I HC THI NGUYN

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

B mn Cng ngh iu khin t ng

VN TON

Gio trnh

K THUT
THNG TIN CNG NGHIP

THI NGUYN, NM 2007

MC LC
Chng 1: M U ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Mng truyn thng cng nghip l g? ............................................................................ 1
1.2 Phn loi v c trng cc h thng mng cng nghip .................................................. 2
Chng 2: C S K THUT .................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Cc khi nim c bn ....................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Thng tin, d liu v tn hiu .................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Truyn thng, truyn d liu v truyn tn hiu ........................................................ 7
2.2.2 Truyn ng b v truyn khng ng b............................................................... 11
2.2.3 Truyn mt chiu v truyn hai chiu ..................................................................... 11
2.2.4 Truyn ti di c s, di mang v di rng ............................................................. 12
2.1.3 Tnh nng thi gian thc.......................................................................................... 13
2.2 Ch truyn ti ............................................................................................................ 14
2.2.1 Truyn bit song song v truyn bit ni tip............................................................. 14
2.3 Cu trc mng-Topology................................................................................................ 16
2.3.1 Cu trc bus ............................................................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Cu trc mch vng (tch cc) ................................................................................ 18
2.3.3 Cu trc hnh sao ..................................................................................................... 20
2.3.4 Cu trc cy ............................................................................................................. 21
2.4 Kin trc giao thc ......................................................................................................... 21
2.4.1. Dch v truyn thng .............................................................................................. 22
2.4.2 Giao thc ................................................................................................................. 23
2.4.3 M hnh lp ............................................................................................................. 25
2.4.4 Kin trc giao thc OSI........................................................................................... 27
2.4.5 Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP ..................................................................................... 33
2.5 Truy nhp bus ................................................................................................................. 36
2.5.1 t vn ................................................................................................................ 36
2.5.2 Ch/t (Master/slaver)............................................................................................. 38
2.5.3 TDMA ..................................................................................................................... 40
2.5.4 Token Passing.......................................................................................................... 41
2.5.5 CSMA/CD ............................................................................................................... 43
2.5.6 CSMA/CA ............................................................................................................... 44
2.6 Bo ton d liu.............................................................................................................. 46
2.6.1 t vn ................................................................................................................ 46
2.6.2 Bit chn l (Party bit) ............................................................................................. 49
2.6.3 Bit chn l hai chiu ................................................................................................ 49
2.6.4 CRC ......................................................................................................................... 51
2.6.5 Nhi bit (Bit Stuffing) ............................................................................................. 53
2.7 M ha bit....................................................................................................................... 53
2.7.1 Cc tiu chun trong m ha bit .............................................................................. 54
2.7.2 NRZ, RZ .................................................................................................................. 55
2.7.3 M Manchester ........................................................................................................ 56
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2.7.4 AFP.......................................................................................................................... 56
2.7.5 FSK.......................................................................................................................... 57
2.8 Chun truyn tin ............................................................................................................. 57
2.8. Phng thc truyn dn tn hiu ................................................................................... 58
2.8.3 RS-232 ..................................................................................................................... 61
2.8.3 S-422........................................................................................................................ 64
2.8.4 RS-485 ..................................................................................................................... 65
2.8.5 MBP (IEC 1158- 2) ................................................................................................. 70
2.9 Mi trng truyn dn.................................................................................................... 72
2.9.1 i dy xon............................................................................................................ 73
2.9.2 Cp ng trc .......................................................................................................... 75
2.9.3 Cp quang ................................................................................................................ 76
2.9.4 V tuyn .................................................................................................................. 78
2.10 Thit b lin kt mng................................................................................................... 78
2.10.1 B lp..................................................................................................................... 79
2.10.2 Cu ni................................................................................................................... 80
2.10.3 Router .................................................................................................................... 80
2.10.4 Gateway ................................................................................................................. 81
Chng 3: CC H THNG BUS TIU BIU ........................................................................ 83
3.1 PROFIBUS ..................................................................................................................... 83
3.1.1 Kin thc giao thc ................................................................................................. 83
3.1.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn..................................................................... 84
3.1.3 Truy nhp bus .......................................................................................................... 86
3.1.4 Dch v truyn d liu ............................................................................................. 87
3.1.5 Cu trc bc in..................................................................................................... 89
3.1.6 PROFIB US-FMS.................................................................................................... 91
3.1.7 PROFIB US-DP....................................................................................................... 97
3.1.8 PROFIBUS - PA.................................................................................................... 102
3.2 CAN.............................................................................................................................. 104
3.2.1 Kin trc giao thc ................................................................................................ 104
3.2.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn................................................................... 105
3.2.3 C ch giao tip..................................................................................................... 106
3.2.4 Cu trc bc in................................................................................................... 106
3.2.5 truy nhp bus ......................................................................................................... 109
3.2.6 Bo ton d liu..................................................................................................... 110
3.2.7 M ho bit.............................................................................................................. 111
3.2.8 Cc h thng tiu biu da trn CAN.................................................................... 111
3.3 DeviceNet ..................................................................................................................... 113
3.3.1 C ch giao tip..................................................................................................... 113
3.3.2 M hnh i tng ................................................................................................. 114
3.3.3 M hnh a ch...................................................................................................... 115
3.3.4 Cu trc bc in................................................................................................... 116
3.3.5 Dch v thng bo ................................................................................................. 116
3.4 Modbus ......................................................................................................................... 119
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3.4.1 C ch giao tip..................................................................................................... 120

3.4.2 Ch truyn ........................................................................................................ 121
3.4.3 Cu trc bc in................................................................................................... 122
3.4.4 Bo ton d liu..................................................................................................... 125
3.4.5 Modbus Plus .......................................................................................................... 126
3.5 Interbus ......................................................................................................................... 128
3.5.1 Kin trc giao thc ................................................................................................ 128
3.5.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn:.................................................................. 129
3.5.3 C ch giao tip:.................................................................................................... 131
3.5.4 Cu trc bc in................................................................................................... 132
3.5.5 Dch v giao tip: .................................................................................................. 134
3.6 AS - i............................................................................................................................. 135
3.6.1 Kin trc giao thc ................................................................................................ 136
3.6.2 Cu trc mng v cp truyn: ................................................................................ 136
3.6.3 C ch giao tip..................................................................................................... 137
3.6.4 Cu trc bc in................................................................................................... 138
3.6.5 M ho bit.............................................................................................................. 139
3.6.6 Bo ton d liu:.................................................................................................... 141
3.7 Foundation Fieldbus ..................................................................................................... 141
3.7.1. Kin thc giao thc: ............................................................................................. 142
3.7.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn:.................................................................. 142
3.7.3 C ch giao tip:.................................................................................................... 144
3.7.4 Cu trc bc in:.................................................................................................. 145
3.7.5 Dch v giao tip ................................................................................................... 146
3.7.6 Khi chc nng ng dng: .................................................................................... 148
3.8 Ethernet......................................................................................................................... 149
3.8.1 Kin trc giao thc: ............................................................................................... 150
3.8.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn:.................................................................. 150
3.8.3 C ch giao tip:.................................................................................................... 153
3.8.4 Cu trc bc in:.................................................................................................. 153
3.8.5 Truy nhp bus: ....................................................................................................... 154
3.8.6 Hiu sut ng truyn v tnh nng thi gian thc: ............................................ 155
3.8.7 Mng LAN 802.3 chuyn mch: ........................................................................... 156
3.8.8 Fast Ethernet:......................................................................................................... 157
3.8.9 High speed Ethernet: ............................................................................................. 158
3.8.10 Industrial Ethernet: .............................................................................................. 160
Chng IV: CC THNH PHN H THNG MNG ......................................................... 161
4.1 Phn cng ..................................................................................................................... 161
4.1.1 Cu trc chung cc phn cng giao din mng:.................................................... 161
4.1.2 Ghp ni PLC: ....................................................................................................... 163
4.1.3 Ghp ni PC: ......................................................................................................... 164
4.1.4 Ghp ni vo/ra phn tn....................................................................................... 166
4.1.5 Ghp ni cc thit b trng: ................................................................................. 166

Chng 5: MT S VN TRONG TCH HP H THNG........................................... 167

5.1 Thit k h thng mng ................................................................................................ 167
5.1.1 Phn tch yu cu:.................................................................................................. 167
5.1.2 Cc bc tin hnh: ............................................................................................... 168
5.2. nh gi v la chn gii php mng ......................................................................... 169
5.2.1. c th ca cp ng dng: ................................................................................... 169
5.2.2. c th ca lnh vc ng dng:............................................................................ 170
5.2.3. Yu cu thit k chi tit: ....................................................................................... 172
5.2.4. Yu cu kinh t:.................................................................................................... 173
5.3. Mt s chun phn mm tch hp h thng................................................................. 173
5.3.1. Chun IEC 61131-5:............................................................................................. 173
5.3.2. OPC (OLE for Process Control)........................................................................... 176

Chng 1: M U
1.1. Mng truyn thng cng nghip l g?
Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip, i hi phi c s
ci tin v p dng cng ngh mi vo trong qu trnh sn xut nhm nng cao hiu
qu sn xut. Mt trong nhng gii php tt nht, l p dng quy trnh t ng ha
vo sn xut. Cc dy chuyn sn xut khng th hot ng c lp m cn phi c s
lin kt vi nhau to nn mt m hnh thng nht. S kt ni cc thit b cng nghip
vi nhau to thnh mt h thng mng v c gi l mng cng nghip.
Mng cng nghip hay mng truyn thng cng nghip l mt khi nim ch cc
h thng mng truyn thng s, truyn bit ni tip, c s dng ghp ni cc thit
b cng nghip.
phn bit r mng cng nghip v cc h thng mng khc ta c th a ra
bng so snh sau
Bng 1.1. So snh mng cng nghip v cc h thng mng khc
Mng cng nghip
- Phm vi a a l hp
- i tng l cc thit b cng nghip
- Dng thng tin l s liu

Cc h thng mng vin thng

- Phm vi a l rng, s lng thnh vin
tham gia ln
- i tng l c con ngi v thit b
trong con ngi l ch yu

- K thut truyn d liu theo ch bit

- Dng thng tin bao gm ting ni, hnh
ni tip
nh, vn bn
- n gin
- Cng ngh phong ph

T ta c th kt lun mng cng nghip thc cht l mt dng c bit ca

mng my tnh, c th so snh vi mng my tnh thng thng nhng im ging
nhau v khc nhau nh sau:
K thut truyn thng s hay truyn d liu l c trng chung ca c hai h
thng mng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, mng my tnh c s dng trong cng nghip c
coi l mt phn trong m hnh phn cp ca mng cng nghip.
Yu cu tnh nng thi gian thc, tin cy v kh nng tng thch trong mi
trng cng nghip ca mng cng nghip cao hn so vi mng my tnh thng
thng, mng my tnh thng i hi ch bo mt cao hn.
Mng my tnh c phm vi tri rng rt khc nhau, c th ch nh nh mng
LAN cho mt nhm cc my tnh hoc rt ln nh mng Internet.
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Mng my tnh c th s dng gin tip mng truyn thng truyn d liu cn
mng cng nghip thng c tnh cht c lp, phm vi hot ng tng i hp.
S khc nhau trong phm vi v mc ch s dng gia cc h thng mng truyn
thng cng nghip vi cc h thng mng vin thng v mng my tnh dn n s
khc nhau trong cc yu cu k thut cng nh kinh t.
V d: Do yu cu kt ni nhiu mng my tnh khc nhau cho nhiu phm vi
ng dng khc nhau nn kin trc, giao thc mng my tnh ph thng thng phc
tp hn so vi kin trc giao thc mng cng nghip. i vi cc h thng truyn
thng cng nghip, c bit l cp di th cc yu cu v tnh nng thi gian thc,
kh nng thc hin n gin, gi thnh h lun c t ln hng u.
1.2 Phn loi v c trng cc h thng mng cng nghip
sp xp phn loi v phn tch c trng ca cc h thng mng cng nghip,
ta da vo m hnh phn cp cho cc cng ty, x nghip sn xut. Vi m hnh ny cc
chc nng c phn thnh nhiu cp khc nhau c m t trong hnh v sau:

Hnh 1.1 M hnh phn cp chc nng cng ty sn xut cng nghip
Cng cp di th cc chc nng cng mang tnh cht c bn hn v i hi
yu cu cao hn v nhanh nhy, thi gian phn ng. Mt chc nng cp trn c
thc hin da trn cc chc nng cp di, tuy khng i hi thi gian phn ng
nhanh nh cp di, nhng ngc li lng thng tin cn trao i v x l li ln
hn nhiu. C th coi y l m hnh phn cp chc nng cho c h thng t ng ha
ni chung cng nh cho h thng truyn thng ni ring ca mt cng ty.
Tng ng vi nm cp chc nng l bn cp ca h thng truyn thng. T cp
iu khin gim st tr xung thut ng "bus" thng c dng thay th cho "mng"
vi l do phn ln cc h thng mng pha di u c cu trc vt l hoc logic theo
kiu bus.
M hnh phn cp chc nng s tin li cho vic thit k h thng v la chn
thit b. Trong thc t ng dng, s phn cp chc nng c th khc mt cht so vi
trnh by, ty thuc vo mc t ng ha v cu trc h thng c th. Trong nhng
2

trng hp ng dng n gin nh iu khin trang thit b dn dng (my git, t

lnh, iu ha...), s phn chia nhiu cp c th hon ton khng cn thit. Ngc li
trong t ng ha mt nh my hin i nh in nguyn t, xi mng, lc du, ta c
th chia nh hn na cc cp chc nng tin theo di.
Bus trng, bus thit b
Bus trng (feldbus) l mt khi nim chung c dng trong cc ngnh cng
nghip ch bin ch cc h thng bus ni tip, s dng k thut truyn tin s kt
ni cc thit b thuc cp iu khin (PC, PLC) vi nhau v vi cc thit b cp chp
hnh, hay cc thit b trng. Cc chc nng chnh ca cp chp hnh l o lng,
truyn ng v chuyn i tn hiu trong cc trng hp cn thit. Cc thit b c kh
nng ni mng l cc vo/ra phn tn (distributed I/O) cc thit b o lng (senser,
tranducer, transmitter) hoc cc cp chp hnh (actuator, value) c tch hp kh nng
x l truyn thng. Mt s kiu bus trng ch thch hp ni mng cc thit b cm bin
v c cu chp hnh vi cc b iu khin, cng c gi l bus chp hnh/cm bin.
Trong cng nghip ch to (t ng ha dy chuyn sn xut, gia cng, lp rp)
hoc mt s lnh vc ng dng khc nh t ng ha ta nh, sn xut xe hi, khi nim
bus thit b li c s dng ph bin. C th ni, bus thit b v bus trng c chc
nng tng ng, nhng do nhng c trng ring bit ca hai ngnh cng nghip, nn
mt s tnh nng cng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, s khc nhau ny ngy cng tr nn khng
r rt, khi m phm vi ng dng ca c hai loi u c m rng v an cho sang
nhau. Trong thc t, ngi ta cng dng chung mt khi nim l bus trng.
Do nhim v ca bus trng l chuyn d, liu ln cp iu khin x l v
chuyn quyt nh iu khin xung cc c cu chp hnh, v vy yu cu v tnh
nng thi gian thc c t ln hng u. Thi gian phn ng tiu biu nm trong
phm vi t 0,1 ti vi miligiy. Trong khi , yu cu v lng thng tin trong mt
bc in thng ch hn ch trong khong mt vi byte, v vy tc truyn thng
thng ch cn phm vi Mbit/s hoc thp hn. Vic trao i thng tin v cc bin
qu trnh ch yu mng tnh cht nh k, tun hon, bn cnh cc thng tin tham s
ha hoc cnh bo c tnh cht bt thng.
Cc h thng bus trng c s dng rng ri nht hin nay l PROFIBUS,
ControlNet, INTERBUS, CAN, WordFIP, P-NET, Modbus v gn y phi k ti
Foundation Fielfbus, DeviceNet, As-i, EIB v Bitbus l mt vi h thng bus cm
bin/chp hnh tiu biu c th nu ra y.
Bus h thng, bus iu khin

Cc h thng mng cng nghip c dng kt ni cc my tnh iu khin v

cc my tnh trn cp iu khin gim st vi nhau c gi l bus h thng (system
bus) hay bus qu trnh (process bus). Khi nim sau thng c dng trong lnh vc
iu khin qu trnh. Qua bus h thng m cc my tnh iu khin c th phi hp
3

hot ng, cung cp d liu qu trnh cho cc trm k thut v trm quan st (c th
gin tip thng qua h thng qun l c s d liu trn cc trm ch) cng nh nhn
mnh lnh, tham s iu khin t cc trm pha trn. Thng tin khng nhng c trao
i theo chiu dc, m cn theo chiu ngang. Cc trm k thut, trm vn hnh v cc
trm ch cng trao i d liu qua bus h thng. Ngoi ra cc my in bo co v lu
tr d liu cng c th c kt ni qua mng ny.
Ch phn bit gia cc khi nim bus trng v bus h thng khng bt buc
nm s khc nhau v kiu bus c s dng, m mc ch s dng hay ni cch
khc l thit b c ghp ni. Trong mt s gii php, mt kiu bus duy nht c
dng cho c hai cp ny.
i vi bus h thng, ty theo lnh vc ng dng m i hi v tnh nng thi
gian thc c c t ra mt cch ngt ngho hay khng. Thi gian phn ng tiu biu
nm trong khong mt vi trm miligiy, trong khi lu lng thng tin cn trao i ln
hn nhiu so vi bus trng. Tc truyn thng tiu biu ca bus h thng nm
trong phm vi t vi trm Kbit/s n vi Mbit/s.
Khi bus h thng ch c s dng ghp ni theo chiu ngang gia cc my
tnh iu khin, ngi ta dng khi nim bus iu khin. Vai tr ca bus iu khin l
phc v trao i d liu thi gian thc gia cc trm iu khin trong mt h thng c
cu trc phn tn. Bus iu khin thng thng c tc truyn khng cao, nhng yu
cu v tnh nng thi gian thc thng rt kht khe.
Do cc yu cu v tc truyn thng v kh nng kt ni d dng nhiu loi
my tnh, hu ht cc bus h thng thng dng u da trn nn Ethernet, v d
Industrial Ethernet, Fieldbus Foundation's High Speed Ethernet (HSE), Ethernet/IP,
bn cnh phi k n PROFIBUS- FMS, ControlNet v Modbus Plus.
Mng x nghip
Mng x nghip thc cht l mt mng LAN bnh thng c chc nng kt ni
cc my tnh vn phng thuc cp iu hnh sn xut vi cp iu khin gim st.
Thng tin c a ln trn bao gm trng thi lm vic ca cc qu trnh k thut,
cc gin my cng nh ca h thng iu khin t ng, cc s liu tnh ton, thng k
v din bin qu trnh sn xut v cht lng sn phm. Thng tin theo chiu ngc li
l cc thng s thit k, cng thc iu khin v mnh lnh iu khin. Ngoi ra thng
tin cng c trao i mnh theo chiu ngang gia cc my tnh thuc cp iu hnh
sn xut, v d h tr kiu lm vic theo nhm, cng tc trong d n, s dng chung
cc ti nguyn ni mng (my in, my ch...).
Khc vi cc h thng bus cp di, mng x nghip khng yu cu nghim ngt
v tnh nng thi gian thc. Vic trao i d liu khng din ra nh k, nhng c khi
vi s lng ln n hng Mbyte. Hai loi mng c dng ph bin cho mc ch
ny l Ethernet v Token-Ring. Trn c s giao thc chun nh TCP/IP v IPX/SPX.
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Mng cng ty
Mng cng ty nm trn cng trong m hnh phn cp h thng truyn thng ca
mt cng ty sn xut cng nghip. c trng ca mng cng ty gn vi mng vin
thng hoc mt mng my tnh din rng nhiu hn trn cc phng din phm vi v
hnh thc dch v, phng php truyn thng v cc hnh thc dch v, phng php
truyn thng v cc yu cu v k thut. Chc nng ca mng cng ty l kt ni cc
my tnh ca cc vn phng ca cc x nghip, cung cp cc dch v trao i thng tin
ni b v vi cc khch hng nh th vin in t, th in t, hi tho t xa qua in
thoi, hnh nh, cung cp dch v truy cp Internet v thng mi in t Hnh thc
t chc ghp ni mng cng nh cc cng ngh c p dng rt a dng ty thuc
vo u t ca cng ty. Trong nhiu trng hp, mng cng ty v mng x nghip
c thc hin bng mt h thng mng duy nht v mt vt l, nhng chia thnh
nhiu phm vi v nhm mng lm vic ring bit.
Mng cng ty c vai tr nh mt ng cao tc trong h thng h tng c s
truyn thng ca mt cng ty, v vy i hi v tc truyn thng v an ton, tin
cy c bit cao, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ATM l mt vi v d cng ngh tin tin c
p dng y trong hin ti v tng lai.

Chng 2: C S K THUT
2.1 Cc khi nim c bn
2.1.1 Thng tin, d liu v tn hiu
Thng tin: Thng tin l mt khi nim tru tng, n phn nh thc ti khch
quan, cho chng ta hiu bit, nhn thc c th gii khch quan. Thng tin l mt
trong nhng khi nim quan trng nht trong khoa hc k thut, cng ging nh vt
cht v nng lng. Cc u vo v u ra ca mt h thng k thut ch c th l vt
cht, nng lng hoc thng tin.
Mt h thng x l thng tin hoc l mt h thng truyn thng, hoc l mt h
thng k thut ch quan tm ti u vo v u ra l thng tin. Tuy nhin a s cc h
thng k thut thng c cc u vo v u ra hn hp (vt cht, nng lng v
thng tin).
Thng tin l c s cho s giao tip.Thng qua vic giao tip v cc i tc c
thm hiu bit ln nhau hoc v cng mt vn , mt s kin hoc mt h thng.
D liu
Thng tin l mt i lng tru tng, v vy cn c biu din di mt hnh
thc khc. Kh nng biu din thng tin rt a dng. Dng biu din thng tin ph
thuc vo mc ch, tnh cht ca ng dng. c bit, thng tin c th c m t, hay
ni cch khc l c "s lng ha" bng d liu c th lu tr v x l bng my
tnh. Trong trng hp ta ni rng thng tin c s ha s dng h m nh phn.
Khi d liu chnh l phn thng tin hu ch c biu din bng cc dy bit {0,1}.
Trong thc t, cc khi nim x l thng tin v x l d liu, truyn ti thng tin v
truyn ti d liu hay c dng vi cc ngha tng t, ta cn phn bit r rng
gia thng tin v d liu. V d, hai tp d liu khc nhau c th m t cng mt ni
dung thng tin. Ngc li, hai tp d liu ging nhau c th mang nhng thng tin
khc nhau, ty theo cch m t. Ta c th so snh quan h gia d liu v thng tin vi
quan h trong ton hc, gia s v ngha s dng n.
Theo ngha th hai, d liu c hiu l phn biu din thng tin hu dng
(thng tin ngun) trong mt bc in. Tuy nhin, cn c vo ng cnh c th m ta
khng s nhm ln gia hai cch s dng thut ng ny.
Lng thng tin
Thng tin chnh l s xa b tnh bt nh, v d mt s khng nh v mt s
kin c xy ra hay khng, mt cu tr li ng hay sai. Mc ca s xa b tnh bt
nh ny-hay ni cch khc, gi tr v s hiu bit mt ngun thng tin mang li-c
gi l lng thng tin. Chnh v d liu l mt dng biu din thng tin c th x l
c trong my tnh, nn lng thng tin cng c o bng n v d liu.
6

- Trong trng hp thng tin v s khng nh ng/sai, r rng ch cn 1 bit

biu din, hay ni cch khc lng tin bng 1 bit. biu din cc k t trong bng
gm c 256 k t ta cn 8 bit cho mi ch ci..
Tn hiu
Vic trao i thng tin hay d liu ch c th thc hin c nh tn hiu. C th
nh ngha, tn hiu l din bin ca mt i lng vt l cha ng tham s thng
tin/d liu v c th truyn dn c. Theo quan im ton hc th tn hiu c coi l
mt hm ca thi gian. Trong cc lnh vc k thut, cc loi tn hiu thng dng l:
quang, in, kh nn, thy lc v m thanh.
Cc tham s sau y thng c dng trc tip, gin tip hay kt hp biu
th ni dung thng tin:
Bin (in p, dng..)
Tn s, nhp xung, rng xung, sn xung
Pha, v tr xung
Ta c th phn loi tn hiu da theo tp hp gi tr ca tham s thng tin hoc
da theo din bin thi gian thnh nhng dng sau:
Tng t: Tham s thng tin c th c mt gi tr bt k trong mt khong no
Ri rc: Tham s thng tin ch c th c mt s gi tr (ri rc) nht nh.
Lin tc: Tn hiu c ngha ti bt k thi im no trong mt khong thi gian
quan tm. Ni theo ngha ton hc, mt tn hiu lin tc l mt hm lin tc ca bin
thi gian trong mt khong xc nh.
2.1.2 Truyn thng, truyn d liu v truyn tn hiu
Giao tip v truyn thng
Giao tip hay truyn thng l mt qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai ch th vi
nhau, c gi l cc i tc giao tip, theo mt phng php c quy nh trc.
i tc ny c th iu khin i tc kia, hoc quan st trng thi ca i tc. Cc i
tc giao tip c th l ngi hoc h thng k thut-tc l cc thit b phn cng (i
tc vt l) hoc cc i tc phn mm (i tc logic). Trong trng hp sau, khi nim
truyn thng thng c s dng thay cho khi nim giao tip. Tuy nhin khi nim
giao tip c ngha bao trm hn. Trong phm vi ti liu ny ch cp ti h thng
truyn thng cng nghip, nn cc i tc thun ty l cc thit b, h thng k thut,
nn hai thut ng giao tip v truyn thng c s dng vi ngha tng ng.
thc hin vic giao tip hay truyn thng ta cn cc tn hiu thch hp, c th l tn
hiu tng t hay tn hiu s. S phn bit gia tn hiu v thng tin dn ti s phn
7

bit gia x l tn hiu v x l thng tin, gia truyn tn hiu v truyn thng. C th
s dng cc dng tn hiu rt khc nhau truyn ti mt ngun thng tin, cng nh
mt tn hiu c th mang nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau.
Trn c s cc dng tn hiu khc nhau, ngi ta c th phn bit cc kiu giao
tip nh sau:
Giao tip ting ni
Giao tip hnh nh
Giao tip vn bn
Giao tip d liu
Chnh v d liu l mt dng biu din thng tin s dng m nh phn, truyn ti
thng tin s dng tn, hiu s cng c gi l truyn d liu. C th ni truyn d
liu l phng php truyn thng duy nht gia cc my tnh trong mng my tnh.
Ngy nay k thut s cng c p dng rng ri trong vic truyn.ti ting ni, hnh
nh v vn bn, v vy truyn d liu ng vai tr quan trng hng u.
S phn bit gia tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t ph thuc vo ngha ca tham
s thng tin m tn hiu mang. S phn bit gia phng php truyn tn hiu s
dng k thut s (gi tt l truyn tn hiu s) vi cc phng php truyn tn hiu
truyn thng cng tng t nh vy. Trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip
hin i ta ch quan tm ti truyn tn hiu s, hay ni cch khc l truyn d liu. Cc
chun giao tip trong cc h thng ny cng l cc chun giao tip s.
M ha/gii m
Thng tin cn trao i gia cc i tc cn c m ha trc khi c mt h
thng truyn dn tn hiu chuyn ti pha bn kia. Trong thut ng truyn thng, m
ha ch qu trnh bin i ngun thng tin (d liu) cn trao i sang mt chui tn
hiu thch hp truyn dn. Qu trnh ny t nht gm hai bc: m ha ngun v m
ha ng truyn.
Trong qu trnh m ha ngun, d liu mang thng tin thc dng hay d liu
ngun c b xung cc thng tin ph tr cn thit cho vic truyn dn, v d a ch
bn nhn v bn gi, kiu d liu, thng tin tm kim li... D liu trc khi gi i
cng c th phn chia thnh nhiu gi d liu bc in ph hp vi phng php
truyn, nn li tng hiu sut ng truyn, hoc m ha bo mt. Nh vy lng
thng tin cha ng trong mt tn hiu s nhiu hn lng thng tin thc dng cn
truyn ti

Hnh 2.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca truyn thng

Sau khi c m ha ngun, m ha ng truyn l qu trnh to tn hiu
tng ng vi cc bit trong gi d liu hay bc in theo mt phng php nht nh
ph hp vi ng truyn v k thut truyn. Trong truyn thng cng nghip, m
ha ng truyn ng ngha vi m ha bit, bi tn hiu do khu m ha tng bit to
ra cng chnh l tn hiu c truyn dn. i vi cc h thng truyn thng khc, qu
trnh m ha ng truyn c th bao hm vic iu bin tn hiu v dn knh, cho
php truyn cng mt lc nhiu ngun thng tin v truyn tc cao. Vic dn knh
c th thc hin theo phng php phn chia tn s, phn chia thi gian hoc phn
chia m.
Trong mt tn hiu c truyn ti i, cn c mt phng php bn nhn phn
bit gii hn gia cc bit d liu ni tip nhau, qu trnh gi l phng php ng
b ha. thc hin c cng vic ny mt cch n gin, tn hiu thng c
pht theo mt nhp u n, mi nhp ng vi 1 bit. Trong qu trnh ngc li vi m
ha l gii m, l qu trnh chuyn i cc tn hiu nhn c thnh dy bit tng
ng v sau x l, loi b thng tin b xung ti to thng tin ngun.
iu ch v iu bin tn hiu
iu ch v iu bin l hai khi nim c dng vi ngha rt gn nhau. iu
ch c hiu l qu trnh to mt tn hiu trc tip mang tham s thng tin, th hin
qua bin , tn s hoc pha, trong tham s thng tin c th ly mt gi tr bt k.
Mt trng hp c bit ca iu ch l khi n c dng vo mc ch truyn d liu
v tham s thng tin ch c th ly hai gi t logic 1 v 0, ngi ta dng khi nim m
ha bit nh gii thiu trn. iu ch cn tm thy ng dng trong cc b chuyn
i TA, cc b to xung (iu ch rng xung, iu ch m xung).
Khc mt cht, iu bin ch qu trnh dng tn hiu mang thng tin iu
khin, bin i cc tham s thch hp ca mt tn hiu th hai (tn hiu mng). Mc
ch c bn ca iu bin l s dng mt tn hiu mng c mt di tn khc thc
hin phng php dn knh phn chia tn s, hoc trnh truyn dn di tn c s
d b nhiu. i khi ranh gii phn bit gia iu ch v iu bin cng khng hon
ton r rng, v vy trong thc t khi nim th nht thng c s dng chung cho
9

c hai trng hp. Trong ting anh ngi ta s ng tht thut ng chung l
Modulaltion, tuy nhin ty theo ng cnh m c hiu theo hai ngha khc nhau.
Tc truyn v tc bus
Thi gian cn truyn mt tp d liu, v d mt k t, ph thuc vo 2 yu t
l tc bauld v phng php m ha bit. Tc bauld c nh ngha l s ln tn
hiu thay i gi tr tham s thng tin (v d bin ) trong mt giy v c n v l
baud. Do hu ht cc h thng truyn d liu hot ng theo nhp tun hon, tc
bauld tng ng vi tn s nhp ca h thng thu pht. Cng cn lu rng, i vi
nhiu phng php m ha bit, tn hiu khng bt buc phi thay i trng thi trong
mi nhp, v th khi nim tc bauld khng hon ton chnh xc. Thay vo ,
ngi ta s dng cc khi nim tc truyn hay tc bit.
Tc truyn hay tc bit c tnh bng s bit d liu c truyn i trong
mt giy, tnh bng bit/s hoc bps (bit fer second). Nu tn s nhp c k hiu l f l
s bit c truyn i trong mt nhp l n, s bit c truyn i trong mt giy s l
v=f*n. Nh vy, c hai cch tng tc truyn ti l tng tn s nhp hoc tng s
bit truyn i trong mt nhp. Nu mi nhp ch c duy nht mt bit c truyn i th
v=f. Nh vy, ch i vi cc phng php m ha bit s dng hai trng thi tn hiu,
v trng thi tn hiu thay i lun phin sau mi nhp th tc bit mi tng ng
tc baud, hay 1 baud tng ng 1 bit/s.
Cn phn bit gia tc truyn thng tin hu ch v tc truyn thng tin
tng th. Mt thng tin cn truyn i (thng tin hu ch) s m ha ngun, tc c
ng gi v b xung cc thng tin ph tr cn thit cho vic truyn ti (overhead). V
vy tc truyn thng tin tng th c th ln hn rt nhiu so vi tc truyn thng
hu ch, ph thuc vo h thng truyn thng. Thc t, tc truyn thng hu ch rt
kh xc nh c mt cch chnh xc.
Thi gian bit/Chu k bit
Trong vic phn tch nh gi tnh nng thi gian ca mt h thng truyn thng
th thi gian bit l mt gi tr hay c dng. Thi gian bit hay chu k bit c nh
ngha l thi gian trung bnh cn thit chuyn mt bit, hay chnh bng gi tr nghch
o ca tc truyn ti:
TB = 1/v
Mt mng truyn thng cng nghip c nhim v kt ni cc thit b k thut c
kh nng x l thng tin hay ni cch khc l x l d liu. Nhng thit b d tn ti
di dng ny hay dng khc cng u l nhng my tnh, c b vi x l v h thng
bus ni b song song. V vy, c th dng phng php truyn ni tip, ta cn cc b
chuyn i gia bus song song v ni tip c minh ha trong hnh di y:

10

Hnh 2.3: Nguyn tc truyn bit ni tip

2.2.2 Truyn ng b v truyn khng ng b
S phn bit gia truyn ng b v khng ng b ch lin quan ti phng
thc truyn bit ni tip. Vn t ra y l vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
nhn d liu, tc l vn lm th no bn nhn bit khi no mt tn hiu trn
ng truyn mang d liu gi v khi no khng.
Trong ch truyn ng b, cc i tc truyn thng lm vic theo cng mt
nhp, tc l cng tn s v lch pha c nh. C th quy nh mt trm c vai tr to
nhp v dng mt ng dy ring mang nhp ng b cho cc trm khc. Bin php
kinh t hn l dng mt phng php m ha bit thch hp bn nhn c th ti to
nhp ng b t chnh tn hiu mang d liu. Nu phng php m ha bit khng cho
php nh vy, th c th dng k thut ng gi d liu v b xung mt dy bit mang
thng tin ng b ha vo phn u mi gi d liu. Lu rng, bn gi v bn nhn
ch cn hot ng ng b trong khi trao i d liu.
Vi ch truyn khng ng b, bn gi v bn nhn khng lm vic theo mt
nhp chung. D liu trao i thng c chia thnh tng nhm 7 bit hoc 8 bit, gi l
k t. Cc k t cn c chuyn i vo nhng thi im khng ng u, v vy cn
thm hai bit nh du khi u v kt thc cho mi k t. Vic ng b ha c
thc hin vi tng k t. V d, cc mch UART (Universal Asynchronous
Reciver/Transmiter) thng dng dng bc in 11 bit bao gm 8 bit k t, hai bit khi
u v kt thc v 1 bit kim tra li chn l.
2.2.3 Truyn mt chiu v truyn hai chiu
Mt ng truyn d liu c th lm vic di ch mt chiu, hai chiu ton
phn hoc hai chiu gin on. Ch truyn ny t ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca
mi, trng truyn dn, m ph thuc vo phng php truyn dn tn hiu 2 chun
truyn dn (RS-232, RS-422, RS-485,...) v vo cu hnh ca h thng truyn dn.
Trong ch truyn mt chiu, thng tin ch c chuyn i theo 1 chiu, mt trm
11

ch c th ng vai tr hoc bn pht (transmitter) hoc bn nhn thng tin (receiver)

trn sut qu trnh giao tip. C th nu mt vi v d trong k thut my tnh s dng
ch truyn ny nh bn phm, chut hoc mn hnh vi my tnh. Cc h thng pht
thanh v truyn hnh cng l nhng v d tiu biu. Hin nhin, ch truyn mt
chiu hu nh khng c vai tr quan trng i vi mng cng nghip.

Hnh 2.4: Truyn simplex, hafl-duplex v duplex

Ch truyn hai chiu gin on cho php mi trm c th tham gia gi hoc
nhn thng tin, nhng khng cng mt lc. Nh vy thng tin c trao i theo c
hai chiu lun phin trn cng mt ng truyn vt l, u im ca ch ny l
khng i hi cu hnh h thng phc tp lm, trong khi c th t c tc truyn
tng i cao. Mt trm c c b pht v b thu, thut ng nhn to transceiver c
ghp t hai ch transmitter v receiver. Trong khi b pht lm vic th b thu phi
ngh v ngc li. Do c tnh ny, ch truyn hai chiu gin on ch thch hp vi
kiu lin kt im-nhiu im cng nh kiu nhiu im-im, hay ni cch khc l
thch hp vi cu trc bus. Trong mt h thng bus, trm no cng c quyn pht nn
cn mt phng php phn chia thi gian-tc phng php truy nhp bus- trnh
xung t tn hiu. Trong khi mt trm pht th tt c cc trm khc phi c gi
trng thi thu nhn tn hiu. Ch truyn y c s dng ph bin trong mng cng
nghip, v d chun RS-485.
Vi ch truyn hai chiu ton phn mi trm u c th gi v nhn thng tin
cng lc. Thc cht ch ny ch khc vi ch hai chiu gin on ch phi s
dng hai ng truyn ring bit cho thu v pht, tc l khc cu hnh truyn thng.
D dng nhn thy, ch truyn hai chiu ton phn ch thch hp vi kiu lin kt
im-im, hay ni cch khc l thch hp vi cu trc mch vng v cu trc hnh sao.
2.2.4 Truyn ti di c s, di mang v di rng
Truyn ti di c s
Mt tn hiu mang mt ngun thng tin c th biu din bng tng ca nhiu giao
ng c tn s khc nhau nm trong mt phm vi hp, c gi l di tn c s hay
di hp. Tn hiu c truyn i cng chnh l tn hiu c to ra sau khi m ha bit,
12

TB = 1/f trng hp n = 1
Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu
Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu l thi gian cn mt tn hiu pht ra t mt u
dy lan truyn ti u dy khc, ph thuc vo chiu di dy v cu to dy dn. Tc
lan truyn tn hiu chnh l tc truyn sng in t. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng
kim loi hoc si quang hc, gi tr ny s nh hn tc truyn sng in t hay tc
nh sng trong mi trng chn khng. Ta c:
TS = l/(k*c), vi
TS l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu; l l chiu di dy dn,
c l tc nh sng trong chn khng (300.000.000m/s) v
k biu th h s gim tc , c tnh theo cng thc
K=

, vi l hng s in mi ca lp cch ly

i vi cc loi cp c lp bc cch ly l Polyethylen vi hng s in mi

=2.3, ta c h s k 0.67. H s cng ng vi mi trng truyn l cp quang hc
v thng c dng mt cch tng qut tnh ton gi tr tng i ca thi gian
lan truyn tn hiu trong nhiu php nh gi. Nh vy TS s ch ph thuc vo chiu
di dy dn:
TS (giy) = l (mt)/300.000.000
Lu rng, thi gian lan truyn tn hiu khng c quan h trc tip vi tc
truyn thng. Tuy nhin, tnh nng thi gian ca mt h thng truyn khng ph thuc
vo hai tham s ny, trong khi mt s phng php truyn thng i hi s trao i
rng buc gia chng. V d, ta khng th ng thi tng chiu di dy dn v tc
truyn thng mt cch ty .
2.1.3 Tnh nng thi gian thc
Tnh nng thi gian thc l mt trong nhng c trng quan trng nht i vi
cc h thng t ng ha ni chung v cc h thng bus trng ni ring. S hot
ng bnh thng ca mt h thng k thut lm vic trong thi gian thc khng ch
ph thuc vo chnh xc, ng n ca cc kt qu u ra, m cn ph thuc vo
thi im a ra kt qu. Mt h thng c tnh nng thi gian thc khng nht thit
phi c phn ng tht nhanh, m quan trng hn l phi c phn ng kp thi i vi
cc yu cu, tc ng bn ngoi. Nh vy, mt h thng truyn thng c tnh nng thi
gian thc phi c kh nng truyn ti thng tin mt cch tin cy v kp thi vi cc yu
cu ca i tc truyn thng. Tnh nng thi gian thc ca mt h thng iu khin
phn tn ph thuc rt nhiu vo h thng bus trng c dng.
m bo tnh nng thi gian thc, mt h thng bus phi c nhng c
13

im sau:
nhanh nhy: Tc truyn thng hu ch phi nhanh p ng nhu cu
trao i d liu trong mt gii php c th.
Tnh tin nh: D on trc c v thi gian phn ng tiu biu v thi gian
phn ng chm nht vi yu cu ca tng trm.
tin cy, kp thi: m bo tng thi gian cn cho vic vn chuyn d liu mt
cch tin cy gia cc trm nm trong mt khong xc nh.
Tnh bn vng: C kh nng x l s c mt cch thch hp khng gy hi
thm cho h thng.
R rng, kh nng tha mn yu cu v thi gian thc ph thuc vo bi ton
ng dng c th. Mt mng cng nghip c tnh nng thi gian thc khng c ngha l
s thch ng vi mi ng dng i hi yu cu v thi gian thc. Nhim v ca ngi
tch hp h thng l phi la chn v thit k mt gii php thch hp tha mn yu
cu ny trn c s phn tch cc tnh nng k thut lin quan, di iu kin rng buc
l gi thnh chi ph.
2.2 Ch truyn ti
Ch truyn ti c hiu l phng thc cc bit d liu c chuyn gia cc
i tc truyn thng. Nhn nhn t cc gc khc nhau ta c th phn bit cc ch
truyn ti nh sau:
Truyn bit song song hoc truyn bit ni tip
Truyn ng b hoc truyn khng ng b
Truyn mt chiu hay n cng (simplex), hai chiu ton phn, hai chiu ng
thi hay song cng (duplex, full-duplex) hoc hai chiu gin on hay bn song cng
(half duplex)
Truyn ti di c s, truyn ti di mang v truyn ti di rng.
2.2.1 Truyn bit song song v truyn bit ni tip
Truyn bit song song
Phng php truyn bit song song c dng ph bin trong cc bus ni b ca
my tnh nh bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin. Tc truyn ti ph thuc
vo s cc knh dn, hay cng chnh l rng ca mt bus song song, v d 8 bit, 16
bit, 32 bit hay 64 bit. Chnh v nhiu bit c truyn i ng thi, vn ng b ha
ti ni pht v ni nhn tn hiu phi c gii quyt. iu ny gy tr ngi ln khi
khong cch gia cc i tc truyn thng tng ln. Ngoi ra, gi thnh cho cc bus
song song cng l mt yu t dn n phm,vi ng dng ca phng php truyn ny
ch hn ch khong cch nh, c yu cu rt cao v thi gian v tc truyn.
14

Truyn bit ni tip

Vi phng php truyn bit ni tip, tng bit c chuyn i mt cch tun t
qua mt ng truyn duy nht. Tuy tc bit v th m b hn ch, nhng cch thc
hin li n gin, tin cy ca d liu cao. Tt c cc mng truyn thng cng
nghip u s dng phng php truyn ny.

Hnh 2.2: Truyn bit song song v truyn bit ni tip

Nn c tn s c nh hoc nm trong mt khong hp no , ty thuc vo
phng php m ha bit. V d c th quy nh mc tn hiu cao ng vi bit 0 v mc
tn hiu thp ng vi bit 1. Tn s ca tn hiu thng nh hn, hoc cng lm l
tng ng vi tn s ca nhp bus. Tuy nhin, trong mt nhp (c th tng ng
hoc khng tng ng vi chu k ca tn hiu), ch c th truyn i mt bit duy
nht. C ngha l, ng truyn ch c th mang mt knh thng tin duy nht, mi
thnh vin trong mng phi phn chia thi gian s dng ng truyn. Tc
truyn ti tuy c b hn ch, nhng phng php ny d thc hin v tin cy, c
dng ch yu trong cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip.
Truyn ti di mang
Trong mt s trng hp, di tn c s khng tng thch trong mi trng lm
vic, v d tn hiu c cc tn s ny c th bc x nhiu nh hng ti hot ng ca
cc thit b in t khc, hoc ngc li b cc thit b khc gy nhiu. khc phc
tnh trng ny, ngi ta s dng mt tn hiu khc-gi l tn hiu mang, c tn s nm
trong mt di tn thch hp-gi l di mang. Di tn ny thng ln hn nhiu so vi
tn s nhp. D liu cn truyn ti s dng iu ch tn s, bin hoc pha ca tn
hiu mang. Bn nhn s thc hin qu trnh gii iu ch hi phc thng tin ngun.
Khc vi truyn ti di rng nu di y, truyn ti di mang ch p dng cho mt
knh truyn tin duy nht, ging nh truyn ti di c s.
Truyn ti di rng
Mt tn hiu c th cha ng nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau bng cch s
dng kt hp mt cch thng minh nhiu thng s thng tin. V d mt tn hiu phc
tp c th tng hp bng phng php xp chng t nhiu tn hiu thnh phn c tn
s khc nhau mang cc ngun thng tin khc nhau.
Sau khi nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau c m ha bit, mi tn hiu c
15

to ra s dng iu bin mt tn hiu khc, thng c tn s ln hn nhiu, gi l

tn hiu mng. Cc tn hiu mang c iu bin c tn s khc nhau, nn c th
pha trn, xp chng thnh mt tn hiu duy nht c ph tn tri rng. Tn hiu ny cui
cng li c dng iu bin mt tn hiu mang khc. Tn hiu thu c t khu
ny mi c truyn i. y chnh l k thut dn knh phn tn trong truyn ti
thng tin, nhm mc ch s dng ng truyn hiu qu hn. Pha bn nhn s thc
hin vic gii iu bin v phn knh, hi phc cc tn hiu mang cc ngun thng tin
khc nhau.
Phng thc truyn ti di rng v k thut dn knh c dng rng ri trong
cc mng vin thng bi tc cao v kh nng truyn song song nhiu ngun tin.
Tuy nhin, v c im phm vi mng, l do gi thnh thc hin v tnh nng thi
gian, truyn ti bng rng cng nh k thut dn knh hu nh khng ng vai tr g
trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip.
2.3 Cu trc mng-Topology
Cu trc mng lin quan ti t chc v phng thc phi hp hot ng gia cc
thnh phn trong mt h thng mng. Cu trc mng nh hng ti nhiu tnh nng k
thut, trong c tin cy ca h thng. Trc khi tm hiu v cc cu trc thng
dng trong mng truyn thng cng nghip, ta a ra mt s nh ngha sau:
Lin kt
Lin kt (link) l mi quan h vt l hay logic gia hai hoc nhiu i tc truyn
thng. i vi lin kt vt l, cc i tc chnh l cc trm truyn thng c lin kt
vi nhau qua mt mi trng vt l. V d cc th ni mng trong my tnh iu khin,
cc b x l truyn thng cc PLC hoc cc b lp u l cc i tc vt l. Trong
trng hp ny, tng ng vi mi nt mng ch c mt i tc duy nht.
Khi nim lin kt logic c th c hiu theo hai ngha. Th nht, mt i tc
truyn thng khng nht thit b phn cng, m c th l mt chng trnh h thng
hay mt chng trnh ng dng trn mt trm, nn quan h gia cc i tc ny ch
mang tnh cht logic. Nh vy, tng ng vi mt i tc vt l thng c nhiu i
tc logic, cng nh nhiu mi lin kt logic c xy dng trn c s mt mi lin kt
vt l. Theo ngha th hai, mc d bn thn cc i tc vn l cc thit b phn cng,
nhng quan h ca chng v mt logic hon ton khc vi quan h v mt vt l.
C th phn bit cc kiu lin kt sau y:
Lin kt im-im (poit-to-poit) Mt s mi lin kt ch c hai i tng tham
gia. Nu xt v mt vt l th vi mi ng truyn ch ni c hai trm vi nhau.
xy dng mt mng truyn thng trn c s ny s cn nhiu ng truyn ring bit.
Lin kt im-nhiu im (multi-drop) Trong mt mi lin kt c nhiu i tc tham
gia, tuy nhin ch mt i tc c nh duy nht (trm ch) c kh nng pht trong khi
16

nhiu i tc cn li (cc trm t) thu nhn thng tin cng mt lc. Vic giao tip theo
chiu ngc li t trm t ti trm ch c ch c thc hin theo kiu im-im. Xt
v mt vt l, nhiu i tc c th c ni vi nhau qua mt cp chung duy nht.
Lin kt nhiu im (multi-point) Trong mt mi lin kt c nhiu i tc tham
gia v c th trao i thng tin qua li t do theo bt k hng no. Bt c mt i tc
no cng c quyn pht v bt c trm no cng nghe c. Cng nh kiu lin kt
im-nhiu im, c th s dng mt cp duy nht ni mng gia cc i tc.
Mt h thng truyn thng khng nht thit phi h tr tt c cc kiu lin kt
nh trn. ng nhin, kh nng lin kt im-nhiu im bao hm kh nng lin kt
im-im cng nh lin kt nhiu im bao hm hai kh nng cn li. Kh nng lin
kt nhiu im l c trng ca mng truyn thng cng nghip.
Topology
Topology l cu trc lin kt ca mt mng, hay ni cch khc chnh l tng hp ca
cc lin kt. Topology c th hiu l cch xp xp, t chc v mt vt l ca mng,
nhng cng c th l cch xp xp logic ca cc nt mng, cch nh nghi v t chc
logic cc mi lin kt gia cc nt mng. Tuy hai khi nim topology v cu trc mng
khng hon ton ging nhau, trong thc t chng c dng vi nghi tng ng.
Trong phm vi ti liu ny chng ta s s dng thut ngn cu trc mng.
2.3.1 Cu trc bus
Trong cu trc n gin ny, tt c cc thnh vin ca mng u c ni trc
tip vi mt ng dn chung. c im c bn ca cu trc bus l vic s dng
chung ng truyn duy nht cho tt c cc trm, v th tit kim c cp dn v
cng lp t.
C th phn bit ba kiu cu hnh trong cu trc bus: daisy-chain, trucklinedropline v mch vng khng tch cc. Hai cu hnh u cng c xp vo kiu cu
trc ng thng, bi hai u ng truyn khng khp kn.
Vi daisy-chain, mi trm c ni mng trc tip ti giao l ca hai on dy
dn, khng qua mt on dy ni ph no, ngc li, trong cu hnh truck-line/drop
line, mi trm c ni qua mt ng nhnh (drop-line) n ng trc (truckline), cn mch vng khng tch cc thc cht ch khc vi truck-line/dropline ch
ng truyn c khp kn.
Bn cnh vic tit kim dy dn th tnh n gin, d thc hin l nhng u im
chnh ca cu trc bus, nh vy m cu trc ny ph bin nht trong cc h thng
mng truyn thng cng nghip. Trng hp mt trm khng lm vic (do hng hc,
do ct ngun...) khng nh hng ti phn cn li ca mng. Mt s h thng cn cho
php tch mt trm ra khi mng hoc thay th mt trm trong khi c h thng vn
hot ng bnh thng.
17

Tuy nhin vic dng chung ng truyn dn i hi mt phng php phn

chia thi gian s dng thch hp trnh xung t tn hiu-gi l phng php truy
nhp mi trng hay truy nhp bus. Nguyn tc truyn thng c thc hin nh sau:
ti mt thi im nht nh ch c mt thnh vin trong mng c gi tn hiu, cn
cc thnh vin khc ch c quyn nhn.

