tha droet rays ofthe un) ara nantes Het. ‘Abr ane io tro hours, the increase inthe sixe face temperate ofthe primary slats causes the itera a temperate 0 rise. These thermal ins ae, in tu, atscrbed by secondary sto ‘age elements suctas he walls ang eaiings Mat ‘re not exposed to rect sunight In sunny con ‘dons, insolation causes the internal ar lemper: ‘ILE fo rss in the course l the day by 2°C ‘above te moming temperate of he bulking 128, bbe programmed to provide shading or vnmiaon Dy masns ofa cxculaton, The sold structural ‘elements along the cou sige rm an energy ‘reservoir and ae able tareact wih fuctuatons, fs tempore, The qrastst changes occur on ‘sunny days (tevperatue increase of about 2°) ‘and on days with an avotcast ky Ueenperaties ‘Gecreaco of about? °C), With extemal terra {es around 0° the heaied storage mass: ‘can keep tha buling warm for one and alt days without futher suppes of thermal energy. ‘To copa win longee periods of cold weather, ebuilsng should De kept at alomparatute of 2-4°C above tis average ta get com tamper ture of 19°C. A supplamertary gas-red heating ‘System wan conveckars sora 1 maineain tha ‘eld mags ofthe bulding ala basic temperature oa "Two relerence temperatures in each ease ‘sviraige values fr enh and south zones ances, peopie inte bulking andi raciaton ts atso absorbed by the: ‘taming tha central contol system \eetiation Maps. For most oft time gn can rackan wih intemal temperate 25°C. During nearwaves, Rowever, est! ‘8 fo extemal lovels, A-entrac fare the storey are then automaticaly Raned on i 62 the buling