Hnh 2.5: Cc cu trc dng bus

Ngoi vic cn kim sot truy nhp mi trng, cu trc bus c nhng nhc
im sau:
Mt tn hiu gi i c th n tt c cc trm v theo mt trnh t khng kim
sot c, v vy phi thc hin phng php gn a ch (logic) theo kiu th cng
cho tng trm. Trong thc t, cng vic gn a ch ny gy ra khng t kh khn.
Tt c cc trm c kh nng pht v lun lun "nghe" ng dn pht hin
mt thng tin c phi gi cho mnh hay khng, nn phi c thit k sao cho ti
vi s trm ti a. y chnh l l do phi hn ch s trm trong mt on mng. Khi
cn m rng mng, phi dng thm cc b lp.
Chiu di dy dn thng tng i di v vy i vi cu trc ng thng xy
ra hin tng phn x ti mi u dy lm gim cht lng tn hiu. khc phc vn
ny, ngi ta chn hai u dy bng hai tr u cui. Vic s dng hai tr u cui
cng lm tng ti ca h thng.
Trong trng hp dy dn b t, hoc do ngn mch trong phn kt ni bus ca
mt trm b hng u dn n ngng hot ng ca c h thng. Vic nh v li y
cng gp rt nhiu kh khn.
Cu trc ng thng, lin kt a im gy kh khn trong vic p dng cc cng
ngh truyn tn hiu mi nh s dng cp quang.
Mt s v d mng cng nghip tiu biu c s dng cu trc bus l PROFIBUS,
CAN, WorldFIP, Foundation Fieldbus, Lonworks, AS-i v Ethernet.
2.3.2 Cu trc mch vng (tch cc)
18

Cu trc mng vng c thit k sao cho cc thnh vin trong mng c ni t
im ny ti im kia mt cch tun t trong mt mch vng khp kn. Mi thnh vin
u tham gia tch cc vo vic kim sot dng tn hiu. Khc vi cu trc ng
thng, y tn hiu c truyn i theo mt chiu quy nh. Mt trm nhn c d
liu t trm ng trc v chuyn tip sang trm ln cn ng sau. Qu trnh ny c
lp li ti khi d liu quay tr v trm gi, n s c hy b.
u im c bn ca mng cu trc theo kiu ny l mi mt nt ng thi c th
l mt b khuych i, do vy khi thit k mng theo kiu cu trc vng c th thc
hin vi khong cch v s trm rt ln. Mi trm c kh nng va nhn va pht tn
hiu cng mt lc. Bi mi thnh vin ngn cch mch vng ra lm hai phn v tn
hiu ch c truyn theo mt chiu, nn bin php trnh xung t tn hiu thc hin
n gin:

Hnh 2.6: Cu trc mch vng

Vi kiu mch vng khng c iu khin trung tm, cc trm u bnh ng nh
nhau trong quyn nhn v pht tn hiu. Nh vy vic kim sot ng dn s do cc
trm t phn chia.
Vi kiu c iu khin trung tm, mt trm ch s m nhim vai tr kim sot
vic truy nhp ng dn.
Cu trc mch vng thc cht da trn c s lin kt im-im, v vy thch
hp cho vic s dng cc phng tin truyn tn hiu hin i nh cp quang, tia hng
ngoi,... Vic gn a ch cho cc thnh vin trong mng cng c th do mt trm ch
thc hin mt cch hon ton t ng cn c vo th t sp xp vt l ca cc trm
trong mch vng.

19

Hnh 2.7: X l s c trong mch vng p

Mt u im tip theo ca cu trc mch vng l kh nng xc nh v tr xy ra
s c, v d t dy hay mt trm khng lm vic. Tuy nhin, s hot ng bnh
thng ca mng trong trng hp ny ch c th tip tc vi mt ng dy d
phng nh FDDI.

Hnh 2.8: S dng b chuyn mch by-pass trong mch vng

Trong trng hp th nht, cc trm ln cn ti im xy ra s c s t pht
hin li ng dy v t ng chuyn sang ng dy ph, i vng qua v tr b li
(by-pass). ng cong in nt m biu din mch kn sau khi dng bin php bypass. Trong trng hp th hai, khi mt trm b hng, hai trm ln cn s t u
tt, chuyn sang cu hnh ging nh daisy-chain.
Mt k thut khc c p dng x l s c ti mt trm l dng cc b chuyn
mch by-pass t ng. Mi trm thit b s c u vi mch vng nh b chuyn
mch ny. Trong trng hp s c xy ra, b chuyn mch s t ng pht hin v
ngn mch, b qua thit b c ni mng qua n.
Cu trc mch vng c s dng trong mt s h thng c tin cy cao nh
INTERBUS, Token-Ring (IBM) v c bit l FDDI.
2.3.3 Cu trc hnh sao
Cu trc hnh sao l mt cu trc mng c mt trm trung tm quan trng hn tt
c cc nt khc, nt ny s iu khin hot ng truyn thng ca ton mng. Cc
thnh vin khc c kt ni gin tip vi nhau qua trm trung tm. Tng t nh cu
20

trc mch vng, c th nhn thy y kiu lin kt v mt vt l l im-im. Nu

trm trung tm ng vai tr tch cc n c th m ng nhim v kim sot ton b
vic truyn thng ca mng, cn nu khng s ch nh mt b chuyn mch.
Mt nhc im ca cu trc hnh sao l s c trm trung tm s lm t lit
ton b cc hot ng truyn thng trong mng. V vy trm trung tm thng phi c
tin cy rt cao. Ngi ta phn bit hai loi trm trung tm: trm tch cc v trm th
ng. Mt trm th ng ch c vai tr trung chuyn thng tin, trong khi mt trm tch
cc kim sot ton b cc hot ng giao tip trong mng.
Mt nhc im tip theo ca cu trc hnh sao l tn dy, nu nh khong cch
trung bnh gia cc trm nh hn khong cch gia chng n trm trung tm. ng
nhin, trong cc h thng vin thng khng th trnh khi phi dng cu trc ny. i
vi mng truyn thng cng nghip, cu trc hnh sao tm thy trong cc phm vi nh,
v d cc b chia, thng dng vo mc ch m rng cu trc khc. Lu rng trong
nhiu trng hp mt mng cu trc hnh sao v mt vt l li c cu trc logic nh
mt h bus, bi cc trm vn c th t do lin lc nh khng c s tn ti ca trm
trung tm. Chnh cc h thng mng Ethernet cng nghip ngy nay s dng ph bin
cu trc ny kt hp vi k thut chuyn mch v phng php truyn dn tc cao.
2.3.4 Cu trc cy
Cu trc cy thc cht khng phi l mt cu trc c bn. Mt mng c cu trc
cy chnh l s lin kt ca nhiu mng con c cu trc ng thng, mch vng hoc
hnh sao. c trng ca cu trc cy l s phn cp ng dn. chia t ng trc
ra cc ng nhnh, c th dng cc b ni tch cc (Active couple), hoc nu mun
tng s trm cng nh phm vi ca mt mng ng nht c th dng cc b lp
(repeater). Trong trng hp cc mng con ny hon ton khc loi th phi dng ti
cc b lin kt mng khc nh bridge v router v gateway. Mt s h thng cho php
xy dng cu trc cy cho mt mng ng nht l Lonwork, DeviceNet, As-i.

2.4 Kin trc giao thc

21

i vi mi h thng truyn thng, kin trc giao thc l c s cho vic tm hiu
cc dch v cng nh hnh thc giao tip trong h thng. Kin trc giao thc l mt
vn tng i tru tng, v vy cn c trnh by k lng di y.
2.4.1. Dch v truyn thng
Mt h thng truyn thng cung cp dch v truyn thng cho cc thnh vin
tham gia ni mng. Cc dch v c dng cho vic thc hin cc nhim v khc
nhau nh trao i d liu, bo co trng thi, to lp cu hnh v tham s ha thit b
trng, gim st thit b v ci t chng trnh. Cc dch v truyn thng do nh cung
cp h thng truyn thng thc hin bng phn cng hoc phn mm. Vic khai thc
cc dch v t pha ngi s dng phi thng qua phn mm giao din mng, to
lp cc chng trnh ng dng phn mm, v d chng trnh iu khin, giao din
ngi-my (HMI) v iu khin gim st (SCADA) cc giao din mng ny c th
c ci t sn trn cc cng c phn mm chuyn dng (v d phn mm lp trnh
PLC, phn mm SCADA, phn mm qun l mng), hoc qua cc th vin phn mm
ph thng khc di dng cc hm dch v (v d vi C/C++, VB, Delphi, OLE/DDE).
Mi h thng truyn thng khc nhau c th quy nh mt chun ring v tp hp
cc dch v truyn thng ca mnh. V d PROFIBUS nh ngha cc hm dch v
khc so vi InterBus hay ControlNet. Mt phn mm chuyn dng khng nht thit
phi h tr ton b, cc dch v truyn thng ca mt h thng nhng cng c th
cng mt lc h tr nhiu h thng truyn thng khc nhau. V d vi mt cng c
phn mm SCADA ta c th ng thi khai thc d liu t cc u o hay cc PLC
lin kt vi cc bus trng khc nhau, nhng khng cn ti dch v h tr ci t
chng trnh iu khin cho cc PLC.
C th phn loi dch v truyn thng da theo cc cp khc nhau: Cc dch v
s cp (v d to v ngt ni), dch v cp thp (v d trao i d liu) v cc dch v
cao cp (to lp cu hnh, bo co trng thi). Mt dch v cp cao hn c th s
dng cc dch v cp thp thc hin chc nng ca n. V d dch v to lp cu
hnh hay bo cc trng thi cui cng cng phi s dng dch v trao i d liu
thc hin chc nng ca mnh. Mt khc, trao i d liu thng i hi to v ngt
ni. Phn cp dch v truyn thng cn c ngha l to s linh hot cho pha ngi
s dng. Ty theo nhu cu v tin li hay hiu xut trao i thng tin m ngi ta
c th quyt nh s dng mt dch v cp no.
Vic thc hin tt c cc dch v c da trn cc nguyn hm dch v (sevice
primittive), gm c:
Yu cu (request) dch v, k hiu l.reo, v d l connect.reo
Ch th (indication) nhn li phc v, k hiu l.ind, v d connect.ind.
p ng (response) dch v, k kiu l.res, v d connect.res
22

 Xc nhn (confrmation) nhn c p ng, k hiu l.con v d connect.con

Da trn quan h gia bn cung cp dch v v bn yu cu dch v cng c th
phn bit gia loi dch v c xc nhn v dch v khng xc nhn. Dch v c xc
nhn i hi s dng c bn nguyn hm, trong khi dch v khng xc nhn b qua
p ng v xc nhn.

Hnh 2.10: Dch v c xc nhn v dch v khng xc nhn

2.4.2 Giao thc
Bt c s giao tip no cng cn mt ngn ng chung cho cc i tc. Trong k
thut truyn thng bn cung cp dch v cng nh bn s dng dch v u phi tun
th theo cc quy tc, th tc cho vic giao tip gi l giao thc. Giao thc chnh l c
s cho vic thc hin v s dng cc dch v truyn thng.
Mt quy chun giao thc bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
C php (syntax) quy nh v cu trc bc in, gi d liu dng khi trao i

trong c phn thng tin hu ch (d liu) v cc thng tin b tr nh a ch, thng

tin iu khin, thng tin kim li...
Ng ngha (semantic) quy nh ngha c th ca tng phn trong mt bc in

nh phng php nh a ch, phng php bo ton d liu, th tc iu khin dng

thng tin, x l li...
nh thi (timming) quy nh v trnh t, th tc giao tip, ch truyn (ng

b hay khng ng b), tc truyn thng...

Vic thc hin mt dch v truyn thng trn c s cc giao thc tng ng c
gi x l giao thc. Ni mt cch khc, qu trnh x l giao thc c th l m ha (x
l giao thc bn gi) v gii m (x l giao thc bn nhn). Tng t nh cc dch v
truyn thng, c th phn bit cc giao thc cp thp v giao thc cao cp. Cc giao
thc cao cp l c s cho cho cc dch v cao cp v cc giao thc cp thp l c s
cho cc dch v cp thp.
Giao thc cao cp gn vi ngi s dng, thng c thc hin bng phn mm.
23

Mt s v d v dch v cao cp l FTP (File Transfer Protocol) dng trong trao

i file t xa, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) dng trao i cc trang HTML
trong cc ng dng Web, MMS (Manufacturing Message Specifcation) dng trong t
ng ha cng nghip.
Giao thc cp thp gn vi phn cng thng c thc hin trc tip bi cc
mch in t. Mt s v d giao thc cp thp quen thc l TCP/1P (transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) c dng ph bin trong Inernet, HART
(Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) dng trong iu khin qu trnh, HDLC
(Hnh lever Data-link Control) lm c s cho nhiu giao thc khc v UART dng
trong a s cc giao din vt l ca cc h thng bus trng. Giao thc ni sau HDLC
v UART-c vai tr quan trng trong truyn thng cng nghip v v vy c gii
thiu s lc di y.
Giao thc HDLC
HDLC cho php ch truyn bit ni tip ng b hoc khng ng b. Mt bc
in hay cn gi l khung (frame) c cu trc nh sau:
01111110

8/16 bit

8 bit

n bit

16/32 bit

01111110

a ch

iu khin

D liu

FCS

Mi khung c khi u v kt thc bng mt c hiu (flag) vi dy bit

01111110. Dy bit ny c m bo khng bao gi xut hin trong cc phn thng
tin khc qua phng php nhi bit (bit stuffing), tc c sau mi dy 5 bit c gi tr 1
(11111) th mt bit 0 li c b xung vo. a ch tip theo cha a ch bn gi v
bn nhn. Ty theo cch gn a ch 4 hoc 8 bit (tng ng vi 32 hoc 256 a ch
khc nhau), ny c chiu di l 8 hoc 16 bit.
Trong HDLC c ba loi bc in, c phn bit qua thng tin iu khin (8
bit), l:
Infurmation frames: Khung thng tin (I-Format)
Supervisory Frames: Khung gim st vn chuyn d liu (S-Format)
Unnumbered Frames: Khung b tr kim sot cc mi lin kt gia cc trm (U

Format).
Cu trc ca thng tin iu khin c quy nh nh sau:
I-Format

N(S)

S-Format

U-Format

P/F

N(R)

P/F

N(R)

P/F

N(S): S th t khung c gi chia modulo cho 8

24

N(R): S th t khung ch nhn c chia modulo cho 8

PA: Bit ch nh kt thc qu trnh truyn
S, M: Cc bit c chc nng khc
thng tin c di bin thin, cng c th trng nu nh bc in khng
dng vo mc ch vn chuyn d liu. Sau thng tin l n dy bit kim li (FCS =
Frame Check Sequence), dng vo mc ch bo ton d liu. Tc truyn thng
tiu biu i vi HDLC t 9,6 Kbit/s n 2 Mbit/s.
Giao thc UART
L mt vi mch in t c s dng rt rng ri trong vic truyn bit ni tip
cng nh chuyn i song song/ni tip gia ng truyn v bus my tnh. UART
cho php la chn ch truyn mt chiu, hai chiu ng b hoc hai chiu khng
ng b. Vic truyn ti c thc hin theo tng k t 7 hoc 8 bit, c b sung hai
bit nh du u cui v mt bit kim tra li chn l (Parity bit).
Start

LBS

7
MBS

Stop
1

Bit khi u (Start bit) bao gi cng l 0 v bit kt thc (Stop bit) bao gi cng l 1. Cc bit
trong mt k t c truyn theo th t t bit thp (LSB) ti bit cao (MSB).Gi tr ca bit
chn l P ph thuc vo cch chn:
Nu chn Parity chn, th P bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l chn.
Nu chn Parity l, th P bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l l.

Nh tn ca n th hin, ch truyn khng ng b c s dng y,

tc khng c mt tn hiu ring phc v cho vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
nhn. Da vo cc b u cui v tc truyn thng c t trc cho c hai
bn, bn nhn thng tin phi t chnh nhp ly mu ca mnh ng b vi bn gi.
2.4.3 M hnh lp
trao i d liu gia hai thit b, cc th tc, giao thc cn thit c th tng
i phc tp, R rng iu cn y l s cng tc ca hai i tc truyn thng trn
mt mc truy tng cao. Thay v phi thc hin tt c cc bc cn thit trong mt
module duy nht, c th chia nh thnh cc phn vic c th thc hin c lp. Trong
m hnh lp, cc phn vic c xp xp theo chiu dc thnh tng lp, tng ng vi
cc lp dch v v lp giao thc khc nhau. Mi lp gii quyt mt nhim v r rng
phc v truyn thng. Mt dch v lp trn s dng dch v ca lp di ngay k n.
thc hin mt dch v truyn thng, mi bc in c x l qua nhiu lp trn c
s cc giao dch quy nh, gi l x l theo m hnh lp. Mi lp y c th thuc
25

chc nng ca phn cng hoc phn mm. Cng lp cao hn th phn mm cng
chim vai tr quan trng, trong khi vic x l giao thc cc lp di thng c
cc vi mch in t trc tip thc hin.
Hnh sau y minh ha nguyn tc x l giao thc theo m hnh lp. ng t
bn gi thng tin, qua mi lp t trn xung di, mt s thng tin b tr li c gn
thm vo phn d liu do lp trn a xung, gi l u giao thc (protocol header).
Bn cnh , thng tin cn truyn i c th c chia thnh nhiu bc in c nh s
th t, hoc mt bc in c th tng hp t nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau. Ngi
ta dng cc khi nim nh "ng gi d liu hoc to khung" ch cc thao tc ny.
Mt qu trnh ngc li s din ra bn nhn thng tin. Cc phn header s c
cc lp tng ng c, phn tch v tch ra trc khi gi tip ln lp trn. Cc bc
in mang mt ngun thng tin s c tng hp li, hoc mt bc in mang nhiu
ngun thng tin khc nhau s c phn chia tng ng. n lp trn cng, thng tin
ngun c ti to.
Vi m hnh phn lp, ngha ca giao thc mt ln na th hin r. ng
nhin, thc hin truyn thng cn c hai i tc tham gia, vy phi tn ti cng mt
tp hp cc hm phn lp c trong hai thit b. Quan h giao tip y chnh l quan
h gia cc lp tng ng ca hai trm. Ch khi cc i tc truyn thng trong cc
lp tng ng s dng chung mt ngn ng, tc chung mt giao thc th mi c th
trao i thng tin. Trong trng hp khc, cn c mt phn t trung gian hiu c hai
giao thc, gi chung l b chuyn i, c th l bridge hay gateway-ty theo lp giao
thc ang quan tm. Vn mu cht y c th thc hin c vic chuyn i
l s thng nht v dch v truyn thng ca cc lp tng ng trong hai h thng
khc nhau. Nu hai h thng li quy nh cc chun khc nhau v dch v th vic
chuyn i rt b hn ch v nhiu khi hon ton khng c ngha. V d, mt bn i
hi ci t cc dch v cao cp nh ci t v kim sot chy chng trnh t xa, trong
khi bn i tc ch cung cp dch v trao i d liu thun ty th vic chuyn i
y khng c vai tr g cng nh khng th thc hin c. Tuy nhin, cng nhng
dch v cp thp cng d c c hi a ra mt chun thng nht cho c hai pha.

26

PDU: Protocol Data Unit-Khi d liu giao thc

SDU: Service Data Unit-Khi d liu dch v
PCI: Protocol Control Information-Thng tin iu khin giao thc
Hnh 2.11. X l giao thc theo m hnh lp
2.4.4 Kin trc giao thc OSI
Trn thc t, kh c th xy dng c mt m hnh chi tit thng nht v chun
giao thc v dch v cho tt c cc h thng truyn thng, nht l khi cc h thng rt a
dng v tn ti c lp. Chnh v vy, nm 1983 t chc chun ha quc t a ra
chun ISO 7498 vi m hnh quy chiu OSI (Open System Interconnection-Reference
model), nhm h tr xy dng cc h thng truyn thng c kh nng tng tc.
Lu rng, ISO/OSI hon ton khng phi l chun thng nht v giao thc,
cng khng phi l mt chun chi tit v dch v truyn thng. C th thy, chun ny
khng a ra bt k mt quy nh no v cu trc mt bc in, cng nh khng nh
ngha bt c mt chun dch v c th no. OSI ch l mt m hnh kin trc phn lp
vi mc ch phc v vic sp xp v i chiu cc h thng truyn thng c sn,
trong c c vic so snh, i chiu cc giao thc v dch v truyn thng, cng nh
c s cho vic pht trin cc h thng mi.
Theo m hnh OSI, chc nng hay dch v ca mt h thng truyn thng c
chia thnh 7 lp, tng ng vi mi lp dch v l mt lp giao thc. Cc lp ny c th
do phn cng hoc phn mm thc hin, tuy nhin chun ny khng cp ti chi tit
mt i tc truyn thng phi thc hin tng lp nh th no. Mt lp trn c th
thc hin dch v ca mnh trn c s s dng cc dch v mt lp pha di v theo
ng giao thc quy nh tng ng. Thng thng, cc dch v cp thp do phn cng
(cc vi mch in t) thc hin, trong khi cc dch v cao cp do phn mm (h iu
hnh, phn mm iu khin, phn mm ng dng) m nhim. Vic phn lp khng
nhng c nghi trong vic m t, i chiu cc h thng truyn thng, m cn gip ch
27

cho vic thit k cc thnh phn giao din mng. Mt lp bt k trong 7 lp c th thay
i trong cch thc hin m khng nh hng ti cc lp khc, chng no n gi
nguyn giao din vi lp trn v lp di n. V y l mt m hnh quy chiu c tnh
cht dng lm tham kho. Khng phi h thng truyn thng no cng thc hin y
c 7 lp . V d, v l do hiu xut trao i thng tin v gi thnh thc hin i vi
cc h thng bus trng thng thng ch thc hin cc lp 1,2 v 7. Trong cc trng
hp ny, c th mt s lp khng thc s cn thit hoc chc nng ca chng c ghp
vi mt lp khc (v d vi lp ng dng). Mt m hnh quy chiu to ra c s nhng
khng m bo kh nng tng tc gia cc h thng truyn thng, cc thit b truyn
thng khc nhau. Vi vic nh ngha 7 lp OSI a ra mt m hnh tru tng cho cc
qu trnh giao tip phn cp. Nu hai h thng thc hin cng cc dch v v trn c s
mt giao thc ging nhau mt lp, th c ngha l hai h thng c kh nng tng tc
lp . M hnh OSI c th coi nh mt cng trnh khung, h tr vic pht trin v
c t cc chun giao thc. Cc lp trong m hnh quy chiu OSI v quan h gia chng
vi nhau c minh ha trong hnh v di y. Tng ng vi mi lp l mt (nhm)
chc nng c trng cho cc dch v v giao thc.

Hnh 2.12: M hnh quy chiu ISO/OSI

Cn phi nhn mnh rng, bn thn mi trng truyn thng v cc chng trnh
ng dng khng thuc phm vi cp ca chun OSI. Nh vy, cc lp y chnh l
cc lp chc nng trong cc thnh phn giao din mng ca mt trm thit b bao gm
c phn cng ghp ni v phn mm c s. Cc mi tn nt gch chm biu hin quan
h logic gia cc i tc thuc cc lp tng ng trong khi cc mi tn nt lin ch
ng i thc ca d liu.
28

Chc nng ca cc lp c m t s lc di y. Lu , y tn lp 5
(Session) c dch sang "kim sot ni " mc d khng hon ton chnh xc v mt t
ng nhng th hin r hn v ngha ca lp ny. Trong mt s ti liu ting vit cc
tc gi chn t "Phin " bi n ngn gn v st vi t nguyn bn ting anh.
Lp ng dng (Application layer)

Lp ng dng l lp trn cng trong m hnh OSI, c chc nng cung cp cc

dch v cao cp (trn c s cc giao thc cao cp) cho ngi s dng v cc chng
trnh ng dng. V d, c th sp xp cc dch v v giao thc theo chun MMS cng
nh cc dn xut ca n s dng trong mt s h thng bus trng thuc lp ng
dng. Cc dch v thuc lp ng dng hu ht c thc hin bng phn mm. Thnh
phn phn mm ny c th c nhng sn trong cc linh kin giao din mng, hoc
di dng phn mm iu khin (drivers) c th np khi cn thit, v/hoc mt th
vin cho ngn ng lp trnh chuyn dng hoc ngn ng lp trnh ph thng. c
kh nng s dng d dng trong mt chng trnh ng dng (v d iu khin c s
hoc iu khin gim st), nhiu h thng cung cp cc dch v ny thng qua cc khi
chc nng (fnction block). i vi cc thit b trng thng minh, cc khi chc
nng ny khng ch n thun mang tnh cht ca dch v truyn thng, m cn tch
hp c mt s chc nng x l thng tin, thm ch c iu khin ti ch. y cng
chnh l xu hng mi trong vic chun ha lp ng dng cho cc h thng bus
trng, hng ti cu trc iu khin phn tn trit .
Lp biu din d liu (presentation layer)

Trong mt mng truyn thng, v d mng my tnh, cc trm my tnh c th c

kin trc rt khc nhau, s dng cc h iu hnh khc nhau v v vy cch biu din
d liu ca chng cng c th rt khc nhau. S khc nhau trong cch biu din d
liu c th l di khc nhau cho mt kiu d liu hoc cch sp xp cc byte khc
nhau trong mt kiu nhiu byte hoc s dng nhiu m k t khc nhau. V d, mt s
nguyn c kiu Integer c th biu din bng 2 byte, 4 byte hoc 8 byte ty theo th h
CPU, h iu hnh v m hnh lp trnh. Ngay c mt kiu Integer c di 2 byte
cng c 2 cch sp xp th t byte gi tr cao ng trc hay ng sau byte gi tr
thp. Mt v d khc l s khc nhau trong cch s dng bng m k t trong cc h
thng vn chuyn th in t gy ra khng t rc ri cho ngi s dng thuc cc nc
khng ni ting Anh. Trong khi a s cc h thng mi s dng 8 bit, th mt s h
thng c ch x l c 7 bit, v vy mt s k t c m ha vi gi tr ln hn 127
b hiu sai.
Chc nng ca lp biu din d liu l chuyn i cc dng biu din d liu
khc nhau v c php thnh mt dng chun, nhm to iu kin cho i tc truyn
thng c th hiu c nhau mc d chng s dng cc kiu d liu khc nhau. Ni
mt cch khc, lp biu din d liu gii phng s ph thuc ca lp ng dng vo
cc phng php biu din d liu khc nhau. Ngoi ra, lp ny c th cung cp mt
s dch v bo mt d liu, v d phng php s dng m ha.
29

Nu nh cch biu din d liu c thng nht, chun ha, th chc nng ny
khng nht thit phi tch ring thnh mt lp c lp, m c th kt hp thc hin
trn lp ng dng n gin ha v nng cao hiu sut ca vic x l giao thc. y
chnh l mt c trng trong cc h thng bus trng.
Lp kim sot ni (session layer)

Mt qu trnh truyn thng, thng c tin hnh thnh nhiu giai on. Cng
nh vic giao tip gia hai ngi cn c vic t chc mi quan h, gia hai i tc
truyn thng cn c s h tr t chc mi lin kt. Lp kim sot kt ni c chc
nng kim sot mi lin kt truyn thng gia cc chng trnh ng dng, bao gm
vic to lp, qun l v kt thc cc ng ni gia cc ng dng i tc. Cn phi
nhc li rng, mi lin kt gia cc chng trnh ng dng mang tnh cht logic, thng
qua mt mi lin kt vt l (gia hai trm, gia hai nt mng) c th tn ti song song
nhiu ng ni logic. Thng thng, kim sot ni thuc chc nng ca h iu
hnh. thc hin ng ni gia hai ng dng i tc, h iu hnh c th to ra cc
qu trnh con tnh ton song song (cnh tranh). Nh vy, nhim v ng b ha cc
qu trnh tnh ton ny i vi vic s dng chung mt giao din mng cng thuc
chc nng ca lp kim sot ni. Chnh v th, lp ny cn c tn l lp ng b ha.
Trong cc h thng bus trng, quan h ni gia cc chng trnh ng dng
c xc nh sn (quan h tnh) nn lp kim sot ni khng ng vai tr g ng k.
i vi mt s h thng khc, chc nng ca lp ny c y ln kt hp vi lp
ng dng v l do hiu sut x l truyn thng.
Lp vn chuyn (transport layer)

Bt k bn cht ca cc ng dng cn trao i d liu, iu cn thit l d liu phi

c trao i mt cch tin cy. Khi mt khi d liu c chuyn i thnh tng gi, cn
phi m bo tt c cc gi u n ch v theo ng trnh t chng c chuyn i.
Chc nng ca lp vn chuyn l cung cp cc dch v cho vic thc hin vn chuyn
d liu gia cc chng trnh ng dng mt cch tin cy, bao gm c trch nhim khc
phc li v iu khin lu thng. Nh vy m cc lp trn c th thc hin c cc
chc nng cao cp m khng cn quan tm ti c ch vn chuyn d liu c th.
Cc nhim v c th ca lp vn chuyn bao gm:
Qun l v tn hnh thc cho cc trm s dng
nh v cc i tc truyn thng qua tn hnh thc v/hoc a ch X l li v
kim sot dng thng tin, trong c c vic lp li quan h lin kt v thc hin cc
th tc gi li d liu khi cn thit
Dn knh cc ngun d liu khc nhau
ng b ha gia cc trm i tc.
thc hin vic vn chuyn mt cch hiu qu, tin cy, mt d liu cn chuyn
30

i c th c chia thnh nhiu n v vn chuyn (data segment unit) c nh s th

t kim sot trc khi b xung cc thng tin kim sot lu thng.
Do cc c im ring ca mng truyn thng cng nghip, mt s nhim v c
th ca lp vn chuyn tr nn khng cn thit, v d vic dn knh hoc kim sot
lu thng. Mt s chc nng cn li c dn ln kt hp vi lp ng dng tin
cho vic thc hin v to iu kin cho ngi s dng t chn phng n ti u v
nng cao hiu xut truyn thng.
Lp mng (network layer)

Mt h thng mng din rng (v d Internet hay mng vin thng) l s lin kt
ca nhiu mng tn ti c lp. Mi mng ny u c mt khng gian a ch v c
cch nh a ch ring bit, s dng cng ngh truyn thng khc nhau. Mt bc in
i t i tc A sang i tc B mt mng khc c th qua nhiu ng khc nhau,
thi gian, qung ng vn chuyn v cht lng ng truyn v th cng khc nhau.
Lp mng c trch nhim tm ng i ti u (routing) cho vic vn chuyn d
liu, gii phng s ph thuc ca cc lp bn trn vo phng thc chuyn giao d liu
v cng ngh chuyn mch dng kt ni cc h thng khc nhau. Tiu chun ti u
y hon ton da trn yu cu ca cc i tc, v d yu cu v thi gian, qung ng,
v gi thnh ch v hay yu cu v cht lng dch v. Vic xy dng v hy b cc
quan h lin kt gia cc nt mng cng ph thuc trch nhim ca lp mng.
C th nhn thy, lp mng khng c ngha i vi mt h thng truyn thng
cng nghip, bi y khng c nhu cu trao i d liu gia hai trm thuc hai mng
khc nhau, hoc vic trao i c thc hin gin tip thng qua chng trnh ng
dng (khng thuc lp no trong m hnh OSI). Vic thc hin trao i d liu thng
qua chng trnh ng dng xut pht t l do l ngi s dng (lp trnh) mun c s
kim sot trc tip ti ng i ca mt bc in m bo tnh nng thi gian thc,
ch khng mun ph thuc vo thut ton tm ng i ti u ca cc b router. Cng
v vy, cc b router thng dng trong lin kt mng hon ton khng c vai tr g
trong cc h thng bus trng.
Lp lin kt d liu (data link layer)

Lp lin kt d liu c trch nhim truyn dn d liu mt cch tin cy trong mi

lin kt vt l, trong bao gm vic iu khin vic truy nhp mi trng truyn dn
v bo ton d liu. Lp lin kt d liu cng c chia thnh hai lp con tng ng
vi hai chc nng ni trn: Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (Medium Access
Control, MAC) v lp iu khin lin kt logic (Logical Link Control, LLC). Trong
mt s h thng, lp lin kt d liu c th m nhim thm cc chc nng khc nh
kim sot lu thng v ng b ha vic chuyn giao cc khung d liu.
thc hin chc nng bo ton d liu, thng tin nhn c t lp pha trn
c ng gi thnh cc bc in c chiu di hp l (frame). Cc khung d liu ny
cha cc thng tin b xung phc v mc ch kim li, kim sot lu thng v ng
31

b ha. Lp lin kt d liu bn pha nhn thng tin s da vo cc thng tin ny

xc nh tnh chnh xc ca d liu, sp xp cc khung li theo ng trnh t v khi
phc li thng tin chuyn ln lp trn n.
Lp vt l (physical layer)

Lp vt l l lp di cng trong m hnh phn cp chc nng truyn thng ca

mt trm thit b. Lp ny m nhim ton b cng vic truyn dn d liu bng
phng tin vt l. Cc quy nh y m t giao din vt l gia mt trm thit b v
mi trng truyn thng:
Cc chi tit v cu trc mng (bus, cy, hnh sao...)
K thut truyn dn (RS-485, MBP, truyn cp quang...)
Phng php m ha bit (NRZ, Manchester, FSK...)
Ch truyn ti (di rng/di mang/ng b/khng ng b)
Cc tc truyn cho php
Giao din c hc (phch cm, gic cm...)
Lu rng lp vt l hon ton khng cp ti mi trng truyn thng, m
ch ni ti giao din ca n. C th ni, quy nh v mi trng truyn thng nm
ngoi phm vi ca m hnh OSI.
Lp vt l cn c chun ha sao cho mt h thng truyn thng c s la chn
gia mt vi kh nng khc nhau. Trong cc h thng bus trng, s la chn ny
khng qu ln, hu ht da trn mt vi chun v k thut c bn.
Tin trnh thc hin giao tip theo m hnh OSI c minh ha bng mt v d
trao i d liu gia mt my tnh iu khin v mt thit b o thng minh, th hin
trong hnh v sau. Cc mi tn nt gch chm th hin quan h giao tip logic gia cc
lp tng ng thuc hai trm. Lp vt l thuc trm A c ni trc tip vi lp vt
l trm B qua cp truyn. Trong thc t, cc chc nng thuc lp vt l v lp lin
kt d liu c thc hin hu ht trn cc vi mch in t ca phn giao din mng.
i vi cc my tnh iu khin hoc cc thit b o th phn giao din mng c th
tch hp trong phn x l trung tm, hoc di dng mt module ring.
Khi chng trnh iu khin trm A cn cp nht gi tr o, n s s dng dch
v trao i d liu lp ng dng gi mt yu cu ti trm B. Trong thc t qu
trnh ny c th thc hin n gin bng cch gi mt hm trong th vin giao tip ca
mng c s dng. Quan h ni gia hai trm c thit lp sn.

32

Hnh 2.13: V d giao tip theo m hnh OSI

Lp ng dng bn A x l yu cu ca chng trnh iu khin v chuyn tip
m lnh xung lp pha di-lp biu din d liu: Lp ny biu din m lnh thnh
mt dy bit c di v th t quy c, sau chuyn tip xung lp kim sot ni.
Lp kim sot ni s b xung thng tin phn bit yu cu cp nht d liu xut pht
t quan h ni logic no, t qu trnh tnh ton no. Bc ny tr nn cn thit khi
trong ni chng trnh ng dng c nhiu qu trnh tnh ton cnh tranh (task) cn
phi s dng dch v trao i d liu, v kt qu cp nht d liu phi c a tr v
ng ni yu cu.
Khi d liu giao thc (PDU) t lp kim sot ni chuyn xung c lp vn
chuyn xp xp mt knh truyn ti v m bo yu cu s c chuyn ti bn B mt
cch tin cy. S dng dch v chuyn mch v tm ng i ti u ca lp mng, mt
s thng tin s c b sung vo bc in cn chuyn nu cn thit. Tip theo lp lin
kt d liu gn thm cc thng tin bo ton d liu, s dng th tc truy nhp mi
trng chuyn bc in xung lp vt l. Cui cng, cc vi mch in t di lp
vt l (v d cc b thu pht RS-485) chuyn ha dy bit sang mt dng tn hiu thch
hp vi ng truyn (m ha bia gi sang bn B), vi mt tc truyn-hay ni
cch khc l tc m ha bit-theo quy c.
Qu trnh ngc li din ra bn B. Qua lp vt l, tn hiu nhn c c gii
m v dy bit d liu c khi phc. Mi lp pha trn s phn tch phn thng tin b
xung ca mnh thc hin cc chc nng tng ng. Trc khi chuyn ln lp trn
tip theo, phn thng tin ny c tch ra. ng nhin, cc qu trnh ny i hi hai
lp i tc ca hai bn phi hiu c thng tin c cu trc v ngha nh th no,
tc l phi s dng cng mt giao thc. Cui cng, chng trnh thu thp d liu bn
thit b o nhn c yu cu v chuyn gi tr o cp nht tr li trm A cng theo
ng trnh t nh trn.
2.4.5 Kin trc giao thc TCP/IP
33

TCP/IP (Transmition Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l kt qu nghin cu v

pht trin giao thc trong mng chuyn mch gi th nghim mang tn Apranet do
ARPA (Advanced ) thuc b quc phng Hoa K ti tr. Khi nim TCP/IP dng
ch c mt tp giao thc v dch v truyn thng c cng nhn thnh chun cho
Internet. Cho n nay, TCP/IP xm nhp n rt nhiu phm vi ng dng khc nhau,
trong c cc mng my tnh cc b v mng truyn thng cng nghip. Kin trc
giao thc TCP/IP v i chiu vi m hnh OSI c minh ha bi hnh v di y.
OSI

TCP/IP

Lp ng dng

Lp ng dng

Lp biu din d liu

Lp kim sot ni
Lp vn chuyn

TELNET
SNMP

FPT
SMTP

Lp vn chuyn
TCP

UDP

Lp Internet
Lp mng

ICMP IP

ARP RARP

Lp truy cp mng
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp vt l

Lp vt l
Hnh 2.14: So snh TCP/IP v OSI

Khc vi OSI thc ra khng c mt m hnh giao thc no c cng b chnh

thc cho TCP/IP. Tuy nhin, da theo cc chun giao thc c pht trin ta c th
sp xp cc chc nng truyn thng cho TCP/IP thnh 5 lp c lp l lp ng dng,
lp vn chuyn, lp Internet, lp truy nhp mng v lp vt l.
Nu tch ring TCP v IP th l nhng chun ring v giao thc truyn thng,
tng ng vi lp vn chuyn v lp mng trong m hnh OSI. Nhng ngi ta
cng dng TCP/IP ch mt m hnh truyn thng, ra i trc khi c chun OSI.
Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng thc hin cc chc nng h tr cn thit cho nhiu ng dng khc
nhau. Vi mi loi ng dng cn mt module ring bit, v d FTP (File Transfer
Protocol) cho chuyn giao file, Telnet cho lm vic vi trm ch t xa, SMTP (Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol) cho chuyn th in t, SNMP (Simple Network Management
34

Protocol) cho qun tr mng v DNS (Domain Name Service) phc v qun l v tra
cu danh sch tn v a ch Internet.
Lp vn chuyn
C ch m bo d liu c vn chuyn mt cch tin cy hon ton khng ph
thuc vo c tnh ca cc ng dng s dng d liu. Chnh v th c ch ny c
sp xp vo mt lp c lp tt c cc ng dng khc nhau c th s dng chung,
c gi l lp vn chuyn. C th ni, TCP l giao thc tiu biu nht, ph bin nht
phc v vic thc hin chc nng ni trn. TCP h tr vic trao i d liu trn c s
dch v c ni.
Bn cnh TCP, giao thc UDP (User Data Protocol) cng c s dng cho lp
vn chuyn. Khc vi TCP, UDP cung cp dch v khng c ni cho vic gi d liu
m khng m bo tuyt i n ch, khng m bo trnh t n ch ca cc gi d
liu. Tuy nhin, UDP li n gin v hiu qu, ch i hi mt c ch x l ti thiu,
v vy thng c dng lm c s thc hin cc giao thc cao cp theo yu cu ring
ca ngi s dng; Mt v d tiu biu l giao thc SNMP.
Lp Internet
Tng t nh lp mng OSI, lp Internet c chc nng chuyn giao d liu
gia nhiu mng c lin kt vi nhau. Giao thc IP c s dng chnh lp ny,
nh ci tn ca n hm . Giao thc IP c thc hin khng nhng cc thit b u
cui m cn cc b router. Mt router chnh l mt thit b x l giao thc dng
lin kt hai mng, c chc nng chuyn giao d liu t mt mng ny sang mt mng
khc, trong c c nhim v tm ng i ti u.
Lp truy nhp mng
Lp truy nhp mng lin quan ti vic trao i d liu gia hai trm thit b trong
cng mt mng. Cc chc nng bao gm vic kim sot truy nhp mi trng truyn
dn, kim li v lu thng d liu, ging nh lp lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI.
Lp vt l
Ging nh trong m hnh OSI, lp vt l cp ti giao din vt l gia mt
thit b truyn d liu (my tnh PC, PLC) vi mi trng truyn dn hay mng, trong
c c tnh tn hiu, ch truyn, tc truyn v cu trc c hc cc phch
cm/gic cm.
So snh gia TCP/IP v OSI l mt v d lm sng t bn cht v ngha thc s
ca m hnh quy chiu OSI. Trong thc t khng c mt giao thc no c gi l
giao thc OSI, cng khng c dch v no c gi l dch v OSI. Ta ch c th sp
xp giao thc no, dch v no thuc lp no hay tng ng vi lp no trong m
hnh quy chiu ny.
35

2.5 Truy nhp bus

2.5.1 t vn
Trong cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip th cc h thng c cu trc
dng bus, hay h thng bus ng vai tr quan trng nht v nhng l do sau:
Chi ph cho dy dn t
D thc hin lp t
Linh hot
Thch hp cho vic truyn dn trong phm vi khong cch va v nh.
Trong mt mng c cu trc bus, cc thnh vin phi chia nhau thi gian s dng
ng tuyn dn. trnh s xung t v tn hiu gy ra sai lch v thng tin, mi
thi im trn mt ng dy ch duy nht mt in tn c php truyn i. Chnh v
vy mng phi c iu khin sao cho ti mt thi im nht nh th ch mt thnh
vin trong mng c gi thng tin i. Cn s lng thnh vin trong mng mun
nhn truyn thng th khng hn ch. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng hng u
nh hng ti cht lng cu mi h thng bus l phng php phn chia thi gian gi
thng tin trn ng dn hay phng php truy nhp bus.
Lu rng, mt s cu trc khng phi dng bus, vn xung t tn hiu
cng c th xy ra, tuy khng hin nhin nh cu trc bus. V d cu trc mch
vng, mi trm khng phi bao gi cng c kh nng khng ch hon ton tn hiu i
qua n. Hay cu trc hnh sao, c th trm trung tm khng c vai tr ch ng m
ch l b chia tn hiu nn kh nng gy xung t khng th trnh khi. Trong cc cu
trc ny ta vn cn mt bin php. phn chia quyn truy nhp, tuy c th n gin hn
so vi cu trc bus. Chnh v th khi nim truy nhp mi trng cng c dng thay
cho truy nhp bus. Tuy nhin, ging nh cch dng khi nim chung "bus trng"
khng ch dng li cc h thng c cu trc bus, "truy nhp bus" cng thng c
dng nh mt khi nim chung.
Phng php truy nhp bus l mt trong nhng vn c bn i vi cc h
thng bus, bi mi phng php c nhng nh hng.khc nhau ti cc tnh nng k
thut ca h thng. C th, ta phi quan tm ti t nht ba kha cnh: tin cy, tnh
nng thi gian thc v hiu sut s dng ng truyn. Tnh nng thi gian thc
y l kh nng p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin mt cch kp thi v tin cy. Cn
hiu sut s dng ng truyn l mc khc, s dng ng truyn.
Ba yu t lin quan ti vic nh gi yu t tnh nng thi gian thc l thi gian
p ng ti a, chu k bus v rung (Jitter). Thi gian p ng ti a i vi mt
trm l thi gian ti a m mt h thng truyn thng cn p ng mt nhu cu trao
36

i d liu ca trm vi mt trm bt k khc. R rng, thi gian p ng ti a

khng phi l mt thng s c nh, m l mt hm ca di ca d liu cn trao i.
Tuy vy, trong mt ng dng c th ta thng bit trc di d liu ti a cng nh
di d liu tiu biu m cc trm cn trao i. Do vy, bn cnh thi gian p ng
ti a ngi ta cng quan tm ti thi gian p ng tiu biu.
Do c trng k thut t ng ha, a s cc h thng bus c s dng lnh
vc ny lm vic theo chu k. Ch mt s cc hot ng truyn thng xy ra bt
thng (v d thng tin cnh bo, d liu tham s,...), cn phn ln cc d liu c
trao i nh k theo chu k tun hon ca bus. Chu k bus l khong thi gian ti
thiu m sau cc hot ng truyn thng chnh lp li nh c. Trong iu khin t
ng, chu k bus nh hng ti s chnh xc ca chu k ly mu tn hiu. Lu s
khc nhau gia chu k bus v nhp bus.
C th d thy, thi gian p ng v chu k bus c lin quan vi nhau, nhng
khng mc rng buc. Chu k bus ln thng lm tng thi gian p ng. Tuy
nhin thi gian p ng ti a c th nh hoc ln hn mt chu k bus, ph thuc vo
phng php truy nhp bus.
Trong mt s h thng bus, v d Foundation Fieldbus Hi, khi nim chu k bus
khng c ngha bi cc hot ng giao tip tun hon theo chu k c phn tn v
c thc hin theo mt lch trnh thi gian (schedule). Khi , rung l mt thng
s quan trng nh gi tnh nng thi gian thc. rung c hiu l khong thi
gian sai lch gia thi im thc t mt trm gi c d liu so vi thi im lp
lch, cng nh gia thi im thc t mt trm nhn c d liu so vi thi im
mong mun trong lch trnh.
Hiu sut s dng ng truyn c tnh bng phn trm thi gian ng
truyn c s dng thc s hiu qu vo vic truyn ti d liu. i lng ny ph
thuc vo mt lu thng v phng php truy nhp bus. Mt lu thng thp dn
n hiu sut thp, nhng ngc li. mt lu thng qu cao cng dn n vn n
tc lu thng v lm gim hiu xut. t c hiu sut s dng ng truyn ti
a, cn phi tnh ton hoc th nghim tm ra cc thng s cho thit k cu hnh
mng, trn c s phng php truy nhp bus c p dng.
C th phn loi cch truy nhp bus thnh nhm cc phng php tin nh v
nhm cc phng php ngu nhin. Vi cc phng php tin nh, trnh t truy nhp
bus c xc nh r rng. Vic truy nhp bus c kim sot cht tr theo cch tp
trung mt trm ch (phng php Master/slaver hay ch/t). Theo s quy nh trc
v thi gian (phng php TDMA) hoc phn tn bi cc thnh vin (phng php
token passing). Nu mi hot ng truyn thng c hn ch bi mt khong thi
gian hoc mt di d liu nht nh, th thi gian p ng ti a cng nh mt chu
37

k bus c th tnh ton c. Cc h thng ny v th c gi l c tnh nng thi

Hnh 2.15: Phn loi cc phng php truy nhp bus

Ngc li, trong cc phng php ngu nhin trnh t truy nhp bus khng c
quy nh cht ch trc, m xy ra hon ton theo nhu cu ca cc trm. Mi thnh
vin trong mng c th th truy nhp bus gi thng tin i bt k lc no. loi tr
tc hi ca vic xung t gy nn, c nhng phng php ph bin nh nhn bit xung
t (CSMA/CD) hoc trnh xung t (CSMA/CA). Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc
phng php ny l khi c xung t tn hiu xy ra. th t nht mt trm phi ngng
gi v ch mt khong thi gian no trc khi th li. Mc d kh nng thnh cng
k c lc ny cng khng c m bo. Ngi ta thng coi cc h thng s dng
cc phng php ny khng c kh nng thi gian thc. Tuy nhin, ty theo lnh vc
ng dng c th m yu cu v tnh nng thi gian thc cng khc nhau.
2.5.2 Ch/t (Master/slaver)
Trong phng php ch/t, mt trm ch (Master) c trch nhim ch ng phn
chia quyn truy nhp bus cho cc trm t (slaver). Cc trm t ng vai tr b ng,
ch c quyn truy nhp bus v gi tn hiu i khi c yu cu. Trm ch c th dng
phng php hi tun t (polling) theo chu k kim sot ton b hot ng giao
tip ca c h thng. Nh vy, cc trm t c th gi cc d liu thu thp t qu trnh
k thut ti trm ch (c th l mt PLC, mt PC,...) cng nh nhn cc thng tin iu
khin t trm ch.

38

Hnh 2.16: Phng php ch/t

Trong mt s h thng, cc trm t khng c quyn giao tip trc tip vi nhau,
m bt c d liu cn trao i no cng phi qua trm ch. Nu hot ng giao tip
din ra theo chu k, trm ch s c trch nhim ch ng yu cu d liu t trm t
cn gi v sau chuyn ti trm t cn nhn. Trong trng hp mt trm t cn trao
i d liu bt thng vi mt trm khc phi thng bo yu cu ca mnh khi c
trm ch hi n v sau ch c phc v.
Trnh t c tham gia giao tip, hay trinh t c hi c th do ngi s dng
quy nh trc bng cc cng c to lp cu hnh. Trong trng hp ch c mt trm
ch duy nht, thi gian cn cho trm ch hon thnh vic hi tun t mt vng cung
chnh l thi gian ti thiu ca chu k bus. Do vy, chu k bus c th tnh ton trc
c mt cch tng i chc chn. y chnh l mt trong nhng yu t th hin tnh
nng thi gian thc ca h thng.
Phng php ch/t c mt u im l vic kt ni mng cc trm t n gin,
tn km bi gn nh ton b "tr tu" tp trung ti trm ch. Mt trm ch thng
li l mt thit b iu khin, v vy vic tch hp thm chc nng x l truyn thng
l iu khng kh khn.
Mt nhc im ca phng php kim sot tp trung ch/t l hiu sut trao i
thng tin gia cc trm t b gim do d liu phi i quan khu trung gian l trm ch,
dn n gim hiu sut s dng ng truyn. Nu hai trm t cn trao i mt bin
d liu n gin vi nhau (mt PLC c th l mt trm t), th trong nhng trng hp
xu nht thi gian p ng vn (c th ko di ti hn mt chu k bus). Mt trong cc
bin php ci thin tnh hung ny l cho php cc trm t trao i d liu trong mt
chng mc c kim sot. Tnh hung y l hai trm t mun gi d liu cho mt
trm t, trong khi trm t 2 li c trm ch hi ti sau trm t 1. Sau khi trm ch
yu cu trm t 1 nhn d liu v trm t 2 gi d liu, trm t 2 c th gi d liu
trc tip ti trm t 1. Nhn c lnh kt thc t trm t 2 (send completed), trm t
1 s c trch nhim thng bo ngc tr li trm ch (receive-completed). Nh vy,
vic truy nhp ng truyn cng khng b chng cho ln nhau, v hai trm t vn
trao i c d liu trong mt chu k bus.

39

Hnh 2.17: Ci thin trao i d liu gia hai trm t

Mt hn ch na ca phng php ny l tin cy ca h thng truyn thng
ph thuc hon ton vo mt trm ch duy nht. Trong trng hp c s c xy ra trn
trm ch th ton b h thng truyn thng ngng lm vic. Mt cch khc phc l s
dng mt trm t ng vai tr gim st trm ch v c kh nng thay th trm ch khi
cn thit.
Chnh v l do nu trn, phng php ch/t ch c dng ph bin trong cc h
thng bus cp thp, tc l bus trng hay bus thit b, khi vic trao i thng tin hu
nh ch din ra gia trm ch l thit b iu khin v cc trm t l thit b trng
hoc cc module vo/ra phn tn. Trong trng hp gia cc thit b t c nhu cu trao
i d liu trc tip, trm ch ch c vai tr phn chia quyn truy nhp bus ch khng
kim sot ton b hot ng giao tip ca h thng.
2.5.3 TDMA
Trong phng php kim sot truy nhp phn chia thi gian TDMA (Time
Division Mutiple Access), mi trm c phn chia mt thi gian truy nhp bus nht
nh. Cc trm c th thay nhau ln lt gi thng tin trong mt khong thi gian cho
php-gi l khe thi gian hay lt thi gian (Time slot, Time slide) theo mt tun t quy
nh sn. Vic phn chia ny c thc hin trc khi h thng i vo hot ng (tin
nh) Khc vi phng php ch/t, y c th c hoc khng c trm ch. Trong
trng hp c mt trm ch th vai tr ca n ch hn ch mc kim sot vic
tun th m bo gi ng lt thi gian ca cc trm khc. Mi trm u c kh nng
m nhim vai tr ch ng trong giao tip trc tip vi cc trm khc.
1

Theo yu cu

Hnh trn minh ha cch phn chia thi gian cho cc trm trong mt chu k bus.
Ngoi cc lt thi gian phn chia c nh cho cc trm dng trao i d liu
nh k (nh s t 1 n N), thng cn c mt khong thi gian d tr ginh cho
40

vic trao i d liu bt thng theo yu cu, v d gi thng tin cnh bo, mnh lnh
t cu hnh, d liu tham s, setpoint...
V nguyn tc TDMA c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C th phn
chia th t truy nhp bus theo v tr sp xp ca cc trm trong mng, theo th t a
ch. Hoc theo tnh cht ca cc hot ng truyn thng. Cng c th kt hp TDMA
vi phng php chng nhng cho php cc trm t giao tip trc tip. C h thng li
s dng mt bc in tng hp c cu trc ging nh s phn chia thi gian cc
trm c th c v ghi d liu vo phn tng ng.
Cng nh phng php ch/t, chnh v tnh cht tin nh ca cch phn chia
thi gian m phng php ny thch hp cho cc ng dng thi gian thc. Trong mt
s trng hp, ngi ta cng c th p dng kt hp hai phng php ch/t v
TDMA.
2.5.4 Token Passing
Token l mt bc in ngn khng mang d liu, c cu trc c bit phn
bit vi cc bc in mang thng tin ngun, c dng tng t nh mt cha kha.
Mt trm c quyn truy nhp bus v gi thng tin i ch trong thi gian n c gi
token. Sau khi khng c nhu cu gi thng tin, trm ang c token s phi gi tip ti
mt trm khc theo trnh t nht nh. Nu trnh t ny ng vi vi trnh t sp xp
vt l trong mt mch vng (tch cc hoc khng tch cc), ta dng khi nim Token
Ring (chun IEEE 802.4). Cn nu trnh t quy nh ch c tnh cht logic nh cu
trc bus (v d theo th t a ch), ta ni ti Token Bus (chun IEEE 802.5). Trong
mi trng hp u hnh thnh mt mch vng logic.

Hnh 2.18: Hai dng ca phng php Token Passing

Mt trm ang gi token khng nhng c quyn gi thng tin i, m cn c
th c vai tr kim sot s hot ng ca mt s trm khc, v d kim tra xem c trm
no xy ra s c hay khng. Cc trm khng c Token cng c kh nng tham gia
kim sot, v d nh sau mt thi gian nht nh m token khng c a tip, c th
41

do trm ang gi token c vn . Trong trng hp , mt trm s c chc nng to

token mi. Chnh v vy, Token Passing c xp vo phng php kim sot phn
tn. Trnh t cng nh thi gian c quyn gi Token, thi gian phn ng v chu k
bus ti a c th tnh ton trc, do vy phng php truy nhp ny cng c coi l
c tnh tin nh.
Trong thi gian xc lp cu hnh, cc trm c th d tnh v thi gian dng token
ca mnh, t i ti tha thun mt chu k bus thch hp tt c cc trm u c
quyn tham gia gi thng tin v kim sot hot ng truyn thng ca mng. Vic
kim sot bao gm cc cng vic sau:
Gim st token: Nu do mt li no m token b mt hoc gia bi, cn phi
thng bo xa cc token c hoc to mt token mi.
Khi to token. Sau khi khi ng mt trm c ch nh c trch nhim to
mt token mi.
Tch trm ra khi mch vng logic. Mt trm c s c phi c pht hin v
tch ra khi trnh t c nhn token.
B xung trm mi. Mt trm mi c kt ni mng, mt trm c c thay th
hoc a tr li s dng phi c b xung vo mch vng logic c quyn nhn token.
Token Passing cng c th s dng kt hp vi phng php ch/t, trong
mi trm c quyn gi token l mt trm ch, hay cn c gi l trm tch cc.
Phng php kt hp ny cn c gi l nhiu ch (Mutti-Master), tiu biu trong h
thng PROFIBUS. Cc trm ch ny c th l cc b iu khin hoc cc my tnh lp
trnh, cn cc trm t (trm khng tch cc) l cc thit b vo/ra phn tn, cc thit b
trng thng minh. Mi trm ch qun l quyn truy nhp ca mt s trm t trc
thuc, trong khi gia cc trm ch th quyn truy nhp bus c phn chia theo cch
chuyn token. Tuy nhin, mt trm ng vai tr l ch y khng bt buc phi c
cc trm t trc thuc.

(1) Token Passing gia cc trm tch cc

(2) Master/slave gia mt trm tch cc v mt s trm khng tch cc
42

Hnh 2.19: Truy nhp bus kt hp nhiu ch (Muti-Master)

2.5.5 CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Mutiple Access with Cossion Detection) l mt
phng php ni ting cng vi mng Ethernet (IEEE 802.3).
Nguyn tc lm vic:

Theo phng php CSMA/CD, mi trm u c quyn truy nhp bus m khng
cn c s kim sot no, phng php c tin hnh nh sau:
Mi trm u phi t nghe ng dn (carrier sense), nu ng dn ri (khng
c tn hiu) th mi c pht.
Do vic lan truyn tn hiu cn mt thi gian no , nn vic c kh nng hai
trm cng pht tn hiu ln ng dn. Chnh v vy, trong khi pht th mi trm vn
phi nghe ng dn so snh tn hiu pht i vi tn hiu nhn c xem c xy ra
xung t hay khng (collision detection). Trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mi trm
u phi hy b bc in ca mnh ch mt thi gian ngu nhin v th li.

Hnh 2.20. Minh ha phng php CSMA/CD

Mt tnh hung xy ra xung t tiu biu v cch khc phc c minh ha trn
hnh v trn. Trm A v trm C cng nghe ng dn. ng dn ri nn A c th gi
trc. Trong khi tn hiu gi i t trm A cha kp ti nn trm C khng hay bit v
cng gi, gy ra xung t ti mt im gn C. A v C s ln lt nhn c tn hiu
phn hi, so snh vi tn hiu gi i v pht hin xung t. C hai trm s hy bc
in gi i bng cch khng pht tip, cc trm mun nhn s khng nhn c c
hiu kt thc bc in v s coi nh bc in khng hp l. A v C cng c th gi
mt tn hiu "jam" c bit bo cho cc trm cn nhn bit. Sau mi trm ch
mt thi gian ch ngu nhin, trc khi th pht li. Thi gian ch ngu nhin y
tuy nhin phi c tnh theo mt thut ton no sao cho thi gian ch ngn mt
cch hp l v khng ging nhau gia cc trm cng ch. Thng thng thi gian ch
ny l bi s ca hai ln thi gian lan truyn tn hiu t.
43

u im ca CSMA/CD l tnh cht n gin, linh hot. Khc vi cc phng

php tin nh, vic ghp thm hay b i mt trm trong mng khng nh hng g ti
hot ng ca h thng. Chnh v vy, phng php ny c p dng rng ri trong
mng Ethernet.
Nhc im ca CSMA/CD l tnh bt nh ca thi gian phn ng. Cc trm u
bnh ng nh nhau nn qu trnh ch mt trm c th lp i lp li, khng xc nh
c tng i chnh xc thi gian. Hiu sut s dng ng truyn v th cng thp.
R rng, nu nh khng kt hp thm vi cc k thut khc th phng php ny
khng thch hp vi cc cp thp, i hi trao i d liu nh k, thi gian thc.
iu kin rng buc

Kh nng thc hin phng php CSMA/CD b hn ch bi mt iu kin rng

bu trm pht hin c xung t xy ra trong khi bc in cha gi xong mi c kh
nng hy b bc in (c th ch n gin bng cch khng gi tip c hiu kt thc).
Cn nu bc in c gi i xong ri mi pht hin xy ra xung t th qu
mun, mt trm khc c th nhn c v x l bc in vi ni dung sai lch.
Trong trng hp xu nht hai trm cng gi thng tin c th hai u ca dy dn,
trm th hai ch gi in trc khi tn hiu t trm th nht ti mt cht. Tn hiu b
xung t xy ra y phi mt thm mt khong thi gian na ng bng thi gian
lan truyn tn hiu Ts mi quay tr li trm th nht. Nh vy, iu kin thc hin
phng CDMA/CD l thi gian gi mt bc in phi ln hn hai ln thi gian lan
truyn tn hiu, tc l:
(chiu di bc in n/tc truyn v > 2T)
hay n/v > 21/(0,66*300.000.000) vi l l chiu i dy dn v h s k=0,67
tng ng vi lv < 1.000.000.000n.
y chnh l iu kin rng buc trong vic nng tc v tng chiu di dy
dn. V d i vi mt mng Fast Ethernet (100Mbit/s) c chiu di 100m th mt bc
in khng th ngn hn 100 bit. H qu ca iu kin rng buc ny l h s truyn
thng s rt thp nu nh d liu cn trao i khng ln, Mt ln na, ta thy rng
phng php ny khng thch hp lm cho cc h thng mang cp thp:
2.5.6 CSMA/CA
Nguyn tc lm vic
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Mutiple Acce With Conllision Avoidance) tng t
nh CSMA/CD, mi trm u phi nghe ng un trc khi gi cng nh sau khi
gi thng tin. Tuy nhin, mt phng php m ha bit thch hp c s dng y
trong trng hp xy ra xung t, mt tn hiu s ln t tn hiu kia. V d tng
ng vi bit 0 l mc in p cao s ln t mc in p thp ca bit 1.

44

Hnh 2.21. Minh ha phng php CSMA/CD

Mt tnh hung tiu biu c minh ha trong hnh trn. T1 l thng tin do trm
1 gi i v R1 l thng tin trm 1 nghe c phn hi t ng dn, T2 l thng tin do
trm 2 pht i v R2 l thng tin trm 2 nghe c. Khi hai bc in khc nhau mt
bit no , trm th hai s pht hin ra xung t v ngng pht, cn trm th nht c
mc tn hiu ln t nn coi nh khng c chuyn g xy ra v tip tc pht. Trm th
hai c th ch mt thi gian ngu nhin, hoc ch khi no ng dn ri tr li s gi.
iu kin rng buc

iu kin thc hin theo c ch trn l mi trm u phi nhn c tn hiu

phn hi tng ng vi bit va gi, trc khi gi mt b tip theo, nh vy mi c
kh nng dng li kp thi khi xy ra xung t cng nh bit tip theo khng b nh
hng. Nh vy, thi gian bit TB Phi ln hn hai ln thi gian lan truyn tn hiu TS
hay l:
l/v > 2TS, vi v l tc truyn
l/v > 2l(0.67*300.000.000)
l/v > 100.000.000
Vi l l chiu di dy dn v h s k=0,67. V d vi tc truyn l 1 Mbit/s th
chiu di dy dn phi nh hn 100m. R rng, iu kin rng buc y tuy ngt
ngho hn so vi phng php CSMA/CD, nhng khng lin quan ti chiu di ti
thiu ca mt bc in.
Quy nh mc u tin

Mi bc in u c bt u bng mt dy bit c bit c gi l c hiu, sau

l ti cc thnh phn khc nh thng tin kim sot, a ch... i vi phng php
CSMA/CA, c th s dng mc u tin cho mi trm (hoc theo loi thng tin) v gn
m u tin (001,010,vv..) vo phn dng sau c hiu ca mi bc in. Bc in no
c mc u tin cao hn (tc m s u tin thp hn) s ln t cc bc in khc.
Trong trng hp s dng mc u tin theo trm, c th ly chnh a ch ca trm
lm m s u tin. Cng c th kt hp phng php nh mc u tin theo loi thng
tin v theo a ch. Mt bc in c mc u tin cao nht c xt trc ht theo loi
45

thng tin v sau theo a ch trm.

Nh c phng php s dng mc u tin m tnh nng thi gian thc ca h
thng c ci thin. C th thy r, tuy b hn ch v tc truyn v chiu di dy
dn, hiu xut s dng ng truyn phng php ny rt cao. Cc trm ch gi
thng tin i khi c nhu cu v nu xy ra xung t th mt trong hai bc in vn c
tip tc gi i.
2.6 Bo ton d liu
2.6.1 t vn
Trong truyn thng cng nghip, mc d s dng k thut truyn tn hiu s
nhng do tc ng ca nhiu v do cht lng mi trng truyn dn m thng tin c
truyn ti cng khng trnh khi sai lch. Vn t ra l lm th no hn ch li cng
nh khi sy ra li th phi c bin php khc phc. C th phn loi li nh sau:
Li pht hin c, khng sa c
Li pht hin c nhng sa c
Li khng pht hin c
Bin php th nht l ch s dng cc thit b phn cng cao cp v cc bin
php bc lt ng truyn gim thiu tc ng ca nhiu. Song y ch l bin php
hn ch tc ng ca nhiu m khng th loi tr hon ton kh nng b li. Mt khc,
gi thnh cao cng l mt yu t cn tr n vic thc hin trong cng nghip.
Bo ton d liu chnh l phng php s dng x l giao thc khc phc v
pht hin li, trong pht hin li ng vai tr hng u. Khi pht hin c li,
c th c cch khi phc d liu, hay bin php n gin hn l yu cu gi li d liu
Cc phng php bo ton d liu thng dng l:
Parity bit 1 chiu v hai chiu
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
Nhi bit (Bit stuffing)
Nguyn l c bn
Nhim v bo ton d liu c th sp xp thuc lp 2 (lp lin kt) trong m
hnh quy chiu OSI. Trong qu trnh m ha ngun, bn gi b xung mt s thng tin
ph tr, c tnh theo mt thut ton quy c vo bc in cn gi i. Da vo thng
tin b tr ny m bn nhn c th kim sot v pht hin li trong d liu nhn c
loi m)
Ch rng k c thng tin ngun v thng tin ph tr u c th b li, nn phi
cn nhc quan h gia lng thng tin ngun v lng thng tin ph tr, nu khng
mt phng php bo ton d liu s khng t c mong mun v tin cy ca d
liu, thm ch c th phn tc dng. Trc khi phn tch, nh gi tc dng ca cc
46

phng php bo ton d liu, cn a ra mt s nh ngha nh sau:

T l bit li:
T l bit li p l thc o c trng cho nhiu knh truyn dn, c tnh
bng t l gia s b b li trn tng s bit c truyn i. Ni mt cch khc, t l bit
li chnh l xc sut mt bit truyn i b li. Lu rng, t l bit li xu nht khng
phi l 1 m l 0,5. Trong trng hp p: 1, tc l c bit no truyn i cng b sai, lch,
ta ch vic o li tt c cc bit khi phc d liu. Khi p=0,5, tc c 2 bit truyn i
c 1 bit li th ng truyn ny hon ton khng s dng c, bi theo l thuyt
thng tin th khng th c mt phng php bo ton d liu no c th p dng tin
cy, c hiu qu. Trong k thut p=10-4 l mt gi tr thng c chp nhn. Mt
ng truyn c t l bit li nh vy c th thc hin c tng i d dng.
T l li cn li:
T l li cn li R l thng s c trng cho tin cy d liu ca mt h thng
truyn thng, sau khi thc hin cc bin php bo ton (k c truyn li trong trng
hp pht hin ra li). T l li cn li c tnh bng t l gia s bc in cn b li
khng pht hin c trn tng s bc in c truyn. ng nhin gi tr ny
khng nhng ph thuc vo t l bit li v phng php bo ton d liu m cn ph
thuc vo chiu di trung bnh ca cc bc in. Mt bc in cng di th xc sut li
cng ln.
Thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li
T l li cn li l mt thng s tng i kh hnh dung, v vy trong thc t
ngi ta hay xem xt ti thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li TMTBF (MTBF: Mean
Time Between Failures). Thng s ny c lin quan cht tr ti gi tr t l li cn li:
TMTB = n/(v*R), vi n l chiu di bc in c tnh bng bit v v l vn tc truyn
c tnh bng bit/s. Gi s mt bc in c chiu di n=100 bit c truyn lin tc
vi tc 1200 bit/s, quan h gia t l bit li v thi gian trung bnh gia hai ln li
s c th hin nh sau:
R

TMTBF
-6

10
10

-10

10-14

1 ngy
26 nm
260000 nm

Khong cch Hamming (Hamming Distance, HD)

Khong cch Hamming (gi theo nh khoa hc M R.W. Hamming) l thng s
c trng cho bn vng ca mt m d liu, hay ni cch khc chnh l kh nng
pht hin li ca mt phng php bo ton d liu. HD c gi tr bng s lng bit
li ti thiu m khng m bo chc chn pht hin c trong mt bc in. Nu
trong mt bc in ch c th pht hin mt cch chc chn k bit b li, th HD=k+l. V
d, nu 1 li duy nht c th pht hin c mt cch chc chn (nh trong phng
47

php dng parity bit 1 chiu), th khong cch Hamming l 2. y l gi tr ti thiu

m mt phng php truyn i hi. Cc h thng bus trng thng dng u c
khong cch Hamming l 4, cc h thng t tin cy rt cao vi HD=6.
Theo l thuyt thng tin th s lng bit li chc chn pht hin c khng bao
gi ln hn lng thng tin ph tr dng kim li. ng nhin, mun t c
gi tr HD ln th phi tng lng thng tin ph tr c nhc ti-khi m thng tin
ph tr cng c th b li.
Hiu sut truyn d liu

Hiu sut truyn d liu E l mt thng s c trng cho vic s dng hiu qu
cc bc in phc v chc nng bo ton d liu, c tnh bng t l s bit mang
thng tin ngun (bit d liu) khng b li trn ton b s bit c truyn. Ta c:
E = m (1-p)n/n
m-s lng bit d liu trong mi bc in
n- chiu di bc in
p-T l bit li
V d 1:

m = 8 bit
n = 11 bit (1 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 1 bit chn l + 1 bit cui)
p: 10-3
Hiu sut truyn E: 0,72
V d 2:

m: 8 bit
n = 24 bit (4 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 8 bit CRC + 4 bit cui)
p = 10-3
Hiu sut truyn d liu E: 0,325
V d 3:

m: 8 bit
n: 19 bit (4 bit u + 8 bit d liu + 3 bit CRC + 4 bit cui)
p = 10-3
Hiu sut truyn d liu E = 0,413
R rng, vic tng lng thng tin ph tr mt chng mc no c th tng
tin cy d liu, song hiu qu truyn dn v th cng gim i. Nu t l bit li p =
0,5 th bc in nhn c hon ton khng c gi tr. iu c ngha l, s lng
bit kim li khng bao gi cn thit phi bng hoc ln hn mt na s bit d liu. So
48

snh v d 2 v v d 3, ta s thy s la chn 3 bit thng tin kim li v d 3 ng

n hn trn c phng din hiu qu truyn d liu v tin cy d liu.
2.6.2 Bit chn l (Party bit)
Bit chn l l mt phng php kim tra li n gin, c p dng rt rng ri.
Nguyn tc lm vic c m t nh sau. Ty theo tng s cc bit 1 trong thng
tin ngun l chn hay l m ta thm vo 1 bit thng tin ph tr p = 0 hoc p = 1, gi
l parity bit, hay bit chn l. Trong trng hp ny, ta cng gi l parity bit mt
chiu. Phng php ny rt n gin v hiu qu. Gi tr ca bit chn l ph thuc
vo cch chn:
Nu chn parity chn, th s p bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l chn
Nu chn parity l, th s p bng 0 khi tng s bit 1 l l.
V d dng parity chn:
Dy bit nguyn bn: 1001101
Dy bit gi i: 1001101
Gi s ch 1 hoc 3 bit trong bc in gi i b o, bn nhn s so snh v pht
hin c, nhng nu nh s bit li trong bc in l chn th bn nhn s khng pht
hin c. Ni mt cch khc s bit li chc chn pht hin c ch l 1. V vy,
khong cch Hamming ca phng php chn l mt chiu lun l 2. iu ny ni ln
kh nng pht hin li thp, v vy bit chn l t khi c dng c lp m thng phi
kt hp vi cc phng php khc.
T l chiu di thng tin ngun v thng tin b tr nh hng mnh ti hiu qu
ca phng php. y, thng tin b tr ch l 1 bit. Trong thc t, chiu di thng
tin ngun thng c chn l 7 hoc 8 bit.
2.6.3 Bit chn l hai chiu
Phng php dng bit chn l hai chiu cn c gi l phng php bo ton khi.
Dy bit mang thng tin ngun c sp xp li thnh tng khi vung (trong
tng tng), coi nh c hai chiu. Trong thc t ngi ta chn 7 hng 7 ct. Vic
tnh bit chn l c thc hin theo c hai chiu hng v ct.
Di y l mt v d bc in s dng bit chn l hai chiu khng b li vi cu
trc (7+ 1) x (7+ 1) v parity chn. Mt im ng ch l s bit 1 hoc 0 ct p
(tnh parity theo hng) cng ging nh hng p (tnh parity theo ct), nn bit cui
cng giao nhau gia hng p v ct p c th tnh parity theo hng hoc ct.

1.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1
49

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Trong trng hp ch 1 bit b o, v d hng th 3 v ct th 4 trong bng sau

y, th li khng nhng c pht hin c m ta cn c th cho rng li nh v
c v v vy sa c.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Tng t nh vy, hai bit b li khc nm khc hng v khc ct cng s pht
hin c v sa c. Tuy nhin, nu hai bit b li li nm cng hng hoc cng ct
th chng ch c th b pht hin nhng khng sa c.
Trong trng hp 3 bit b o, bn nhn vn chc chn pht hin c c li.
Tuy nhin, mt iu rt th v y l bn nhn khng th khng nh c s bit li
l 1 hay l 3. Xc nh nhm s li y l 1 s dn n nhm ln tai hi khi tm cch
sa bit li. Lt li vn v d mt li hoc hai li (khc hng v khc ct) xt
trn, r rng bn nhn khng c cch g xc nh c s li mt cch chnh xc m
ch bit c s li l chn hoc l. Ti t hn na khi chnh cc bit parity b li. Nh
vy c th kt lun rng ngay c vi phng php parity hai chiu ny bn nhn nu
c pht hin ra li cng khng c kh nng sa li mt cch tin cy.

1.
50

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ta xt tip trng hp 4 bit b li nm cng hai hng v hai ct bt k. Cch tnh

chn l theo c hai chiu u khng pht hin c, tuy xc sut xy ra tnh hung ny
cng rt nh. Vy khong cch Hamming ca m d liu thc hin theo phng php:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

2.6.4 CRC
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) cn c gi l phng php m a thc hay
m vng. Phng php ny c s dng hu ht trong cc h thng truyn thng.
Tuy ci tn ca n khng biu hin nhiu, nhng tng y l thng tin kim li (
y c gi l checksum) phi c tnh bng mt thut ton thch hp, trong gi
tr mi b ca thng tin ngun u c tham gia nhiu ln vo qu trnh tnh ton.
tnh ton thng tin kim li , ngi ta dng mt "a thc pht" G (generator
polynomial) c mt dng c bit. Chnh v th phng php ny c gi l phng
php dng a thc. G c quy c di dng nh phn, tc cc h s ca n c gi tr
1 hoc 0 tng ng vi cc ch s trong mt dy bit.
V d:
a thc dng: G=x7+x6+x5+(04+03)+x2+(0x1)+1
Dng nh phn: G= {11100101}
51

Dng octal: G={345}

Nguyn tc c bn ca phng php CRC
G s a thc G c bc n, v d x3+x+1 tng ng vi dy bit {1011}. Dy bit
mang thng tin ngun I c thm vo n bit 0 v coi nh mt a thc nh phn P. V
d thng tin ngun l {110101} th sau khi thm 3 bit 0, ta c dy bit {110101000}
tng ng vi a thc P: x8+x7+x5+x3.
a thc P c chia cho a thc G, da vo cc quy tc n gin ca php tr
khng c nh sau:
1-1 = 0
0-0 = 0
1-0= 1
0-1 = 1
Khng cn quan tm ti kt qu ca php chia. phn d R (ly n ch s) ca
php chia c thay th vo ch ca n ch s 0 b xung trong P, tc l ta c D = P +
R. Theo tnh cht ca php chia a thc nh phn, nu D-R chia ht cho G th D = P+R
cng vy, R c gi l checksum v D chnh l dy bit c gi i thay cho I.
Gi s dy bit nhn c l D' khng chia ht cho G th tc l D khc D', ta c
th khng nh c rng bc in chc chn b li. Ngc li, nu D' chia ht cho G,
th xc sut rt cao l bc in nhn c khng c li. Ta ni "xc sut cao", bi mi
b trong thng tin ngun tham gia nhiu vng (cyclic) vo tnh ton thng tin b tr
nn kh nng "d kin sai m kt qu ng" l rt t.
Mt iu ng ch l phng php CRC c v nh phc tp, nhng thc s s
vic thc hin n li rt n gin. Php chia a thc nh phn y c thc hin
thun ty bi cc php tr khng c nh-hay chnh l cc php logic XOR. Bn cnh
c ch cn cc php sao chp v so snh bit thng thng.
Nh ta thy, kh nng pht hin li c c trng qua khong cch Hamming
ph thuc hon ton vo cch chn a thc quy c G. Tuy nhin, phng php
ny t c hiu qu ti u, cn cn nhc ti c quan h gia chiu di ca dy bit
mang thng tin ngun v bc ca a thc G. Mt cch k hiu thng c dng
ch quan h ny c gi l m (m,n), trong m l tng s bit v n l s bit mang d
liu. Mt cu trc bc in theo tiu chun DIN 19 244:
Tn gi: m (81+8, 81), vi i= 1..15 l s byte (octet) ca d liu
Lp cu trc (format class): FT2
a thc pht: G= 11100101, tc x7+x6+x5 +X2+ 1
Khong cch Hamming: HD: 4
52

V d vi I: 7, ta s c m (64,56), tc bc in di 8 byte cha 7 byte d liu.

Trong 8 bit kim li c 7 bit l phn d R c tnh theo phng php CRC, bit
cn li chnh l parity bit chn ca R, sau gi tr mi bit li c o li.
2.6.5 Nhi bit (Bit Stuffing)
Nhi bit (Bit stuffing) thng khng c coi nh mt phng php bo ton d
liu c lp, m thng c s dng vi mc ch chnh l to mt dy bit thun li
cho vic ng gi d liu v m ha bit. Cc bc in thng dng mt dy bit c
bit lm c hiu khi u v kt thc, do vy i hi trong phn cn li khng c
php xut hin mu bit ny. Bn cnh , trong qu trnh m ha bit ngi ta cng c
gng trit tiu dng mt chiu bng cch loi b cc chui di bit 1 lin tc. V vy,
ngi ta tm cch nhi thm mt s bit vo dy bit nguyn bn trnh trng lp vi
mt s mu bit c bit. Hiu ng ph ca cch lm ny chnh l to iu kin cho bn
nhn d pht hin li hn, v d trong trng hp mu bit c bit xut hin trong
phn ni dung ca bc in nhn c.
Phng php nhi bus c thc hin theo nguyn tc sau:

Bn gi: Nu trong d liu c n bit 1 ng lin nhau th thm 1 bit 0 vo ngay sau
. Nh vy trong dy bit c truyn i khng th xut hin n + 1 bit 1 i lin nhau.
Bn nhn: Nu pht hin thy n bit 1 lin nhau m bit tip theo l 0 th c tch
ra, cn bit 1 th d liu chc chn b li.
V d vi n = 5 (nh CAN-Bus):
Thng tin ngun I = 0111111
Thng tin gi i D =01111101
Nu thng tin nhn c D: 01111101, bn nhn c th coi xc sut cao khng
c li, thng tin I s c phc hi bng cch b i bit 0 ng sau 5 bit 1 dt c
gch chn).
Nu thng tin nhn c D: 1111101, qua mu bit c bit bn nhn s pht
hin ra li.
Trong thc t, c ba phng php bit chn l, CRC v nhi bit u c th s
dng phi hp. V d mt thng tin ngun, sau khi p dng phng php CRC, c
th tnh bit chn l cho phn thng tin b sung (R). Ton b dy bit nhn c c th
li a qua khu nhi bit hoc bc in c th c truyn theo tng k t UART vi
kim tra chn l cho tng k t, trc khi thc hin m ha bit.
2.7 M ha bit
M ha bit l qu trnh chuyn i dy bit (0, 1) sang mt s tn hiu thch hp
c th truyn dn trong mi trng vt l. Vic chuyn i ny chnh l s dng
mt tham s thng tin thch hp m ha dy bit cn truyn ti. Cc tham s thng
53

tin c th c cha ng trong bin , tn s, pha hoc sn xung, vv S thch

hp y phi c nh gi da theo cc yu cu k thut nh kh nng chng nhiu
cng nh gy nhiu, kh nng ng b ha v trit tiu dng mt chiu.
2.7.1 Cc tiu chun trong m ha bit
Tn s ca tn hiu
Cc tn hiu c s dng trong truyn d liu thng khng phi l cc dao
ng iu ha, tn s ca chng bin thin theo thi gian, ph thuc vo dy bit cn
m ha v ph thuc vo phng php m ha bit. Cn phn bit gia tn s tn hiu
v tn s nhp ca bus. i vi mt tc truyn c nh th tn s nhp l mt hng
s, cn tn s tn hiu c th thay i. Tuy nhin tn s tn hiu cng t l mt cch
tng i vi tn s nhp, n c th ln hn hoc nh hn tn s nhp, ty theo cch
m ha bit. Tn s ca tn hiu nh hng ti nhiu tnh nng ca h thng. Tn hiu
c tn s cng cao hoc di tn rng mt mt s gy ra suy gim tn hiu cng ln, mt
khc s gy nhiu in t ln hn ra mi trng xng quanh. Nhc im th nht
dn n phi hn ch chiu di dy dn hoc phi s dng b lp, trong khi nhc
im th hai nh hng ti hn ch phm vi s dng. iu ny cng nh hng trc
tip tr li kh nng nng cao tc truyn. Trong phng php truyn ti di c s
th cch duy nht nng cao tc truyn l tng tn s nhp bus, ng ngha vi
vic gin tip tng tn s tn hiu.
Tn s tn hiu cao cng i hi cc thit b c kh nng lm vic vi tn s cao.
ng nhin, gi thnh sn xut cc thit b ny s l mt yu t cn tr kh
nng ng dng.
Thng tin ng b ha c trong tn hiu
Trong trng hp ch truyn dn c chn l ng b, nu mt phng
php m ha bit to ra tn hiu c mang km theo thng tin ng b ha nhp s tit
kim dy dn tn hiu nhp. V d, nu tn hiu mang thng tin l mt dao ng iu
ha c tn s trng vi tn s nhp ca bus hoc l mt bi s ca tn s nhp, tc l
mi nhp bus u c t nht mt xung tn hiu th vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
nhn thng tin s c d dng hn. Tuy nhin, cc h thng thng khng yu cu
tn hiu ng b c mi nhp, m c th cch qung u n vi nhp.
Trit tiu dng mt chiu
Hin tng dng mt chiu sinh ra do mt lot cc bit ging nhau (0 hoc 1) ng
vi mt mc tn hiu cao c pht lin tc. iu ny khng nhng gy kh khn cho
vic ng b ha gia cc i tc truyn thng, m cn nh hng ti nhiu yu t k
thut khc.
Cng tit kim dy dn v n gin ha cng vic lp t, c bit trong mi
trng d chy n, kh nng ng ti ngun nui cho cc thit b tham gia mng vi
cng mt dy dn l rt thit thc. Dng nui c th xp chng ln tn hiu mang
54

thng tin, nu nh tn hiu ny khng mang sn dng mt chiu. Mun vy, phng
php m ha bit cn to ra s trung ha mc tn hiu ng vi cc bit 0 v 1 trit tiu
dng mt chiu.
S tn ti ca dng mt chiu cn gy ra rt nhiu kh khn trong k thut
truyn dn tn hiu. C th, mc tri tn hiu rt kh xc nh mt cch ng mc,
dn n vic nhn bit tham s thng tin v d qua gi tr bin gp tr ngi. Ch
lm vic ca cc thit b thu pht cng s b nh hng bi s tn ti ca dng mt
chiu. Nu vt qu mt gii hn nht nh, dng mt chiu d gy pht xung nguy
him trong cc mi trng d chy n.
Tnh bn vng vi nhiu v kh nng phi hp nhn bit li
Kh nng khng nhiu ca mt tn hiu s cng ph thuc nhiu vo phng php
m ha bit. V d, di tn cng hp th tn hiu cng bn vng hn i vi nhiu. Hoc,
cc phng php m ha chnh lch bn vng vi nhiu hn cc phng php m ha
gi tr tuyt i, cc phng php m ha iu tn bn vng hn m ha iu bin...
Nu mt phng php m ha bit to ra mt tn hiu c nhng c th ring, theo
mt mu bit lp th bn nhn c thm kh nng nhn bit li nu tn hiu b sai
lch m khng cn b xung thng tin kim li.
2.7.2 NRZ, RZ
NRZ (Non Return to Zero) l mt trong nhng phng php c s dng ph
bin nht trong cc h thng bus trng. Thc cht, c NRZ v RZ u l cc phng
php iu ch bin xung. Nh hnh m t di y b 0 v bit 1 c m ha vi
bi mc bin tn hiu khc nhau, mc tn hiu ny khng thay i trong sut chu k
T (mt nhp bus). Ci tn NRZ c s dng, bi mc tn hiu khng quay tr v
khng sau mi nhp. Cc kh nng th hin hai mc c th l:
t v in p dng
in p m v t
in p m v in p dng cng gi tr (tn hiu lng cc)
Mt trong nhng u im ca phng php NRZ l tn hiu c tn s thng
thp hn nhiu so vi tn s nhp bus. Phng php ny khng thch hp cho vic
ng b ha, bi mt dy bit 0 hoc 1 lin tc khng lm thay i mc tn hiu. Tn
hiu khng c trit tiu dng mt chiu, ngay c khi s dng tn hiu lng cc, nn
khng c kh nng ng ti ngun.

55

Hnh 2.22: M ha bit NRZ v RZ

Phng php NZ (Return to Zero) cng m ha bit 0 v bit 1 vi hai mc tn hiu
khc nhau ging nh NRZ. Tuy nhin, nh ci tn ca n bao hm , mc tn hiu
cao ch tn ti trong na u ca chu k bit T, sau quay tr li 0. Tn s cao nht
ca tn hiu chnh bng tn s nhp bus. Ging nh NRZ, tn hiu m RZ khng mang
thng tin ng b ha, khng c kh nng ng ti ngun.
2.7.3 M Manchester
M Manchester v cc dn xut ca n khng nhng c s dng rng ri trong
truyn thng cng nghip, m cn ph bin trong cc h thng truyn d liu khc.
Thc cht, y l mt trong cc phng php iu ch pha xung, tham s thng tin
c th hin qua cc sn xung. Bit 1 c m ha bng sn ln, bit 0 bng sn
xung ca xung gia chu k bit T, hoc ngc li (Manchester-II).
Trong hnh v di y, c im ca tn hiu c tn s tng ng vi tn s
nhp bus, cc xung ca n c th s dng trong vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn
nhn. S dng tn hiu lng cc, dng mt chiu s b trit tiu. Do phng php
ny thch hp vi cc ng dng i hi kh nng ng ti ngun. Mt im ng ch
na l do s dng sn xung, m Manchester rt bn vng i vi nhiu bn ngoi.
Nhng ngc li, nhiu x ca tn hiu cng tng i ln bi tn s cao.

Hnh 2.23: M ha Manchester II v AFP

2.7.4 AFP
Vi phng php sn xung xoay chiu AFP (Alternate Flanked Pulse, sn
xung xoay chiu), mi s thay i trng thi logic c nh du bng mt xung c
cc thay i lun phin (xung xoay chiu). C th sp xp AFP thuc nhm cc
phng php iu ch v tr xng. V d, thay i t b 0 sang bit 1 c m ha bng
sn xung ln, t 1 sang 0 bng sn xung xung (hoc c th ngc li)
56

c im tn hiu l tn s thp, khng mang thng tin ng b ha v khng tn

ti dng mt chiu. S dng cc xung c hnh sin y s gim nhiu x mt cch
ng k. Hn th na, cng nh m Manchester, m AFP rt bn vng i vi tc
ng ca nhiu t bn ngoi.
2.7.5 FSK
Trong phng php iu ch dch tn s FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), hai tn
s khc nhau c dng m ha cc trng thi logic 1 v 0, nh c m t trong
hnh di y. y chnh l phng php iu ch tn s tn hiu mang, hay truyn ti
di mang

Hnh 2.24: M ha tn s FSK

Tn hiu c dng sin, cc tn s c th bng hoc l bi s tn s nhp bus nn c
th dng ng b nhp. Mt u im tip theo ca phng php ny l bn vng
i vi tc ng ca nhiu. Nh tnh cht iu ha ca tn hiu m dng mt chiu
c trit tiu, nn c th s dng chnh ng truyn truyn ti ngun nui cc
thit b kt ni mng.
Mt nhc im ca FSK l tn s tn hiu tng i cao. iu ny mt mt dn
n kh nng gy nhiu mnh i vi bn ngoi v mt khc hn ch vic tng tc
truyn. Thc t, phng php ny ch c s dng cho cc h thng c tc truyn
tng i thp.
2.8 Chun truyn tin
Truyn d liu ni tip, khng ng b l phng php c s dng ch yu
trong cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip. Vi phng php ny, cc bit
c truyn t bn gi n bn nhn mt cch tun t trn cng mt ng truyn.
Cng chnh v khng c mt ng dy ring bit mang tn hiu nhp, nn vic ng
b ha thuc trch nhim do bn gi v bn nhn tha thun trn c s mt giao thc
truyn thng.
Cc chun truyn dn TIA/EIA
EIA (Eleclronic Industry Association) v TIA (Telecommunication Industry
Association) l hip hi xy dng v pht trin mt s chun giao din cho truyn
thng cng nghip, trong c cc chun truyn dn ni tip. Theo nh ngha truyn
thng, mt chun truyn dn ni tip trc ht c hiu l cc quy nh c thng
nht v giao din vt l gia cc thit b cui x l d liu (Data Terminal Equipment,
DTE) v cc thit b truyn d liu (Data Communcation Equipment, DCE). Mt v
57

d tiu biu ca giao din DTE/DCE l chun RS-232 gia my tnh v Modem. Tuy
vy phm vi s dng cc chun truyn ni tip khng ch hn ch vic kt ni gia
cc DTE v DCE theo ngha c in.
Cc chun truyn ni tip c cp ti y l cc chun c s dng rng
ri nht trong truyn thng cng nghip, l EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-422 v c bit
l EIA/TIA-485. Trc kia, cc chun c t ch "RS" u vi ngha
"Recommended Standard". Sau ny, "RS" c thng nht thay th bng "EIA/TIA".
Ch rng, ch ci cui mi tn chun k hiu phin bn chnh l, b xung. V d,
EIA/TIA-232-E ch phin bn chnh l ln th 5 ca RS-232, EIA/TIA-485-A ch
phin bn chnh l ln th nht ca RS-485.
Cc chun truyn dn ca EIA/TIA c chia thnh ba phm tr sau:
Cc chun giao din trn vn (Complate Interface Standards) v d EIA/TIA232-F, EIA/TIA-530-A v EIA/TIA-561, a ra ton b cc quy nh v chc nng, v
c hc v in hc.
Cc chun ring v in hc (Electrical Only Standards) v d EIA/TIA-232- F
phn 2, EIA/TIA-422-B v EIA/TIA-485-A, ch nh ngha cc thng s v mt in
hc, c trch dn trong cc chun giao din trn vn.
Cc chun v cht lng tn hiu (Signal Quality Standards), v d EIA-334- A,
EIA-363 v EIA-404-A, nh ngha cc thut ng v phng php cho vic nh gi
cht lng tn hiu.
Phn di y tp trung vo cc vn lin quan ti giao din v mt in hc
ca b chun EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-422-B v EIA/TIA-485-A. tin cho vic
trnh by v cng nh theo di, ch "RS" s c s dng trong sut phn cui ca ti
liu ny; Do vai tr quan trng tuyt i ca RS-485 trong mng truyn thng cng
nghip chun ny s c m t k lng nht.
2.8. Phng thc truyn dn tn hiu
Tn hiu c dng truyn ti thng tin. Khng k ti mi trng truyn dn
th cc thnh phn c bn trong mt h thng truyn tn hiu gm c b pht
(Transmitter, generator) hay cn gi l b kch thch (driver), k hiu l DI v b thu
(receiver, k hiu l R). Mt thit b va thu v pht, hay b thu pht c gi vi tn
ghp l transceiver.
Hai phng thc truyn dn tn hiu c bn c dng trong cc h thng truyn
thng cng nghip, l phng thc chnh lch i xng (balanced differential
mode) v phng thc khng i xng hay phng thc n cc (unbalanced mode,
single-enbed mode).
Truyn dn khng i xng
Truyn dn khng i xng s dng in p ca mt dy dn so vi t th
58

hin cc trng thi logic (0 v 1) ca mt tn hiu s. Ch rng s lin quan gia

trng thi logic ca mt tn hiu vi trng thi logic ca dy bit mang thng tin c
truyn ph thuc vo phng php m ha bit, tc l gi tr logic ca tn hiu ti mt
thi im khng nht thit phi ng nht vi gi tr logic ca bit tng ng mang
thng tin.
Mt trong nhng u im ca phng thc truyn dn khng i xng l ch cn
mt ng dy t chung cho nhiu knh tn hiu trong trng hp cn thit nh hnh
minh ha di y. Nh vy tit kim c s lng dy dn v cc linh kin ghp ni.

Hnh 2.25: Truyn dn khng i xng (3 knh, 4 dy dn)

Vic s dng t lm im ta cho vic nh gi mc tn hiu bc l mt nhc
im c bn l kh nng chng nhiu km. Nguyn nhn gy nhiu y c th l mi
trng xung quanh, s xuyn m (crosstalk) hoc do s chnh lch in p t ca cc
i tc truyn thng. iu ny cng dn n hn ch chiu di dy dn cng nh tc
truyn.
Truyn dn chnh lch i xng
Truyn dn chnh lch i xng s dng in p gia hai dy dn (A v B hay
dy + v -) biu hin trng thi logic (0 v 1) ca tn hiu, khng ph thuc vo t.

Hnh 2.26: Truyn dn chnh lch i xng (3 knh, 7 dy dn)

59

Hnh 2.27. in p chnh lch u ra VOD v in p chnh lch VOS

Hnh 2.28. in p ch chung VCM v Chnh lch in p t VGPD.

Khi nim "chnh lch i xng" y c th hin qua s cn xng (tng
i) v in p ca hai dy A v B i vi in p ch chung trong iu kin lm
vic bnh thng. Mt tc ng nhiu bn ngoi s lm tng hay gim tc thi in
p c hai dy mt gi tr gn tng ng, v th tn hiu t b sai lch. S khc nhau
v in p t gia cc thit b tham gia truyn thng cng hu nh khng nh hng
trc tip ti vic nh gi gi tr logic ca tn hiu. Mt nguyn nhn gy nhiu khc l
s xuyn m cng c loi tr ng k khi dng dy i xon (twistedpair). Nhng
u im trn y dn n s ph bin ca phng thc truyn dn chnh lch i
xng trong cc h thng truyn thng tc cao v phm vi rng.
Bn thng s sau y chim vai tr quan trng trong phng thc truyn dn
chnh lch i xng.
VOD: in p chnh lch u ra ca b kch thch qua tr u cui (gia hai dy
A v B), cn c gi l in p u cui (Terminaltion voltage VT). VOD khng ph
thuc vo in p ca t. Theo chun quy nh th VOD ti thiu phi t 1,5V ti u
ra ca b kch thch. Dc theo ng dy di, in p ny s b suy gim bi in tr
DC hoc b sai lch do nhiu, tuy nhin b thu ch cn mc 200mV c th xc nh
trng thi logic ca tn hiu.
VOS: in p dch ca b kch thch (drivers offsel voltage), cn c gi l in
p ch chung u ra VOS (output common mode voltage). N c xc nh bng
chnh lch t im gia ca ti u ra so snh vi t ca b kch thch. VOS lin quan
trc tip ti in p ch chung VCM (common mode voltage).
VCM: in p ch chung, c tnh bng gi tr trung bnh ca in p hai dy,
tc l VA v VB c k ti nhiu v chnh lch in p t. VCM Cng c tnh nh sau:
B

VCM = VOS + VNOISE + VGPD

VGPD: Chnh lch in p t (ground-potential difference) gia cc trm trong
mt h thng. Gii hn cho gi tr ny c quy nh c th trong mi chun.
Tr u cui (terminating resistance)

Thng thng, mt tn hiu c pht i khi ti mt u dy s phn x ngc

tr li, ging nh hin tng phn x nh sng. Khi tc truyn tng i thp hoc
60

dy dn tng i ngn, sao cho thi gian bit TB ln hn gp nhiu ln s vi thi

gian lan truyn tn hiu TS, tn hiu phn x s suy gim v trit tiu sau mt vi ln
qua li khng gy nh hng ti cht lng ca tn hiu mang b d liu c pht
tip theo. Trong trng hp khc s xy ra xung t tn hiu, v vy ngi ta dng mt
tr kt thc, hay tr u cui hp th tn hiu ban u. tng y l khi mt
ng dy dn di v hn th khng xy ra hin tng phn x tn hiu. V vy, tr
u cui c chn c gi tr tng ng vi tr khng c trng (tr khng sng)
ca cp truyn.
2.8.3 RS-232
RS-232 (tng ng vi chun Chu u l CCITT V.24) lc u c xy dng
phc v ch yu trong vic ghp ni im-im gia hai thit b u cui (DTE, Data
Tecminal Equipment), v d gia hai my tnh (PC, PLC,VV..), gia my tnh v my
in, hoc gia mt thit b u cui v mt thit b truyn d liu (DCE, Data
Communication Equipment), v d gia my tnh v modem.

Hnh2.29: Giao tip gia hai my tnh thng qua Modem v RS-232
Mc d tnh nng hn ch, RS-232 l mt trong cc chun tn hiu c t lu nht,
v th c s dng rng ri. Ngy nay, mi my tnh c nhn u c mt vi cng
RS- 232 (cng COM), c th s dng t do ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi hoc cc
my tnh khc. Nhiu thit b cng nghip cng tch hp cng RS-232 phc v lp
trnh hoc tham s ha.
c tnh in hc
RS-232 s dng phng php truyn khng i xng, tc l s dng tn hiu
in p chnh lch gia mt dy dn v t. Mc in p c s dng giao ng
trong khong t -15V ti 15V. Khong t 3V n 15V ng vi gi tr logic 0, khong
t-15V n -3V ng vi gi tr logic 1.
Chnh v t -3V n 3V l phm vi khng c nh ngha, trong trng hp
thay i gi tr logic t 0 ln 1 hoc t 1 xung 0 mt tn hiu phi vt qua khong
qu trong mt thi gian ngn hp l. V d, tiu chun DIN 66259 phn 2 quy
nh dc ti thiu ca mt tn hiu phi l 6V/ms hoc 30/0 nhp xung, ty theo gi
tr no nh hn. iu ny dn n vic phi hn ch v in dung ca cc thit b tham
gia v ca c ng truyn.
61

Hnh 2.30. Quy nh trng thi logic ca tn hiu RS-232

Tc truyn dn ti a ph thuc vo chiu di dy dn. a s cc h thng
hin nay ch h tr tc 19,2kBd (chiu di cho php 30-50m). Gn y, s tin b
trong vi mch gp phn nng cao tc ca cc modem ln nhiu ln so vi
ngng 19,2kBd. Hin nay c nhng mch thu pht t tc 460kBd v hn na,
tuy nhin tc truyn dn thc t ln hn 115,2kBd theo chun RS-232 trong mt h
thng lm vic da vo ngt l mt iu kh c th thc hin c.
Mt u im ca chun RS-232 l c th s dng cng sut pht tng i thp,
nh tr khng u vo hn ch trong phm vi t 3-7k. Bng di y tm tt mt s
thng s in hc quan trng ca RS-232.
Bng 2.1: Tm tt cc thng s quan trng ca RS-232
Thng s

iu kin

Ti thiu

in p u ra h mch
in p u ra khi c ti
Tr khng u ra khi ct ngun

Ti a
25V

3kRL7k
-2VV02V

5V

15V
300

Dng ra ngn mch

500mA

in dung ti

2500pF

Tr khng u vo

3VV125V

3k

Ngng cho gi tr logic 0

Ngng cho gi tr logic 1

7k
3V

-3V

Giao din c hc
Chun EIA/TIA-232 quy nh ba loi gic cm RS-232 l DB-9 (chn chn), DB25 (25 chn) cao ALT-A (26 chn), trong hai loi u c s dng rng ri hn.
Loi DB-9 cng c chun ha ring trong EIA/TIA-574

62

Hnh 2.31. S gic cm v chiu tn hiu RS-232 loi DB9

ngha ca cc chn quan trng c m t di y.
RXD (Receive Data): ng nhn d liu
TXD (rransmit Data): ng gi d liu
DTR (Data Terminal Ready): Chn DTR thng trng thi ON khi thit b u
cui sn sng thit lp knh truyn thng. Qua vic gi mch DTR trng thi ON,
thit b u cui cho php DCE ca n ch "t tr li" chp nhn li gi khng
yu cu Mch DTR trng thi OFF ch khi thit b u cui khng mun DCE ca
n chp nhn li gi t xa (ch cc b).
DSR (Data Set Ready, DCE Ready): C hai modem chuyn mch DSR sang ON
khi mt ng truyn thng c thit lp gia hai bn.
DCD (Data Carrier Detect): Chn DCD c s dng kim sot truy nhp
ng truyn. Mt trm nhn tn hiu DCD l OFF s hiu l trm i tc cha ng
mch yu cu gi d liu (chn RTS) v v th c th ot quyn kim sot ng
truyn nu cn thit. Ngc li, tn hiu DCN l ON ch th bn i tc gi tn hiu
RTS ginh quyn kim sot ng truyn.
RTS (Requesl To Send): Khi CTS chuyn sang ON, mt trm c thng bo
rng modem ca n sn sng nhn d liu t trm v kim sot ng in thoi
cho vic truyn d liu i xa.
RI (Ring Indicator): Khi modem nhn c mt li gi, mch RI chuyn
ON/OFF mt cch tun t vi chung in thoi bo hiu cho trm u cui. Tn
hiu ny ch th rng mt modem xa yu cu thit lp kt ni Dial-up.
Ch lm vic
Ch lm vic ca h thng RS-232 l hai chiu ton phn (full-duplex), tc l
hai thit b tham gia cng c th thu v pht tn hiu cng mt lc. Nh vy, vic thc
hin truyn thng cn ti thiu 3 dy dn-trong hai dy tn hiu ni cho cc u
thu pht ca hai trm v mt dy t, nh hnh minh ha. Vi cu hnh ti thiu ny,
m bo an ton truyn dn tn hiu thuc v trch nhim ca phn mm.

63

a. Cu hnh ghp ni ti thiu

b. Ch bt tay

Hnh 2.32: Mt s v d ghp ni vi RS-232

Hnh trn minh ha mt v d ghp ni trc tip gia hai thit b thc hin ch
bt tay (handshare mode) khng thng qua modem. Qua vic s dng cc dy dn
DTR v DSR, an ton giao tip s c m bo. Trong trng hp ny, cc chn
RTS v CTS c ni ngn. Lu rng, trong trng hp truyn thng qua modem,
cu hnh ghp ni s khc mt cht.
2.8.3 S-422
Khc vi RS-232, RS-422, s dng tn hiu ip chnh lch i xng gia hai
dy dn A v B, nh vy gim c nhiu v cho php tng chiu di dy dn mt
cch ng k. RS-422 thch hp cho phm vi truyn dn ti 1200 mt m khng cn
b lp. in p chnh lch dng ng vi trng thi logic 0 v m ng vi trng thi
logic 1. in p chnh lch u vo bn nhn c th xung ti 200mV. Mt vi thng
s quan trng c tm tc trong bng sau:
Bng 2.2: Tm tt cc thng s quan trng ca RS-422
Thng s

iu kin

Ti thiu

in p u ra h mch
in p u ra khi c ti

Ti a
10V

RT = 100

2V

Tr khng u ra

100

Dng ra ngn mch

150mA

Thi gian qu u ra

RT = 100

10%TB*

in p ch chung u ra VOC

RT = 100

3V

-7VVCM7V

200mV

nhy cm u vo
in p ch chung VCM

-7V

Tr khng u vo

4k

7V

* TB -Thi gian bit

Trong cu hnh ghp ni ti thiu cho RS-422 cn mt i dy dng truyn dn
tn hiu (A v B). Trong cu hnh ny ch c th dng phng php truyn mt chiu
(simplex) hoc hai chiu gin on (half-duplex), tc trong mt thi im ch c mt
B

64

tn hiu duy nht c truyn i. thc hin truyn hai chiu ton phn (full-duplex)
ta cn hai i dy.
RS-422 c kh nng ghp ni im-im, hoc im-nhiu im trong mt mng
n gin-c th l duy nht mt trm c pht v 10 trm c th nhn tn hiu. Tuy
vy trong thc t RS-422 thng ch c dng ghp ni im-im vi mc ch
thay th RS-232 cho khong cch truyn thng ln v tc cao hn.
Trong c hai trng hp s dng cu hnh hai dy hay bn dy, vic s dng
thm mt dy t (C) ng vai tr khc rt quan trng, tuy khng gip g cho vic xc
nh gi tr logic tng ng vi mc tn hiu. Trn mt khong cch vi trm n hng
ngn mt, mc in p t c th rt khc nhau. iu cn thit y l gi mt mc
in p ch chung VCM cho cc trm tham gia mt mc gii hn quy nh, nu
khng d liu truyn i s b mt v cc cng kt ni mi s b ph hng. Ngng gii
hn quy nh cho VCM gi Vi RS-422 l + 7V.
2.8.4 RS-485
c tnh in hc
V c tnh in hc, RS-485 v RS-422 ging nhau v c bn RS-485 cng s
dng tn hiu in p chnh lch i xng gia hai dy dn A v B. Ngng gii hn
c quy nh cho VCM i vi RS-485 c ni rng ra khong -7V n +12V, cng
nh tr khng u vo cho php ln gp 3 ln so vi RS-422. Cc thng s quan trng
c tm tt trong bng di y.
Bng 2.3. Tm tt cc thng s quan trng ca RS-485
Thng s

iu kin

in p u ra h mch
in p u ra khi c ti

RLoad = 54

Ti thiu

Ti a

1,5V

6V

1,5V

5V

Dng ra ngn mch

Thi gian qu u ra

250mA
30%TB*

RLoad = 54
CLoad = 54 pF

in p ch chung u ra VOC
nhy cm u vo
in p ch chung VCM
Tr khng u vo

RLoad = 54

-1V

-7VVCM12V

3V
200mV

-7V

12V

12k

c tnh khc nhau c bn ca RS-485 so vi RS-422 l kh nng ghp ni nhiu

im, v th c th c dng ph bin trong cc h thng bus trng. C th, 32 trm
c th c tham gia ghp ni c nh a ch v giao tip ng thi trong mt on
RS-485 m khng cn b lp.
65

 t c iu ny, trong mt thi im ch mt trm c php kim sot

ng truyn v pht tn hiu. V th mt b kch thch u phi a v ch tr
khng cao khi ri, to iu kin cho cc b kch thch cc trm khc tham gia. Ch
ny c gi l tri- state. Mt s vi mch RS-485 t ng x l tnh hung ny,
trong nhiu trng hp khc vic thuc trch nhim ca phn mm iu khin
truyn thng. Trong mch ca b kch thch RS-485 c mt tn hiu no "Enable"
c dng cho mc ch chuyn b kch thch v trng thi pht tn hiu hoc tri-state.
S mch cho b kch thch v b thu RS-485 c biu din trn hnh sau:

Mc d phm vi lm vic ti a l t -6V n +6V (trong trng hp h mch),

trng thi logic ca tn hiu ch c nh ngha trong khong t + 0,2V n + 5V i
vi u vo (bn thu), nh c minh ha trong hnh sau:

Hnh 2.34: Quy nh trng thi logic ca tn hiu RS-485

S trm tham gia
RS-485 cho php ni mng 32 ti n v (Unit load, UL), ng vi 32 b thu pht
hoc nhiu hn, tu theo cch chn ti cho mi thit b thnh vin. nh ngha mt ti
n v c minh ha trn hnh sau:

66

Hnh 2.35: nh ngha mt ti n v

Thng thng, mi b thu pht c thit k tng ng vi ti n v. Gn
y cng c nhng c gng gim ti xung cn 1/2 UL hoc 1/4UL, tc l tng tr
khng u vo ln hai hoc bn ln, vi mc ch tng s trm ln 64 hoc 128. Tuy
nhin, tng s trm theo cch ny s gn vi vic phi gim tc truyn thng v cc
trm c tr khng ln s hot ng chm hn.
Gii hn 32 ti n v xut pht t c tnh k thut ca h thng truyn thng
nhiu im. Cc ti c mc song song v v th vic tng ti s lm suy gim tn
hiu vt qu mc cho php. Theo quy nh chun, mt b kch thch tn hiu phi
m bo dng tng cng 60mA va cung cp cho:
Hai tr u cui mc song song tng ng ti 60 (120 mi u) vi in p
ti thiu 1,5V, to dng tng ng vi 25mA
32 ti n v mc song song vi dng 1 mA qua mi ti (trng hp xu nht),
to dng tng ng vi 32mA.
Tc truyn ti v chiu di dy dn
Cng nh RS-422, RS-485 cho php khong cch ti a gia trm u v trm
cui trong mt on mng l 1200m, khng ph thuc vo s trm tham gia. Tc
truyn dn ti a c th ln ti 10Mbit/s, mt s h thng gn y c kh nng lm
vic vi tc 12Mbit/s. Tuy nhin c s rng buc gia tc truyn dn ti a v
di dy dn cho php, tc l mt mng di 1200m khng th lm vic vi tc
10MBd.
Quan h gia chng ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng cp dn c dng cng
nh ph thuc vo vic nh gi cht lng tn hiu.
Tc truyn ti a cng ph thuc vo cht lng cp mng, c th l i dy
xon kiu STP c kh nng chng nhiu tt hn loi UTP v v th c th truyn vi
tc cao hn. C th s dng cc b lp tng s trm trong mt mng, cng nh
chiu di dy dn ln nhiu ln, ng thi m bo c cht lng tn hiu.
Cu hnh mng
RS-485 l chun duy nht do EIA a ra m c kh nng truyn thng a im
thc s ch dng mt ng dn chung duy nht, c gi l bus. Chnh v vy m n
c dng lm chun cho lp vt l a s cc h thng bus hin thi.
Cu hnh ph bin nht l s dng hai ng dy cho vic truyn tn hiu, nh
c minh ha trong hnh v di y. Trong trng hp ny, h thng ch c th lm
vic vi ch hai chiu gin on (halfduplex) v cc trm c th nhn quyn bnh
ng trong vic truy nhp ng dn. Ch rng ng dn c kt thc bng hai
tr ti hai u ch khng c php gia ng dy. V mc ch n gin, dy t
khng c v y, tuy nhin trong thc t vic ni dy t l rt cn thit.
67

Hnh 2.36. Cu hnh mng RS-485 hai dy

Trong mt mng RS-485 cng c th c ni theo kiu 4 dy. Mt trm ch
(master) ng vai tr iu khin ton b giao tip gia cc trm k c vic truy nhp
ng dn. Cc trm t (slaver) khng th lin h trc tip m u phi qua trm ch.
Trm ch pht tn hiu yu cu v cc trm t c trch nhim p ng. Vn kim
sot thm nhp ng dn y chnh l vic khng ch cc trm t khng tr li
cng mt lc. Vi cu hnh ny, vic truyn thng c th thc hin ch hai chiu
ton phn (full-duplex), ph hp vi cc ng dng i hi tc truyn ti thng tin
cao, tuy nhin y phi tr gi cho hai ng dy b xung.
Cp ni
RS-485 khng phi l mt chun trn vn m ch l mt chun v c tnh in
hc, v vy khng a ra cc quy nh cho cp ni cng nh cc b n. C th dng
i dy xon, cp trn hoc cc loi cp khc, tuy nhin i dy xon vn l loi cp
c s dng ph bin nht nh c tnh chng tp nhiu v xuyn m.
Tr u cui
Do tc truyn thng v chiu di dy dn c th khc nhau rt nhiu trong cc
ng dng, hu nh tt c cc bus RS-485 u yu cu s dng tr u cui ti hai u
dy. S dng tr u cui c tc dng chng cc hiu ng ph trong truyn dn tn
hiu, v d s phn x tn hiu. Tr u cui dng cho RS-485 c th t 100 n
120. Mt sai lm thng gy tc hi nghim trng trong thc t l dng tr u cui
ti mi trm. i vi mt mng bus c 10 trm th tr khng to ra do cc tr u
cui mc song song s l lo ch khng phi l 50 nh thng thng. Ch rng ti
ca cc tr u cui chim phn ln trong ton mch, nn trong trng hp ny hu
qu gy ra l dng qua cc tr u cui s ln t, cc tn hiu mang thng tin ti cc b
thu s suy yu mnh dn n sai lch hon ton. Mt s b ni c tch hp sn tr u
cui, c th dng Jumper chn ch thch hp ty theo v tr ca trm trong mng.

68

Trong trng hp cp truyn ngn v tc truyn thp, ta c th khng cn

dng tr u cui. Tn hiu phn x s suy gim v trit tiu sau vi ln qua li. Tc
truyn dn thp c ngha l chu k nhp bus di. Nu tn hiu phn x trit tiu hon
ton trc thi im trch mu nhp tip theo (thng vo gia chu k) th tn hiu
mang thng tin s khng b nh hng, c nhiu phng php chn u cui mt
ng dn RS-485 nh sau:

PHUNG PHP:

Khng chn song song RC tin cy

TC :

Thp, Cao, Trung bnh cao

CHT LUNG:

Km Tt Hn ch Tt

TN HAO NGUN: Thp Cao Thp Cao

Hnh 2.38: Cc phng php chn u cui RS-485/RS-422
Phng php th hai c gi l chn RC, s dng kt hp mt t C mc ni
tip vi in tr R, mch RC ny cho php khc phc nhc im ca cch s dng
mt in tr thun nu trn. Trong lc tn hiu giai on qu , t C c tc dng
ngn mch v tr R c tc dng chn u cui. Khi t C o chiu s cn tr dng mt
chiu v v th c tc dng gim ti. Tuy nhin, hiu ng thng thp (lowpass) ca
mch RC khng cho php h thng lm vic vi tc cao.
Mt bin th ca phng php chn song song cng c s dng rng ri c tn
l chn tin cy, bi n c tc dng khc na l to thin p tin cy (pail-safe biasing)
69

m bo mt dng ti thiu cho trng hp bus ri hoc c s c.

Ni t
Mc d mc tn hiu c xc nh bng in p chnh lch gia hai dy dn A
v B khng c lin quan ti t, h thng RS-485 vn cn mt ng dy ni t
to mt ng thot cho nhiu ch chung v cc dng khc, v d dng u vo b
thu. Mt sai lm thng gp trong thc t l ch dng hai dy ni hai trm. Trong
trng hp nh vy, dng ch chung s tm cch quay ngc tr li ngun pht,
bc x nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh, nh hng ti tnh tng thch in t ca h
thng. Ni t s c tc dng to mt ng thot tr khng nh ti mt v tr xc
nh, nh vy gim thiu tc hi gy nhiu. Hn th na, vi cu hnh tr u cui tin
cy, vic ni t to thin p s gi mt mc in p ti thiu gia hai dy A v B
trong trng hp k c khi bus ri hoc c s c.
2.8.5 MBP (IEC 1158- 2)
MBP (Manchester Coded Bus-powerred) l mt k thut truyn dn c a ra
trong chun IEC 1158-2 c nhm vo cc ng dng iu khin qu trnh trong cng
nghip ch bin nh lc du, ha cht, ni c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton chy n
v ngun cung cp cho cc thit b trng. Chun IEC 61158-2 mi quy nh nhiu k
thut truyn dn khc nhau, trong c MBP, v vy tn mi ny c s dng
trnh nhm ln.
Nh ci tn ca n th hin, MBP s dng m Manchester, cho php ng ti
ngun trn ng bus, ch truyn ng b v tc truyn 31,25 Kbit/s. V mt tn
hiu, thc cht MBP cng s dng phng thc truyn dn chnh lch i xng, vi
cp i dy xon v tr u cui l 100. Mc in p ti a c quy nh nm
trong khong 0,75- 1 V. Trong phm vi di tn tn hiu, cc trm phi c tr khng rt
ln vic chia ngun khng nh hng ti cht lng truyn ti d liu.
Cc iu khin bin m bo cho vic truyn dn an ton trong mi trng d
chy n c PTB (Physikalische Technische Bundesanstatt, Vin k thut vt l lin
bang c) nh ngha trong m hnh FISCO (Fieldbus Intrinsacally Safe Concept).
Trong khi cha c mt chun quc t chnh thc no cho lnh vc ny, th FISCO
c cng nhn rng ri l mt m hnh c s cho cc h thng bus trng lm vic
trong mi trng nguy him. Cc nguyn tc sau y c a ra:
Mt on mng ch c php c mt ngun cung cp in
Trong trng thi bnh thng, mi thit b trng tiu hao mt dng c s c
nh (1mA)
Mi thit b trng hot ng nh mt b tiu hao dng b ng.
Mt s c tnh c bn ca chun IEC 1158-2 c tm tt trong bng sau:
70

Bng 2.4. Mt s c tnh c bn ca MBP theo tiu chun IEC 1158-2

Ch truyn

ng b

M ha bit

Manchester co de

Tc truyn

31,25 Kbit/s

Cp truyn

Hai i dy xon STP

Cung cp ngun t xa

Ty chn, s dng ng dy ti d liu

Mc bo v chy n

EEX ia/1b v EEX d/m/p/q

Topology

ng thng, cy, hnh sao hoc phi hp

S trm

Ti a 32 trong mt on, tng cng ti a 126

S b lp

Ti a 4 b lp

Lu rng, s trm ti a trong mt on mng theo quy nh l 32, nhng s

trm thc t c th ghp ni c ph thuc vo mc bo v c chn v cng sut
ngun nui. Trong mt mng an ton ring, in th cng nh dng ngun nui cng
b hn ch mt mc nht nh. Trong trng hp tiu hao ngun ln hn, s lng
trm ti a s phi gim i theo t l tng ng.
Bng 2. 5. Mt s b cung cp ngun theo chun IEC 1158-2
Kiu

Mc an ton ring in th

Dng ti a

Cng sut S trm

I.

EEX ia/1b IIC

13,5V

11mA

1,8W

II.

EEX ib IIC

13,5V

11mA

1,8W

III.

EEX ib IIB

13,5V

250mA 500mA

4,2W

22

IV.

Khng

24V

500mA

12W

32

Chiu di ti a ca mt on mng mt mt ph thuc vo cng sut ngun

nui, mt khc ph thuc vo s trm tham gia. C th tnh ton chiu di ny mt
cch tng i da vo bng di y. Tng dng tiu hao ct th nht c tnh
bng tng tiu hao ca cc trm, cng vi dng d tr 9mA mi on mng cho thit
b ngt li FDE (Fault Disconnection Equipment). Trong iu khin qu trnh, mt
trm c s c khng c php lm t lit c on mng. V vy, FDE c tch hp
trong mi trm v c nhim v tch trm lin quan ra khi on bus, trong trng hp
trm tiu hao dng qu ln v l do s c bn trong.
Bng 2.6. Chiu di cc dn theo IEC 1158-2
71

B cung cp ngun

Kiu I Kiu II Kiu III Kiu IV Kiu IV Kiu

in th (V)

13,5

13,5

13,5

24

24

24

Tng dng tiu hao ti a (mA)

110

110

250

110

250

500

Chiu di ti a (m) tit din 900

0,8m2.

900

400

1.900

1.300

650

Chiu di ti a (m) tit din l,5m2 1.000

1.500

500

1.900

1.900

1.900

2.9 Mi trng truyn dn

Mi trng truyn dn hay phng tin truyn dn nh hng ln ti cht lng
tn hiu, ti bn vng ca tn hiu vi nhiu bn ngoi v tnh tng thch in t
ca h thng truyn thng. Tc truyn v khong cch truyn dn ti a cho php
cng ph thuc vo s la chn phng tin truyn dn. Ngoi cc c tnh k thut,
cc phng tin truyn dn cn khc nhau mc tin li s dng s dng (lp t,
u dy) v gi thnh. Bn cnh chun truyn dn, mi h thng bus u c quy nh
cht ch v chng loi v cc ch tiu cht lng ca mi trng truyn dn c php
s dng. Tuy nhin, trong khi quy nh v chun truyn dn thuc lp vt l th mi
trng truyn dn li nm ngoi phm vi cp ca m hnh qui chiu OSI.
Nu khng xt n cc c im ring bit ca tng h thng mng c th (v d
phng php truy nhp bus), tc truyn ti a ca mt knh truyn dn ph thuc
vo ( rng) bng thng ca knh truyn. i vi mi trng khng c nhiu, theo l
thuyt Nyquist th:
Tc bit ti a (bit/s)= 2H Log2X
Trong H l bng thng ca knh truyn v X l s mc trng thi tn hiu
c s dng trong m ha bit. i vi cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip
s dng tn hiu nh phn, ta c X-2 v tc bit (tnh bng bit/s) s khng bao gi
vt qu hai ln rng bng thng.
Bn cnh s hn ch bi bng thng ca knh truyn dn, tc truyn ti a
thc t cn b gim ng k bi tc ng ca nhiu. Shannon ch ra rng, tc
truyn dn ti a ca mt knh truyn dn c bng thng H (Hz) v t l tn hiu nhiu
S/N (signal to noise ratio) c tnh theo cng thc:
Tc bit li a (bit/s)= 2H Log2 (1 + S/N)
T cc phn tch trn y, ta c th thy rng bng thng v kh nng khng
nhiu l hai yu t quyt nh ti cht lng ca ng truyn. Bn cnh , khong
cch truyn ti a ph thuc vo suy gim ca tn hiu trn ng truyn.
72

Trong k thut truyn thng ni chung cng nh truyn thng cng nghip ni
ring, ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn sau:
Cp in: Cp ng trc, i dy xon, cp trn
Cp quang: Cp si thy tinh (a ch , n ch ) si cht do.
V tuyn: Sng truyn thanh (radio AM, FM), sng truyn hnh (TY) vi sng
(microwave) tia hng ngoi (UY)
Di tn ca mt s phng tin truyn dn tiu biu c m t trn hnh sau:

Loi cp in ph bin nht trong cc h thng bus trng l i dy xon. i

vi cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tc truyn v bn vi nhiu th cp ng
trc l s la chn tt hn. Cp quang cng c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng
c phm vi a l rng, mi trng xung quanh nhiu mnh hoc d xm thc, hoc c
yu cu cao v tin cy cng nh tc truyn d liu.
2.9.1 i dy xon
i dy xon (Twisted pair) l mt pht minh ca A. Grahm Ben vo nm 1881
v t tr thnh phng tin kinh in trong cng nghip in thoi. Mt i dy
xon bao gm hai si dy ng c qun cch ly m vo nhau. Tc dng th nht
ca vic qun dy l trng in t ca hai dy s trung ha ln nhau, nh hnh minh
ha di y, v th nhiu x ra mi trng xung quanh cng nh tp nhiu do xuyn
m s c gim thiu. Hin tng nhiu xuyn m (crosstalk) xut hin do s giao
thoa trng in t ca chnh hai dy dn. Khi nim xuyn m c ngun gc k
thut in thoi, ch s chng cho lm mo ting ni do tc ng qua li gia hai dy
dn. Nu kch thc, xon ca i dy c thit k, tnh ton ph hp, trng in
t do chng gy ra s t trit tiu ln nhau v hu nh khng lm nh hng ti cht
lng tn hiu.
73

Hnh 2.40. i dy xon v tc dng trung ha trng in t

Trong cc h thng truyn thng cng nghip, i dy xon thng c s dng
i km vi chun RS-485. Che chn ng truyn i vi RS-485 khng phi bao gi
cng bt buc, ty theo i hi v cht lng ng truyn v tnh tng thch in t
trong tng lnh vc ng dng khc nhau. Cc lp bc lt, che chn s gim tc ng
ca nhiu bn ngoi n tn hiu truyn dn, ng thi hn ch nhiu x t chnh
ng truyn ra mi trng xung quanh. Mt cp dn thng bao gm nhiu i dy
xon, trng hp ph bin l hai i dy. Cng c chn LAN nh IEE 802.12 quy
nh s dng bn i dy. Ty theo cch che chn m ngi ta phn bit hai loi cp
dn: Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) v Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). S khc nhau
gia STP v UTP ch, ngoi v bc chung bn ngoi ca c cp th STP cn c
thm mt lp che chn ring cho tng i dy.
in tr c tnh ca STP v UTP thng l 120. c im ca STP l kh
nng chng nhiu tc ng t bn ngoi cao hn so vi UTP, trong khi bn thn STP
cng ta t nhiu ra mi trng xung quanh.
Nhn chung, i vi cc h thng bus trng vi chun truyn dn RS-485 th
STP c s dng ph bin nht cng chnh v kh nng khng nhiu tt m STP cho
php truyn vi tc tng i cao (110 Mbit/s)

Hnh 2.41: Hai kiu cp i dy xon STP v UTP

Ty theo cht lng ca cp truyn, chiu di dy dn ti da khng dng b lp
c th ti 3000m. Tuy nhin, mt phng thc truyn khng cho php t c c tc
truyn ti a v chiu di ti a cng mt lc. V d t c tc truyn ti
a th khong cch khng c vt qu 100m.
Bng 2.7: Mt s kiu cp STP theo quy chun AWG
AWG
74

28

26

24

22

20

Tit din dy (mm2)

0,08

0,13

0,2

0,32

0,50

ng knh dy (mm)

0,32

0,40

0,51

0,64

0,80

in tr R(/m)

0,436

0,280

0,178

0,106

0,070

Cht lng truyn ca STP tt hn lun i i vi gi thnh cao hn. V vy

khong cch truyn dn ngn hoc trong cc iu kin t c tc ng ca nhiu bn ngoi,
UTP cng c s dng. Do di tn b hn ch v nhy cm vi nhiu, tc truyn s
dng UTP trong cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip thng b hn ch mc
167Kbit/s, cng nh chiu di ng truyn ti a khng dng b lp l 200m.
Tuy tc truyn ca cc loi cp i dy xon khng cao lm, nhng u im
ca n l gi thnh hp l v d lp t, ni dy. V vy hu ht cc ng dng ch yu
ca chng l cp trng, c th s dng trong hu ht cc h thng bus trng.
n nay, cp i dy xon cng c thit k, ch to vi nhiu ci tin khc
nhau.
Ty theo kiu cch v cht lng ca sn phm, ngi ta cng chia thnh cc
hng t 1-5. Loi cp dng trong cng nghip in thoi hoc mng thng dng hng
3, cho php truyn vi tc 12Mbit/s. Hng 5 cho php truyn vi tc 100Mbit/s,
c dng trng Fast Ethernet (100Base-TX). Chun IEC 61158 cng a ra 4 loi
i dy xon xp hng t A ti D vi cht lng cao nht thuc hng A.
2.9.2 Cp ng trc
Mt loi cp truyn dn thng dng khc l cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable hay
coax), mt cp ng trc bao gm mt dy li bn trong v mt dy (kiu ng) bao
bc pha bn ngoi, c ngn cch bi mt lp cch ly (in mi). Cng nh i dy
xon, cht liu c s dng cho dy dn y l ng. Lp cch ly thng l
polyethylen (PE), trong khi v c l nha PVC.

Cp ng trc thch hp cho truyn dn tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. Ngi ta

phn bit hai loi cp ng trc l cp di c s (baseband coax) v cp di rng
(broadban coax). Loi th nht c tr c tnh l 50, c s dng rng ri trong
truyn d liu, trong khi loi th hai c tr c tnh l 75, thng c s dng
trong mi trng truyn tn hiu tng t. Phm vi ng dng c in ca cp ng
trc chnh l trong cc h thng cp truyn hnh.
75

Nh c cu trc c bit cng nh tc dng ca lp dn ngoi, cc in tr v t

trng c gi gn nh hon ton bn trong mt cp ng trc. Chnh v vy, hin
tng xuyn m khng ng k so vi cp i dy xon. Bn cnh , hiu ng b mt
cng lm gim s hao tn trn ng truyn khi s dng cp truyn c ng knh ln
V c tnh ng hc, cp ng trc c di tn ln hn i dy xon nn vic
tng tn s nhp nng tc truyn cng d dng thc hin hn. Tc truyn ti
a cho php c th t ti 1-2Gbit/s. Vi tc thp, khong cch truyn c th ti vi
nghn mt m khng cn b lp. Tuy nhin bn cnh gi thnh cao hn i dy xon
th vic lp t, u dy phc tp cng l mt nhc im ca chng. V vy trong
truyn thng cng nghip, cp ng trc ch yu c dng cc cp trn (bus h
thng, bus x nghip) nh ControlNet v Ethernet.
2.9.3 Cp quang
Cp quang c s dng hon cc lnh vc ng dng i hi tc truyn ti rt
cao, phm vi truyn dn ln hoc trong cc mi trng lm vic chu tc ng mnh
ca nhiu. Vi k thut tin tin hin nay, cc loi cp quang c th t tc truyn
20Gbit/s. Cc h thng c lp t thng thng c tc truyn khong vi Gbit/s.
S suy gim tn hiu y rt nh, v vy chiu di cp dn c th ti vi chc, thm
ch vi trm km m khng cn b lp hay b khuych i tn hiu.
Mt u im ln ca cp quang l kh nng khng nhiu cng nh tnh tng
thch in-t. Cp quang khng chu tc ng ca nhiu ngoi cnh nh trng in
t, sng v tuyn. Ngc li, bn thn cp quang cng hu nh khng bc x nhiu ra
mi trng xung quanh, v th khng nh hng ti hot ng ca cc thit b khc.
Bn cnh , s dng cp quang cng nng cao bo mt ca thng tin c truyn.
Thc t rt kh c th gn b mt cc thit b nghe trm ng truyn m khng gy ra
xt gim tn hiu mt cch t ngt. Vi cc thit b k thut c bit ngi ta c th
d dng xc nh c v tr b can thip.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca cp quang da trn hin tng phn x ton phn nh
sng ti b mt tip xc gia hai vt liu c h s khc x n1 v n2 khc nhau tha mn
iu kin:

vi l gc lch ca tia sng ti so vi ng trc giao. Thng thng n1 c

chn ln hn n2 khong 1%.

76

Hnh 2.43: Nguyn tc phn x ton phn

Mt si cp quang bao gm mt si li, mt lp bc v mt lp v bo v. Si
li cng nh lp bc c th c lm bng thy tinh hoc cht do trong sut. Mt tia
nh sng vi gc lch so vi chiu dc dy cp - tnh theo cng thc sau-s c
nn i theo mt ng rch rc u n:

Nguyn tc lm vic ca cp quang c minh ha trn hnh v sau:

Hnh 2.44: Nguyn tc lm vic ca cp quang

T l ca cc h s khc x cng nh ng knh ca si li v lp bc nh
hng ti c tnh ng i ca tia nh sng. Ngi ta phn loi cp quang si thy
tinh lm hai nhm chnh nh sau:
Si a ch (Multimode Fiber, MMF): Si quang nhiu kiu sng, tn hiu
truyn i l cc tia laser c tn s khng thun nht, cc Led c s dng trong cc
b pht. Hin tng tn x gy kh khn trong vic nng cao tc truyn v chiu
di cp dn. Kh nng truyn hn ch trong phm vi Gbit/s * km.
Si n ch (Single-mode Fiber, SMF): Si quang mt kiu sng, tn hiu
truyn i l cc tia laser c tn s thun nht, cc it laser c s dng trong cc b
pht. Tc truyn c th t ti hng trm Gbit/s khong cch 1km.
Nhm th nht cng c chia thnh hai loi: Si c h s bc (Step Index
Fiber) v si c h s dc (Gradient Index Fiber).
Bn cnh si thy tinh, mt s loi cht do cng c s dng tng i rng
ri.
Si cht do cho php truyn tc thp (khong vi chc ti vi trm Mbit/s)
v khong cch truyn ngn (ti a 80m), nhng gi thnh thp v d lp t hn
77

nhiu. Thng thng, mi knh thu v pht s dng mt si ring bit, v th c th

truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu, mi cp cn c hai li si bn trong. Lu rng, cp
quang ch h tr phng php lin kt im-im, v th cc cu trc mng c s
dng ph bin l hnh sao hoc cu trc vng (tch cc).
2.9.4 V tuyn
Trong mt s lnh vc ng dng khng th s dng cp truyn, hoc vi chi ph
lp t rt cao-v d trong cng nghip khai thc du kh trn bin hoc trong lnh vc
theo di kh tng thy vn, cc phng php truyn v tuyn ng vai tr rt quan
trng. Trong nhng nm gn y, phng php truyn d liu trn cc phng tin v
tuyn c ng dng ngy cng rng ri, nh s c mt ca cc cng ngh hin i, d
s dng v tin cy.
Mt trong cc vn ca truyn d liu qua vi sng l phi s dng mt tn s
thch hp, c php ca cc c quan hu quan trnh gy nhiu i vi cc h
thng khc. nhiu nc, s ni lng trong cc cng tc cp php to iu kin d
dng cho vic trang b v a vo s dng cc thit b. Gi thnh tng th cho mt h
thng-k c chi ph cho trang thit b v bo tr h thng c th thp hn rt nhiu so
vi h thng cp dn.
Hai phng tin chnh c s dng rng ri l vi sng mt t v vi sng qua v
tinh. i vi vi sng mt t, c th s dng cc dch v cng cng hoc t lp t h
thng ring.
Cc h thng truyn dn mt t c th xy dng trn c s hng lot cc thit b
tng t v k thut s, phc v cc nhu cu ng dng khc nhau, cn trao i d liu
theo mt chiu hoc c hai chiu. Phm vi ph sng c th vi mt cho ti hng chc
kilmt. Gi thnh cng rt khc nhau, t cc h thng n gin, r tin vi giao tip
n knh, mt chiu cho n cc h thng rt t cho php s dng nhiu knh v lin
lc hai chiu cng lc. Mt s h thng n gin c s dng khng cn giy php.
Cc h thng dch v cng cng mt t cng rt a dng nh mng dch v tch hp
k thut s (ISDN), mng in thoi di ng (GMS, AMPS, UTSM), i pht di ng
cng cng (MPTI327, TETRA), cc sng pht thanh v truyn hnh. Bn cnh chi ph
mua sm hoc thu cc trang thit b th gi thnh tng th bao gm c tin thu bao v
chi ph s dng tnh theo thi gian. V vy, mc d u t ban u khng cao, song chi
ph cho vic vn hnh c th li rt ln.
S dng v tinh (Eutelsat, Intelsat, Inmarsat, Panamsat, Orbcomm) ph hp vi
cc ng dng i hi khong cch lin lc ln, nhng c th khng lin tc. Truyn
dn qua v tinh c th i hi u t cho thu bao tng i ln, ph thuc vo hp
ng s dng v cht lng dch v, tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp th y l s la
chn duy nht.
2.10 Thit b lin kt mng
78

 cho d liu gia hai mng c th truyn qua li cho nhau c ngi ta s
dng cc thit b lin kt c bit. Thng thng th mi phn mng c thit k cc
giao thc truyn thng ring. Cc giao thc ny c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau so
vi cc thnh phn mng cn li. Vn l lm th no c th lin kt hai mng li,
m ngi s dng hon ton khng phi thit lp li giao thc truyn thng. Ty theo
nhng c im ging nhau v khc nhau gia hai phn mng cn lin kt, c th thc
hin c bng cch chn cc loi thit b lin kt cho ph hp trong s cc loi thit
b kt ni nh b lp (repeater), cu ni (bridge), router v gate~ay.
2.10.1 B lp
Tn hiu t mt trm pht ra trn ng truyn khi ti cc trm khc bao gi
cng b suy gim v bin dng t hay nhiu ty thuc vo c tnh ca cp truyn v
c tnh tn s ca tn hiu. Chnh v vy m c s lin quan rng buc gia tc
truyn (quyt nh tn s tn hiu) vi chiu di ti a ca dy dn. Mt khc cc
chun truyn tin nh RS-485 cng quy nh cht ch c tnh in hc ca cc thit b
ghp ni (c coi nh ti), dn n s hn ch v s trm tham gia. m rng
khong cch truyn cng nh nng cao s trm tham gia th cch thng thng l s
dng cc b lp (repeater).
Vai tr ca b lp l sao chp, khuych i v phc hi tn hiu mang thng tin
trn ng truyn. Hai phn mng c th lin kt vi nhau qua mt b lp c gi l
cc on mng (segment), chng ta phi ging nhau hon ton c v tt c cc lp giao
thc v k c ang truyn vt l. Mc d cc on mng v mt logic vn thuc mt
mng duy nht, tc l cc trm ca chng phi c a ch ring bit, mi on mng
c coi nh cch ly v mt in hc. V vy, s lng cc trm trong ton mng c th
ln hn chun truyn dn quy nh.
Chc nng ca mt b lp c th coi nh thuc phn di ca lp vt l nu i
chiu vi m hnh OSI. Ch rng, b lp ch ni c hai on ng dn ca cng
mt h thng truyn thng, thc hin cng mt giao thc v mi trng truyn dn
cng hon ton ging nhau. Trng hp mt thit b c chc nng kt ni hai on
mng c mi trng truyn dn khc nhau (v d cp quang v cp ng trc) th ta
dng khi nim b chuyn i hoc b thch ng.
Khc vi mt b khuych i tn hiu, mt b lp khng ch lm nhim v
khuych i tn hiu b suy gim, m cn chnh dng v ti to tn hiu trong trng
hp tn hiu b nhiu. Mt b lp tuy khng c mt a ch ring, khng tham gia trc
tip vo cc hot ng giao tip nhng vn c coi nh l mt trm, hay mt thnh
vin trong mng.

79

2.10.2 Cu ni
Cu ni (bridge) phc v cho vic lin kt cc mng con vi nhau, ch khi phn
pha trn ca lp 2 ca chng (c gi l lp iu khin kt ni logic) lm vic vi
cng mt giao thc. Mi trng truyn dn v phng php iu khin truy nhp
ng dn cho mi mng con c th khc nhau. Cu ni c s dng khi lin kt cc
mng con c cu trc khc nhau hoc do mt yu cu thit k c bit no . Nhim
v ca cu ni nhiu khi ch gii quyt vn iu khin truy nhp mi trng
(MAC), cn chc nng ca lp LLC khng b thay i g. Trong trng hp ny, cu
ni c th s dng cho ghp ni cc mng con m mi trng truyn dn c th khc
nhau. V d gia cp ng trc v cp quang, hoc ghp ni cc mng con c phng
php truy nhp bus khc nhau, v d gia token Ring v Ethernet.
i chiu vi m hnh OSI th cu ni lm vic trn c s lp LLC, tc phn trn
ca lp 2. Nh vy, n s phi thc hin cc giao thc pha di lp ny cho c hai
phn mng c th chuyn i cc bc in qua li. Bn thn mt cu ni khng c
a ch mng ring.

2.10.3 Router
80

Router c nhim v lin kt hai mng vi nhau trn c s lp 3 theo m hnh OSI.
Router cng c kh nng xc nh ng i ti u cho mt gi d liu cho hai i
tc thuc hai mng khc nhau (routing). Cc mng c lin kt c th khc nhau
lp 1 v lp 2 nhng bt buc phi ging nhau lp 3. Mi mng u c mt a ch
ring bit v mt khng gian a ch ring. iu c ngha l hai trm thuc hai
mng khc nhau c th c cng mt a ch, tuy nhin chng c phn bit bi a
ch ca mng. Cng nh cc nt mng khc, tng ng vi mi mng router c mt a
ch ring. Nh vy, nu mt router ghp ni n mng th bn thn n c n a ch-cc
trm trong mt mng ch nhn thy mt a ch ca router.

Hnh 2.47. Router trong m hnh OSI

Hnh trn y m t nguyn tc lm vic ca router trong m hnh OSI. i vi
bus trng, lp 3 hu nh khng c ngha, v vy router ch c vai tr quan trng
trong cc h thng mng cao cp hn nh mng cc b (LAN) hoc mng din rng.
Trong vic giao tip lin mng th m a ch trong mt bc in bao gm nhiu thnh
phn, trong c a ch ca ni gi, ni nhn cng nh cc thnh phn m t a ch
m bc in cn i qua. thc hin c vic tm ng i ti u, router phi thay
i cc thnh phn lin quan trong m a ch ny trc khi truyn tip d liu i, nh
mt thut ton cho trc v mt bng cha nhng thng tin cn thit ca cc mng
tham gia.
Tiu chun cho ng i ti u ph thuc vo quy nh c th, v d ng
truyn n a ch cn gi l ngn nht, thi gian truyn thng tin ngn nht, qu t
thit b truyn tin trung gian nht hay gi thnh hp l nht, hoc cng c th kt hp
nhiu yu t khc nhau.
2.10.4 Gateway
Gateway c s dng lin kt cc mng khc nhau (cc h thng bus khc
nhau). Nhim v chnh ca gateway l chuyn i giao thc cp cao, thng c
thc hin bng cc thnh phn phn mm. Nh vy, gateway khng nht thit phi l
mt thit b c bit, m c th l mt my tnh PC vi cc phn mm cn thit. Tuy
81

nhin, cng c cc sn phm phn cng chuyn dng thc hin chc nng gateway.
Hnh di y minh ha nguyn tc lm vic ca gateway. Chnh v nguyn tc hot
ng trn lp ng dng, nn gateway cho php lin kt cc h thng theo m hnh kin
trc OSI v c cc h thng khng theo cc m hnh ny.

Hnh 2.48: Gateway trong m hnh OSI

Mt cu hi mang tnh cht l thuyt nhiu hn ngha thc t l kh nng lin
kt hay kh nng chuyn i gia cc h thng mng khc nhau, c bit l gia cc
h thng bus trng. Trong khi vic chun ha cc h thng bus cn mang nhiu vn
th ngi s dng thng mong i s tng thch gia chng mt mc no
. Tuy nhin, trc khi tr li cu hi ny ta cn phi lm r hai vn sau:
S lin kt hay chuyn i gia hai h thng mng ni chung v cp trng ni
ring nhm mc ch c th g ?
Hai h thng mng c cng thc hin mt s dch v tng ng hay khng?
Nu nh mc ch ca vic lin kt ch l kh nng truy nhp d liu xuyn sut
mng th khng nht thit phi dng nhng b chuyn i "trc tuyn". Mt gii php
n gin, thng dng hn nhiu l s dng mt thit b trung gian c vai tr tng t
nh gateway. V d mt PLC hay mt PC nh trong cc cu hnh h thng phn cp
thng gp trong thc t.

82

Chng 3: CC H THNG BUS TIU BIU

3.1 Profibus
PROFIBUS (Process Field Bus) l mt h thng bus trng c pht trin c
t nm 1987, do 21 cng ty v c quan nghin cu hp tc. Sau khi c chun ha
quc gia vi DIN 19245. PROFIBUS tr thnh chun Chu u EN 50 170 trong nm
1996 v chun quc t IEC 61158 vo cui nm 1999. Bn cnh , PROFIBUS cn
c a vo trong chun IEC 61784-mt chun m rng trn c s IEC 61158 cho cc
h thng sn xut cng nghip. Vi s ra i ca cc chun mi IEC 61158 v IEC
61784 cng nh vi cc pht trin mi gn y. PROFIBUS khng ch dng li l mt
h thng truyn thng, m cn c coi l mt cng ngh t ng ha.
Vi mc ch qung b cng nh h tr vic pht trin v s dng cc sn
phm tng thch PROFIBUS, mt t chc ngi s dng c thnh lp, mang
tn PROFIBUS Nutzerorganisation (PNO). T nm 1995, t chc ny nm trong mt
hip hi ln mang tn PROFIBUS International (PI) vi hn 1.000 thnh vin trn
ton th gii.
PROFIBUS nh ngha cc c tnh ca mt h thng bus cho php kt ni nhiu
thit b khc nhau, t cc thit b trng cho ti vo/ra phn tn, cc thit b iu khin
v gim st. PROFIBUS-DP V PROFIBUS-PA. FMS l giao thc nguyn bn ca
PROFIBUS, c dng ch yu cho vic giao tip gia cc my tnh iu khin v
iu khin gim st. Bc tip theo l s ra i ca DP vo nm 1993-mt giao thc
n gin v nhanh hn nhiu so vi FMS. PROFmus-DP c xy dng ti u cho
vic kt ni cc thit b vo/ra phn tn cc thit b trng vi cc my tnh iu khin.
PROFIBUS-FMS v PROFIBUS lc u c s dng ph bin trong cc ngnh cng
nghip ch to, lp rp. Tuy nhin gn y; vai tr ca PROFIBUS-FMS ngy cng
m nht bi s cnh tranh ca cc h da trn nn Ethernet (Ethernet/IP, Profinet,
Hign-Speed Ethernet...). Trong khi , phm vi ng dng ca PROFIBUSS-DP ngy
cng lan rng sang nhiu lnh vc khc. PROFIBUS-PA l kiu c bit s dng ghp
ni trc tip cc thit b trng trong cc lnh vc t ng ha cc qu trnh c mi
trng chy n, c bit trong cng nghip ch bin. Thc cht, cho lnh vc cng
nghip ch bin. Ngy nay, PROFIBUS l h bus trng hng u th gii vi hn
20% th phn v vi hn 5 triu thit b lp t trong khong 500.000 ng dng. C
th ni, PROFIBUS l gii php chun, ng tin cy cho nhiu phm vi ng dng khc
nhau, c bit l cc ng dng c yu cu cao v tnh nng thi gian.
3.1.1 Kin thc giao thc
PROFIBUS ch thc hin cc lp 1, lp 2 v lp 7 theo m hnh quy chiu OSI.
Tuy nhin, PROFIBUS-DP v-PA b qua c lp 7 nhm ti u ha vic trao i d
liu qu trnh gia cp iu khin vi cp chp hnh. Mt s chc nng cn thiu c
b xung qua lp giao din s dng nm trn lp 7. Bn cnh cc hm dch v DP c
83

s v m rng c quy nh ti lp giao din s dng, hip hi PI cn a ra mt s

quy nh chuyn bit (profiles) v c tnh v chc nng c th ca thit b cho mt
s lnh vc ng dng tiu biu. Cc c t ny nhm mc ch to kh nng tng tc
v thay th ln nhau ca thit b t nhiu nh sn xut.
C ba giao thc FMS, v PA u c chung lp lin kt d liu (lp FDL),
PROFIBUS-PA c cng giao din s dng nh DP, tuy nhin tnh ca cc thit b
c quy nh khc nhm ph hp vi mi trng lm vic d chy n. K thut
truyn dn MBP (Manchester coded, Bus Powered) theo IEC 1158-2 c c p dng
y, m bo vn an ton v cung cp ngun cho cc thit b qua cng dy dn
bus. tch hp cc on mng DP v PA c th dng cc b chuyn i (DP/PALink, DP/PA-Coupler) c sn trn th trng.
Lp ng dng ca FMS bao gm hai lp con l FMS (Fieldbus Message
Specifcation) l LLI (Lower layer Interface), trong FMS chnh l mt tp con ca
chun MMS. Lp FMS m nhim vic x l giao thc s dng v cung cp cc dch
v truyn thng trong khi LLI c vai tr trung gian cho FMS kt ni vi lp 2 m
khng ph thuc vo cc thit b ring bit. Lp LLI cn c nhim v thc hin cc
chc nng bnh thng thuc cc lp 3-6, v d to v ngt ni, kim sot lu thng,
PROFIBUS - FMS v PROFIBUS-DP s dng cng mt k thut truyn dn v
phng php truy nht bus, v vy c th cng hot ng trn mt ng truyn vt l
duy nht.
Lp vt l ca PROFIBUS quy nh v k thut truyn dn tn hiu, mi trng
truyn dn, cu trc mng v cc giao din c hc. Cc k thut truyn dn c s
dng y l RS-485-IS v cp quang (i vi DP v FMS) cng nh MBP (i vi
PA). RS-485-IS (IS: Intrrisically Safe) c pht trin trn c s RS-485 c th s
dng trong mi trng i hi an ton chy n.
Lp lin kt d liu PROFIBUS c gi l FDL (Fieldbus Data Link), c
chc nng kim sot truy nhp bus, cung cp dch v c bn (cp thp) cho vic trao i
d liu mt cch tin cy, khng ph thuc vo phng php truyn dn lp vt l.
3.1.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn
Truyn dn vi RS-485
Chun PROFIBUS theo IEC 61158 quy nh cc c tnh in hc v c hc ca
giao din RS-485 cng nh mi trng truyn thng, trn c s cc ng dng c
th la chn cc thng s thch hp. Cc c tnh din hc bao gm:
Tc truyn thng t 9,6 Kbit/s n 12 Mbit/s
Cu trc ng thng kiu ng trc/ng nhnh (trunk-line/drop-line) hoc
daisy-chain, trong cc tc truyn t 1,5 Mbit/s tr ln yu cu cu trc daisy-chain.
Cp truyn c s dng l i dy xon c bo v (STP), Hip hi PI khuyn
84

co dng cp loi A
Tr kt thc c dng tin cy (fall-safe biasing) vi cc in tr ln lt l 390220-390.
Chiu di ti a ca mt on mng t 100 n 1200m, ph thuc vo tc
truyn c la chn. Quan h gia tc truyn v chiu di ti a ca mt on
mng c tm tt trong bng 4.1
S lng ti a cc trm trong mi on mng l 32. C th dng ti a 9 b lp
tc 10 on mng. Tng s trm ti a trong mt mng l 126.
Ch truyn ti khng ng b v hai chiu khng ng thi
Phng php m ha bit NRZ
Bng 3.1. Chiu di ti a ca mt on mng FROFIBUS (cp STP loi A)
Tc
(Kbit/s)
Chiu di (m)

9,6/19,2/45,45/93,75 187,5
1200

1000

500

1500 3000/6000/12000

400

200

100

V giao din c hc cho cc b ni, loi D-Sub 9 chn c s dng ph bin

nht vi cp bo v IP20. Trong trng hp yu cu cp bo v IP65/67, c th s
dng mt trong cc loi sau y:
B ni trn M12 theo chun IEC 947-52
B ni Han-Brid theo khuyn co ca DESINA
B ni kiu lai ca Siemens
Truyn dn vi RS-4851S
Mt trong nhng u im ca RS-485 l cho php truyn tc cao, v th n
c pht trin c th ph hp vi mi trng i hi an ton chy n. VI RS4851S (IS: Intrinsically Safe), t chc PNO a ra cc ch dn v cc quy nh ngt
ngho v mc in p v mc dng tiu th ca cc thit b lm c s cho cc nh
cung cp. Khc vi m hnh FISCO ch cho php mt ngun tch cc an ton ring,
y mi trm u l mt ngun tch cc. Khi ghp ni tt c cc ngun tch cc, dng
tng cng ca tt c cc trm khng c php vt qu mt gi tr ti a cho php.
Cc th nghim cho thy cng c th ghp ni ti a 32 trm trong mt on mng
RS-4851S.
Truyn dn vi cp quang
Cp quang thch hp c bit trong cc lnh vc ng dng c mi trng lm
vic nhiu mnh hoc i hi phm vi ph mng ln. Cc loi cp quang c th s
dng y:
Si thy tinh a ch vi khong cch truyn ti a 2-3km v si thy tinh n
85

ch vi khong cch truyn c th trn 15km.

Si cht do vi chiu di ti a 80m v si HCS vi chiu di ti a 500m.
Do c im lin kt im-im cp quang, cu trc mng ch c th l hnh
sao hoc mch vng. Trong thc t, cp quang thng c s dng hn hp vi RS485 nn cu trc mng phc tp hn.
Truyn dn vi MBP
Trong mt s ngnh cng nghip ch bin, c bit l ngnh xng du, ha cht,
mi trng lm vic rt nhy cm vi xung in nn mc in p cao trong chun
truyn dn RS-485 khng thch hp. PROFIBUS-PA s dng lp vt l theo phng
php MBP (chun IEC 1158-2 c). Phng php m ha bit Manchester rt bn vng
vi nhiu nn cho php s dng mc tn hiu thp hn nhiu so vi RS-485, ng thi
cho php cc thit b tham gia bus c cung cp ngun vi cng ng dn tn hiu.
K thut truyn dn MBP thng thng c s dng cho mt on mng an
ton ring (thit b trng trong khu vc d chy n). c ghp ni vi on RS-485
qua cc b ni on (segment coupler) hoc cc lin kt (lnk). Mt segment coupler
hot ng theo nguyn tc chuyn i tn hiu lp vt l, v vy c s hn ch v tc
truyn bn on RS-485. Trong khi , mt link nh x ton b cc thit b trng
trong mt on MBP thnh mt trm t duy nht trong on RS-485, khng hn ch
tc truyn bn on RS-485.
Vi MBP, cc cu trc mng c th s dng l ng thng (ng trc, ng
nhnh), hnh sao hoc cy. Cp truyn thng ng l i dy xon STP vi tr u
cui dng RC (100 v 2F). S lng trm ti a trong mt on l 32, tuy nhin s
lng thc t ph thuc vo cng sut b np ngun bus. Trong khu vc nguy him,
cng sut b np ngun b hn ch, v th s lng thit b thng c th ghp ni ti
a thng thng l 8-10. S lng b lp ti a l 4, tc 5 on mng. Vi chiu di
ti a mt on mng l 1900m, tng chiu di ca mng s dng k thut MBP c
th ln ti 9500m.
3.1.3 Truy nhp bus
PROFIBUS phn bit hai loi thit b chnh l trm ch (master) v trm t
(slave).
Cc trm ch c kh nng kim sot truyn thng trn bus. Mt trm ch c th
gi thng tin khi n gi quyn truy nhp bus. Mt trm ch cn c gi l trm tch
cc. Cc trm t ch c truy nhp bus khi c yu cu ca trm ch. Mt trm t phi
thc hin t dch v hn, tc x l giao thc n gin hn so vi cc trm ch, v vy
gi thnh thng thp hn nhiu. Mt trm t cn c gi l trm th ng.
Hai phng php truy nhp bus c th c p dng c lp hoc kt hp l
Token-Passing v Master/slave. Nu p dng c lp, Token-Passing thch hp vi cc
86

mng FMS dng ghp ni cc thit b iu khin v my tnh gim st ng quyn,

trong khi Master/slave thch hp vi vic trao i d liu gia mt thit b iu khin
vi cc thit b trng cp di s dng mng DP hoc PA. Khi s dng kt hp,
nhiu trm tch cc c th tham gia gi Token. Mt trm tch cc nhn c Token s
ng vai tr l ch kim sot vic giao tip vi cc trm t n qun l, hoc c th
t giao tip vi cc trm tch cc khc trong mng.

Hnh 3.1: Cu hnh multi-Master trong Frofibus

Chnh v nhiu trm tch cc c th ng vai tr l ch, cu hnh truy nhp bus
kt hp gia Token-Passing v Master/slave cn c gi l nhiu ch (Multi-Master).
Thi gian vng lp ti a s mt trm tch cc li nhn c Token c th chnh
c bng tham s. Khong thi gian ny chnh l c s cho vic tnh ton chu k thi
gian ca c h thng.
3.1.4 Dch v truyn d liu
Cc dch v truyn d liu thuc lp 2 trong m hnh OSI, hay cn gi l lp
FDL (Fieldbus Data Link), chung cho c FMS, DP v PA. PROFIBUS chun ha bn
dch v trao i d liu, trong ba thuc phm tr dch v khng tun hon v mt
thuc phm tr dch v tun hon, c th l:
SDN (Send Data with No Acknoledge): gi d liu khng xc nhn. SDA (Send
Data with Acknowledge): gi d liu vi xc nhn
SRD (Send and Request Data with Reply): gi v yu cu d liu
CSRD (Cyclic Send and Request Data with Reply): gi v yu cu d liu tun
hon
Cc dch v khng tun hon thng c s dng truyn cc d liu c tnh
cht bt thng, v d cc thng bo s kin, trng thi v t ch lm vic, v vy
87

cn c gi l cc dch v truyn thng bo.

Dch v SDN c dng ch yu cho vic gi ng lot (broadcast) hoc gi ti
nhiu ch (multicast). Mt trm tch cc c th gi mt bc in ng lot ti tt c
hoc ti mt s trm khc m khng cn cng nh khng th i hi xc nhn. C th
ly mt vi v d tiu biu nh vic tham s ha, ci t v khi ng chng trnh
trn nhiu trm cng mt lc. thc hin theo cc ch ny, khng cn phi gi
cc bc in ti tng a ch m ch cn gi mt bc in duy nht mang a ch t
trc l 127. Chnh v vy, cc trm ch c th nhn i ch t 0-126.
Cc dch v cn li ch phc v trao i d liu gia hai i tc. SDA v SRD
u l nhng dch v trao i d liu khng tun hon cn c xc nhn, trong vi
SRD bn nhn c trch nhim gi kt qu p ng tr li. Hai dch v ny c dng
ph bin trong vic trao i d liu gia trm ch v trm t. V d my tnh iu
khin (trm ch) dng SDA thay i ch lm vic ca mt thit b trng (trm
t), hoc dng SRD i hi mt thit b trng thng bo trng thi lm vic. Do
tnh cht khng tun hon ca hai dch v ny, thc hin mi cuc trao i d liu
u phi c yu cu t mt lp trn xung ti lp 2, thi gian x l giao thc tng ln
v hiu sut truyn thng gim i. Chnh v vy, hai dch v ny ch thch hp vi vic
trao i d liu khng gp lm cng nh khng tun hon.

Hnh 3.2 Cc dch v truyn d liu PROFIBUS

Dch v trao i d liu tun hon duy nht (CSRD) c quy nh vi mc ch

88

h tr vic trao i d liu qu trnh cp chp hnh, gia cc module vo/ra phn
tn, cc thit b cm bin v c cp chp hnh vi my tnh iu khin. Dch v ny
khc vi SRD ch l ch cn mt ln yu cu duy nht t mt lp trn xung, sau
cc i tc logic thuc lp 2 t ng thc hin tun hon theo chu k t trc. Mt
trm ch s c trch nhim hi tun t cc trm t v yu cu trao i d liu theo mt
trnh t nht nh. Phng php c gi l polling. V th, d liu trao i lun c
sn sng ti lp 2, to iu kin cho cc chng trnh ng dng trao i d liu di
cp trng mt cch hiu qu nht. Khi mt chng trnh ng dng cn truy nhp d
liu qu trnh, n ch cn trao i vi thnh phn thuc lp 2 trong cng mt trm m
khng phi ch thc hin truyn thng vi cc trm khc.
Ngoi cc dch v trao i d liu, lp 2 ca PROFIBUS cn cung cp cc dch
v qun tr mng. Cc dch v ny phc v vic t cu hnh, tham s ha, t ch
lm vic c cc thng s v trng thi lm vic ca cc trm cng nh a ra cc
thng bo s kin.
3.1.5 Cu trc bc in
Mt bc in (telegram) trong giao thc lp 2 ca PROFIBUS c gi l khung
(frame). Ba loi khung c khong cch Hamming l 4 v mt loi khung c bit nh
du mt token c quy nh nh sau:
Khung vi chiu di thng tin c nh, khng mang d liu:
SD1

DA

SA

FC

FCS

ED

Khung vi chiu di thng tin c nh, mang 8 byte d liu:

SD3

DA

SA

FC

Du

FCS

ED

Khung vi chiu di thng tin khc nhau, vi 1 -246 byte d liu.

SD2

LE

LEr

SD2

DA

SA

FC

DU

FCS

ED

Token
Cc DA, SA, FC v DU (nu c) c coi l phn mng thng tin. Tr DU,
mi cn li trong mt bc in u c chiu di 8 bit (tc mt k t) vi cc ngha
c th nh sau:
Bng 3.2. Ng ngha khung bc in FDL
K hiu

Tn y

ngha

89

SD1
SD4

Start Delimiter

SD4

Byte khi u, phn bit gia cc loi

khung SD1=10H, SD2=68H, SD3=A2H,
SD4=DCH

LE

Length

Chiu di thng tin (4-249 byte)

LEr

Length repeated

DA

Destination Address

a ch ch (trm nhn), t 0-127

SA

Source Address

a ch ngun (trm gi), t 0-126

DA

Data Unit

FC

Frame Control

FCS

Frame Check Sequence

ED

End Delimiter

Chiu di thng tin nhc li v l do an ton

Khi d liu s dng

Byte iu khin khung
Byte kim sot li, HD-4
Byte kt thc, ED-16H

Byte iu khin khung (FC) dng phn bit cc kiu bc in, v d bc in

gi hay yu cu d liu (Send and/for Request) cng nh xc nhn hay p ng
(Acknoledgement/Response). Bn cnh , byte FC cn cha thng tin v vic thc
hin hm truyn, kim sot lu thng trnh vic mt mt hoc gi p d liu cng
nh thng tin kim trm, trng thi FDL.
PROFIBUS - FMS v-DP s dng phng thc truyn khng ng b, v vy
vic ng b ha gia bn gi v bn nhn phi thc hin vi tng k t. C th, mi
byte trong bc in t lp 2 khi chuyn xung lp vt l c xy dng thnh mt k
t UART di 11 bit, trong mt bit khi u (Start bit), mt bit chn l (parity chn)
v mt bit kt thc (Stop bit)

Vic thc hin truyn tun th theo cc nguyn tc sau y:

Trng thi bus ri tng ng vi mc tn hiu ca bit 1, tc mc tn hiu thp
theo phng php m ha bit NRZ (0 ng vi mc cao)
Trc mt khung yu cu (request frame) cn mt thi gian ri ti thiu l 33 bit
phc v mc ch ng b ha gia hai bn gi v nhn
Khng cho php thi gian ri gia cc k t UART ca mt khung Vi mi k
90

t UART, bn nhn kim tra cc bit khi u, bit cui v bit chn l (parity chn).
Vi mi khung, bn nhn kim tra cc byte SD, DA, SA, FCS, LE/LEr (nu c)
cng nh thi gian ri trc mi khung yu cu. Nu c li, ton b khung phi hy
b.
Trong trng hp gi d liu vi xc nhn (SDA), bn nhn c th dng mt k
t duy nht SC: E5H xc nhn. K t duy nht SC ny cng c s dng tr li
yu cu d liu (SRD) trong trng hp bn c yu cu khng c d liu p ng.
3.1.6 PROFIB US-FMS
Mc d PROFIBUS-FMS khng c chun ha trong IEC 61158 v mt phn
v th vai tr ca n cng m nht dn trong cc pht trin tip theo, ng dng ca n
c mt vai tr nht nh trong mt s lnh vc cng nghip ch to, lp rp. S
dng PROFIBUS-FMS lm bus h thng cc my tnh iu khin c th c ghp
ni theo cu hnh nhiu ch giao tip vi nhau v vi cc thit b trng thng minh
di hnh thc gi cc thng bo. y, phm vi chc nng, dch v cao cp l tnh
nang c coi trng hn so vi thi gian phn ng ca h thng. Do c im ca cc
ng dng trn cp iu khin v iu khin gim st, d liu c trao i ch yu vi
tnh cht khng nh k.
i chiu vi m hnh OSI, lp ng dng ca PROFIBUS-FMS bao gm hai lp
con l FMS v LLI (Lower Layer Interface). Bi cc lp t 3 n 6 khng xut hin
y, lp LLI c vai tr thch ng, chuyn dch cc dch v gia lp FMS v lp FDL
(lp 2). Giao din gia FMS vi cc qu trnh ng dng c thc hin bi lp ALI
(Application Layer Interface)

FMS (Fieldbus Messge Specifcation) thc cht l mt tp con ca MMS

(Manuffactunng Message Specijcation), mt chun giao thc v dch v lp 7 theo m
hnh OSI cho kiu giao tip hng thng bo (message-oriented communication) c
91

p dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Cng nh cc giao thc khc, FMS khng ch
chun ha ngha ca cc thng bo (ng ngha) m cn c cu trc bc in ca cc
thng bo (c php)
Giao tip hng i tng
PROFIBUS-FMS cho php thc hin cc hot ng giao tip hng i tng
theo c ch Clien/Senver. y, ngha ca phng thc hng i tng l quan
im thng nht trong giao tip d liu, khng ph thuc vo cc c im ca nh
sn xut thit b hay ca lnh vc ng dng c th.
Cc phn t c th truy nhp c t mt trm trong mng, i din cho cc i
tng thc hay cc bin qu trnh c gi l cc i tng giao tip. V d, gi tr o
ca mt cm bin nhit hoc trng thi logic ca mt van ng/m c th c i
din qua cc i tng giao tip tng ng. Cc thnh vin trong mng giao tip thng
qua cc i tng ny.
Vic truy nhp cc i tng c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
Phng php hiu qu nht l s dng ch s i tng (object index), cn gi l
phng php nh a ch logic. Ch s c th coi l cn cc ca mt i tng ni
trong mt thnh vin ca mng, c biu din bng mt s th t 16 bit. Nh vy,
cc khung thng bo s c chiu di ngn nht so vi cc phng php khc. Mt kh
nng th hai l truy nhp thng qua tn hnh thc (nhn) ca i tng, hay cn gi l
tag. Mi i tng c mt tn hnh thc phn bit thng nht. Phng php ny th
hin u im tnh trc quan, d theo di trong qu trnh thc hin mt d n.
Thit b trng o (VFD)
Thit b trng o (Virtual Field Device, VFD) l mt m hnh tru tng, m t
cc d liu, cu trc d liu v c tnh ca mt thit b t ng ha di gic ca
mt i tc giao tip. Mt i tng VFD cha tt c cc i tng giao tip v danh
mc m t cc i tng m cc i tc giao tip c th truy nhp qua cc dch v.
Mt i tng VFD c sp xp tng ng vi ng mt qu trnh ng dng. Mt
thit b thc c th cha nhiu i tng VFD, trong a ch ca mi i tng
VFD c xc nh qua cc im u cui giao tip ca n. Vic m t mt i tng
VFD c quy nh cht ch trong chun EN 50170.
M t t tng

Mi i tng giao tip c m t thng qua cc thuc tnh. Bn thn cc cu

trc m t i tng cng chnh l cc i tng ngm hiu, c nh ngha thng
nht trong chun cho mi kiu i tng. Di y l mt v d cu trc m t cc i
92

tng bin n gin (simple vartable).

Ch s
(index)

M T
(object
code)

Cc thuc tnh C thc ca i

Tn
khc (further tng (real object
(name)
object attributer)
address)

M rng
(extension)

Mi thit b tham gia mng c to t mt danh mc i tng (Object

Dictionary, OD), trong tt c cc i tng do nh sn xut thit b nh ngha b sung
m c th truy nhp c t cc trm khc cn c m t. Danh mc i tng ca
chnh thit b c gi l OD ngun (Source OD). Bn cnh , mt i tc ca thit b
cng cha mt bn sao OD ca OD ngun, c gi l OD t xa (Remote OD). Cc i
tng giao tip FMS c nh ngha thuc mt trong cc kiu c lit k di y:
Bin: c th l bin n gin (simple vartable), mng (quay) hoc cu trc
(record)
Danh sch bin (variable list): c th c to ra v b sung cc bin trong khi
chng trnh ng dng chy
S kin (event): i din cho cc thng bo, cnh bo
Min nh (domain): ch mt vng nh c lin kt logic, cha m chng trnh
hoc d liu
Gi chng trnh (program invocation): bao gm nhiu domain, cha cc phn
m chng trnh, cc d liu v tham s ca mt chng trnh.
Cc bin, s kin v min nh c xp vo nhm kiu i tng tnh, bi
chng c to ra trc khi chng trnh ng dng chy. Cc i tng thuc mt
trong hai kiu cn li (variable list v program invocation) c gi l i tng ng,
c th c to ra trong khi chng trnh ng dng chy.
m t thuc tnh cc i tng, PROFIBUS - FMS quy nh mt s kiu d
liu chun, c lit k trong bng di y. Bn cnh cc kiu d liu chun ny ,
ngi s dng c th t nh ngha cc kiu dn xut ring.
Bng 3.3. Cc kiu d liu chun trong FMS
Ch s Kiu d liu

Chiu di

M t

Boolean

Kiu bom, gi tr s 0 hoc 1

Integer 8

Kiu nguyn c du 8 bit

Integeri 6

Kiu nguyn c du 16 bit

93

Integer 32

Kiu nguyn c du 32 bit

Unsigned 8

Kiu nguyn dng 8 bit

Unsigned 16

Kiu nguyn dng 16 bit

Unsigned 2

Kiu nguyn dng 32 bit

Floating Point

S thc du phy ng theo chun IEEE

Visible String

Chui cc k t in c

10

Octes String

Chui cc byte

11

Date

Ngy thng

12

Time of Day

4 hoc 6

Thi gian trong ngy

13

Time Difference

4 hoc 6

Khong thi gian

14

Bit String

Chui bit

Quan h giao tip

Ngoi tr cc hnh thc gi ng lot (broadcast v multicast). Vic trao i
thng tin trong FMS lun c thc hin gia hai i tc truyn thng di hnh thc
c ni theo c ch Client/serrver. Mt client c hiu l mt chng trnh ng dng
(ni chnh xc hn l mt qu trnh ng dng) gi yu cu truy nhp cc i tng.
Cn mt serrver chnh l mt chng trnh cung cp cc dch v truyn thng thng
qua cc i tng. Mi quan h giao tip gia mt client v mt server c gi l
mt knh logic. V nguyn tc, mt chng trnh ng dng c th ng c hai vai tr
client v server.
Mi thnh vin trong mng c th ng thi c nhiu quan h giao tip vi cng
mt thnh vin khc, hoc vi cc thnh vin khc nhau. Mi quan h giao tip c
m t bi mt s cc thng s trong mt communication reference (CR), bao gm a
ch trm i tc (remote addresss), im truy nhp dch v (senvice access point,
SAP), cc loi dch v c h tr v chiu di cc b nh m.

94

Hnh 3.5. Cc kiu quan h giao tip PROFIBUS

Mi CR phi c ngi s dng nh ngha trong qu trnh thc hin d n,
trc khi mng a vo hot ng. Tt c cc CR ca mt thnh vin cn c a
vo mt danh sch quan h giao tip (communication relationship list, CRL). Trc
khi hai i tc thc hin truyn thng chng phi to mt knh tng ng. Khi cc
thng s nh ngha trong CR s c hai bn kim tra khng nh tnh tng ng.
Dch v truyn thng
Vi mc ch h tr nhiu th loi ng dng mng khc nhau, PROFIBUS-FMS
chun ha mt lot cc dch v, c th chia thnh hai phm tr l cc dch v ng dng
v cc dch v qun tr. Cc hm dch v c m t tm tt trong sau:
Cc dch v ng dng bao gm:

Variable Access: truy nhp d liu

Program Invocation: i tng chng trnh, lin kt cc domain thnh mt
chng trnh v kim sot cc hot ng ca chng trnh
Domain Management: qun l min nh, truyn np v qun l cc vng nh c
lin kt logic
Event Management: h tr x l s kin (kim sot bi cc chng trnh ng
dng)

95

Dch v
Context Managment

VVFD-Support

Obiect List Managment

Domain Managment

Program Invocation

Variable Access

Event Managment

Hm dch v

M t tm tt

Initiate
Abort
Reject
Status
Unsolicited status
Identity
GetOD
InitiatePutOD
PutOD
InitiateDownloadSequence
Downloadsegment
TerminateDownloadSequence
RequestDomainDownload
Initiateuploadsequence
Uploadsegment
CreateprogramInvocation
Deleteprograminvocation Start
Stop
Resum
Reset
Kill
Read
Write
ReadWithType
WriteWithType
PhysRead
Physwrite
InfomationReport
InfomationReportWithType
DefineVariablelist
DeleteVariablelist
EventNotification
EventNotificationWithType
AcknowLedgeEventNotification
AlterEventConditionMonitoring

Cc dch v qun l gm c:

VFD Support: h tr thit b o, cung cp thng tin v cc thit b trng thng

96

qua i tng thit b trng o VFD (Virtual field Device) Object List Management:
qun l danh mc cc i tng
Context: Management qun l ng cnh, c ngha l qun l cc mi lin kt (to
ni, ngt ni)
3.1.7 PROFIB US-DP
PROFIBUS-DP c pht trin nhm p ng cc yu cu cao v tnh nng thi
gian trong trao i d liu di cp trng, v d gia thit b iu khin kh trnh
hoc my tnh c nhn cng nghip vi cc thit b trng phn tn nh I/O. Cc thit
b o, truyn ng v van. Vic trao i d liu y ch yu c thc hin tun
hon theo c ch ch/t. Cc dch v truyn thng cn thit c nh ngha qua cc
chc nng DP c s theo chun EN 50 170. Bn cnh , DP cn h tr cc dch v
truyn thng khng tun hon, phc v tham s ha, vn hnh v chun on cc thit
b trng thng minh.
i chiu vi m hnh OSI, PROFIBUS-DP ch thc hin cc lp 1 v 2 v l do
hiu sut x l giao thc v tnh nng thi gian. Tuy nhin, DP nh ngha pha trn
lp 7 mt lp nh x lin kt vi lp 2 gi l DDLM (Direct Data Link Mapper) cng
nh mt lp giao din s dng (User Interface Layer) cha cc hm DP c s v cc
hm DP m rng. Trong khi cc hm DP c s ch yu phc v trao i d liu tun
hon, thi gian thc, cc hm DP m rng cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu khng
nh k nh tham s thit b, ch vn hnh v thng tin chun on.
Vi cc pht trin mi gn y, PROFIBUS-DP c coi l k thut truyn thng,
l giao thc truyn thng duy nht trong cng ngh PROFIBUS. Giao thc PROFIBUSDP c chia thnh ba phin bn vi cc k hiu DP-VO, DP-Vl v DP-V2.
Phin bn DP-VO quy nh cc chc nng DP c s, bao gm:

Trao i d liu tun hon

Chn on trm, module v knh
H tr t cu hnh vi tp tin GSD
Phin bn DP-VI bao gm cc chc nng ca DP-VO v cc chc nng DP m
rng, trong c:
Trao i d liu khng tun hon gia PC hoc PLC vi cc trm t (Electronic
Device Description) v FDT (Field Device Tool)
Cc khi chc nng theo chun IEC 61131-3
Giao tip an ton (Profi safe)
H tr cnh bo v bo ng
Phin bn DP-V2 m rng DP-V1 vi cc chc nng sau y:
97

 Trao i d liu gia cc trm ti theo c ch cho hng/t hng

(publisher/subscriber)
Ch giao tip ng thi
ng b ha ng h v ng du thi gian
H tr giao tip qua giao thc HART
Truyn np cc vng nh ln v xung
Kh nng d phng
Cc phin bn DP c m t chi tit trong chun IEC 61158. Phn di y ch
gii thiu mt cch s lc cc im quan trng.
Cu hnh h thng v kiu thit b

PROFIBUS-DP cho php s dng cu hnh mt trm ch (Mono-Master) hoc

nhiu trm ch (Multi-Master). Cu hnh h thng nh ngha s trm, gn cc a ch
trm cho cc a ch vo/ra, tnh nht qun d liu vo/ra, khun dng cc thng bo
chn on v cc tham s bus s dng. Trong cu hnh nhiu ch, tt c cc trm ch
u c th c nh d liu u vo/ra ca cc trm t. Tuy nhin, duy nht mt trm
ch c quyn ghi d liu u ra.
Ty theo phm vi chc nng, kiu dch v thc hin, ngi ta phn bit cc kiu
thit b DP nh sau:
Trm ch DP cp 1 (DP-Master Class 1, DPM1): Cc thit b thuc kiu ny trao
i d liu vi cc trm t theo mt chu trnh c quy nh. Thng thng, l cc
b iu khin trung tm, v d PLC hoc PC, hoc cc module thuc b iu khin
trung tm.
Trm ch DP cp 2 (DP-Master Class 2, DPM2): Cc my lp trnh, cng c cu
hnh v vn hnh, chn on h thng bus. Bn cnh cc dch v ca cp 1, cc thit b
ny cn cung cp cc hm c bit phc v t cu hnh h thng, chn on trng
thi, truyn np chng trnh...
Trm t DP (DP-Slave): cc thit b t khng c vai tr kim sot truy nhp bus,
v vy ch cn thc hin mt phn nh cc dch v so vi mt trm ch. Thng thng,
l cc thit b vo/ra hoc cc thit b trng (truyn ng, HMI, van, cm bin)
hoc cc b iu khin phn tn. Mt b iu khin PLC (vi cc vo/ra tp trung)
cng c th ng vai tr l mt trm t thng minh.
Trong thc t, mt thit b c th thuc mt kiu ring bit ni trn, hoc phi
hp chc nng ca hai kiu. V d, mt thit b c th phi hp chc nng ca DPM1
vi DPM2, hoc trm t vi DPM1.
Vic t cu hnh h thng c thc hin bng cc cng c (phn mm). Thng
98

thng, mt cng c cu hnh cho php ngi s dng b sung v tham s ha nhiu
loi thit b ca cng mt nh sn xut mt cch tng i n gin, bi cc thng tin
tnh nng cn thit ca cc thit b ny c a vo c s d liu ca cng c cu
hnh. Cn vi thit b ca cc hng khc, cng c cu hnh i hi tp tin m t i
km, gi l tp tin GSD (Gerate-Stammdaten).
c tnh vn hnh h thng

Chun DP m t chi tit c tnh vn hnh h thng m bo tnh tng thch

v kh nng thay th ln nhau ca cc thit b. Trc ht, c tnh vn hnh ca h
thng c xc nh qua cc trng thi hot ng ca cc thit b ch:
Stop: khng truyn d liu s dng gia trm ch v trm t, ch c th chn
on v tham s ha.
Clear: trm ch c thng tin u vo t cc trm t v gi cc u ra gi tr an
ton.
Operate: trm ch ch trao i d liu u vo v u ra tun hon vi cc
trm t. Trm ch cng thng xuyn gi thng tin trng thi ca n ti cc trm t s
dng lnh gi ng lot vo cc khong thi gian t trc.
Cc hm DP c s cho php t trng thi lm vic cho h thng. Phn ng ca
h thng i vi mt li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn d liu ca trm ch (v d khi
mt trm t c s c) c xc nh bng tham s cu hnh "**giao-clearl''. Nu tham
s ny c chn t, trm ch s t u ra cho tt c cc trm t ca n v trng thi
an ton trong trng hp mt trm t c s c, sau trm ch s t chuyn v trng
thi Clear. Nu tham s ny khng c t, trm ch s vn tip tc trng thi
Operate.
Trao i d liu tun hon
Trao i d liu gia trm ch v cc trm t gn cho n c thc hin t ng
theo mt trnh t quy nh sn. Khi t cu hnh h thng bus, ngi s dng nh
ngha cc trm t cho mt thit b DPM1, quy nh cc trm t tham gia v cc trm t
khng tham gia trao i d liu tun hon.
Trc khi thc hin trao i d liu tun hon, trm ch chuyn thng tin cu
hnh v cc tham s c t xung ca trm t. Mi trm t s kim tra cc thng
tin v kiu thit b, khun dng v chiu di d liu, s lng cc u vo/ra. Ch khi
thng tin cu hnh ng vi cc hnh thc ca thit b v cc tham s hp l th n mi
bt u thc hin trao i d liu tun hon vi trm ch.
Trong mi chu k, trm ch c cc thng tin u vo ln lt t cc trm t ln
b nh m cng nh a cc thng tin u ra t b nh m xung ln lt cc trm
t theo mt trnh t quy nh sn trong danh sch (polling list). Mi trm t cho php
truyn ti a 246 Byte d liu u vo v 246 Byte d liu u ra. Nguyn tc trao i
d liu tun hon chng c minh ha trn hnh di y.
99

Vi mi trm t, trm ch gi mt khung yu cu v ch i mt khung p ng

(bc in tr li hoc xc nhn). Thi gian trm ch cn x l mt lt danh sch hi
tun t chnh l chu k bus. ng nhin, chu k cn phi nh hn chu k vng qut
ca chng trnh iu khin. Thc t, thi gian cn thit truyn 512 bit d liu u
vo v 512 bit d liu u ra vi 32 trm v vi tc truyn 12 Mbit/s nh hn 2ms.

Hnh 3.6: Nguyn tc trao i d liu tun hon Master/slaver

M hnh DP-Slave h tr cu trc kiu module ca cc thnh vin. Mi module
c xp mt s th t khe cm bt u t 1, ring module c s th t khe cm 0 phc
v vic truy nhp ton b d liu ca thit b. Ton b d liu vo/ra ca cc module
c chuyn chung trong mt khi d liu s dng ca trm t. Giao tip d liu c
gim st bi c hai bn trm ch v trm t. Bn trm t s dng cnh gii (watchdog)
gim st vic giao tip vi trm ch v s t u ra v mt gi tr an ton, nu ni
trong mt khong thi gian quy nh khng c d liu t trm ch a xung.
ng b ha d liu vo/ra
Trong cc gii php iu khin s dng bus trng, mt trong nhng vn cn
phi gii quyt l vic ng b ha cc u vo v u ra. Mt thit b ch c th ng
b ha vic c cc u vo cng nh t cc u ra qua cc bc in gi ng lot.
Mt trm ch c th gi ng lot (broadcast, multicast) lnh iu khin t ch
ng b cho mt nhm trm t nh sau:
Lnh SYNC: a mt nhm trm t v ch ng b ha u ra. ch ny,
u ra ca tt c cc trm t trong nhm c gi nguyn trng thi hin ti cho ti
khi nhn c lnh SYNC tip theo. Trong thi gian , d liu u ra c lu trong
vng nh m v ch c a ra sau khi (ng lot) nhn c lnh SYNC tip theo.
Lnh UNSSYNC s a cc trm t v ch bnh thng (a u ra tc th)
Lnh Freeze: a mt nhm cc trm t v ch ng b ha u vo. ch
ny, tt c cc trm t trong nhm c ch nh khng c php cp nht vng
nh m d liu u vo, cho ti khi (ng lot) nhn c lnh Freeze tip theo.
Trong thi gian trm ch vn c th c gi tr u vo (khng thay i) t vng
100

nh m ca cc trm t. Lnh UNFREEZE s a cc trm t v ch bnh thng

(c u vo tc th)
Tham s ho v chn on h thng
Trong trng hp c thng tin chn on, v d bo co trng thi vt ngng
hay cc bo ng khc, mt DP-Slave c th thng bo cho trm ch ca n qua bc
in tr li. Nhn c thng bo, trm ch s c trch nhim tra hi trm t lin quan
v cc chi tit thng tin chn on.
thc hin truyn np cc b tham s hoc c cc tp d liu tng i ln,
PROFIBUS-DP cung cp cc dch v khng tun hon l DDLM-Read v DDLMWrite. Trong mi chu k bus, trm ch ch cho php thc hin c mt dch v. Tc
trao i d liu tun hon v th khng b nh hng ng k. D liu khng tun
hon c nh a ch qua s th t ca khe cm v ch s ca tp d liu thuc khe
cm . Mi khe cm cho php truy nhp ti a l 256 tp d liu.
Cc hm chn on ca DP cho php nh v li mt cch nhanh chng. Cc
thng tin chn on c truyn qua bus v thu thp ti trm ch. Cc thng bo ny
c phn chia thnh ba cp:
Chn on trm: cc thng bo lin quan ti trng thi hot ng chung ca c
trm, v d tnh trng qu nhit hoc st p
Chn on module: cc thng bo ny ch th li nm mt khong vo/ra no
ca mt module
Chn on knh: trng hp ny, nguyn nhn ca li nm mt bit vo/ra (mt
knh vo/ra) ring bit
Ngoi ra, phin bn DP-VI cn m rng thm hai loi thng bo chn on na l:
Thng bo cnh bo/bo ng lin quan ti cc bin qu trnh, trng thi cp nht
d liu v cc s kin tho/1p module thit b.
Thng bo trng thi phc v mc ch bo tr phng nga, nh gi thng k s
liu...
Giao tip trc tip gia cc trm t (DXB)
Trao i d liu gia cc trm t l mt yu cu thit thc i vi cu trc iu
khin phn tn thc s s dng cc thit b trng thng minh. Nh ta bit, c ch
giao tip ch-t thun ty lm gim hiu sut trao i d liu cho trng hp ny.
Chnh v th, phin bn DP-V2 b sung mt c ch trao i d liu trc tip theo
kiu cho hng/t hng gia cc trm t.
Nh trn hnh 4.8 minh ha, mt trm t (v d mt cm bin) c th ng vai tr
l "nh xut bn" hay "nh cung cp d liu''. Khi d liu s c gi ng lot ti
tt c cc trm t (v d mt van iu khin, mt bin tn) ng k vi vai tr
"ngi t hng" m khng cn i qua trm ch. Vi c ch ny, khng nhng hiu
101

sut s dng ng truyn c nng cao, m tnh nng p ng ca h thng cn

c ci thin r rt. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc ng dng i hi tnh
nng thi gian thc ngt ngho, hoc i vi cc ng dng s dng k thut truyn
dn tc thp (v d MBP)

Ch ng thi
i vi mt s ng dng nh iu khin truyn ng in, iu khin chuyn
ng, c ch giao tip theo kiu hi tun t hoc giao tip trc tip t-t cha th p
ng c i hi cao v tnh nng thi gian thc. V vy, phin bn DP-V2 b sung
ch ng thi (issochronous mode), cho php thc hin giao tip theo c ch chung
kt hp vi TDMA. Nh mt thng bo iu khin ton cc gi ng lot, ton b cc
trm trong mng c ng b ha thi gian vi chnh xc ti micro-giy. Vic
giao tip c thc hin theo mt lch trnh t trc, khng ph thuc vo ti tc thi
trn bus. Do hn ch c rung (Jitter), c ch ny cho php phi hp hot ng
mt cch cht ch v nhp nhng gia cc trm trn bus. Mt v d ng dng tiu biu
l bi ton iu khin chuyn ng, trong trm ch ng vai tr b iu khin v tr
v mt s trm t l cc bin tn vi chc nng iu khin tc ng c.
3.1.8 PROFIBUS - PA
PROFIBUS-PA (Process Automation) l mt th loi bus trng thch hp cho
cc h thng.iu khin trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin, c bit l trong ha
cht v ha du. Thc cht, PROFIBUS-PA l mt s m rng ca PROFIBUS-DP
vi k thut truyn dn MBP theo IEC 1158-2 c v mt s quy nh chuyn bit
(profle) v thng s v c tnh ca cho cc thit b trng. Cc quy nh chuyn bit
ny to iu kin cho kh nng tng tc v thay th ln nhau gia cc thit b ca
nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. Vic m t cc chc nng v c tnh hot ng ca cc
thit b da m hnh khi chc nng quen thuc. Xt v mt k thut, PROFIBUS-PA
khng nhng hon ton c th thay th cc phng php truyn tn hiu vi 4-20 mA
hoc HART, m cn em li nhiu u th ca mt h thng bus trng.
Vi kh nng ng ti ngun. PROFIBUS-PA cho php ni mng cc thit b o
102

lng v iu khin t ng trong cc ng dng cng nghip ch bin bng mt cp

i dy xon duy nht, s dng tc truyn c nh l 31.25Kbit/s. PROFIBUS-PA
cng cho php thc hin bo tr, bo dng cng nh thay th cc trm thit b trong
khi vn hnh. c bit, PROFIBUS-PA c pht trin thch hp s dng trong cc
khu vc nguy hi, d chy n thuc kiu bo v ''an ton ring'' (EEX ia/ib) hoc
''ng kn" (EEXd)
Kin trc giao thc
Xt theo m hnh quy chiu OSI, PROFIBUS-PA ging hon ton PROFIBUS-DP
t lp lin kt d liu (FDL) tr ln. V vy vic ghp ni gia hai h thng c th thc
hin n gin qua cc b chuyn i (DP/PA-Link hoc DP/PA-Coupler). Mi thit b
trng PA cng c coi nh mt DP-Slave. Cc gi tr o, gi tr iu khin v trng
thi ca cc thit b trng PA trao i tun hon vi DP-Masster (DPM1) qua cc chc
nng DP c s (DP-V0). Mt khc, cc d liu khng tun hon nh tham s thit b,
ch vn hnh, thng tin bo dng v chn on c trao i vi cc cng c pht
trin (DPM2) qua cc chc nng DP m rng (DP-VI). Bn cnh cc chc nng DP
chun, PA cn b sung mt hm qun tr h thng c ng b ha thi gian.
Giao din bus an ton ring (EEX ia/ib)
Cc yu cu c th t ra cho mt giao din bus PROFIBUS-PA an ton ring
bao gm:
Mt on mng ch c php c mt ngun nui tch cc
Mi trm tiu th mt dng c s c nh ( 10 mA) trng thi xc lp.
Mi trm c coi nh mt ti tiu th dng th ng, in cm v in dung ni
b qua c
Mi trm khi pht tn hiu i khng c php np thm ngun vo ng bus.
PA-Projle

PA-Profile h tr kh nng tng tc v thay th ln nhau gia cc thit b ca

nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. Cc thit b trng PA c chia thnh hai loi, da
theo cc profile nh sau:
- Profile cp A: quy nh c tnh v chc nng cho cc thit b n gin nh cc
cm bin nhit , p sut, o mc hoc lu lng v cc c cu truyn ng. Cc gi
tr cng nh tham s c th truy nhp l gi tr v trng thi bin qu trnh, n v o,
phm vi lm vic, gii hn tr (hysteresis) v ngng cnh bo.
- Profile cp B: quy nh c tnh v chc nng cho cc thit b c chc nng
phc hp, hay cn gi l cc thit b trng thng minh. Bn cnh cc chc nng ca
cp A, cc chc nng ny bao hm kh nng gn a ch t ng, ng b ha thi
gian, c s d liu phn tn, t m t thit b qua ngn ng DDL (Device Description
Language) v lp lch khi chc nng.
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Cc khi PA
PA-Profile s dng m hnh khi m t cc chc nng v tham s thit b.
Mi khi i din cho mt chc nng s dng, v d vo hoc ra tng t. Cc khi
chc nng c th c lin kt logic vi nhau qua cc u vo v u ra, to ra mt
chng trnh ng dng. Trn thc t, mt mi lin kt logic gia hai khi chc nng
thuc hai trm thit b s c thc hin bng mt mi lin kt truyn thng ca h
thng bus.
Ba loi khi c th cho cc thit b PA l:
Khi vt l (physical block) cha cc thng tin chung ca mt thit b nh tn
thit b, nh sn xut, chng loi, m s serie
Khi bin i (transsducer block) cha cc tham s cn thit cho vic ghp ni
mt thit b trng vi qu trnh k thut, v d cc thng tin phc v chnh nh
(calibration) v chn on vo/ra.
Khi chc nng c trch nhim thc hin chc nng vo/ra (AI, AO, DI, DO)
nm trong mt sch lc iu khin.
Cc khi c cc nh sn xut thc hin v tch hp trong cc thit b trng.
Cc cng c pht trin c th truy nhp cc khi, t tham s v lin kt chng vi
nhau to nn cc chng trnh ng dng.
3.2 Can
CAN (Controller Area Network) xut pht l mt pht trin chung ca hai hng
Bosch v Intel phc v vic ni mng trong cc phng tin giao thng c gii thay
th cch ni im-im c in, sau c chun ho quc t trong ISO 11898. Trong
mt s chng loi t c ln, chiu di dy dn tng cng trong cch ni im-im
c th ln ti vi kilmet, tnh ring khi lng dy dn ln ti hng trm kilgam.
Ch cn quan tm ti cc yu t ny cng c th thy hiu qu ca vic s dng mt h
thng bus trng nh Can. Nh tc truyn dn tng i cao khong cch ngn
cng nh u th mt s c tnh k thut khc m cng ngh ny cng thm nhp
c vo mt s lnh vc t ng ho qu trnh cng nghip
3.2.1 Kin trc giao thc
i chiu vi m hnh ISO/OSI, Can nh ngha lp lin kt d liu gm hai lp
con (LLC v MAC) cng nh phn chnh ca lp vt l.
Lp vt l cp ti vic truyn tn hiu, v th nh ngha c th phng thc
nh thi, to nhp bit (bit timming) phng php m ho bit v ng b ho. Tuy
nhin, chun CAN khng quy nh cc c tnh ca cc b thu pht, vi mc ch cho
php la chn mi trng truyn cng nh mc tn hiu thch hp cho tng lnh vc
ng dng.
104

 Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) l phn ct li trong kin trc giao
thc CAN. Lp MAC c trch nhim to khung thng bo, iu khin truy nhp mi
trng, xc nhn thng bo v kim sot li
Lp iu khin lin kt logic (LLC) cp ti cc dch v gi d liu v yu cu
d liu t xa, thanh lc thng bo, bo co tnh trng qu ti v hi phc trng thi.
Trong phin bn CAN2.OB, c t CAN ch nh ngha lp MAC v mt phn
lp LLC. Trong cc phin bn trc , hai lp con ca lp lin kt d liu c gi
l lp i tng (Object Layer) v lp truyn (Transfer Layer). Trong cc h thng
bus tiu biu xy dng trn c s CAN nh CANOpen (CAN in Automation).
DeviceNet (Allen-Bradley) v SDS (Honeywell), giao thc v cc dch v ca lp ng
dng c nh ngha c th. Cng nh nhiu chun bus trng khc, cc lp t 3 n
6 khng th hin CAN.

3.2.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn

CAN thc cht l chun giao thc t phn trn ca lp vt l cho ti ht lp lin
kt d liu, v vy khng quy nh c th v, chun truyn dn cng nh mi trng
truyn thng. Thc t, cp i dy xon kt hp vi chun RS-485 cng nh cp
quang c s dng rng ri. i vi cp i dy xon, cu trc mng thch hp nht
l cu trc ng thng, mc theo kiu ng trc/ng nhnh (trunkline/dropline),
trong chiu di ng nhnh hn ch di 0,3m. Tc truyn c th la chn
nhiu mc khc nhau, tuy nhin phi thng nht v c nh trong ton b mng. Do c
s rng buc gia tc truyn v chiu di dy dn trong phng php truy nhp bus
CSMA/CA, tc truyn ti a l lMbit/s khong cch 40m v 50Kbit/s khong
cch 1000m. S trm ph thuc nhiu vo cu trc mng, cp truyn v c tnh in
hc ca cc b thu pht, thng thng hn ch con s 64 i vi cu trc ng
thng s dng i dy xon.
CAN phn bit hai trng thi logic ca tn hiu l mc tri (dominant) v mc
105

ln (recessive), tuy nhin khng quy nh r gi tr bit no ng vi mc tn hiu no.

Trong trng hp c bit tri v bit ln c pht ng thi th bit tri ln t v tn hiu
trn bus s c mc tri. Trong thc t, nu s dng mch AND th mc tri phi tng
ng vi bit 0 v mc ln tng ng vi bit 1. Trng thi vt l (VD in p, nh sng)
th hin mc logic khng c nh ngha trong chun.
3.2.3 C ch giao tip
c trng ca CAN l phng php nh a ch v giao tip hng i tng,
trong khi hu ht cc h thng bus trng khc u giao tip da vo a ch cc trm.
Mi thng tin trao i trong mng c coi nh mt i tng, c gn mt m s
cn cc. Thng tin c gi trn bus theo kiu truyn thng bo vi di c th
khc nhau.
Cc thng bo khng c gi ti mt a ch nht nh m bt c trm no cng
c th nhn theo nhu cu. Ni dung mi thng bo c cc trm phn bit qua mt
m cn cc (IDENTIFIER). M cn cc khng ni ln a ch ch ca thng bo,
m ch biu din ngha ca d liu trong thng bo. V th, mi trm trn mng c
th t quyt nh tip nhn v x l thng bo hay khng tip nhn thng bo qua
phng thc lc thng thng bo (Message Filterin). Cng nh s dng phng thc
lc thng bo, nhiu trm c th ng thi nhn cng mt thng bo v c cc phn
ng khc nhau.
Mt trm c th yu cu mt trm khc gi d liu bng cch gi mt khung
Remote Frame. Trm c kh nng cung cp ni dung thng tin s gi tr li mt
khung d liu Data Frame c cng m cn cc vi khung yu cu.
Bn cnh tnh nng n gin, c ch giao tip hng i tng CAN cn mang
li tnh linh hot v tnh cht qun d liu ca h thng. Mt trm CAN khng cn bit
thng tin cu hnh h thng (v d ch trm) nn vic b sung hay b i mt trm trong
mng khng i hi bt c mt s thay i no v phn cng hay phn mm cc
trm khc. Trong mt mng CAN, c th chc chn rng mt thng bo hoc c tt
c cc trm quan tm tip nhn ng thi, hoc khng c trm no tip nhn. Tnh
nht qun d liu c m bo qua cc phng php gi ng lot v x l li.
3.2.4 Cu trc bc in
Hu ht cc h thng bus u s dng phng php nh a ch theo trm. c
th thc hin giao tip, mi thnh vin tham gia mng nhn c mt a ch ring
bit, t trc tip qua phn cng hoc bng cng c phn mm. Khc bit vi phng
php thng dng ny, CAN s dng phng thc nh a ch theo i tng. Cc i
tng c hiu y chnh l i din cho cc thng bo mang d liu quan tm nh
gi tr o, gi tr iu khin v thng tin trng thi.
Mi i tng thng bo c mt tn ring bit, hay ni cch khc l mt cn
cc (Identifer), c s dng truy cp trn bus. Mi bc in s c mt cha
106

cn cc ca i tng vi chiu di 11 bit (dng khung chun theo CAN2.OA,

Standard Frames) hoc 29 bit (dng khung m rng theo CAN2.OB. Extended
Frames)
CAN nh ngha 4 kiu bc in sau:
Khung d liu (Data Frame) mang d liu t mt trm truyn ti cc trm nhn.
Khung yu cu d liu (Remoteframe) c gi t mt trm yu cu truyn
khung d liu vi cng m cn cc.
Khung li (Errorframe) c gi t bt k trm no pht hin li bus.
Khung qu ti (overload frame) c s dng nhm to mt khong cch thi
gian b sung gia hai khung d liu hoc yu cu d liu trong trng hp mt trm b
qu ti.
Cc khung d liu v yu cu d liu c th s dng c dng khung chun v
dng khung m rng. Gia hai khung d liu hoc yu cu d liu cn mt khong
cch t nht l 3 bit ln phn bit, c gi l Interframe Space. Trong trng hp
qu ti, khong cch ny s ln hn bnh thng.
Khung d liu/yu cu d liu
Mi khung d liu c th mang t 0 ti 8 byte d liu s dng. Chun CAN
khng quy nh giao thc v cc dch v trn lp 2, do vic din gii vng d liu
ny nh th no thuc ton quyn ngi s dng. Cc bc in nh c th khng thch
hp vi mt s lnh vc ng dng nht nh, nhng to li th v tnh nng thi gian
thc. C th, tnh trng mt thnh vin chim gi bus trong mt thi gian di nh vy
s khng xy ra. Khong cch gia hai khung hoc khung qu ti (Interframe
Space/overload Frame)

Hnh 3.9: Cu trc khung d liu CAN

Cu trc khung d liu CAN c m t bi hnh trn. Khung yu cu d liu
cng c cu trc tng t nh khung d liu, nhng khng mang d liu v khc vi
khung d liu bit cui ca phn x
Khi u khung l mt bit tri v nh du khi u ca mt khung d liu hoc
khung yu cu d liu. Tt c cc trm s phi ng b ho da vo bit khi u ny.
107

 phn x c s dng l mc u tin ca bc in, quyt nh quyn truy

nhp bus khi c nhiu thng bo c gi i ng thi. phn x c chiu di 12 bit
i vi dng khung chun v 32 bit i vi dng khung m rng, trong m cn
cc hoc 29 bit. Bit cui cng ca phn x c gi l bit RTR (Remote
Transmisson Request), dng phn bit gia khung d liu bit tri) v khung yu cu
d liu bit ln)
iu khin di 6 bit, trong 4 bit cui m ho chiu di d liu bit tri = 0;
bit ln = l). Tu theo dng khung l chun hay m rng m ngha ca hai bit cn li
khc nhau mt cht.
d liu c chiu di t 0.8 byte, trong mi byte c truyn i theo th t
t bit c gi tr cao nht (MSB) n bit c gi tr thp nht (LSB) kim sot li CRC
bao gm 15 bit c tnh theo phng php CRC v 1 bit ln phn cch. Dy bit du
vo tnh bao gm bit khi u khung, phn x, iu khin v d liu, vi a
thc pht.
xc nhn ACK (Acknowlegment) gm 2 bit, c pht i l cc bit ln. Mi
trm nhn c bc in phi kim tra m CRC,. nu ng s pht chng mt bit tri
trong thi gian nhn c bit ARC u tin (ARC slot).
Nh vy, mt bc in truyn chnh xc s c mt bit ARC tri nm gia hai bit
ln phn cch (mt bit phn cch CRC v mt bit phn cch ACK).
Kt thc khung c nh du bng 7 bit ln
Khung li
Mt khung li c gi t bt k trm no pht hin li trn bus. Khung li bao
gm c li (Error Flag) v phn cch li (Error Delimiter). CAN phn bit hai loi li
v li ch ng (Active Error) v li b ng (Passive Error). Tng ng vi chng ta
l hai dng c li:
Dng c li ch ng bao gm su bit tri lin nhau
Dng c li b ng bao gm su bit ln lin nhau, tr trng hp n b ghi
ln bi cc bit tri t cc trm khc.
Mt trm "li ch ng" khi pht hin li s bo hiu bng cch gi mt c li
ch ng. C li ch ng vi phm lut nhi bit (xem phn m ho bia hoc ph b
dng c nh ca ACK hay kt thc chung). Chnh v vy, tt c cc trm khc
cng pht hin ra li v bt u gi c li. Cui cng, dy bit tri quan st c trn
bus thc t l kt qu ca s xp chng nhiu c li khc nhau pht ring t cc trm.
Tng chiu di ca dy ny x dch trong khong t 6 ti 12 bit.

108

Hnh 4.10: Cu trc khung li CAN

Phn cch li c nh du bng 8 bit ln lin tc. Sau khi gi xong mt c li,
mi trm phi gi tip mt s bit ln v ng thi quan st bus. Cho n khi pht hin
ra mt bit ln (tc l khi cc trm khc gi xong c li ch ng), chng s pht
tip 7 bit ln.
Khung qu ti
Mt khung qu ti c cu trc tng t nh khung li (hnh 4.12) bao gm c
qu ti (Overload Flag) v phn cch qu ti (Overload Delimiter)
C qu ti bao gm su bit tri, tng t nh c li ch ng. C qu ti ph b
dng c nh ca Intermission khong trng gia hai khung. Chnh v vy, tt c
cc trm khc cng pht hin tnh trng qu ti v bt u gi c qu ti. Cui cng,
dy bit tri quan st c trn bus thc t l kt qu ca s xp chng nhiu c l khc
nhau pht ring t cc trm.
Cng ging nh khung li, phn cch qu ti c nh du bng 8 bit ln lin
tc Sau khi gi xong mt c, mi trm phi quan st bus cho n khi pht hin ra mt
bit ln. Ti thi im tt c cc trm khc gi xong c qu ti, chng s pht tit
7 bit ln. Ti a l hai khung qu ti c th s dng nhm to thi gian tr gia ha
khung d liu hoc khung yu cu d liu.
Khong trng gia 2 khung hoc

Hnh 4.11: Cu trc khung qu ti CAN

3.2.5 truy nhp bus
CAN s dng phng php truy nhp mi trng CSMA/CA, tc iu khin
phn knh theo tng bit. Phng php phn mc u tin truy nhp bus da theo tnh
cp thit ca ni dung thng bo. Mc u tin ny phi c t c nh, trc khi h
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thng i vo vn hnh. Thc t, m cn cc khng nhng mang ngha ca d liu

trong thng bo, m cn ng thi c s dng l mc u tin.
Bt c mt trm no trong mng cng c th bt u gi thng bo, mi khi
ng truyn ri. Mi bc in u bt u bng mt bit khi im v m cn cc, v
th nu hai hoc nhiu trm cng ng thi bt u gi thng bo, vic xung t trn
ng truyn s c phn x da theo tng bit ca m cn cc. Mi b thu pht u
phi so snh mc tn hiu ca mi bit gi i vi mc tn hiu quan st c trn bus.
Nu hai mc tn hiu c trng thi logic ging nhau th trm c quyn pht b tip
theo, trng hp ngc li s phi dng ngay lp tc.
Trong trng hp thc hin bit gi tr 0 ng vi mc tri v bit gi tr 1 ng vi
mc ln, bit 0 s ln t. V vy, mt thng bo c m cn cc nh nht s c tip
tc pht. Hay ni mt cch khc, thng bo no c m cn cc cng b th mc u
tin cng cao. Trong trng hp xy ra va chm gia mt thng bo mang d liu
(Data frame) v mt thng bo yu cu gi d liu (Remote frame) vi cng m cn
cc, thng bo mang d liu s c u tin. Phng thc phn x ny khng nhng
m bo thng tin khng b mt mt, m cn nng cao hiu qu s dng ng truyn.
3.2.6 Bo ton d liu
Nhm m bo mc an ton a trong truyn dn d liu, mi trm CAN u s
dng kt hp nhiu bin php t kim tra, pht hin v bo hiu li. Cc bin php
kim sot li sau y c p dng:
Theo di mc tn hiu ca mi bit truyn i v so snh vi tn hiu nhn c
trn bus.
Kim sot qua m CRC.
Thc hin nhi bit (nhi mt bit nghch o sau 5 bit ging nhau) Kim sot
khung thng bo.
Vi cc bin php trn, hiu qu t c l:
Pht hin c tt c cc li ton cc.
Pht hin c tt c cc li cc b ti b pht.
Pht hin c ti 5 bit li phn b ngu nhin trong mt bc in. Pht hin
c cc li t ngt c chiu di nh hn 15 bit trong mt thng bo.
Pht hin c cc li c s bit li l chn.
T l li cn li (xc sut mt thng bo cn b li khng pht hin) < 4.7*10.
Tt c cc trm nhn thng bo phi kim tra s nguyn vn ca thng tin v xc
nhn thng bo. Khi pht hin ra s sai lch trong mt thng bo, cc trm u c
trch nhim truyn khung li. Cc thng bo b li s b dng v c t ng pht
110

li. Thi gian hi phc t khi pht hin li n khi bt u gi thng bo tip theo ti
a l 31 thi gian bit, nu nh khng c li xy ra tip theo.
Cc trm CAN c kh nng phn bit gia nhiu nht thi vi li ko di, v d
li khi mt trm c s c. Cc trm b hng s c t ng tch ra khi mng (v mt
logic)
3.2.7 M ho bit
Trc khi c chuyn i thnh tn hiu trn ng truyn, CAN s dng
phng php nhi bit (Bit styffing). Dy bit u vo cn nhi bao gm bit khi u
khung, phn x, iu khin, d liu v dy CRC. Khi nm ba lin tc ging nhau, b
pht s t ng b sung mt bit nghch o vo cui. Bn nhn s pht hin ra bit c
nhi v ti to thng tin ban u. Vic nhi bit khng c thc hin vi cc phn cn
li ca khung d liu v khung yu cu d liu, cng nh vi cc khung li v khung
qu ti. Cui cng, dy bit c m ha theo phng php Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ),
c ngha l trong sut mt chu k bit, mc tn hiu hoc l tri hoc l ln.
3.2.8 Cc h thng tiu biu da trn CAN
Nh cp, CAN khng quy nh cc giao thc v dch v thuc lp ng
dng, m cc h thng bus thc hin theo yu cu c th khc nhau. C th nu ra
ba v d thc hin tiu biu l CANOpen, DeviceNet v SDS. Phn di y s lc
cc c im ca CANOpen v SDS. Do ng dng cng nghip rng ri, DeviceNet s
c gii thiu ring trong mc 3.3
CANOpen

CANOpen l mt h thng mng do t chc CAN in Automation pht trin da

trn CAN, s dng lp vt l theo chun ISO 11898 (gn ng nht vi RS-485). Hn
na, lp ng dng ca CANopen ti c nh ngha trn c s ca CAL (CAN
Application Layer). C th ni CANopen l "Can-bus ca Chu u'. Cc lnh vc ng
dng tiu biu l cc h thng iu khin chuyn ng, cc dy chuyn lp rp v x
l nguyn liu. V d, cc thit b c ni mng c th l cc khi cm bin a knh
ca bin thng minh, van kh nn, b c m vch, c cu truyn ng v giao din
vn hnh.
C th nu ra mt vi u im tiu biu ca CANopen l:
tin cy cao nh cc bin php bo ton d liu tt.
Hiu sut s dng ng truyn ln.
Thch hp vi iu khin chuyn ng tc cao v iu khin mch vng kn
hn so vi cc h thng mng khc da trn CAN.
Ging nh cc h thng mng khc da trn CAN, nhc im ca CANopen l
s rng buc v tc truyn v chiu di mng, cng nh lng d liu hn ch 8
byte trong mi bc in. Bn cnh , giao thc ca CAN open cng tng i phc
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tp, phm vi chp nhn hn ch Chu u.

Pht huy cc th mnh ca CAN, CANopen pht trin mt h cc quy chun giao
thc cao cp (lp ng dng v profile giao tip) cung cp cc chc nng b xung nh
cc i tng giao tip chun cho d liu qu trnh, d liu dch v, qun tr mng,
ng b ho, ng du thi gian v thng bo khn cp.
CANopen a ra mt s phng php h tr ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc
trong giao tip. Bn cnh c ch giao tip c m t lp trn kt d liu ca CAN.
CANOpen cng quy nh thm mt tp hp mi lin kt chng c nh nhm n
gin ho cho ngi mi s dng. Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng l phng
php phn on cc khi d liu ln hn 8 bytes. Giao thc vn chuyn s dng cc
dch v c xc nhn nhm m bo lp profile giao tip nhn c d liu cu hnh
chnh xc. Chnh lp profile giao tip ca CANopen h tr kh nng tng tc gia
cc sn phm ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau.
Da trn c s ca CAN, lp profile giao tip cung cp dch v truyn kiu d
liu qu trnh theo s kin, gim ti cho ng truyn mt cch ng k. i vi cc
ng dng iu khin chuyn ng. CAN open h tr vic ng b ho d liu tun
honv khng tun hon.
CAN open, DeviceNet v SDS u s dng c ch giao tip hng i tng v
cung cp cc chc nng tng t cho vic truyn d liu thi gian thc, d liu cu
hnh v thng tin qun tr mng. Tuy nhin, DeviceNet v SDS vn hot ng hng
theo kiu lin kt nhiu hn (connection-oriented), cn CANopen li hng nhiu theo
kiu thng bo.
Bn cnh ng dng trong cc h thng my mc (V d robot, my cng c, my
dt, my in, ng bao b), CAN open cng c s dng trong cc thit b in t y
hc, trong cc my xc, my cu. Mt s lnh vc ng dng khc l cc h thng
thng tin hnh khch trong giao thng vn ti cng cng v cc h thng iu khin
tu bin. Tuy vy, lnh vc ng dng c bn vn l iu khin my mc kiu phn tn.
SDS (Smart Distributed System) nguyn th l mt pht trin ring c s dng l c
s h tng truyn thng trong cc h thng iu khin phn tn (DCS) ca Honeywell.
Mt trong cc c tnh tiu biu ca SDS l tnh nng thi gian thc, ph hp vi c
h thng iu khin c cu trc tp trung cng nh phn tn. Trong mi h thng i
hi t nht phi c mt my tnh iu khin, m nhim chc nng t ng cu hnh
cho tt c cc trm khc sau khi ng mch. Tu theo nhu cu cng c th s dng
ng thi nhiu my tnh iu khin.
SDS hot ng ch yu theo c ch hng s kin. Tuy nhin, cng c th vn
hnh di ch qut tun hon iu khin theo thi gian (time-driven) hay hi tun
t iu khin theo chng trnh (polling), trong d liu c trao i gia cc trm
vi mt trm trung tm.
112

Lnh vc ng dng tiu biu ca SDS cng tng t nh CANopen, v d trong

cc dy chuyn lp rp, x l nguyn liu ng gp v phn loi sn phm. Da trn
chun truyn dn RS-485, SDS ch yu c s dng ni mng my tnh iu khin
trung tm vi cc thit b cp chp hnh nh cc khi cm bin a knh, cm bin
thng minh, van kh nn, b c m vch, c cu truyn ng v giao din vn hnh.
Mt vi u im ca SDS l gi thnh thp, kch c vt l cc mch in t
tng i nh, tin cy cao, kh nng chn on h thng v s dng hiu qu
ng truyn. Tuy nhin, cng nh cc h thng da trn CAN khc, nhc im ca
SDS l tc truyn cng nh chiu di ng truyn khng ln lm, chiu di d
liu trong mt thng bo hn ch. Bn cnh , SDS khng c nhiu nh sn xut
h tr. Trong ch vn hnh bnh thng h thng c iu khin bi s xut hin
ca cc s kin. Cc chc nng cnh gii (watchdog) c th thc hin, nhm pht hin
cc thnh vin trong mng. SDS h tr rt tt vic chn on cc thit b cm bin
thng minh, cho php ngi vn hnh pht hin cc cm bin cn bo dng, hoc sp
b hng. Cc hin tng trc trc c th c pht hin sm trc khi xy ra, v vy
gim ng k gi thnh bo tr cho h thng. Mt thit b mi c kh quang t nhn
bit tc truyn v t cu hnh. iu ny c ngha quan trng i vi cc h thng
ln, c bit l trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin.
3.3 DeviceNet
DeviceNet l mt h thng bus c hng Allen-Bradley pht trin da trn c
s ca CAN, dng ni mng cho cc thit b n gin cp chp hnh. Sau ny, chun
DeviceNet c chuyn sang dng m di s qun l ca hip hi ODVA (Open
DeviceNet Vendor Association) v c d tho chun ho IEC 62026-3.
DeviceNet khng ch n thun l chun giao thc cho lp ng dng ca CAN,
m cn b sung mt s chi tit thc hin lp vt l v a ra cc phng thc giao tip
kiu tay i (Peer-to-Peer) hoc chng (Master/slave). Cu trc mng l ng
trc/ng nhnh, trong chiu di ng nhnh hn ch di 6m. Ba tc truyn
c quy nh l 125Kbit/s, 250Kbit/s v 500Kbit/s, tng ng vi cc chiu di ti
a ca ng trc l 500m, 250m v 100m.
Mt mng DeviceNet cho php ghp ni ti a 64 trm. Khc vi CAN, mi
thnh vin trong mt mng DeviceNet c t mt a ch trong khong 0-63, c
gi l MAC-ID (Medium Access Control Identifer). Vic b sung hay b i mt trm
c th thc hin ngay trong khi mng cn ng ngun.
3.3.1 C ch giao tip
Mt mng DeviceNet hot ng da trn m hnh nh sn xut/ngi tiu dng
(producer/consumer). Trong cc bi ton iu khin, m hnh ny cho php cc hnh
thc giao tip nh sau:
iu khin theo s kin: mt thit b ch gi d liu mi khi d liu c thay i
113

 iu khin theo thi gian: mt thit b c th gi d liu mt cch tun hon theo
chu k do ngi s dng t
Gi ng lot: thng bo c gi ng thi ti tt c hoc mt nhm cc thit
b
Hi tun t: phng php c in cho cc h thng c cu hnh chung (mt trm
ch).
Vic t cu hnh v tham s cho cc thit b trong khi a vo hot ng cng
nh trong khi vn hnh khng gy nh hng ng k ti tnh nng thi gian ca ng
dng iu khin. Bn cnh , c th thc hin chc nng thu thp d liu mt cch
nh k hoc theo nhu cu, phc v cc ng dng giao din ngi my, v th v
phn tch, qun l cng thc, bo dng v g ri.
M hnh nh sn xut/ngi tiu dng cho php s dng ng truyn mt cch
hiu qu. Nhiu trm c th ng thi s dng cng mt d liu gi t mt ngun duy
nht. Cc trm cng c th c ng b ho mt cch n gin m bo tnh nht
qun ca d liu-mt trong cc yu cu quan trng trong cc bi ton iu khin. Hn
na, mt h thng c th chn phng thc giao tip ch/t hoc tay i, hoc c hai
ng thi. Thc t, cc thit b c th giao tip vi nhau khng cn s c mt ca mt
trm ch.
3.3.2 M hnh i tng
Lp ng dng ca DeviceNet c xy dng trn c s mt m hnh i tng.
Mt thit b DeviceNet c coi l mt su tp cc i tng i din cho cc
thnh phn ca trm. Mi i tng l mt th nghim (instance) ca mt trong cc
lp m t trn hnh 3.14.
Mi i tng c mt tp hp cc thuc tnh v chc nng dch v. Cc i
tng c ngha c th nh sau:
i tng cn cc (Identity Object): cha cc thuc tnh nh m s nh sn
xut (Vendor ID), kiu thit b (Device Type), phin bn (Revision), trng thi
(Status), s serie (Serial Number) v tn sn phm (Product name)
i tng chuyn thng bo (Massage Route Object): chuyn tip thng bo ti
cc i tng khc, thng thng khng cha thuc tnh no c th truy nhp qua
mng.
i tng DeviceNet (DevtceNet Object): chuyn tip thng. bo ti cc i
tng khc, thng thng khng cha thuc tnh no c th truy nhp qua mng.
i tng DeviceNet (DeviceNet Object): cha cc thuc tnh nh a ch trm
(MAC-ID), tc truyn, hnh ng khi ngt bus (Bus-offAction), s m ln ngt
bus (Bus-offcounter) v a ch trm ch (Master's MAC)
114

 i tng ghp (Assembly Object): i tng tu chn ny tng hp thuc tnh

ca nhiu i tng ng dng khc nhau, c th gi ng lot cho chng mt thng
bo duy nht
i tng ni (Connection Object): i din mt im ca mt ng ni o
gia hai trm ca mt mng.
i tng tham s (Parameter Object): i tng ty chn ny ng vai tr giao
din d liu cu hnh ca mt thit b. Cc thuc tnh bao gm gi tr (Value), phm vi
(Ranges), chui (Strings) v gii hn (Limits)
i tng ng dng (Application Object): i din cho chnh chng trnh ng.

Hnh 3.12. M hnh i tng mt trm thit b DevtceNet

3.3.3 M hnh a ch
Mi i tng cha mt s thuc tnh c th v thc hin mt s dch v c th
khai thc c trn mng. Vic truy nhp mi thuc tnh hoc s dng mi dch v
ca mt i tng thng qua mt a ch phn bit. Mi a ch ny c cu thnh
bi a ch trm (MAC-ID), m cn cc lp i tng (Object Class Identifier), m
s i tng (Instance Number) v m s thuc tnh/dch v.
Nguyn tc nh a ch thuc tnh v dch v c minh ha trn hnh 3.15
Khong gi tr cho cc thnh phn a ch c quy nh nh sau:
a ch (MAC-ID): 0..63
Cn cc lp i tng (Object Class Identifter): 1..65535
115

 S th t th nghim (Instance Number): 0..65535

S th t thuc tnh (Attribute Number): 1..255

Hnh 3. 13: Nguyn tc nh a ch thuc tnh v dch v DeviceNet

3.3.4 Cu trc bc in
DeviceNet ch s dng dng khung chun (Standard Frames) ca CAN. M cn
cc di 11 bit, c chia thnh bn lp c cu trc khc nhau phn bit bn nhm
thng bo, nh c minh ho trong bng 3.5
Bng 3.5: Cu trc m cn cc DeviceNet
Cc bit ca m cn cc
10
0

ID thng bo

Nhm thng bo

000-3FF

Nhm 1

400-5FF

Nhm 2

MAC ID ngun

600-7bF

Nhm 3

ID thng bo

70C-7EF

Nhm 4

7F0-7FF

Khng hp l

MAC ID ngun

MAC ID
ID thng

3.3.5 Dch v thng bo

116

Khong gi tr

ID thng bo

DeviceNet phn bit hai kiu thng bo l thng bo r rng (Explicit

Messaging) v thng bo vo/ra mo-Messaging). i vi kiu thng bo r rng, mt
thng bo mang a ch y ca thuc tnh cn truy cp hoc dch v cn gi (xem
m hnh i tng v m hnh a ch). y l kiu giao tip c yu cu v p ng.
Cn cc thng bo vo/ra ch mang d liu, c t ng gi i ch khng nht thit
phi c yu cu.
Vic trao i cc thng bo vo/ra thng c thc hin trong cu hnh giao
tip ch/t vi cc phng php nh sau:
Polling (hi tun t) trm ch (cn c gi vi ci tn thng dng l b qut,
scanner) gi d liu u ra ti tng thit b ring bit ch p ng d liu u vo t
thit b ny. Phng php ny tuy c hiu sut khng cao, nhng d kim sot v tin
cy.
Strobing (qut ng lot): b qut (trm ch) gi ng lot mt thng bo lnh
ngn (Bit-Strobe), cc thit b lin quan cn p li bng d liu u vo ca ch/t.
Th t cc thng bo p ng gi li b qut ph thuc vo mc u tin ca thng bo
hoc ca trm. Phng php ny c hiu sut cao i vi cc thit b khng c u ra
(v d cc cm bin). Polling v Strobing l hai phng php c dng nhiu nht.
Cyclic (tun hon): cc thit b c t cu hnh t ng gi thng bo d
liu mt cch nh k. Hnh thc ny i khi c gi l "nhp tim" v c s dng
kt hp vi c ch Change of State (xem di y) ch th rng mt thit b vn
hot ng bnh thng.
Change of State (thay i trng thi): d liu c gi mi khi gi tr ca chng
thay i hoc ng h cnh gii nhp tim (Heartbeat-Timer) bo timeout.
Trong c ch giao tip kiu chung ca DeviceNet, khi nim "Predefined
Master/slave Connection Set'' c dng ch mt tp hp cc mi quan h ch/t
c nh ngha trc vi cc dch v tng ng. Hai nhm thng bo u c s
dng vi cu trc m cn cc c m t trong bng 3.6.
10 9

Thng bo
Thng bo nhm 1

MAC-ID ngun
MAC-ID ngun
MAC-ID ngun

Thng bo thay i trng thi do ca

trm t hoc thng bo tun hon
Thng bo p ng qut bit I/O ca
trm t
p ng ca trm t khi c hi
tun t I/O hoc thng bo xc nhn
thay i trng thi, TB xc nhn tun
hon
117

1
1

1 D thng Thng bo nhm 2

MAC-ID ngun

0 Thng bo qut bit I/O ca trm ch

1 D tr s dng cho trm ch

0 p ng ca trm ch vi thng bo
thay i trng thi hoc thng bo xc
nhn tun hon

1 Thng bo p ng r rng (c hoc

ghi mt s thuc tnh nht nh), hoc
p ng khng ni ca trm t (c th
dng gi thng bo nhp tim, thng
bo Shutdown thit b)

0 Thng bo yu cu r rng ca trm

ch c hoc ghi mt s thuc tnh
nht nh

1 Lnh hi tun t do, thay i trng

thi hoc thng bo tun hon ca
trm ch

0 Thng bo yu cu r rng, khng ni

ca trm ch cp pht hoc gii
phng mt ng ni (d tr)

MAC-ID ch
1

0
MAC-ID ngun

0
MAC-ID ch

0
MAC-ID ch

0
MAC-ID ch

1 Thng bo kim tra s trng lp a

MAC-ID ch
ch MAC-ID
Bn cnh cc dch v thng bo vo/ra cp thp, lp ng dng ca DeviceNet
cung cp cc dch v giao tip hng i tng (thng bo r rng), lit k trong bng:
Dch v

M t tm tt

Get_Attributes_All

Yu cu gi tr ton b thuc tnh (d liu) ca mt i

tng/mt lp i tng

Set_Attributes_All

Thay i gi tr ton b thuc tnh ca mt i tng/mt

lp

Get_Attributes_Single

Yu cu gi tr mt thuc tnh nht nh

Set_Attributes_Single

Thay i gi tr mt thuc tnh nht nh

Reset

Chuyn mt i tng/mt lp sang trng thi mc nh

Start

Chuyn mt i tng/mt lp sang trng thi chy

118

Stop

Chuyn mt i tng/mt lp sang trng thi dng hoc

ri

Create

To mt i tng mi t mt lp

Delete

Hy mt i tng

Apply_Attributes

Ra lnh p dng cc thuc tnh c thay i

Find_Next
Object_Instance

Cung cp danh sch cc Instance-ID ca cc i tng

to thuc mt lp nht nh

Error_Response

Bo li (p ng mt yu cu thng bo hin th)

Save

Ct gi cc gi tr thuc tnh ca mt i tng/mt lp

Restore

Hi phc cc gi tr thuc tnh ca mt i tng/mt lp

c ct gi, hoc t gi tr mc nh ban u cho
chng

No_Operation (NOP)

Gi thao tc trng (No operation) ca mt i tng (vi

mc ch kim tra s tn ti ca i tng)

Get_Member

Yu cu gi t mt thnh vin ca mt thuc tnh kiu

phc hp (mng hoc cu trc)

Set_Member

Thay i gi tr mt thnh vin ca mt thuc tnh kiu

phc hp

Insert_Member

B xung mt thnh vin vo mt thuc tnh

Remove_Member

Tch mt thnh vin khi mt thuc tnh

3.4 Modbus
Modbus l mt giao thc do hng Modicon (sau ny thuc AEG v Schneider
Automation) pht trin. Theo m hnh ISO/OSI th Modbus thc cht l mt chun
giao thc v dch v thuc lp ng dng, v vy c th c thc hin trn cc c ch
vn chuyn cp thp nh TCP/IP, MAP (Manufacturing Message Protocol), Modbus
Plus v ngay c qua ng truyn ni tip RS-232.
Modbus nh ngha mt tp hp rng cc dch v phc v trao i d liu qu
trnh, d liu iu khin v d liu chn on. Tt c cc b iu khin ca Modicon
u s dng Modbus l ngn ng chung. Modbus m t qu trnh giao tip gia mt
b iu khin vi cc thit b khc thng qua c ch yu cu/p ng. V l do n
gin nn Modbus c nh hng tng i mnh i vi cc h PLC ca cc nh sn
xut khc. C th, trong mi PLC ngi ta cng c th tm thy mt tp hp con cc
dch v a ra trong Modbus. c bit trong cc h thng thu thp d liu v iu
khin gim st (SCADA). Modbus hay c s dng trn cc ng truyn RS-232
119

ghp ni gia cc thit b d liu u cui (PLC, PC, RTU) vi thit b truyn d liu
(Modem).
3.4.1 C ch giao tip
C ch giao tip Modbus ph thuc vo h thng truyn thng cp thp. C
th, c th phn chia ra hai loi l mng Modbus chun v Modbus trn cc mng khc
(V d TCP/IP, Modbus Plus, MAP)
Mng Modbus chun
Cc cng Modbus chun trn cc b iu khin ca Modicon cng nh mt s
nh sn xut khc s dng giao din ni tip RS-232C. Cc b iu khin ny c th
c ni mng trc tip hoc qua modem. Cc trm Modbus giao tip vi nhau qua c
ch ch/t (Master/slave), trong ch mt thit b ch c th ch ng gi yu cu,
cn cc thit b t s p ng bng d liu tr li hoc thc hin mt hnh ng nht
nh theo nh yu cu. Cc thit b ch thng thng l cc my tnh iu khin trung
tm v cc thit b lp trnh, trong khi cc thit b t c th l PLC hoc cc b iu
khin s chuyn dng khc.
Mt trm ch c th gi thng bo yu cu ti ring mt trm t nht nh, hoc
gi thng.bo ng lot (broadcast) ti tt c cc trm t. Ch trong trng hp nhn
c yu cu ring, cc trm t mi gi thng bo p ng tr li trm ch. Trong mt
thng bo yu cu c cha a ch trm nhn, m hm dch v bn nhn cn thc hin,
d liu i km v thng tin kim li.
Modbus trn cc mng khc
Vi mt s mng nh Modbus Plus v MAP s dng Modbus l giao thc cho
lp ng dng, cc thit b c th giao tip theo c ch ring ca mng . V d trong
giao tip tay i (Peer-to-Peer), mi b iu khin c th ng vai tr ch hoc t
trong cc ln giao dch (mt chu k yu cu-p ng) khc nhau. Mt trm c th cng
mt lc c quan h logic vi nhiu i tc, v vy n c th ng thi ng vai tr l
ch v t trong cc giao dch khc nhau
Nhn nhn mc giao tip thng bo, giao thc modbus vn tun theo nguyn
tc chung mc d phng php giao tip mng cp thp c th l tay i. Khi mt b
iu khin gi mt yu cu thng bo th n ng vai tr l ch v ch i p ng t
mt thit b t. Ngc li, mt b iu khin s ng vai tr l t nu n nhn c
thng bo yu cu t mt trm khc v phi gi tr li p ng.
Chu trnh yu cu-p ng
Giao thc Modbus nh ngha khun dng ca thng bo yu cu cng nh ca
thng bo p ng, nh c minh ho trn hnh 3.16.
Mt thng bo yu cu bao gm cc phn sau:
a ch trm nhn yu cu (0-247) trong 0 l a ch gi ng lot M hm gi
120

ch th hnh ng trm t cn thc hin theo yu cu. V d, m hm 03 yu cu trm

t c ni dung cc thanh ghi lu d v tr li kt qu. D liu cha cc thng tin b
sung v trm t cn cho vic thc hin hm c gi. Trong trng hp c thanh ghi,
d liu ny ch r thanh ghi u tin v s lng cc thanh ghi cn c.
Thng tin kim li gip trm t kim tra vn ton ca ni dung thng bo
nhn c.

Thng bo p ng cng bao gm cc thnh phn ging nh thng bo yu cu.

a ch y l ca chnh trm t thc hin yu cu v gi li p ng. Trong
trng hp bnh thng, m hm c gi nguyn nh trong thng bo yu cu v d
liu cha kt qu thc hin hnh ng v d ni dung hoc trng thi cc thanh ghi.
Nu xy ra li, m hm quay li c s ch th p ng l mt thng bo li, cn
d liu m t chi tit li xy ra. Phn kim li gip trm ch xc nh chnh xc
ca ni dung thng bo nhn c.
3.4.2 Ch truyn
Khi thc hin Modbus trn cc mng khc nh Modbus Plus hoc MAP, cc
thng bo Modbus c a vo cc khung theo giao thc vn chuyn/1lin kt d
liu c th. V d, mt lnh yu cu c ni dung cc thanh ghi c th c thc hin
gia hai b iu khin ghp ni qua Modbus Plus.
i vi cc thit b ghp ni qua mng Modbus chun, c th s dng mt trong
hai ch truyn l ASCII hoc RTU. Ngi s dng la chn ch theo mun,
cng vi cc tham s truyn thng qua cng ni tip nh tc truyn, parity
chn/1... Ch truyn cng nh cc tham s phi ging nhau i vi tt c cc
thnh vin ca mt mng Modbus
Ch ASCII
Khi cc thit b trong mt mng Modbus chun giao tip vi ch ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange), mi byte trong thng bo c
gi thnh hai k t ASCII 7 bit, trong mi k t biu din mt ch s hex. u im
ca ch truyn ny l cho php mt khong thi gian trng ti a mt giy gia hai
121

k t m khng gy ra li. Cu trc mt k t khung gi i c th hin nh sau:

Start

Stop

Mi k t khung bao gm:

1 bit khi u (Starbit)
7 bit biu din mt ch s hex ca byte cn gi di dng k t ASCII (0-9 v
A-F) trong bit thp nht c gi i trc
1 bit parity chn/1, nu s dng parity
1 bit kt thc (Stopbit) nu s dng parity hoc 2 bit kt thc nu khng s dng
parity.
Ch RTU
Khi cc thit b trong mt mng Modbus chun c t ch RTU (Remote
Terminal Unit), mi byte trong thng bo c gi thnh mt k t 8 bit. u im
chnh ca ch truyn ny so vi ch ASCII l hiu sut cao hn. Tuy nhin, mi
thng bo phi c truyn thnh mt dng lin tc. Cu trc mt k t khung gi i
c th hin nh sau:
Start
0
1
2
Mi k t khung bao gm:

Stop

1 bit khi u (Start bit)

8 bit ca byte thng bo cn gi, trong bit thp nht c gi i trc 1 bit
parity chn/l nu s dng parity v
1 bit kt thc (stop bit) nu s dng parity hoc 2 bit kt thc nu khng s dng
parity
3.4.3 Cu trc bc in
Mt thng bo Modbus bao gm nhiu thnh phn c chiu di c th khc nhau.
Trong mt mng Modbus chun, nu mt trong hai ch truyn (ASCII hoc
RTU) c chn, mt thng bo s c ng khung. Mi khung bao gm nhiu k t
khung c cu trc nh c m t phn trn. Cc k t ny s c truyn i lin
tc thnh dng ch RTU, hoc c th gin on vi khong cch thi gian ti a
mt giy ch ASCII. Mc ch ca vic ng khung l nh du khi im v
kt thc ca mt thng bo, cng nh b sung thng tin kim li. Trng hp thng
bo khng c truyn trn vn c th pht hin c v bo li.
Hai ch truyn ASCII v RTU khng nhng ch khc nhau cch m ho
thng tin gi i v cu trc k t khung, m cn khc nhau cu trc mt bc in gi
i-hay ni cch khc l cu trc khung thng bo, cng nh bin php kim li Trong
mt mng khc nh MAP hay Modbus Plus, giao thc mng c quy nh ring v cu
122

trc khung thng bo. Hnh thc nh a ch v phng thc truyn cng hon ton do
giao thc mng c th nh ngha, v vy phn a ch nm trong mt thng bo Modbus
c th tr nn khng cn thit trong qu trnh truyn dn. Tuy nhin, mt a ch
Modbus s c chuyn i thnh mt a ch trm tng ng ca mng pha di.
Khung ASCII
Trong ch ASCII, mt thng bo bt u vi du hai chm (:), tc k t
ASCII 3A, v kt thc bng hai du quay li-xung dng (CRLF), tc hai k twj
ASCII 0D v OA (hnh 3.17). Mi byte trong thng bo c truyn i bng hai k t
ASCII, v vy cc k t c php xut hin trong cc phn cn li ca khung l 0-9
v A-F.
Khi u

a ch

M hm

D liu

M LCR

Kt thc

1 k t

2 k t

2 k t

n k t

2 k t

2 k t 1
CR+LF 1

Hnh 3.15. Khung thng bo Modbus ch ASCII

Mi thit b tham gia mng c trch nhim lin tc theo di ng truyn v pht
hin s xut hin ca du hai chm. Khi du hai chm nhn c th hai k t tip
theo s mang a ch ca thit b c yu cu nhn thng bo hoc thit b gi
thng bo p ng. Khong cch thi gian ti a cho php gia hai k t trong mt
thng bo l mt giy. Nu vt qu gi tr ny, bn nhn s coi l li.
Khung ASCII s dng phng php LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check)
cho vic kim li. Chi tit v phng php ny s c m t trong chng mc tip
theo (Bo ton d liu).
Khung RTU
Trong ch RTU, mt thng bo bt u vi mt khong trng yn lng ti
thiu l 3.5 thi gian k t. Thc t, ngi ta chn thi gian c bng mt s nguyn
ln thi gian k t, nh c biu th bng dy (----) trn hnh 3.18 u tin c
truyn s l 8 b a ch, sau n 8 bit m hm, mt s byte ty d liu v cui
cng l thng tin kim li CRC. Sau khi truyn k t cui ca m CRC, khung thng
bo cng phi c kt thc bng mt khong trng yn lng ti thiu l 3.5 thi gian
k t, trc khi bt u mt thng bo mi. Thc cht khong trng kt thc ca mt
thng bo cng c th chnh l phn khi u bt buc thng bo tip theo.
Khi u

a ch

M hm

(---)

8 bit

8 bit

D liu

M CRC

n x 8 bit 1 1 6 bit

Kt thc
(-- -)

Khc vi ch ASCII, ton b khung thng bo RTU phi c truyn thnh

mt dng lin tc. Nu mt khong trng yn lng ln hn 1,5 thi gian k t xut
hin trc khi truyn trong ton b khung thit b nhn s hu b thng bo cha y
v cho rng byte tip theo s l a ch ca mt thng bo mi.
123

a ch
Phn a ch trong mt khung thng bo bao gm hai k t (ASCII) hoc tm bit
(RTU). Cc gi tr a ch hp l nm trong khong 0-247, trong a ch 0 dnh
ring cho cc thng bo gi ng lot ti tt c cc trm t. Nu Modbus c s
dng mt mng khc, c th phng thc gi ng lot khng c h tr, hoc c
thay th bng mt phng php khc. V d, Modbus Plus s dng mt c s d liu
ton cc, c cp nht trong mi chu k quay vng token.
Mt thit b ch s dng a ch ch nh thit b t nhn thng bo yu cu.
Sau khi thc hin yu cu, thit b t a a ch ca mnh vo khung thng bo
p ng nh vy thit b ch c th xc nh thit b t no tr li. Trong mt mng
Modbus chun ch c mt trm ch duy nht, v th a ch khng cn thit phi cha
c a ch trm gi v trm nhn.
M hm
Ging nh a ch, phn m hm trong mt khung thng bo bao gm hai k t
(ASCII) hoc tm bit (RTU). Cc gi tr hp l nm trong khong t 1-255, trong
cc m hm trong thng bo yu cu ch c php t 1-127. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc
thit b h tr mt phn nh s hm trn v mt s m hm c d tr cho sau ny.
Mt s hm tiu biu c lit k trong bng 3. 8
Khi mt thng bo gi t thit b ch ti mt thit b t, m hm ch nh hnh
ng m thit b t cn thc hin. Khi thit b t tr li, n cng dng chnh m hm
trong thng bo p ng bnh thng. Trong trng hp xy ra li, m hm tr li
s l m hm trong yu cu vi bit cao nht c t bng 1 v phn d liu s cha
thng tin chi tit v li xy ra.
D liu
Trong mt thng bo yu cu, ni dung phn d liu ni ln chi tit hnh ng
m bn nhn cn thc hin. V d trong mt yu cu c cc thanh ghi th phn d liu
cha thng tin v a ch thanh ghi u tin, s lng cc thanh ghi cn c v chiu
di thc t ca chnh phn d liu.
Trong trng hp bnh thng, phn d liu trong thng bo p ng s cha kt
qu ca hnh ng thc hin, v d ni dung cc thanh ghi c. Nu xy ra li,
phn d liu cha m ngoi l, nh m thit b ch xc nh hnh ng tip theo
cn thc hin. Lu rng, mt s hm khng i hi tham s, v vy phn d liu c
th trng.
Bng 3.8: Cc hm Modbus c cc b iu khin Modicon h tr
M
01
02
03
124

Tn hm
Read Coil Status
Read Input Status
Read Holding Registers

384
x
x
x

484
x
x
x

584
x
x
x

884
x
x
x

M84
x
x
x

984
x
x
x

04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Read Input Registers

Force Single Coil
Preset Single Register
Read Exception Status
Dianostics
Program 484
Poll 484
Fetch Comm. Event Ctr
Fetch Comm.Event Log
Program Controler
Poll Controler
Force Multiple Coint
Preset Multiple Registers
Report Slave ID
Program 884/M84
Reset Comm.Link
Read General Reference 1
Write General Reference
Mask Write 4X Register
Read/write 4X Registers
Read FIFO Queue
(1) Hm chi c 984-785 h tr

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x
(1)
(1)
(1)

3.4.4 Bo ton d liu

Mng Modbus chun s dng hai bin php bo ton d liu hai mc: kim
sot khung thng bo v kim sot k t khung. i vi hai ch truyn ASCII hay
RTU, c th la chn kim tra bit chn/l cho tng k t khung. Hn th na, c
khung thng bo li c kim sot mt ln na bng m LRC (ch ASCII) hoc
m CRC (ch RTU)
Khi t cu hnh cho mt thit b ch, c th la chn tht khong thi gian
timeout m n c th ch i p ng t trm t. Khong thi gian ny cn phi
ln bt c thit b t no cng c th tr li trong iu kin bnh thng. Trng
hp thit b t pht hin li thng bo yu cu, n s khng tr li. V th thit b
ch cng t ng nhn bit li v chng trnh ch s c trch nhim thc hin cc
hnh ng cn thit. Lu rng, mt thng bo gi ti a ch mt trm khng tn ti
cng s gy ra timeout.
Cc mng khc nh MAP hoc Modbus Plus s dng bin php kim li ring
cho c khung (bao gm c ni dung thng bo Modbus), v vy cc CRC hoc LRC
khng c a vo trong khung thng bo Modbus nguyn bn. Trong trng hp
xy ra li truyn, giao thc mng c th s bo vi thit b gi v cho php thc hin
gi li. Nu thng bo c gi ti ch nhng trm t khng th tr li, li timeout
125

cng s c chng trnh ch pht hin.

Kim sot LRC
Trong ch ASCII, phn thng tin kim li ca khung thng bo da trn
phng php LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check). Dy bit ngun c p dng
tnh m LRC bao gm phn a ch, m hm v phn d liu. Cc khi u cng nh
kt thc khung khng tham gia vo tnh ton. M LRC y di 8 bit (truyn hai k t
ASCII), c tnh bng cch cng i s ton b cc byte ca dy bit ngun (khng
ti trn), sau ly phn b hai ca kt qu.
Kim sot CRC
M CRC c p dng trong ch RTU di 16 bit. a thc pht c s dng
G: 1010 0000 0000 0001. Khi a vo khung thng bo, byte thp ca m CRC c
gi i trc, tip sau l byte cao.
3.4.5 Modbus Plus
Modbus Plus l mt h thng bus da trn giao thc Modbus, phc v ni mng
cp trng cng nh cp iu khin. Mt trong nhng u im ca Modbus Plus
l gi thnh thp, d lp t v a vo vn hnh.
Modbus Plus s dng i dy xon l m trng truyn. Chiu di cp dn ti a
l 500m khng cn lp. Vi k thut truyn dn RS-485, tc truyn c th ln ti 1
Mbit/s. K thut iu khin truy nhp mi trng y l Token-passing.
Khung Modbus trn mng Modbus Plus
Khc vi mng Modbus chun, cc thng bo Modbus c gi trn mng
Modbus Plus c ng thnh cc khung LLC (Logical Link Control). Mi khung
LLC li c lp MAC (Medium Access Control) b sung cc thng tin nh a ch
trm gi v trm nhn cng nh s lng byte c truyn. Trc khi m ho bit, mt
khung MAC li c ng gi thnh mt bc in HDLC (Hign-level Data Link
Control). Qu trnh x l giao thc v cu trc cc khung lin quan c minh ha
trn hnh 3.19.

126

Hnh 3.16: Khung thng bo Modbus trn Modbus Plus

Cc trn hnh 3.19 c ngha c th nh sau:
Output Path (1 Byte): ng dn u ra, ch th mt knh logic ca trm ch, c
vai tr trong vic dn knh/phn knh
Router Counter (l byte): s m cc router m khung thng bo di qua
Transaction Sequence Number (l byte): m s phin giao dch (mt phin giao dch c
th bao gm nhiu bc in)
Routing Path (5 byte): m s ng dn, cha thng tin chn ng i ti u
trong mt h thng lin mng
Destination Address (lbyte): a ch ch (trm Modbus Plus)
Source Address (1 byte): a ch ngun (trm Modbus Plus)
MAC Function (1 byte): m hm iu khin truy nhp mi trng Byte Count
(2byte): s lng byte trong phn LLC c truyn
Preamble (l byte): dy bit bo hiu u khung
Opening Flag (l byte): c m u khung
Broadcast Address (l byte): a ch gi ng lot
CRC (2 byte): m CRC kim li
Closing Flag (l byte): c bo hiu kt thc khung
a ch Modbus c thit b gi chuyn i thnh m ng dn (routing path).
Phn CRC ca thng bo Modbus khng c gi km, bi v bin php bo
ton d liu CRC cng s c thc hin cp HDLC bn di. Cc phn cn li ca
thng bo c gi nguyn.
127

3.5 Interbus
Interbus l mt pht trin ring ca hng Phoenix Contact, nhng nhanh
chng thnh cng trn c phng din ng dng v chun ho. u th c bit ca
Interbus l kh nng kt mng nhiu chng loi thit b khc nhau v gi thnh va
phi, trong khi cc c tnh thi gian khng thua km cc h thng khc. Interbus c
th dng xuyn sut cho mt h thng t ng ho phn tn phc tp, khng ph
thuc vo m hnh phn cp. Tuy nhin, trng tm ng dng ca Interbus nm cp
chp hnh trong cc h thng t ng ho x nghip, v vy c xp vo phm tr bus
cm bin/chp hnh. c bit, kt hp vi xu hng iu khin dng my tnh c
nhn, Interbus l mt gii php rt ng quan tm.
3.5.1 Kin trc giao thc
Tp giao thc Interbus c cu trc thnh ba lp tng ng vi m hnh
ISO/OSI: lp vt l, lp lin kt d liu v lp ng dng
Lp vt l quy nh phng php m ho bit, k thut truyn dn tn hiu v giao
din v mt in hc cng nh c hc gia mt thit b mng vi mi trng truyn
thng. Bn cnh , lp vt l cng a ra quy nh v cc yu t thi gian nh tc
truyn, rung (Jitter)...
Lp lin kt d liu c vai tr m bo vic truyn d liu tin cy, chnh xc.
Lp lin kt d liu ca Interbus h tr c hai loi d liu ph bin cp cm
bin/chp hnh l cc d liu qu trnh mang tnh cht tun hon v cc d liu tham
s mang tnh cht khng nh k.
Phn chnh ca lp ng dng ca Interbus c tn l PMS (Peripheral Message
Specification). Ging nh FMS PROFIBUS. PMS thc cht cng l mt tp con ca
MMS. Chnh v vy, cc dch v thuc lp 7 ca Interbus v c bn tng thch vi
cc dch v ca PROFIBUS-FMS.
Kin trc giao thc ca Interbus c xy dng nhm h tr ti a vic trao i
d liu gia mt b iu khin trung tm vi cc vo/ra phn tn, cc thit b cm bin
v c cu chp hnh. D liu c phn chia thnh hai loi l d liu qu trnh c
trao i tun hon v d liu tham s ch c trao i khi cn thit. Ph thuc vo
kiu d liu cn trao i m tp giao thc ca Interbus cng c phn chia thnh hai
nhm c phc tp khc nhau, nh c minh ha trn hnh 3.20.
Giao thc c s cho c hai kiu trao i d liu ni trn c gi l giao thc
vo/ra tun hon thuc mt lp con ca lp lin kt d liu, c tn l BLL (Basic Link
Layer). Thng qua giao din lp trnh (API), cc chng trnh ng dng c th s
dng cc dch v cao cp PMS, hoc s dng trc tip cc dch v trao i d liu
thun tu ca lp BLL.

128

Hnh 3.17. Kin trc giao thc INTERBUS

3.5.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn:
Mt h thng Interbus c cu trc mch vng trong mi thnh vin u ng
vai tr tch cc trn mt ng truyn khp kn. Thc cht, phng php truy nhp
bus c s dng l kt hp gia Master/slave v TDMA, s c gii thiu chi tit
trong mt chng mc sau. Mt trm ch duy nht ng vai tr kim sot ton b hot
ng giao tip ca c h thng, cn cc trm khc c phn chia mt khong thi
gian thch hp trao i d liu vi trm ch v cc trm khc.
Interbus cho php s dng cu trc mch vng phn cp. Mch vng cha to
ch c gi l mch vng chnh. T mch vng chnh c th m rng thm cc h
thng mch vng ph qua cc b ni c bit (bustermial module). Trong thc t ph
bin l cu trc hai cp mch vng nh c minh ha trn hnh 3.21. Mt mch vng
ph c th mang tnh cht cc b, gi l bus cc b hay bus ngoi vi, thng c s
dng ghp ni cc module vo/ra trong ni b mt t in. Mt khc, mt mch
vng ph cng c th ghp ni cc thit b xa qua mt khong cch tng i ln
(bus lp t hoc bus xa)
Mt im c bit l c ng i v ng v ca mch vng u c t trong
mt cp truyn duy nht i qua tt c cc trm, to ra cm gic l mng c cu trc
ng thng hoc cu trc cy.

129

Hnh 3.18: Cu trc mng INTERBUS tiu biu

Cch ghp ni im-im cng nh cu trc mch vng Interbus cho php s
dng nhiu loi ng truyn khc nhau, v d cp i dy xon, cp quang, hng
ngoi... Tuy nhin, i dy xon kt hp vi chun truyn dn RS-485 vn l k thut
c s dng rng ri nht. Nh vy, trn mi cp truyn gia hai thit b s c tng
cng nm dy dn, k c mt dy trung ho in p t.
Cc di ti a da trn hnh v tiu biu i vi cp i dy xon. Vi tc
truyn l 500Kbit/s, khong cch ti a gia hai thit b l 400m. Mi thit b ng vai
tr nh mt b lp trn mch vng, gip cho chiu di tng cng ca mt h thng
Interbus c th ln ti 13km. cn c th bao qut v vn hnh d dng, tng s
c hn ch con s 256. Nh mt s h thng khc s dng chun RS-485, phng
php m ho bit c s dng y cng l NRZ.
Bn cnh tnh ci m trong vic s dng cc mi trng truyn thng khc nhau,
cu trc mch vng . Interbus cn mang li mt s u im quan trng khc. Th
nht, n cho php truyn d liu hai chiu ton phn, bi mt trm va c th nhn v
gi d liu ng thi (full-duplex). Th hai, kh nng t chn on h thng tt hn
rt nhiu so vi cu trc ng thng. Trong mt h thng c cu trc ng thng,
li do s c ti mt trm hay s c trn ng dy rt kh nh v. Ngc li, mt li
xy ra trong cu trc mch vng s c hai trm k cn pht hin. Hn th na, trong
nhiu trng hp li mt h thng mch vng c kh nng t phn on k t v tr b
li. Tip theo, cu trc mch vng phn cp cho php vic b sung hoc tch thit b ra
khi h thng mng ang khng nh hng ti s hot ng ca cc thit b cn li.
Qua cc phn t ghp ni c th kim sot vic lin kt vi cc mch vng ph t trm
ch trung tm. Cu trc mch vng tch cc cng cho php nh a ch t ng da
130

tho v tr vt l ca mt trm trn mch vng. Vic bo dng, sa cha, m rng h

thng nh vy tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu.
Trong mi trng d chy n, mt th loi Interbus khc l Interbus-Loop c th
ghp ni d dng vi mt h thng Interbus. Interbus-Loop s dng phng php m ho
bit Manchester, cho php ng ti ngun cho cc thit b qua hai dy dn mang tn hiu.
3.5.3 C ch giao tip:
C ch giao tip ca Interbus da trn phng php truy nhp bus phn chia thi
gian TDMA (Time Divesion Multiple Access), kt hp vi s kim sot ch/t. Khc
vi kiu truyn thng bo p dng trong i a s cc h thng bus trng, Interbus s
dng mt phng php truyn c bit l khung tng hp (summation frame) hoc
thanh ghi dch chuyn (shift register). Hnh 4.22 minh ho khi qut nguyn tc lm
vic theo c ch ny.
Trong mt chu k bus, trm ch s c t b nh m v gi trong mt khung
tng hp cc d liu u ra ca tt c cc trm. Theo mt chiu xoay vng c quy
nh sn, khung tng hp hay thanh ghi dch chuyn s ln lt ti tng trm. Mi
thit b c cp pht mt khe thi gian tng ng vi mt ''khoang" trong thanh ghi
thc hin chc nng trao i d liu. Khong thi gian cho php mt trm c
d liu u vo hoc/v ghi d liu u ra trong khoang ring. Thi gian tng cng m
tt c cc trm cn s tng ng vi chiu di ca khung tng hp.

Khi khung tng hp i ht mt vng v quay tr li, trm ch a d liu u

ra ti tt c cc trm v ng thi nhn c nh ca ton b d liu u vo. Nu th
tc trn din ra khng c li, trm ch s gi mt bc in ngn, c bit ti ln lt
cc trm bo hiu kt thc mt chu k bus v cho php cc thit b cp nht d liu
131

qu trnh mt cch (gn nh) ng thi.

Bn cnh d liu qu trnh mang tnh cht tun hon, mt trm cng c th gi
hoc nhn km d liu tham s khi cn thit ni trong khe thi gian cho php. Mi
thnh vin c nhu cu trao i d liu tham s s c cp mt khen thi gian di t
2-16 byte. Mt khi d liu ln s c ct ra nhiu phn nh ln lt gi km theo
d liu qu trnh, v th khng nh hng ng k ti vic trao i d liu tun hon.
Sau mi chu k bus, mt phn khi d liu tham s c truyn xong. Vic chia nh
khi d liu thnh cc phn nh ti trm gi cng nh vic lp ghp cc phn nh tr
li trm nhn thuc chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu, ngi s dng khng cn can
thip ti nguyn tc truyn kt hp d liu qu trnh v d liu tham s c minh ho
trn hnh v sau:
D liu
tham s

D liu
tham s

D liu
tham s 3

D liu
tham s 3

D liu
tham s 2

D liu
tham s 2

Loop- D liu D liu D liu D liu Chu k D liu D liu

tham s 1 qu trnh FCS
back qu trnh qu trnh qu trnh tham s 1
1
Trm 1 Trm 2
Trm 3
Trm n-1 Trm 0
Hnh 3.20. Giao thc truyn INTERBUS
C th ni, tnh nng thi gian thc ca mt h thng Interbus th hin qua cc
yu t sau. Th nht, trnh t cc trm tham gia truy nhp bus hon ton c xc nh
trc. Th hai, cn c vo lng d liu cn trao i ca cc trm c th xc nh
c chu k bus mt cch tng i chnh xc. Tip theo, cch s dng khung tng
hp quay vng cho php gim thiu phn thng tin giao thc b tr. Cng vi yu t
ny, ch truyn hai chiu ton phn ca mch vng cho php tng hiu sut truyn
mt cch ng k so vi cc h thng bus khc. Hn th na, phng php truyn
khung tng hp m bo tnh ng b ca cc d liu vo/ra. y l mt kha cnh k
thut quan trng trong cc bi ton iu khin, bi cc thit b nhn c d liu u
ra v gi d liu u vo ng lot ni trong mt vng qut.
3.5.4 Cu trc bc in
Phn trn trnh by, Interbus thc hin truyn khung tng hp s dng thanh
ghi dch chuyn. D liu u ra qu trnh cho cc thit b ngoi vi c trm ch a
vo b nh m u ra tng ng vi th t vt l ca cc trm trn mch vng.
132

Nh minh ho trn hnh 3.24, mt khung truyn tun hon bt u vi mt dy

16 bit, gi l t loopback. T loopback s phi i qua tt c cc trm v l thng tin
c c tr li trm ch sau cng. Nh vy, s vn ton ca t loopback cng c bn
ni ln tin cy ca ng truyn v tnh sn sng ca cc trm
Loopback

D liu s dng

CRC

CNTR

Hnh 3.21: Cu trc khung giao thc INTERBUS (lp 2)

Sau t loopback l phn d liu s dng bao gm d liu vo/ra qu trnh v d
liu tham s. Cui phn d liu l 32 bit thng tin kim li khung ~CS, trong 16 bit
u l m CRC v 16 bit sau (CNTR) cha thng tin chi tit v trng thi li. Do cu
trc lin kt im-im, c ch kim li lun c thc hin gia hai thit b k cn.
Mi trm u c trch nhim kim li da trn phng php CRC v thng bo trng
thi li qua 16 bit CNTR ca FCS.
Bn cnh chu trnh truyn d liu s dng m t trn y, mt chu trnh nhn
dng cng c nh ngha trong lp lin kt d liu ca Interbus. Chu trnh ny phc
v cho vic qun tr, cu hnh bus. Mi trm thit b c mt m cn cc (lp 2) mang
thng tin v kiu thit b cng nh s lng d liu s dng. Trong mt chu k nhn
dng, trm ch c thng tin ny t tt c cc trm khc v da trn c s thit
lp cu hnh khung tng hp cho chu trnh truyn d liu.
Trong vic truyn dn lp 1, Interbus s dng ch khng ng b vi th
tc start/stop. Khung giao thc lp 2 c chia thnh cc k t 8 bit, k c t
loopback v cc CRC, CNTR. Mi k t c b sung 5 bit, bao gm cc bit khi
u v kt thc cng nh cc thng tin b tr khc nh kiu bc in, kiu v th t
chu trnh. Hnh 3.25 minh ho cu trc cc bc in c xy dng lp 1 ca
Interbus.

Hnh 3.22: Cu trc bc in INTERBUS (lp 1)

Trong thi gian khng thc hin truyn d liu s dng, trm ch lp khong
trng bng cc thng bo trng thi. Mi thng bo trng thi ny di 5 bit, khng
mang d liu lp 2 m ch c vai tr m bo hot ng tch cc ca ng truyn.
Nu thi gian ri ca ng truyn ln hn 20ms, tt c cc trm s coi nh h thng
b li. Trong trng hp , cc thit b s t chuyn v mt trng thi an ton quy
133

nh sn.
3.5.5 Dch v giao tip:
Cc c tnh giao thc cng nh cu trc mng Interbus cho php kt hp truyn
d liu vo/ra tun hon v truyn thng bo khng tun hon. Bn cnh hiu sut s
dng ng truyn cao v tnh nng thi gian thc th s n gin trong giao din s
dng cng ng mt vai tr quan trng i vi mt h thng bus trng. Tng ng
vi hai kiu d liu, Interbus cung cp cho cc chng trnh ng dng hai giao din s
dng khc nhau.
Dch v truyn tun hon
i vi d liu qu trnh, trm ch c trch nhim t ng cp nht nh cc dch
v truyn ca lp hai. Cc chng trnh ng dng s dng d liu tun hon ch cn s
dng b nh m vo/ra ca trm ch c cc u vo cng nh a cc d liu ra
m khng cn thit phi quan tm ti giao thc mng cp thp. Thc s, mt chng
trnh ng dng nh iu khin qu trnh khng cn quan tm ti c ch vo/ra c th
(qua bus hay qua cc module vo/ra tp trung). Hnh thc truy nhp trc tip b nh
khng nhng n gin ho cch s dng, m cn n gin ho th tc x l giao thc
phc tp. i vi cc thit b c th t do lp trnh nh my tnh c nhn, c th truy
nhp trc tip d liu qu trnh vng nh DPM (Dual-Port Memory) qua cc giao
din phn mm chun ho nh DDE, OPE v Open Control.
Dch v truyn thng bo PMS
Bn cnh dch v trao i d liu tun hon cp thp, mt h thng c tnh nng
m cn h tr cc dch v ng dng cao cp, chun ho. Nh phn trn gii thiu
s b, PMS (Periphera Massage Specification) l mt tp con cc dch v ca chun
MMS c Interbus cung cp qua lp ng dng. Nu so snh vi PROFIBUS-FMS th
PMS cng c th c coi l mt tp con cc dch v tng thch vi FMS. Tng cng
khong 25 dch v c nh ngha trong PMS cho php n gin ho vic giao tip
vi cc thit b trng thng minh. S lng cc dch v c th c m rng cho mt
s loi thit b. Cc dch v tiu biu bao gm:
Context Management: thit lp v gim st cc mi lin kt truyn thng
Variable Access: c v ghi cc bin qu trnh hoc tham s.
Program Invocation: np chng trnh, khi ng v kt thc chng trnh.
Do c tnh mch vng v do vic thc hin lin tc cc chu trnh truyn d liu,
mi trm c th va ng vai tr l server cung cp cc dch v PMS hoc l client s
dng cc dch v m cc trm khc cung cp.
Vi cc b iu khin kh trnh (PLC), vic khai thc cc dch v PMS khng
thng qua b nh m vo/ra, m qua cc khi chc nng giao tip. Bn cnh , cc
dch v giao tip c th c nh ngha trong khi thit lp cu hnh h thng v sau
134

 c kch hot ng qua cc lnh logic n gin.

3.6 AS - i
AS-i (Actuator Sensor Interface) l kt qu pht trin hp tc ca 11 hng sn
xut cc thit b cm bin v c cu chp hnh c tn tui trong cng nghip, trong
c Siemens AG, Festo KG, Pepperl & Fuchs GmbH. Nh tn gi ca n phn no din
t, mc ch s dng duy nht ca AS-i l kt ni cc thit b cm bin v chp hnh
s vi cp iu khin. T mt thc t l hn 800/0 cm bin v c cu chp hnh trong
mt h thng my mc lm vic vi cc bin logic, cho nn vic ni mng chng trc
phi p ng c yu cu v gi thnh cng nh lp t, vn hnh v bo dng n
gin. V th, cc tnh nng k thut c t ra l:
Kh nng ng ti ngun, tc d liu v dng nui cho ton b cc cm bin v
mt phn ln cc c cu chp hnh phi c truyn ti trn cng mt cp hai dy.
Phng php truyn phi tht bn vng trong mi trng cng nghip nhng
khng i hi cao v cht lng ng truyn.
Cho php thc hin cu trc mng ng thng cng nh hnh cy. Cc thnh
phn giao din mng c th thc hin vi gi c rt thp.
Cc b ni phi nh, gn, n gin v gi c rt hp l.
Vi cc h thng bus c, cc yu cu trn cha c p ng mt cch tho
ng. chnh l ng lc cho vic hp tc pht trin h bus mi AS-i. Th mnh ca
AS-i l s n gian trong thit k, lp t v bo dng cng nh gi thnh thp, nh
mt phng php truyn thng c bit cng nh mt k thut in c mi.
Hnh 3.26 minh ho mng thit b cm bin v c cu chp hnh s dng AS-i
i chiu vi cc phng php khc. Hnh bn tri l cch ni dy im-im c in,
trong mt b iu khin nh PLC ng vai tr l nt trung tm trong cu trc hnh
sao. Vic thay th cch ghp ni c in ny bng mt h thng bus c th thc
hin theo hai phng php sau:
S dng bus trng ni PLC vi cc thit b vo/ra phn tn (b)
S dng mt h thng bus nh AS-i ni PLC trc tip vi cc cm bin v c
cu chp hnh (a)

135

Hnh 3.23. Ghp ni cm bin v c cu chp hnh s vi As-i

3.6.1 Kin trc giao thc
Kin trc giao thc ca AS-i phn nh c im ca cc hot ng giao tip gia
mt b iu khin vi cc thit b cm bin v c cu chp hnh s l hn ch vic
trao i d liu thun tu v lng d liu trao i rt nh. nng cao hiu sut v
n gin ho vic thc hin cc vi mch, ton b vic x l giao thc c gi gn ch
trong lp 1 (lp vt l) theo m hnh OSI.
Trong phm vi lp vt l, AS-i a ra mt phng php m ho bit hon ton
mi thch hp vi ng truyn 2 dy ng ti ngun v khng da vo chun
truyn dn RS-485 thng dng cc h thng bus khc. Bn cnh quy nh v giao
din vt l ca cc thnh phn mng chc nng iu khin truy nhp bus v bo ton
d liu cng c thc hin lp 1. Nh mt s h thng bus cp thp khc AS-i s
dng phng php chng thun tu iu khin truy nhp bus. Trong khi , chc
nng bo ton d liu li da vo phng php bit chn l kt hp vi cch m ho bit,
nh s c trnh by trong mt mc sau.
3.6.2 Cu trc mng v cp truyn:
Cu trc mt mng AS-i c th la chn ty theo yu cu k thut cng nh
c im v tr v phm vi i dy, v th vic thit k cu hnh v thc hin d n tr
nn d dng. V d, c th chn cu trc ng thng (daisy-chain hoc trunkline/drop line), hoc cu trc cy nh mt mng cung cp in bnh thng. Cc thnh
vin tham gia c th c phn b u trn ng truyn, hoc c th sp xp theo
nhm v ghp ni qua ng trc hoc ng nhnh. Khng ging nh cc h thng
khc c cu trc bus. AS-i khng yu cu s dng tr u cui.
136

Trong mt mng AS-i c mt trm ch duy nht ng vai tr kim sot ton b
hot ng giao tip trong mng, nh c minh ho trn hnh 3.27. Trm ch ny c
th l mt my tnh iu khin nh PLC, PC hay CNC, hoc c th l mt b ni bus
trong trng (fledbus coupler). Trong trng hp trm ch l mt b ni bus trng,
n c nhim v chuyn i giao thc gia mt on bus trng (v d PROFIBUSDP) vi mng AS-i. Cc trm t cn li c th l mt module tch cc ghp ni vi ti
a 4 b cm bin hoc c cu chp hnh thng thng, hoc chnh l mt cm bin/c
cu thp c tch hp giao din AS-i (trm t) c ni trc tip hay qua mt b chia
vi ng truyn.

Hnh 3.24: Nguyn lc ghp ni thit b trong mt h As-i

Chiu di tng cng ca cp truyn cho php ti a l 100 mt. Vi cc khong
cch ln hn, cn s dng cc b lp (repeater) hoc b m rng (extender). S trm
t ti a trong mt mng l 31, tng ng vi ti a 124 thit b (mi trm t ghp ni
c ti a 4 thit b). C ngha l, thc hin truyn hai chiu s cho php mt trm
qun l ti a 124 knh vo s v 124 knh ra s. Tc truyn c quy nh l 167
Kbit/s tng ng vi thi gian bit l 6s.
V cp truyn. AS-i quy nh hai loi l cp dn in thng thng (cp trn) v
cp AS-i c bit (cp dt). Trong khi cp trn thng thng kim v gi thnh
thp, th loi cp dt c u im l d lp t. ng knh li dy phi l 1.5mm
p ng yu cu cung cp dng mt chiu ti thiu 2A (24VDC).
3.6.3 C ch giao tip
AS-i hot ng theo c ch giao tip ch-t. Trong mt chu k bus, trm ch
thc hin trao i vi mi trm t mt ln theo phng php hi tun t (polling).
Trm ch gi mt bc in c chiu di 14 bit, trong c cha 5 bit a ch trm t
v 5 bit thng tin (d liu u ra hoc m gi hm) ch i trm t ny tr li ni
trng mt khong thi gian c nh ngha trc. Bc in tr li ca cc trm t c
137

chiu di 7 bit, trong c 4 bit thng tin (d liu u vo hoc kt qu thc hin
hm). V khong cch truyn dn tng i nh, trong khi tc truyn c nh l
167Kbit/s nn thi gian mt chu k bus ph thuc hon ton vo s lng trm t
ghp ni. Tuy tc truyn khng ln, nhng thi gian mt chu k bus ti a c
m bo khng ln hn 5ms (vi 31 trm t)
C ch giao tip ch-t ca AS-i mt mt cho php thc hin vi mch ghp ni
cho cc trm t rt n gin, dn n gi thnh thc hin thp, mt khc to ra linh
hot ca h thng. Trong trng hp xy ra s c nht thi trn bus, trm ch c th
gi li ring tng bc in m n khng nhn c tr li, ch khng cn thit phi
ch lp li c mt chu trnh.
Bn cnh cc bc in d liu nh k, trm ch cng c th gi km cc thng
bo khc m khng gy nh hng ng k ti thi gian chu k bus. Trong tng cng
9 loi thng bo c hai loi phc v truyn d liu v tham s, hai loi dng t a
ch trm t, nm loi c s dng nhn dng v xc nh trng thi cc trm t.
3.6.4 Cu trc bc in
Cc bc in ca AS-i c xy dng trn nguyn tc n gin, gim thiu cc
thng tin b tr tng hiu sut s dng ng truyn. Thc t, tt c cc bc in
gi t trm ch (thut ng AS-i: li gi) c chiu di c nh l 14 b v tt c cc bc
in p ng t cc trm t (thut ng AS-i: tr li) u c chiu di c nh l 7 bit.
Cu trc ca chng c minh ho trn hnh 3.29.

Hnh 3.25: Cu trc bc in As-i

Gia li gi ca trm ch v tr li ca trm t cn mt khong thi gian ngh
di t 3 n 8 thi gian bit. Bit iu khin trong phn u li gi ca trm ch k hiu
138

loi thng bo d liu, tham s, a ch hoc lnh gi. As-i phn bit 9 loi lnh gi
c minh ha trn hnh 3.30.
Trao i d liu

0 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

D3 D2 D1 D0 P

t tham s

0 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

P3 P2 P1 P0 P

t a ch

A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 P

Reset trm t

1 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

Xa a ch mc
nh

1 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

c cu hnh vo/ra

1 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

c m cn cc

1 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

c trng thi

1 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

c v xa trng
thi

1 A4 A3 A1 A0 A0

3.6.5 M ho bit
Trong vic la chn mt phng php m ho cn ch mt s yu t lin quan
ti lnh vc ng dng c th nh kh nng ng ti ngun, di tn tn hiu mang,
thng tin ng b nhp v kh nng phi hp kim li. Trong khi cp hai dy s dng
cho AS-i c c tnh suy gim mnh theo tn s tng, cng nh bc x nhiu trong
mi trng cng nghip cn phi gim thiu th vic hn ch di tn ca tn hiu ng
vai tr c bit quan trng. Bn cnh , do yu cu n gin v hiu sut ca cc bc
in, nn kh nng t ng b nhp v phi hp pht hin li cng cn c quan tm.
T cc l do nu trn, mt phng php m ho bit mi c a ra-phng php
iu ch xung xoay chiu APM (Altemate Pulse Modulation) APM c th xem nh s
kt hp gia hai phng php AFP (Altemate Flanks Pulse) v m Manchester. Hnh
3.31 minh ha nguyn l lm vic ca phng php ny.

139

Hnh 3.27: M ha ng truyn A S-i s dng phng php APM

Mt dy bit cn gi trc ht c bin i sang m Manchester, vi mc ch
to thng tin ng b nhp v trung ho s xut hin ca cc bit 1 v 0. Dng in
tng ng t b pht nh tc dng ca cc cun cm trong mch cch ly d liu s to
ra mc tn hiu in p nh mong mun trn ng truyn. Mi sn ln ca dng to
mt xung in p m v ngc li, mi sn xung ca dng to mt xung in p
dng trn ng truyn. V pha bn nhn, cc xung m v dng ca tn hiu in
p s c pht hin. Da vo khong cch xut hin cc xung, b thu c th phn bit
cc bit 1 hoc 0 v ti to dy bit ngun.
Do cc xung in p c to ra c dng gn ging xung hnh sin, c ngha l di
tn ca tn hiu rt hp v tn s ca tn hiu tng ng vi tn s nhp bus, tc
ng bc x nhiu ra bn ngoi c gim thiu. Bn cnh , mu din bin c bit
ca tn hiu trn ng truyn mt mt gip bn nhn c th ti to nhp v mt khc
c th pht hin li trong mt s trng hp nht nh. Hn th na, s thay i tun
t gia cc xung m v dng s lm trit tiu dng mt chiu ngoi mong mun, to
kh nng xp chng dng nui cung cp cho cc thit b. C th nhn thy, phng
php ny phi hp c cc u im ca m Manchester v A-P, tho mn cc yu
cu nh bn trn y.

140

3.6.6 Bo ton d liu:

AS-i s dng cc bc in rt ngn v yu cu hiu sut s dng cc bc in rt
cao, v vy khng thc hin chc nng bo ton d liu lp 2 nh a s cc h thng
bus khc. Thay vo , lp 1 chu trch nhim hon ton trong vic kim tra li, da
vo bit chn/l kt hp vi phng php m ho bit hp l. Trc ht, trong mt chu
k bit (6bus) tn hiu trn ng truyn c b thu ly mu 16 ln. Theo phng
php iu ch APM m t phn trn, trong mi chu k bit phi c mt hoc hai xung
v cc xung k tip phi o chiu. Ch cc tn hiu c dng ny mi c cng nhn
v gii m tr li, ngc li s c coi l nhiu v b loi b. Tip theo, mi bc in
u c chiu di c nh, c bit u, bit cui v c ngn cch bng mt thi gian
ngh, v vy mt s sai lch nht nh trong tn hiu cng s c pht hin. Cui
cng, ni dung thng tin s dng trong mi bc in (ch hoc t) c kim tra bng
mt bit chn l.
Mc d theo l thuyt th khong cch Hamming ca phng php bit chn/l ch
l 2, nhng t l cn li (xc xut mt bc in b li khng pht hin c) c nh
gi l rt thp. V d, ngay c khi t l bit li l 0.0012 (tc khong 200 li/s) th
khong cch trung bnh gia hai ln li ca cc bc in trm ch ln hn 10 nm.
Mi bc in b li s phi gi li. V l do cc bc in ngn nn vic gi li cc bc
in li ch gy nh hng ng k ti thi gian chu k bus khi t l li rt ln. V d
vi 31 trm t, trong trng hp truyn khng c li th trong mt chu k bus c 33
bc in k c 2 bc in thng bo tham s c trao i. Thi gian chu k bus s l:
33 x 25 bit x 6sbit = 4.95ms
Nu xut hin trung bnh mt bc in b li v phi gi li trong mi chu k, c
ngha l vo khong 200 li trong mt giy, th chu k bit s ko di:
34 x 25 bit x 6s/bit = 5.1ms
Trong trng hp mi bc in b li phi gi li trong mt chu k, thi gian
chu k bus s l:
43 x 25 bit x 6s/bit: 6.45ms
3.7 Foundation Fieldbus
S xut hin ca nhiu h bus trng khc nhau dn n vic ra i ca hai t
chc ISP v World FIP vo nm 1993, vi cng mc ch l xy dng mt chun bus
trng thng nht. Trong khi ISP v c bn da trn nn tng l PROFIBUS,
WorldFIP i din cho gii sn xut v s dng cc sn phm FIP. Cui nm 1994,
cc thnh phn i din pha Bc M trong hai t chc ny i ti thng nht thnh lp
hip hi mang tn Fieldbus Foundation (FF) nhm chm dt s phn nhnh trong vic
xy dng chun. Tuy nhin, cc t tng i din trong t chc mi ny khng da
hn vo PROFIUS hay FIP, m hng ti vic cc thnh phn i din Chu u rt
141

li v quay tr li vi h thng ca h trong khun kh PNO (PROFIBUS

Nutzerorganisation) cng nh WorldFIP.
Hin nay Fieldbus Foundation c hn 130 cng ty thnh vin trn khp th gii,
chim i a s cc nh cung cp thit b o lng v iu khin. H thng bus trng
c pht trin trong khun kh ca FF c gi l Foundation Fiedbus. Trong d
nh pht trin, h bus ny s h tr 3 loi mng vi cc tc truyn 31,25Kbit/s,
1Mbit/s v 2,5Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, cho n nay ch loi mng 3 l,25Kbit/s-cn li l H2mi c y cc c t v c chun ho trong IEC 61158. Cc phin bn tc
cao hn c thay th bng Hign-Speed Ethernet (HSE) cng c chun ho trong
IEC 61158. Tng t nh PROFIBUS-PA, phm vi ng dng tiu biu ca H1 l cc
ngnh cng nghip ch bin. Cc cng ty ln nh ABB, Fisher-Rosemount (Emerson
Process Management), Honeywell, National Instruments, Endress + Hauser v
Yokogawa u c hng lot sn phm h tr.
3.7.1. Kin thc giao thc:
Cng ngh Foundation Fieldbus bao gm lp vt l "ngn" truyn thng
(Communication ''stack") v cc chng trnh ng dng (User application), trong
ngn truyn thng tng ng vi lp 2 v lp 7 theo m hnh OSI (hnh 4.32). Cng
nh nhiu h bus trng khc, cc lp 3-6 khng c thc hin.
Lp vt l c thc hin da theo chun IEC 1158-2 (nay l IEC 61158 -2) v
IAS DLL. Lp ng dng thc hin cc dch v Fieldbus Message Specification (FMS)
ging nh PROFIBUS. Lp con FAS (Fieldbus Access Sublayer) c chc nng lin
kt FMS vi lp lin kt d liu. Cc chng trnh ng dng nm ngoi phm vi ca
m hnh OSI, c m t di dng cc khi chc nng (Function Block, FB) v mt
ngn ng m t thit b (Device Description Language, DDL).

3.7.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn:

Hai phng tin truyn dn c s dng trong Foundation Fieldbus l cp in
v cp quang. Phn trnh by di y ch cp ti cu trc mng v k thut truyn
142

dn lin quan ti cp in.

Chiu di tng cng ti a cho php trong mt on mng ph thuc vo loi cp
truyn.C 4 loi cp truyn c t tn l A, B, C v D theo th t cht lng t cao
n thp. Bng 4.9 lit k kch c v chiu di tng cng ti a ca mt on mng i
vi tng loi cp. D l loi cp trn nhiu li c mt v bc chng nhiu bn ngoi, c
cht lng thp nht nn hu nh khng c s dng. D l loi cp i dy xon mt
hoc nhiu li khng c bc lt chng nhiu, c th s dng trong mt s lnh vc ng
dng t nhiu v khong cch truyn ngn. Loi B tng t nh C, nhng c bc lt
chng nhiu cho tng i dy. Loi A lng cao nht, chnh l di dy xon STP mt.
Bng 3.9. Cc loi Cp in Cho Foundation Fieldbus
Loi cp M t

Kch c

Chiu di ti a

i dy xon STP

# 1 8 AWG (0,8mm2)

1 900m

i dy xon nhiu li c
bc lt

#22 AWG (0,32mm2)

1 200m

i dy xon nhiu li
khng bc lt

#26 AWG (0, 1 3mm2)

400m

Cp trn nhiu li, mt

lp bc lt

# 1 6 AWG (1, 2 5 mm2)

200m

Foundation Fieldbus h r cc cu trc mng khc. nhau nh ng trc/ng

nhnh,daisy-chnh v hnh sao (hnh 3.33). Trong nhiu trng hp cng c th s
dng cch ghp ni im-im, tuy nhin cch ny khng mang nhiu li ch ca mt
h bus trng.

Hnh 3.29: Cu trc mng Foundation Fieldbus

Trong cu trc ng trc/ng nhnh, ng nhnh (c gi l spur) c th
c chiu di 1-120m, tu theo s lng thit b tham gia. V d, vi s trm t 1-12 th
143

chiu di ng nhnh c th l 120m, nhng vi s trm t 25 tr ln ng nhnh

ch c php di ti a 1 mt.
S trm cho php trong mt on mng ph thuc vo cc yu t nh cng sut
ngun, tiu hao cng sut cc thit b v loi cp truyn, tuy nhin khng vt qu 32
nu khng s dng b tp. C th s dng ti a 4 b tp, cho php tng khong cch
truyn ti a ln tng cng 9500 mt v nng tng s trm trong ton mng ln 240.
thch hp vi cc ng dng trong cng nghip ch bin, c bit trong mi
trng d chy n, cc tn hiu truyn c m ho theo phng php Manchester.Bit
1 ng vi sng xung v bit 0 ng vi sn tn ca tn hiu gia mt chu k bit.
Bn gi v bn nhn c th ng b nhp cho tng bc in da vo chnh tn
hiu mang thng tin, v th ch truyn y l ng b. Mt trm pht cng c th
li dng c tnh trit tiu dng mt chiu ca phng php m ho bit ny cung
cp ngun nui cho cc thit b khc trn cng ng truyn. in p ngun nui DC
c th t 9-32 Volt, nhng cng sut b hn ch trong cc ng dng yu cu an ton
chy n. Vi dng u ra ca b pht + 10mA, mc tn hiu mang thng tin dao ng
trong phm vi 0,75-1,0 V hnh 3.34 minh ho cc mc tn hiu trong mng Foundation
Fieldbus.
3.7.3 C ch giao tip:
Phng php truy nhp bus Foundation Fieldbus l mt kt hp gia
Master/slave, Token Passing v TDMA. Mt thit b vi vai tr trm ch-c gi l
Link Active Scheduler (LAS)-c chc nng phn chia. v kim sot quyn truy nhp
cho ton b mng. Tuy nhin, b LAS khng nht thit tham gia vo cc hot ng
giao tip, trao i d liu trong mng. Cc thit b mng Foundation Fieldbus c
chia lm hai loi l thit b c s (Basic Device) v trm ch lin kt (Link Master),
Ch cc trm ch lin kt mi c kh nng tr thnh b LAS (Link Active Scheduler)
Lp lin kt d liu ca Foundation Fieldbus quy nh hai c ch giao tip l lp lch
(Scheduled communication) v khng lp lch (Unscheduled communication). Giao
tip lp lch c trng cho trao i d liu tun hon, nh k gia cc thit b, trong
khi giao tip khng lp lch c s dng ch yu trong vic truyn tham s v gi cc
thng bo bo ng.
Hnh 3.35 minh ha hai c ch giao tip c bn ca Foundation Fieldbus. Trong
c th giao tip lp lch (hnh 3.35a), b LAS lu gi trong mt danh sch tt c cc
b nh m cha d liu tun hon ca cc thit b cng nh thi gian cn thit
truyn cc d liu . Khi n lt, mt trm s nhn c mt thng bo Compel
Data (CD) t b LAS. Sau khi nhn c CD, n s gi d liu trong vng nh m
ti tt c cc trm khc trong mng. Trm gi ng vai tr l publisherm, cc trm
mun c nhn l subscriber. C ch ny tng t nh vic s dng mt vng nh
chung trong mt s h khc. Kiu d liu trao i y thng thng l gi tr cc
144

bin qu trnh s dng cc mch vng iu khin.

Xen gia cc hot ng trao i d liu mang tnh cht tun hon, mi thit b
trn bus cn c c hi gi cc thng bo khng lp lch (hnh 3.35b). B LAS qun l
tt c cc trm tham gia vo mng thng qua mt "Danh sch sng" (Live list). B
LAS ln lt gi pass token (PT) ti tng thit b trong danh sch. Khi nhn c PT,
mt thit b c th gi thng bo n mt hoc nhiu trm khc. Nu khng c nhu cu
gi na, thit b gi tr li token cho b LAS. Thi gian ti a mt trm c gi
token do LAS hn ch v kim sot. C ch giao tip ny c s dng trong vic gi
cc bn tin cnh bo thay i tham s.

Hnh 3.35: Cc c ch giao tip trong Foundation Fieldbus

3.7.4 Cu trc bc in:
Qu trnh xy dng bc in qua tng lp giao thc ca Foundation Fieldbus
c minh ha trn hnh 3.36. di mi trong bc in c tnh bng byte. D
liu s dng ti a l 251 byte trong mt bc in. Qua mi lp trong ngn giao thc,
bc in li c gn thm phn thng tin lin quan ti vic x l giao thc lp .
V d, phn FMS PCI m t kiu i tng VFD v dch v FMS c s dng, phn
DLL PCI mng thng tin v c ch giao tip v kiu lin kt. lp vt l, khung to
ra t lp lin kt d liu cn c gn thm khi u v cc ngn cch phc v
mc ch ng b ho nhp cng nh nhn bit u cui ca bc in.
Foundation fieldbus s dng phng php m ho bit Manchester lng cc.
Trong mi chu k bit u c t nht mt xung c to ra, do m Manchester c th
s dng trong vic ng b nhp. C th, vic ng b ho c thc hin cho tng
bc in thng qua 8 bit v 0 lun phin trong nh du m u (Preamble). Trong
trng hp s dng thm cc b lp th di m u ny c th hn 1 byte. Ring
145

cc ngn cch du (Start Delimiter) v ngn cch cui (End Delimiter) c m ho

theo mt s c bit, nh minh ho trn hnh 3.37. Lu rng cc tn hiu N+ v
N- khng thay i gia mt chu k bit.

Hnh 3.31. Cu trc bc in trong Foundation Fieldbus

Hnh 3.32 M ha cc khi u v ngn cch trong bc in Foundaton Fteldbus

3.7.5 Dch v giao tip
Fieldbus Access Sublayer (FAS)
Lp con FAS s dng hai c ch giao tip lp 2 cung cp cc dch v cho
lp FMS. Kiu dch v FAS c m t bi cc quan h giao tip o VCR (Virtual
Communication Relationships). Ba kiu VCR c nh ngha nh sau:
Kiu Clien/server: giao tip khng lp lch gia mt trm gi (server) v mt
trm nhn (client), cc thng bo c xp trong hng i theo th t c u tin. Kiu
VCR ny thng c s dng trong vic np chng trnh ln xung, thay i cc
tham s iu khin hoc xc nhn bo co.
146

 Kiu phn phi bo co (Report Distribution): giao tip khng lp lch gia mt
trm gi v mt nhm trm nhn, thng s dng trong vic cc thng bo bo ng.
Kiu publisher/subscirber: giao tip lp lch gia mt trm gi (publisher) v
nhiu trm nhn (subscriber), d liu c cp nht mang tnh ton cc nh nm trong
mt vng nh chung cho ton b mng.
Fieldbus Message Specifcation (FMS)
Cc dch v FMS cho php cc chng trnh ng dng gi thng bo cho nhau
trn bus theo mt chun thng nht v tp dch v cng nh cu trc thng bo. Ngoi
tr mt s dch v bo co thng tin v s kin, hu ht cc dch v FMS khc u s
dng iu VCR Client/server.
D liu cn trao i qua bus c biu din qua mt "M t i tng" (Object
description). Cc m t i tng c tp hp thnh mt cu trc gi l danh mc i
tng (Object dictionary, OD). Mi m t i tng c phn bit qua ch s trong
danh mc i tng. Ch s 0 c gi l u danh mc, cung cp phn m t cc i
tng ca chng trnh ng dng. Mi i tng ca chng trnh ng dng c th
bt u t mt ch s bt k ln hn 255. Ch s 255 v cc ch s nh hn nh ngha
cc kiu d liu chun, v d kiu bool, kiu nguyn, kiu s thc, chui bit v cu
trc d liu dng xy dng tt c cc m t i tng khc.
Trong FMS, m hnh thit b trng o (Virtua Field Device, VFD) ng vai tr
trung tm, Mt VFD l mt i tng mang tnh cht logic, c s dng quan st
d liu t xa m t trong danh mc i tng. Mt thit b thng thng c t nht hai
VFD, nh minh ho trn hnh 3.38.

Hnh 3.33: Cc thit b trng o tiu biu trong Foundation Fieldbus

Cc dch v FMS cung cp mt phng thc giao tip chun trn bus, v d
thng qua cc khi chc nng. i vi mi kiu i tng, FMS quy nh mt s dch
v ring bit, v d c/ghi d liu, thng bo/xc nhn s kin, np ln/np xung
chng trnh...
147

3.7.6 Khi chc nng ng dng:

Hip hi Fieldbus Foundation xy dng mt m hnh chng trnh ng dng
da trn c s cc khi (block). Mt chng trnh ng dng l mt t chc ca cc
khi c lin kt vi nhau, trong mi khi l mt i din cho mt chc nng
ring. C ba loi khi c bn l khi ti nguyn (Resource Block), khi chc nng
(Function Block) v khi bin i (Transducer Block)
Khi ti nguyn
Khi ti nguyn m t cc c tnh ca thit b bus trng nh tn thit b, nh
sn xut v m s. Trong mi thit b ch c mt khi ti nguyn duy nht. Mt khi
ti nguyn ch ng mt mnh, khng bao gi c lin kt vi cc khi khc.
Khi chc nng
Cc khi chc nng nh ngha chc nng v c tnh ca mt h thng iu
khin.
Cc tham s u vo v u ra ca cc khi chc nng c th c lin kt vi
nhau qua bus, to ra cu trc ca chng trnh ng dng. Vic thc hin mi khi
chc nng c lp lch mt cch chnh xc. Mt chng trnh ng dng c th bao
gm nhiu khi chc nng. Hip hi FF nh ngha mt lp chun cc khi chc nng,
trong cc khi quan trng nht l:
AI (Analog Input): i din cho mt u vo tng t
AO (Analg Output): i din cho mt u ra tng t
B (Bias): biu din dch
CS (Control Selector): khi la chn iu khin
Di (Digital Input): i din cho mt u vo s
Do (Digital Output): i din cho mt u ra s
ML (Manual loader): khi np bng tay
PD (Proportional/Derivative): b iu chnh t l/vi phn
PID (Proportional/Integral/Derivative): b iu chnh PID
RA (Ratio): khi t l.
T tng khc bit so vi cc h bus khc l y cc khi chc nng c tch
hp trong cc thit b bus trng cung cp chc nng c th ca thit b. V d, mt
cm bin nhit c th cha mt khi AI, mt van iu chnh c th cha mt khi
PID v mt khi AO. Nh vy, mt vng iu khin ch cn s dng ba khi chc
nng trong hai thit b ny.
Khi bin i
Cc khi bin i c chc nng tch bit cc khi chc nng khi s ph thuc
148

vo c ch vo/ra vt l c th. Thng thng, mi khi chc nng vo/ra c mt khi

bin i tng ng. Mt khi bin i cha cc thng tin chi tit nh ngy hiu chnh,
kiu cm bin hoc c cu chp hnh.
Bn cnh ba kiu khi c bn, cc i tng sau y cng c nh ngha: Cc
khi lin kt (Link Objects) nh ngha lin kt gia cc u vo/ra ca cc khi chc
nng, ni b trong mt thit b cng nh xuyn mng bus trng.
Cc i tng ghi th (Tren Objects) cho php ghi li d liu thi gian thc ti
ch cc tham s khi chc nng c th truy nhp t my ch hoc t cc thit b
khc.
Cc i tng cnh bo (Alert Objects) cho php gi cc bo ng, s kin trn
bus.
Cc i tng hin th (View Objects) l cc nhm cc tp tham s khi c
nh ngha trc c th s dng trn cc giao din ngi my. Chc nng ca mt
thit b c xc nh bi s sp xp v lin kt gia cc khi. Cc chc nng ny
c m t ra bn ngoi thng qua thit b trng o VFD, nh ni trn y. u
ca mt danh mc i tng ng dng ch ti mt mc "Directory'', tc mc u tin
trong ng dng cc khi chc nng, nh c minh ho trn hnh 3.39.

3.8 Ethernet
Ethernet l kiu mng cc b (LAN) c s dng rng ri nht hin nay. Thc
cht, Ethernet ch l mng cp di (lp vt l v mt phn lp lin kt d liu), v
vy c th s dng cc giao thc khc nhau pha trn, trong TCP/IP l tp giao
thc c s dng ph bin nht. Tuy vy, mi nh cung cp sn phm c th thc
hin giao thc ring hoc theo mt chun quc t cho gii php ca mnh trn c s
149

Ethernet. Hnh speed Ethernet (HSE) ca Fieldbus Foundation chnh l mt trong tm

h bus trng c chun ho quc t theo IEC 61158.
Ethernet c xut x l tn gi mt sn phm ca cng ty Xerox, c s dng
u tin vo nm 1975 ni mng 100 trm my tnh vi cp ng trc di 1km, tc
truyn 2,94mbit/s v p dng phng php truy nhp bus CSMA/CD. T s thnh
cng ca sn phm ny, Xerox cng DEC v Intel xy dng mt chun
10Mbit/s-Ethernet. Chun ny chnh l c s cho IEEE 802.3u), Ethernet ngy cng
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng cng nghip. Bn cnh vic s dng
cp ng trc i dy xon v cp quang, gn y Ethernet khng dy (Wireless LAN,
IEEE 802.11) cng ang thu ht s quan tm hn.
3.8.1 Kin trc giao thc:
Hnh 3.40 minh ho kin trc giao thc ca Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 trong tp chun
IEEE 802. Lp lin kt d liu c chia thnh 2 lp con l lp LLC (Logical Link
Control) v MAC (Medium Access Control). Nh vy, phm vi ca Ethernet/IEEE
802.3 ch bao gm lp vt l v lp MAC.
2b LLC

802.2

2a MAC
1 Vt l

CSMA/CD
802.1

802.3

802.14

Hnh 3.35: Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 trong tp chun IEEE 802

im khc bit c bn so vi c t Ethernet lc u l chun 802.3 a ra
mt h cc h thng mng trn c s CSMA/CD, vi tc truyn t 1-10Mbit/s cho
nhiu mi trng truyn dn khc nhau. Bn cnh , trong cu trc bc in cng c
s khc bit nh: cha chiu di bc in theo 802.3 ch nh kiu giao thc pha
trn Ethernet (xem mc M ho bit v cu trc bc in). Tuy nhin, ngy nay khi ta
ni ti Ethernet cng l ch mt loi sn phm thc hin theo chun IEEE 802.3.
3.8.2 Cu trc mng v k thut truyn dn:
V mt logic, Ethernet c cu trc bus. Cu trc mng vt l c th l ng
thng hoc hnh sao tu theo phng tin truyn dn. B loi cp thng dng nht
cng cc c tnh c lit k trong bng 3.10. Cc tn hiu 10BASE5, 10BASE2,
10BASE-T v 10BASE-F c s dng vi ngha nh sau:

150

Loi 10BASE5 cn c gi l cp dy (Thich Ethernet), loi cp ng trc

thng c mu vng theo ngh trong 802.3. K hiu 10BASE5 c ngha l tc
truyn ti a 10Mbit/s, phng php truyn ti di c s v chiu di mt on mng
ti a 500 mt. Loi cp ng trc th hai c k hiu 10BASE2 c gi l cp mng
(Thin Ethernet), r hn nhng hn ch mt on mng phm vi 200 mt v s lng
30 trm.
Bng 3.10: Mt s loi cp truyn Ethernet thng dng
Tn hiu

Loi cp

Chiu di ti a

S trm ti a/on

10BASE5

Cp ng trc dy

500m

100

10BASE2

Cp ng trc mng

200m

30

10BASE-T

i dy xon

1 00m

1024

10BASE-F

Cp quang

2000m

1024

Ba kiu ni dy vi cp ng trc v i dy xon c minh ho trn hnh 3.42

vi 10BASE5, b ni c gi l vi ht (vampire tap), ng vai tr mt b thu pht
(transceiver). B thu pht cha vi mch in t thc hin chc nng nghe ngng ng
truyn v nhn bit xung t. Trong trng hp xung t c pht hin, b thu pht
gi mt tn hiu khng hp l tt c cc b thu pht khc cng c bit rng xung
t xy ra. Nh vy, chc nng ca module giao din mng c gim nh. Cp ni
gia b thu pht v cm giao din mng c gi l cp thu pht, c th di ti 50 mt
v cha ti nm i dy xon bc lt ring bit (STP). Hai i dy cn cho trao i d
liu, hai i cho truyn tn hiu iu khin, cn i th nm c th s dng cung cp
ngun cho b thu pht. Mt s b thu pht cho php ni ti tm trm qua cc cng khc
nhau, nh vy tit kim c s lng b ni cng nh cng lp t.

151

Hnh 3.36: Ba kiu mng Ethernet vi cp ng trc v i dy xon

Vi 10BASE2, card giao din mng c ni vi cp ng trc thng qua b ni
th ng BNC hnh ch T. B thu pht c tch hp trong bng mch in t ca
module giao din mng bn trong my tnh. Nh vy, mi trm c mt b thu pht
ring bit.
V bn cht, c hai kiu dy vi cp ng trc nh ni trn u thc hin cu
trc bus (vt l cng nh logic), v th c u im l tit kim dy dn. Tuy nhin, cc
li phn cng nh t cp, lng b ni rt kh pht hin trc tuyn. Mc d c mt
s bin php khc phc, phng php tin cy hn l s dng cu trc hnh sao vi b
chia (hup) hoc mt b chuyn mch (Switch, xem 3.5). Cu trc ny thng thng
c p dng vi i dy xon, nhng cng c th p dng c vi cp ng trc (v
d Industrial Enthemet).
Vi 10BASE-T, cc trm c ni vi nhau qua mt b chia ging nh cch ni
cc my in thoi. Trong cu trc ny, vic b sung hoc tch mt trm ra khi mng
cng nh vic pht hin li cp truyn rt n gin. Bn cnh nhc im l tn dy
dn v cng i dy th chi ph cho b chia cht lng cao cng l mt vn . Bn
cnh , khong cch ti a cho php t mt trm ti b chia thng b hn ch trong
vng 100-150 mt.
Bn cnh cp ng trc v i dy xon th cp quang cng c s ng nhiu
trong Ethernet, trong c bit ph bin l 10BASE-F. Vi cch ghp ni duy nht
l im-im, cu trc mng c th l daisy-chain, hnh sao hoc hnh cy. Thng
thng, chi ph cho cc b ni v chn u cui rt ln nhng kh nng khng nhiu
tt v tc truyn cao l cc yu t quyt nh trong nhiu phm vi ng dng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, ta c th s dng phi hp nhiu loi trong mt mng
Ethernet. V d, cp quang hoc cp ng trc dy c th s dng l ng trc chnh
hay xng sng (backbone) trong cu trc cy, vi cc ng nhnh l cp mng hoc
i dy xon. i vi mng quy m ln, c th s dng cc b lp. Mt h thng
khng hn ch s lng cc on mng cng nh s lng cc b lp, nhng ng
dn gia hai b thu pht khng c php di qu 2,km cng nh khng c i qua
qu bn b lp.
Ton b cc h thng theo chun 802.3 s dng ch truyn ng b vi m
152

Manchester (xem 2.7). Bit 0 tng ng vi sn ln v bit 1 ng vi sn xung ca

xung gia mt chu k bit. Mc tn hiu i vi mi trng cp in l +0,85V v
-0,85V, to mc trung ho l OV.
3.8.3 C ch giao tip:
S ph bin ca Ethernet c c l nh tnh nng m. Th nht, Enthemet ch
quy nh lp vt l v lp MAC, cho php cc h thng khc nhau tu thc hin cc
giao thc v dch v pha trn. Th hai, phng php truy nhp bus ngu nhin
CSMA/CD (xem 2.5) khng yu cu cc trm tham gia phi bit cu hnh mng, v
vy c th b sung hay tch mt trm ra khi mng m khng nh hng ti phn
mng cn li. Th ba, vic chun ho sm trong IEEE 802.3 gip cho cc nh cung
cp sn phm thc hin d dng hn.
Trong mt mng Ethernet, khng k ti b chia hoc b chuyn mch th tt c
cc trm u c vai tr bnh ng nh nhau. Mi trm (hay ni cch khc l mi
module giao in mng, mi card mng c mt a ch Ethernet ring bit, thng nht
ton cu. Vic giao tip gia cc trm c thc hin thng qua cc giao thc pha
trn, v d NetBUI, OPX/SPX hoc TCP/1P. Tu theo giao thc c th, cn cc (tn,
m s hoc a ch) ca bn gi v bn nhn trong mt bc in ca lp pha trn (v
d lp mng) s c dch sang a ch Ethernet trc khi chuyn xung lp MAC.
Bn cnh c ch giao tip tay i, Ethernet cn h tr phng php gi thng
bo ng lot (multicast v broadcast). Mt thng bo multicast gi ti mt nhm cc
trm, trong khi mt thng bo broadcast gi ti tt c cc trm. Cc loi thng bo ny
c phn bit bi kiu a ch, nh c trnh by trong mc sau.
3.8.4 Cu trc bc in:
IEEE 802.3/Ethernet ch quy nh lp MAC v lp vt l, v vy mt bc in
cn c gi l khung MAC. Cu trc mt khung MAC c minh ho trn hnh 3.43
M u
(555..5H)

FSD a chi ch
(D5H)

a ch
ngun

di/
Kiu gi

D liu

PAD

FCS

Hnh 3.37. Cu trc khung MA C theo IEEE 802.3/Ethernet

M u mt khung MAC l 56 bit 0 v 1 lun phin, tc 7 byte ging nhau c
gi tr 55H. Vi m Manchester, tn hiu tng ng s c dng tun hon, c bn
nhn s dng ng b nhp vi bn gi. Nh vy, vic ng b ho ch c thc
hin mt ln cho c bc in. tc truyn 10 Mbits, khong thi gian ng b ho
l 5,6s. Tip sau l mt byte SFD (Start of Frame Delimiter) cha dy bit 10101011,
nh du khi u khung MAC. ng ra, dy bit m u v byte SFD khng thc s
thuc vo khung MAC.
Theo 802.3 a ch ch v a ch ngun c th l 2 hoc 6 byte, nhng chun
153

quy nh cho truyn di c s 10Mbit/s (tc 10BASEX) ch s dng a ch 6 byte, bit

cao nht trong a ch ch c gi tr 0 cho cc a ch thng thng v gi tr 1 cho cc
a ch nhm. i vi cc thng bo gi cho tt c cc trm (broadcast), tt c cc bit
trong a ch ch s l 1.
C hai loi a ch Ethernet l cc a ch cc b v cc a ch ton cu, c
phn bit bi bit 46 (bit gn cao nht). Cc a ch cc b c th cng hoc t
bng phn mm v khng c ngha ngoi mng cc b. Ngc li, mt a ch ton
cu c IEEE cp pht, lun c cng trong vi mch m bo s thng nht
trn ton th gii. Vi 46 bit, c th c tng cng 7*10-3 a ch ton cu, cng nh
7*10-3 a Ch cc b. Tuy nhin, s lng cc trm cho php trong mt h thng
mng cng nghip cn ph thuc vo kiu cp truyn, giao thc pha trn cng nh
c tnh ca cc thit b tham gia mng.
Mt s khc bit gia Ethernet v IEEE 802.3 l ngha tip sau phn a ch.
Theo c t Ethernet, hai byte ny cha m giao thc chuyn gi pha trn. C
th, m 0800H ch giao thc IP (Internet Protocol) v 0806H ch giao thc ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol). Theo 802.3, ny cha s byte d liu (t 0 n
1500). Vi iu kin rng buc gia tc truyn v (tnh bng bit/s), chiu di bc
in n v khong cch truyn l (tnh bng mt) ca phng php CSMA/CD (xem
2.5.5).
IV < 100.000.000n
m bo tc truyn 10Mbit/s v khong cch 2.500m th mt bc in phi
di hn 250bit hay 32 byte. Xt ti c thi gian tr qua bn b lp, chun 802.3 quy
nh chiu di khung ti thiu l 64 byte (51,2s), khng k phn m u v byte SFD.
Nh vy, d liu phi c chiu di ti thiu l 46 byte. Trong trng hp d liu
thc ngn hn 46 byte, PAD (padding) c s dng lp y.
cui cng trong khung MAC cha m CRC 32 bit vi a thc pht:
G(x) = x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
Phn thng tin c kim sot li bao gm cc a ch, chiu di v d liu.
3.8.5 Truy nhp bus:
Mt vn thng gy lo ngi trong vic s dng Ethernet cp trng l
phng php truy nhp bus ngu nhin CSMA/CD v s nh hng ti hiu sut cng
nh tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng. y, mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh
ti hiu sut ca h thng l thut ton tnh thi gian ch truy nhp li cho cc trm
trong trng hp xy ra xung t.
Thi gian lan truyn tn hiu mt ln qua li ng truyn c gi l khe thi
gian. Gi tr ny c tnh cho ti a 2,5km ng truyn v bn b lp l 512 thi
154

gian bit hay 51,2s. Sau ln xy ra xung t u tin mi trm s chn ngu nhin 0
hoc 1 ln khe thi gian ch trc khi th gi li. Nu hai trm ngu nhin cng chn
mt khong thi gian, hoc c s xung t mi vi mt trm th ba, th s khe thi
gian la chn ch s l 0, 1, 2 hoc 3..Sau ln xung t th i, s khe thi gian chn
ngu nhin nm trong khong t 0 ti 21-1. Tuy nhin, sau mi ln xung t, s khe
thi gian ch ti a s c gi li con s 1023. Sau 16 ln xung t lin tip, cc
trm s coi l li h thng v bo tr li lp giao thc pha trn. Thut ton ni ting
ny c gi l Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB).
3.8.6 Hiu sut ng truyn v tnh nng thi gian thc:
Vi gi thit ti tng i ln v khng thay i, hiu sut ng truyn ti u
trong mng Ethernet c xc nh theo cng thc ([l])
Hiu sut ti u =

1+2evl/cn
vi e l gi tr ti u cho s khe thi gian tranh chp trn mt khung, v l tc
truyn, 1 l chiu di dy dn, c l tc lan truyn tn hiu v n l chiu di trung
bnh ca mt khung tnh bng bit.
Hiu sut ti u l mt gi tr l tng, ch t c khi ng truyn c s
dng lin tc v hu nh khng c xung t trn ng truyn. Khi s lng trm tng
ln, nu khng c s iu khin lp giao thc pha trn th hiu sut s gim i ng
k. Trn hnh 3.44 l th m t quan h gia hiu sut ng truyn v s lng
trung bnh cc trm ng thi ch gi thng tin; Lu , s trm ghi trn trc honh
khng phi l s trm trong mng. Hiu sut thc t kh c th xc nh mt cch
chnh xc cho mt cu hnh mng.
Nh vy, vic tng tc hoc khong cch u dn ti gim gi tr hiu sut ti
u. Nhng iu khng c ngha l tng tc truyn s nh hng xu ti tnh
nng thi gian thc ca h thng. Lu s khc nhau gia hiu sut s dng ng
truyn (ti u) v tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng. Mc d phng php truy
nhp bus l ngu nhin, tnh nng thi gian thc c th ci thin rt nhiu nu c ch
giao tip ca cc lp trn c thit k hp l. C th, thng qua c ch giao tip ca
cc lp trn c thit k hp l. C th, thng qua c ch giao tip pha trn cc ta c
th b sung bin php kim sot truy nhp v trnh c xung t. V d, trong mt
mng cp thp c th thc hin c ch giao tip ch/t v hi tun t. Nu ch c mt
trm ch th vic xy ra xung t s khng xy ra, tr trng hp c cc thng bo t
xut. Nu s lng trm ch l 2, ta c th xc sut trng hp cc trm phi th nhiu
ln sau khi xy ra xung t. Theo lut ton BEB, xc sut hai trm xung t ti ln th
155

2 l 0,5, ln th 3 l 0,5/4 = 0,125, ln th 4 l 0,125/8 = 0,015625... Tng qut, khi

xy ra xung t th xc sut hai trm li xung t ti ln th i (i > 2) l p(i) = p(i-1)/2i-1
C th thy khi s lng trm c th cng xung t nhiu hn 2 th vic tnh ton s
tr nn phc tp hn rt nhiu.

Hnh 3.38: Hiu sut ng truyn Ethernet 10Mbit/s

Bn cnh vn bt nh trong truy nhp bus, cn phi xt ti tin cy ca
mng Ethernet. Mc d Ethernet c kh nng pht hin li xung t v cc li khung,
cc trm khng h c xc nhn v trng thi cc bc in nhn c. Nh vy, vic
trao i thng tin mt cch tin cy nht thit phi nh vo mt giao thc thch hp
pha trn. Trong cc h thng mng cc b vn phng cng nh cc mng cng nghip
da trn Ethernet, tp giao thc TCP/IP c s dng rng ri nht. Thng qua cc c
ch xc nhn thng bo, gi li d liu v kim sot lung giao thng, tin cy cng
nh tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng c ci thin ng k.
3.8.7 Mng LAN 802.3 chuyn mch:
Khi s trm tham gia tng ln nhiu, hot ng giao tip trong mng s b tc
nghn mt mt do tc truyn hn ch, mt khc c ch truy nhp bus khng cn
m bo c hiu sut nh trong iu kin bnh thng. khc phc ta c th s
dng mng Ethernet tc cao hoc/v s dng c ch chuyn mch. Mng LAN
802.3 chuyn mch c xy dng trn c s 10BASE-T vi tc truyn 10Mbit/s
thng thng. Mc ch ca vic s dng cc b chuyn mch l phn phn vng
xung t v v th hn ch xung t.

156

Hnh 3.39: S dng b lp trong mng LAN 802.3 chuyn mch

Hnh 3.45 minh ho cu trc ghp ni mng LAN 802.3 vi mt b chuyn mch
(switch). Mt b chuyn mch tc cao thng gm 4 n 32 module, mi module
c 1 n 8 cng ni. Cc trm c th ni trc tip vo mt cng ca b chuyn mch,
hoc qua mt b chia.
C hai kiu phn vng xung t (collision domain) l theo tng module hoc
theo tng cng. Mt b lp h tr phn vng xung t theo module cho khng cho
php cc trm ni chung mt moule cng gi tn hiu, nhng cho php cc module
hot ng song song, c lp. Nu trm ch nm module khc, b chuyn mch s
sao chp bc in v gi ti module tng ng. Mt b lp phn vng xung t theo
tng cng khng nhng cho php cc module hot ng song song, m cn cho php
tt c cc cng trn mt module ng thi tip nhn tn hiu gi. Cng vi c ch sao
chp vo b m, mi bc in s ch c gi ra cng tng ng vi trm ch.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca LAN 802.3 chuyn mch c ng dng rng ri
trong h thng mng cng nghip. Vi k thut chuyn mch hin i, khng nhng
bng thng tng th ca h thng c nng cao, m tnh nng thi gian thc cng
c ci thin ng k.
3.8.8 Fast Ethernet:
Fast Ethernet l s pht trin tip theo ca Ethernet, c chun ho trong IEEE
802.3u. Fast Ethernet cho php truyn vi tc 100Mbit/s. m bo tng thch
vi Ethernet, ton b c ch giao tip v kin thc giao thc c gi nguyn, duy ch
c thi gian bit c gim t 100ms xung 10ns. V mt k thut, cp ng trc loi
10BASE5 v 10BASE2 vn c th s dng cho Fast Ethernet vi chiu di ti a gim
xung mi ln. Tuy nhin, phng php ni mng s dng i dy xon v b chia
c u th vt tri, v vy tt c cc h Fast Ethernet u khng h tr cp ng trc.
Ba loi cp chun cho Fast Ethernet c lit k trong bng 3.11.
Bng 3.11: Mt s loi cp truyn Fast Ethernet thng dng
157

Tn hiu

Loi cp

Chiu di on ti a

100BASE-T4

i dy xon hng 3

100m

100BASE-TX

i dy xon hng 5

100m

100BASE-FX

Cp quang

2000m

Loi 100BASE-T4 s dng bn i dy xon UTP hng 3. Di tn ca hng cp

ny b gii hn 25MHZ, trong khi m Manchester s dng trong Ethernet thng
thng to tn s tn hiu cao gp i so vi tn s nhp, tc truyn trn mi i
dy l ra ch l 12,5Mbit/s. t c tc truyn 100Mbit/s, mt phng php m
ho bit vi tn hiu ba mc thay v hai mc c s dng y. ng thi, 100BASET4 phi dng ti bn i dy xon (v th c k hiu T4), trong mt i lun truyn
ra v hai i cn li c s dng linh hot theo chiu ang truyn. Vi ba i dy v
ba mc tn hiu, trong mt nhp c th truyn c 4 bit, nng tc truyn tng cng
ln 100Mbit/s.
Vi 100BASE-TX, i dy xon hng 5 c s dng c kh nng lm vic
tn s nhp 125MHZ v cao hn na. Vic s dng hai i dy xon to kh nng
truyn hai chiu ng thi. Khc vi 100BASE-T4, mt phng php m ho bit c
tn l 4B5B c s dng y. Dy bit t khung MAC c m ho ti thnh cc t
hp 5 bit trn ng truyn. Ch c 16 trong 32 t hp biu din d liu, cc t hp
cn li c s dng cho nh du, iu khin v tn hiu phn cng.
i vi mi loi mng trn, vic ni dy c th thng qua mt b chia hoc mt
b chuyn mch. Mt b chuyn mch c chi ph cao hn nhiu so vi mt b chia,
nhng nng cao hiu sut ca h thng mt cch ng k nh chc nng phn vng
xung t.
Loi 100BASE-FX cng cho php truyn hai chiu ton phn, s dng hai si
quang a ch cho hai chiu. i vi cc ng dng i hi khong cch truyn ln
hoc kh nng khng nhiu cao th y l gii php thch hp.
3.8.9 High speed Ethernet:
High Speed Ethernet (HSE) l mt cng ngh bus do Fieldbus Foundation (FF)
pht trin trn c s Fast Ethernet v cng l mt trong tm h bus c chun ho
trong IEC 61158 vo cui nm 1999. Vi tc truyn 100Mbit/s, HSE c thit k
cho vic ni mng trn cp iu khin v iu khin gim st, b sung cho mng Hl
cp thp. HSE s dng a ch 48-bit v 64-byte khung MAC ti thiu nh Ethernet
chun, trong khi c th ng thi truyn cc thng bo dch v Hl cng nh cc thng
bo dch v Hl cng nh cc thng bo ring ca HSE. Bn cnh , HSE h tr rt
tt vic d phng, ng b thi gian cng lin kt nhiu giao thc.
Kin thc giao thc
158

Hnh 3.46 m t kin trc giao thc HSE, pha di, HSE s dng hon ton lp
vt l v lp MAC theo IEEE 802.3. Cng nh nhiu h thng da trn Ethernet khc,
lp mng s dng giao thc IP (Internet Protocol) v lp vn chuyn s dng TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) hoc UDP (User Datagram Protocol). c bit, HSE
b sung mi mt c t, trong hu ht thuc lp ng dng nh quy nh v cc
khi chc nng ng dng, cc dch v qun tr mng, qun l h thng, c ch d
phng, truy nhp thit b trng...
Cp pht a ch ng
High Speed Ethernet s dng cc giao thc chun DHCP (Dynamic Host Control
Protocol) v IP (Inernet Protocol) cng nh chc nng qun l h thng cp pht
ng a ch cho cc trm. Sau khi nhn c yu cu cp a ch t mt thit b,
DHCP Server s tm mt a ch IP cn trng v cp pht cho thit b yu cu. Tip
theo, thit b thng bo cho phn qun l h thng (System Manager) v c cp pht
mt nhn thit b vt l (Physical Device Tag). Mt khi a ch v mi lin kt c
thit lp, phn qun l h thng c th np cu hnh xung thit b
Cu trc d phng
V c bn, gii php d phng HSE da vo cc cu trc v thnh phn Ethernet
thng dng. C hai dng d phng-d phng mng v d phng thit b-u c h
tr. Mt v d cu hnh d phng tiu biu c minh ho trn hnh sau:

NMA Network Management Agent (ip vin qun tr mng)

VFD Vituarl Field Device (Thit b trng o)
OD Object Directory (Th mc i tng)
SMIB System Management lnfomation Basic (C s thng tin qun l h thng)
NMIB Network Management Infomation Basic (C s thng tin qun tr mng)
SMK System Management Kemel (Nhn qun tr h thng)
LRE LAN Redundancy Entry
DHCP Dynamic Host Control Protocol (Giao thc iu khin cp a ch ng)
SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol (Giao thc thi gian mng n gin)
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (Giao thc qun tr mng n gin)
FBFA Function Block Application (ng dng khi chc nng)
Hnh 3.40. Kin trc giao thc HSE
159

Khi chc nng linh hot

Khi chc nng (Function Block, FB) l mt khi nim trng tm trong
Foundation Fieldbus Hl v HSE. M rng m hnh khi chc nng cho cc ng dng
sn xut gin on, cc khi chc nng linh hot (Flexible Function Block, FFB) c
coi nh phn mm bao bc, i din cho cc thut ton ng dng c bit hoc cc
cng vung tng t cng nh s. Cc ngn ng chun c nh ngha trong IEC
61131-3 c th s dng to cc khi chc nng linh hot, tng t nh vi cc khi
chc nng thng thng. Cng thng qua cc khi chc nng linh hot ny, vic lin
kt vi Hl cng nh vi cc h thng s dng giao thc khc c thc hin mt cch
thng nht.
3.8.10 Industrial Ethernet:
Ti thi im ny, Industrial Ethernet (IE) cha phi l mt chun quc t, m
ch l tn ca mt lot cc dng sn phm do mt s nh sn xut (trong c
Synergetic, Siemens) a ra. Thc cht, IE ch l ethernet vi cc thnh phn mng
thch hp trong mi trng cng nghip. V d, loi cp ng trc bc lt kp hoc
cp i dy xon STP c s dng thay cho cc loi cp thng thng. Cc phn
cng mng nh module giao din, b chia hoc router c thit k vi kiu dng
cng nghip, c tin cy cao, chu c trong iu kin lm vic kht khe hn so vi
mng Ethernet vn phng. c bit, cc b chuyn mch v cc b chia thng c
trang b tnh nng d phng. Bng 3.12 so snh mt s tnh nng gia IE v Ethernet
qua sn phm ca Synergetic.
Bng 3.12: So snh mt s tnh nng sn phm Industrial Ethernet v Ethernet
Sn phm Industrial Ethernet ca Synergetic

Nhit lm vic
Chng chy
Bng mch nhiu lp
(khng nhiu)
Kiu b ni

Sn phm Ethernet
vn phng

Hubs

Router

NIC's (Network
Interface Card)

00C - 600C
X

00C - 600C
X

00C - 600C
X

50C - 400C
Ty theo sn phm

khng

DB-9 vn c,
RJ- 45, quang

RJ-45

DB-9 vn c, DB-9 vn c,
RJ-45, quang RJ-45, quang

D phng (tch hp)

khng

V hp cng nghip

khng

24 VDC

24 VDC

110/220 VAC

Ngun

160

Chng IV: CC THNH PHN H THNG MNG

4.1 Phn cng
Giao din mng l mt thnh phn ghp ni chnh ca mt thit b vi mi
trng truyn thng, trong c phn cng v phn mm u c vai tr nht nh.
Thc cht cc thnh phn giao din mng chnh l ct li ca mt h thng truyn
thng.Mt thnh phn giao din mng c th c thc hin c lp, hoc tch hp vi
thit b. Card giao din mng cho my tnh c nhn, modul x l truyn thng cho
PLC hoc cc modul giao din mng cho cc thit b vo/ra phn tn l mt vi v d
cho cc thnh phn giao din mng c lp. Khng k my tnh c nhn th a s cc
nh sn xut cng cung cp cc h thit b c tch hp giao din mng. V d, h tr
cu trc ghp ni vo/ra phn tn, rt nhiu loi PLC c tch hp giao din bus
trng (PROFIBUS-DP, DeviceNet..) sn trong CPU.
4.1.1 Cu trc chung cc phn cng giao din mng:
Mt giao din mng bao gm cc thnh phn x l giao thc truyn thng (phn
cng v phn mm) v cc thnh phn thch ng cho thit b c ni mng.
Lu rng nhiu khi ta khng th nh ngha ranh gii r rng gia phn cng
v phn mm. Phm vi chc nng ca cc thnh phn ny c th giao nhau. Phn cng
thc hin chc nng ca lp vt l v c th mt phn hay ton b chc nng ca cc
lp lin kt d liu v lp mng. Phm vi chc nng ca phn mm l x l giao thc,
c th t lp lin kt d liu cho ti lp ng dng. Tuy nhin, v cc l do v tnh nng
thi gian trong vn to xung nhp, ng b nhp, trch mu tn hiu v m ha bit,
lp vt l bt buc phi do cc vi mch cng m nhim. Phn mm c th di dng
phn sn (firmware) cng trong vi x l, phn mm giao thc tch hp trong h
iu hnh hoc di dng cc hm th vin c gi trong chng trnh ng dng.

Hnh trn m t cu trc tiu biu phn cng ghp ni bus trng cho cc thit
b, s dng ch yu cho cc vi mch tch hp cao. Phn cng ny c th thc hin
di dng mt bng mch ring c th ghp b sung, hoc tch hp sn trong bng
mch ca thit b.
161

Chc nng x l giao thc truyn thng c th c thc hin bng mt b vi x

l thng dng kt hp vi vi mch thu pht khng ng b a nng UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter). Vi mch UART thc hin vic chuyn i cc
d liu song song t vi x l sang mt dy bit ni tip. Phn mm x l giao thc
c lu tr trong b nh EPROM/EEPROM hoc Flash-ROM. Phng php ny c
nhc im l tnh nng thi gian x l truyn thng rt kh xc nh v kim nghim
mt cch chnh xc. Bn cnh chi ph cho thit k, pht trin, th nghim v chng
nhn hp chun phn mm x l giao thc cho mt loi vi x l c th c th rt ln.
khc phc cc vn trn y, nhiu cng ty cho sn xut hng lot cc vi mch
chuyn dng cho mt loi bus, c gi l ASIC (Application Specifc Integrated
Circuit), a dng v cht lng, hiu nng v gi thnh. Mt s ASIC thm ch cn
c tch hp sn mt s phn mm ng dng nh cc thut ton iu khin, chc
nng tin x l tn hiu v chc nng t chun on, nh vic phn tn cc chc
nng t ng ha xung cc thit b trng c ni mng khng nhng gim ti cho
my tnh iu khin cp trn, m cn ci thin tnh nng thi gian thc ca h thng.

Hnh 4.2: Cu trc tiu biu mt bng mch giao din bus
Tuy nhin, thng thng cc bng mch vi in t 'cng" khng m nhim
ton b chc nng x l giao thc truyn thng, m ch thc hin dch v thuc cc
lp di trong m hnh OSI, cn cc phn mm trn thuc trch nhim ca phn mm
th vin hoc phn mm ng dng. Trong mt s h thng bus hoc mt s sn phm,
nh sn xut to iu kin cho ngi s dng la chn mt trong nhiu kh nng.
Hu ht cc mch giao din bus u thc hin cch ly vi ng truyn trnh
162

gy nh hng ln nhau. Ngoi ra, cn mt b cung cp ngun nui trong trng hp

ng truyn tn, hiu khng ng ti ngun. a s cc thnh phn ghp ni cng cho
php thay i ch lm vic hoc tham s thng qua cc cng tc, jumper v hin th
trng thi thng qua cc n led.
4.1.2 Ghp ni PLC:
ghp ni PLC trong h thng mng, v d bus trng hoc bus h thng, c
th s dng cc modul truyn thng ring bit hoc trc tip cc CPU c tch hp giao
din mng.
Modul giao din mng
i vi cc PLC c cu trc kiu linh hot, mi thnh phn h thng nh ngun
(PS), b x l trung tm (CPU) v cc vo ra (I/O) u c thc hin bi mt modul
ring bit, mi module chim mt khe cm (slot) trn gi . Vic giao tip gia CPU
v cc module khc c thc hin thng qua mt bus ni b t trn gi
(backplane bus), theo ch truyn d liu song song. Khi , phng php c
dng rng ri nht ni mng l b xng thm mt module giao din (interface
module, IM) ring bit, tng t nh ghp ni cc module vo/ra. Cc module giao
din mng nhiu khi cng c gi l b x l truyn thng (communication
processer, CP), module giao din truyn thng ((ommunication tnterface module,
CIM) hoc ngn gn hn na l module truyn thng (communication module, CM).
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc module giao din ny cng phi do chnh nh sn
xut PLC cung cp.
Hnh v di y m t phng php s dng hai module giao din ring bit
ghp ni mt PLC vi hai cp mng khc nhau. Bus trng (v d PROFIBUS-DP)
ghp ni PLC vi cc thit b vo/ra phn tn v cc thit b trng khc. Bus h thng
(v d Ethernet) ghp ni cc PLC vi nhau v vi cc my tnh iu khin gim st v
vn hnh. Lu rng, y mi module giao din chnh l mt trm v c mt a ch
ring trong mng ca n.

Hnh 4.3. Giao din bus cho PLC vi module truyn thng
Ty theo thit k ca cc sn phm khc nhau cng nh ty theo loi mng c
th m trn cc module giao din c cc n hin th trng thi, cc cng tc t a
ch, t ch , cc cng ni cp truyn,VV...
CPU tch hp giao din mng
163

Bn cnh phng php thnh phn giao din mng ca mt thit b di dng
mt module tch ri, c mt b vi x l ring nh gii thiu trn y th mt gii php
kinh t cho cc thit b iu khin kh trnh l li dng chnh CPU cho vic x l
truyn thng. Cc vi mch giao din mng cng nh cc phn mm x l giao thc
c tch hp sn trong CPU. Phng php ny thch hp cho c cc PLC c cu trc
module v cu trc gn nh.

Hnh 4.4: S dng CPU tch hp giao din Profbus-DP

Hnh v trn minh ha vic ghp ni bus trng cho PLC bng gii php s dng
mt loi CPU thch hp, v d c sn mt cng PROFIBUS-DP.
ng nhin, ta cng c th kt hp vi gii php s dng mt module giao din
ring bit xy dng mt h thng mng phn cp.
Cn ni thm rng, cc CPU c kh nng x l truyn thng thng khng cung
cp ton b cc dch v ca mng, m ch thc hin mt s chc nng c bn nh t
ch lm vic, trao i d liu thun ty v chun on li. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng
giao tip trc tip gia CPU v cc trm khc trong mng i hi cc nh thit k PLC
phi t chc cc thc hin vng qut nh th no cho thch hp vi phng php giao
tip, nu khng hiu sut trao i d liu s rt thp. y cng l mt kha cnh ng
ch cho cc nh tch hp h thng khi thit k v la chn mng truyn thng.
4.1.3 Ghp ni PC:
Cc mch giao din mng cho my tnh c nhn cng c cu trc tng t nh
cho PLC. Tuy nhin, v tnh cht a nng ca b x l trung tm cng nh ca bng
mch chnh (mnh board), phng n th hai cho PLC (CPU tch hp kh nng truyn
thng) khng th thc hin c y. Cc module giao din mng cho PC thng
c thc hin di mt trong cc dng sau y:
Card giao din mng cho cc khe cm ISA, PCI, Compact-PCI...
B thch ng mng qua cng ni tip hoc cng song song Card PCMCIA
Ngoi ra, s dng Modem (trong hoc ngoi) cng l mt phng php thng
dng c th truy nhp mng thng qua PC v mt ng in thoi sn c.
Card giao din mng
Tng t nh cc PLC, CPU ca mt my tnh c nhn s dng h thng bus ni
164

b (bus song song) giao tip vi cc module vo/ra cho cc thit b ngoi vi nh
my in, bn phm, mn hnh,... bn cnh mt s module c tch hp sn trn bng
mch chnh, cc my tnh c nhn cn c mt s khe cm cho cc module vo/ra khc
v h tr vic m rng h thng. Mt Card giao din mng cho PC c lp vo mt
khe cm, thng thng theo chun ISA, PCI hoc Compact-PCI.
Trn mt Card giao din mng cho PC thng c mt b vi x l m nhim chc
nng x l giao thc. Tuy nhin, ty theo tng trng hp c th m ton b hay ch
mt phn chc nng thuc lp 7 (lp ng dng) c vi x l ca Card thc hin, phn
cn li s thuc trch nhim ca chng trnh ng dng, thng qua CPU ca my tnh.
S dng Card giao din, mt my tnh c nhn (cng nghip) t ti trung tm c
th ng thi thc hin nhim v iu khin c s thay cho mt PLC v m nhim
chc nng hin th qu trnh, iu khin gim st t xa thng qua h thng bus trng.
Th mnh ca gii php "PC-based control" ny chnh l gi thnh thp v tnh nng m
ca h thng. Mt vn c hu ca my tnh c nhn l tin cy thp trong mi
trng cng nghip mt phn c khc phc bi v tr t xa qu trnh k thut. Hn
th na, c th thit k mt cu hnh d phng nng nng cao tin cy ca gii php.
B thch ng mng qua cng ni tip/song song
Trong cc cu hnh ng dng n gin, c th dng cc b thch ng mng
(adapter) ni qua cc cng ca my tnh nh:
Cc cng ni tip theo chun RS-232 (COM1, COM2)
Cng ni tip theo chun USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Cc cng song song (LPT1, LPT2)
Mt b thch ng mng c vai tr nh mt trm trong mng, thc hin vic
chuyn i tn hiu t mt cng ni tip hoc song song ca my tnh sang tn hiu
theo chun ca mng, ng thi m nhim vic x l giao thc truyn thng.

Hnh 4.5: Ghp ni PC vi bus trng qua cng RS-232

Gii php s dng b thch ng mng c u im l n gin v linh hot. Tuy
nhin, tc truyn b hn ch bi kh nng c hu ca cc cng my tnh.
Card PCMCIA
i vi cc loi my tnh xch tay khng c kh nng m rng qua cc khe cm,
bn cnh phng php s dng b thch ng mng, ta c th ghp ni qua khe cm
PCMCIA vi kch c ca cm bng mt th in thoi. Phng php ny c bit tin
165

li cho cc my lp trnh, t cu hnh, tham s ha v chun on h thng cho cc

b iu khin v thit b trng.
4.1.4 Ghp ni vo/ra phn tn
c lp t gn k vi qu trnh k thut, cc thit b vo/ra phn tn cho php
tit kim mt cch trit cp truyn tn hiu t cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh ti
b iu khin. Bn cnh , cu trc vo/ra phn tn cn cho php s dng cc module
vo/ra khc nhau, khng nht thit phi ng b vi my tnh iu khin (PLC, PC,
Thc ra, mt thit b vo/ra phn tn ch khc vi mt PLC ch n khng c b x
l trung tm (CPU). Thay vo , n c tch hp cc vi mch giao din mng cng
nh phn mm x l giao thc. Ty theo cu trc ca thit b vo/ra phn tn l dng
module hay dng gn m phn giao din mng c thc hin bng mt module ring
bit hay khng. Hnh di y minh ha cc ni mng PROFIBUS-DP cho mt thit
b vo/ra phn tn c cu trc module. V nguyn tc, phng php ny khng khc so
vi cch ghp ni cc b PLC nh trnh by trn y.

Hnh 4. 6: Ghp ni vo/ra phn tn qua module giao din DP

4.1.5 Ghp ni cc thit b trng:
Cc thit b o thng minh, cc van iu khin, cc thit b quan st, cc b khi
ng ng c, cc b iu khin s v cc bin tn l nhng thit b trng tiu biu
c thc hin chc nng x l thng tin v thm ch chc nng iu khin ti ch. Ghp
ni cc thit b trng trc tip vi nhau v vi cp iu khin chnh l cu trc vo/ra
tin tin nht, cho php thc hin kin trc iu khin phn tn thc s.
Tng t nh i vi PLC hoc vo/ra phn tn, vic ni mng cc thit b
trng vi nhau v vi cp iu khin c th thc hin theo hai cch tng ng l s
dng module truyn thng ring bit v s dng cc thit b c tch hp giao din
mng. i vi cc h thng bus c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip
ch bin, xu hng hin nay l mt mt tch hp sn giao din mng, mt khc b
xung cc chc nng x l thng tin v iu khin trn cc thit b trng. Cng ngh
vi x l tin tin ngy nay cho php thc hin ton b cc chc nng trn mt bn
vi mch nh gn. Gii php ny mang li mt lot u im nh tit kim dy dn, u
t t hn cho b iu khin, tng tin cy ca ton h thng, tng kh nng trao i
thng tin. Hin nay Foundation Fieldbus l cng ngh i u xu hng ny.

166

Chng 5: MT S VN TRONG TCH HP H THNG

Chng ny cp ti mt s vn lin quan ti bi ton tch hp h thng s
dng mng truyn thng cng nghip. Bn cnh cc vn v thit k h thng mng,
vic nh gi v la chn gii php mng cng c bn ti. Cui cng, cc vn
lin quan ti chun cng nghip c vai tr quan trng trong vic tch hp h thng s
c tho lun.
5.1 Thit k h thng mng
5.1.1 Phn tch yu cu:
Cc yu t k thut
Khi thit k mt h thng mng ta cn quan tm ti hng lot cc yu t nh cu
trc mng, khong cch truyn, chng nhiu, kiu thng tin cn trao i, kch c bc
in, tc h thng, tr truyn thng, s lng v mt cc im vo/ra, chng loi
thit b iu khin, sch lc iu khin, kh nng tng thch, bin php an ton h
thng, o to nhn lc, kh nng v m rng trong tng lai. Cc yu t lin quan ti
mi trng lm vic nh nhiu in t, cp an ton in, rung, cht n mn, khng
gian v v tr lp t cng cn c lu .
Thit k mi, nng cp hoc thay th
Vi mt h thng c xy dng mi hon ton, nh tch hp h thng c nhiu
s la chn hn trong thit k mi. Vn cn bn su hn l i vi cc h thng
v ang hot ng. Khi cc yu t k thut c kho st, nh tch hp h thng
cn nghin cu v trao i vi ch u t v s la chn gii php nng cp hoc thay
th. Mt gii php nng cp c th ch l tm cch ni mng cc thit b c, hoc
nng cp mt h thng mng c lc hu trong khi s dng ti a cc thnh phn c
sn. Gii php nng cp c th tit kim cho u t, tuy nhin c th s khng tho
mn c mt s chc nng theo yu cu t ra v c th gy ra cc vn trong s
khng tng thch gia cc thnh phn mi v c. Mt gii php thay th a ra mt
thit k hon ton mi cho mt h thng lc hu.
Bn cnh b sung cc thnh phn h thng mng mi th y vic thay mi cc
thit b v l iu kh trnh khi. Thit k mi c th a ra mt gii php nht qun,
tuy nhin u t cao c th lm gim tnh thuyt phc ca d n.
Gi thnh, tnh sn sng v kh nng h tr
Nu so snh ti u t tng th cho thi gian 15-20 nm k c chi ph cho pht
trin, lp t, a vo vn hnh vo bo tr, gi mua mt h thng iu khin thng
thng ch chim khong 20%. Hn na, tin cy v tnh sn sng ca h thng
cng l cc yu t then cht quyt nh ti li nhun ca mt d n u t. V vy,
vic nh gi li th lu di do s dng bus trng em li l mt iu rt quan trng,
nh hng ti quyt nh u t v quyt nh gii quyt.
167

Tuy nhin, trong thc t nhiu nh tch hp h thng cng nh nhiu nh u t e

ngi vic a vo s dng cng ngh bus trng bi l do v hiu bit cng nh l do
bo th, p dng cng ngh mi i hi phi u t cho tm hiu v nghin cu th
nghim, trong khi vn tn ti mt s mo him trong u t. Cng phi ni rng, nu
nh mt gii php c in vn hot ng hiu qu c v mt k thut cng nh v mt
kinh t th c t l do phi t b. Song vi mt tnh th cnh tranh v ton cu ho nh
hin nay, ngay c cc tp on cng ngh t ng ho c tn tui nht cng phi t
tin ho v thay i t duy v gii php tch hp h thng.
5.1.2 Cc bc tin hnh:
Da vo cc yu cu c th nh nu, qu trnh thit k v a vo vn hnh
mt h thng mng c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:
* La chn kin trc iu khin: iu khin tp trung, iu khin phn tn kiu
DCS hoc iu khin phn tn trng.
* La chn gii php mng: Gii php mng nhiu khi cng ph thuc vo gii
php h thng, song trong thc t vn c th c mt vi s la chn. Thng thng ta
c th la chn mt t hp gii php bus h thng v bus trng "n " vi nhau, nh
s trnh by chi tit trong mc 5.2.
* La chn c ch giao tip: C ch hi p tun t, vo/ra tun hon hay khng
tun hon, cho hng lot hng, lp lch hoc khng lp lch, vo/ra theo s kin hoc
thng bo theo yu cu.
* La chn thit b: nh gi hiu sut lm vic ca cc thit b trn c s thi
gian cp nht d liu vo/ra, rung ca chu k iu khin v hiu sut thc hin
thut ton iu khin. Kho st cc c tnh truyn thng ca cc thit b nh tc
truyn, c ch giao tip, kiu giao tip, chng ch tng thch giao thc.
* Thit k cu trc mng: S dng cu trc mng thch hp nh ng trc
mng nhnh, mch vng, hnh sao hoc cy, m bo c cc yu cu v s trm,
tc truyn v khong cch truyn.
* Chn cu hnh cc b ngun cho mng: nh gi v tnh ton cng sut cc b
ngun cp sao cho ph hp vi s trm, kiu thit b v cp ni/b ni cng nh tha
mn cc yu cu v chng nhiu, chng chy n.
* t cu hnh mng: S dng cc my tnh vi phn mm cu hnh mng, cc
cng c cu hnh chuyn dng, cc cng tc v cht ti thit b t a ch, tc
truyn, quan h giao tip... i vi nhiu h thng, vic t cu hnh mng lin quan
trc tip ti lp trnh ng dng.
* Tip t: Ni cc ng dy trung tnh ca ngun DC cng nh v bc vi t
c tr khng thp. Nu s dng nhiu ngun cp, ch s dng ng tip t ti mt
168

ngun, tt nht l gn vi trung tm ca mng.

* Chy th: Kim tra hot ng truyn thng vi nhiu sch lc th khc nhau,
c th vi mt s hoc ton b cc thit b bt ngun. Lu rng hu ht cc li
truyn thng lin quan ti cp truyn, tr u cui, tip t, ngun cho mng, a ch
v tc truyn.
* Chn on li: Li thit b, li h mch, nhiu in t, tn hiu mo hoc suy
gim c th nhn bit bng nhiu phng php. Mt s li phn cn li. C th s
dng cc cng c chuyn dng nh bus monitor hoc cc my lp trnh vi cc phn
mm cu hnh mng chun on. Phn trnh by trong chng 2 chnh l cc kin
thc c s quan trng gip ch cho vic phn tch v chun on li.
5.2. nh gi v la chn gii php mng
T nhiu nm nay, cc ch bn ci trong vic tch hp h thng da trn c s
mng truyn thng cng nghip khng cn l vn "nn'' hay "khng nn", m
thng xoay quanh cu hi "mng g?". S hin din ca hng lot cc h thng truyn
thng cng nghip khc nhau trong k thut t ng ha mang n cho ngi s dng
nhiu c hi la chn nhng cng khng t thch thc. Vn mu cht khi nh gi,
la chn mt gii php khng ch nm yu cu v cc c tnh k thut, m cn lin
quan ti linh hot, kh nng m rng v gi thnh tng th ca h thng.
Mi h thng truyn thng cng nghip c nhng th mnh ring v c trng
dng trong mt s lnh vc nht nh. Trong mt tng lai gn, kh c mt loi no c
th chim c u th tuyt i. Cng chnh v vy, c gng chun ha mt h bus
trng thng nht trong khun kh IEC 61158 khng thnh nh mc ch t ra
ban u. Thay vo , cc thnh vin trong ban xy dng chun v cc i gia t ng
ha phi ngi li vi nhau nhiu ln v vo cui nm 1999 a ra mt gii php
tha hip gm nhiu bus thng dng. Bn cnh chun IEC 1158 -2 c th PROFIBUS,
Pine, WorldFip, INTERBUS, ControlNet, SwiftNet v Foundation Fildbus HSE
c a vo. Chun mi ny vn ang tip tc c pht trin v cho n nay cng
bao gm c Foundation Fieldbus H1, Ethernet/IP v PROFI net.
i vi cc nh cng vic thit k v tch hp h thng, vic nh gi gii php
khng phi bao gi cng l iu d dng. c mt quyt nh ng n trong vic
chn la mt h thng bus, hoc cng c khi phi kt hp mt vi h thng cho mt
gii php t ng ha, ta phi ch ti khng t nhng kha cnh k thut cng nh
c im ng dng c th. Di y, tc gi a ra mt quy trnh la chn gii php
mng ln lt da theo 4 tiu ch: c th ca cp ng dng, c th ca lnh vc ng
dng, yu cu k thut chi tit v yu cu kinh t.
5.2.1. c th ca cp ng dng:
Ngay trong chng m u, phn 1.3 phn tch rt r c th ca cc cp ng
169

dng v yu cu i vi cc h thng mng truyn thng cng nghip tng ng.

Trong thc t ngy nay, chng ta ch cn tp trung vo hai cp bus h thng (bus iu
khin) v bus trng (bus thit b). S khc nhau v yu cu gia hai cp ny th hin
cc im sau y:
* Bus h thng yu cu tc truyn cao hn nhiu so vi bus trng
* S lng trm ghp ni vi bus h thng thng t hn bus trng, chng
loi thit b ghp ni vi bus h thng cng ng nht hn.
* Bus h thng i hi tnh nng thi gian thc t ngt ngho hn bus trng.
C th ni, vic la chn h thng ngy nay gn nh xoay quanh mt s khng
nhiu h da trn nn Ethernet, trong khi s la chn i vi bus trng ln hn nhiu
Gn y c xu hng xut hin mt s t hp cng ngh nh HES vi Foundation
Fildbus H1, PROFI net vi PR OFIBUS v AS-i, Ethernet/IP vi ControlNet v
DeviceNet. y chnh l mt yu t tip th quan trng, c li cho cc nh sn xut
nhng ng thi cng d cho ngi s dng khi phi ng trc mt s la chn.
5.2.2. c th ca lnh vc ng dng:
Khi xy dng mt gii php ng dng mng truyn thng cng nghip ta phi
quan tm ti quy m v c th ca lnh vc ng dng. C th k ra mt s cc lnh
vc ng dng tiu biu nh:
* T ng ha cc thit b v my mc n l
* T ng ha qu trnh
* T ng ha x nghip
* T ng ha ta nh
* iu khin v gim st cc h thng giao thng vn ti
* iu phi v gim st cc h thng phn phi nng lng.
T ng ha cc thit b v my mc n l bao gm cc lnh vc iu khin cn
cu, iu khin thang my, iu khin my cng c, iu khin robot, iu khin
phng tin giao thng. dy hu nh ngi ta ch quan tm ti nhim v iu khin
t ng, cn iu khin gim st nu c th cng ch dng li chc nng giao din
ngi my n gin. Cc bi ton iu khin c th rt khc nhau, t iu khin lgc
ti iu khin qu trnh v iu khin chuyn ng. c th ca cc ng dng ny l
yu cu rt cao v tnh nng thi gian thc, trong khi lng d liu trao i khng ln.
Cc my mc, thit b c sn xut hng lot, v vy u t cho gii php iu khin
trn mt thnh phm phi tht tit kim. Cc giao thc n gin, ph hp cho ghp ni
trc tip cc cm bin v c cu chp hnh, c tnh tin nh v gi thnh thp. Mt
vi v d tiu biu l CAN, AS-i, SwiftNet v Sercos.
170

T ng ha qu trnh
T ng ha cng nghip thng c chia thnh mng l t ng ha qu trnh
(process automation) v t ng ha x nghip (factory automation), tng ng vi hai
lnh vc ng dng c bn l cng nghip ch bin, khai thc (process industry) v
cng nghip ch to, lp rp (manufacturing). Cng nghip ch bin v khai thc bao
gm cc ngnh du kh, than, ha du, ha cht, thc phm, dc phm, in lc, xi
mng, giy,... Cc ngnh cn li nh xe hi, ch to my cng c, luyn kim, cn thp,
in lc c xp vo cng nghip ch to, lp rp.
c th ca cc ngnh cng nghip khai thc v ch bin l cc qu trnh lin tc
din bin chm. V vy tn sut i d liu thp, tuy nhin bc in thng di
cha thng tin v cc bin tng t. Cng ngh bus trng y khng i hi tc
cao, nhng ph mng ln, phi c tnh tin nh v c s la chn cho ph hp
trong mi trng d chy n. Khng nghi ng g, hai cng ngh bus trng i u
trong lnh vc ny l Foundation H 1 v PROFIBUS-PA.
T ng ho x nghip
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch to v lp rp, bi ton iu khin logic v
iu khin trnh t ng vai tr trung tm, nu khng k ti bi ton iu khin my
mc v thit b n l, iu khin chuyn ng. Cc h thng iu khin v gim st
y thng c quy m nh hn so vi trong cng nghip ch bin, lng d liu cn
trao i thng t hn nhng c yu cu cao hn v thi gian phn ng. Cc gii php
mng tiu biu l INTERBUS, DeviceNet, PROFIBUS-DP v AS-i.
T ng ha ta nh
T ng ha ta nh l mt lnh vc ng dng c nhiu tim nng, c bit ti
cc khu vc ang pht trin xy dng mnh nh Vit Nam. Cc ta nh cng s, cc
khch sn, cc sn bay v ngay c cc nh chung c cng c nhu cu t ng ha cao.
Cc h thng l si, iu ha nhit , h thng ng m ca, h thng thang my,
h thng chiu sng, h thng cnh bo chy... u l cc i tng cn iu khin v
gim st t trung tm. Tuy cc bi ton iu khin khng phi qu phc tp, nhng s
lng cc thit b th rt ln v chng loi th a dng. Mt s cng ngh bus c u th
trong lnh vc ny l LON, EIB v gn y l truyn thng qua ng in lc.
Cc h thng giao thng vn ti
Cc h thng iu khin v gim st trong lnh vc giao thng, v d iu khin
giao thng th, ng st, hng hi hoc hng khng l cc h thng c cu trc phn
tn mt cch t nhin. Cc bi ton tiu biu trong lnh vc by iu khin tn hiu cc
nt giao thng, iu khin phn lung giao thng, iu ng phng tin giao thng v
trong tng lai l cc h thng xe t hnh. Vic ni mng c th thc hin qua nhiu
phng thc khc nhau, v d qua ng in lc, qua sng v tuyn, qua ng in
thoi. n nay hu ht cc ng dng ny u da trn cc gii php c bit, ng kn.
Tuy nhin, y ta cng c th ngh ti p dng mt s h thng mng cng nghip
171

chun nh INTERBUS hoc PROFIBUS-DP kt hp vi s dng cp quang, hoc giao

thc Modbus kt hp qua ng in lc hoc in thoi cng cng.
Cc h thng phn phi nng lng.
Tng t nh cc h thng giao thng, cc mng li phn phi nng lng nh
cung cp in, ga u c bn cht lai v phn tn mt cch t nhin. c bit, iu
phi v gim st cc mng in lc quc gia l mt bi ton tng i phc tp bi
mc tri rng v phn tn cao, m hnh bt nh, tnh nng thi gian thc ngt
ngho. Vic s dng cc cng ngh truyn thng qua ng in lc, hoc ng cp
quang kt hp vi mt s giao thc chun nh MODBUS c th l mt gii php hn
5.2.3. Yu cu thit k chi tit:
Mt phng php c p dng ph bin khi la chn mt h thng bus l
phng php loi tr dn da trn c s cc tiu chun k thut nh sau:
* Cu trc: Topology, chiu di ti a ca mng, s trm ti a trong mt on
(segment).
* c tnh thi gian: Tnh nng thi gian thc ( nhanh, kp thi, d on
c), thi gian phn ng tiu biu.
* Kh nng truyn ti d liu: Tc ti a v di d liu hu ch ti a trong
mt bc in (telegram).
* ti ngun: Kh nng cung cp ngun ca bus cho cc thit b tham gia
(trm) .
* linh hot: Kh nng lp t v thay th cc trm trong khi vn hnh, kh
nng m rng h thng (v d khi m rng sn xut).
* an ton: Loi tr kh nng gy chy n, gy nh hng xu ti mi trng
xung quanh.
* bn vng, tin cy: Hot ng n nh trong khi c nh hng nhiu t mi
trng xung quanh.
* Chun ha: iu khin cho kh nng tng tc, tnh nng m ca h thng,
trnh lc hu trong tng lai.
* Cng c h tr: Phn mm qun tr mng, h tr gim st, chn on s c.
i vi mt ng dng c th, c th c nhiu gii php t ra thch hp m ch
khc nhau mt s im nh. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, cn phn tch v
nh gi mt cch thn trng, k lng. Ngay c trong cc thng s k thut tng
chng tng ng, nhng li khc nhau mt cch c bn, v th i hi phi cn nhc
thn trng. V d, khng phi trong mt lnh vc ng dng no cng cn c mt h
thng bus c tc truyn ti d liu tht cao m yu t quan trng hn l thi gian
phn ng phi nh v d on trc c.
172

5.2.4. Yu cu kinh t:
Trong yu cu mang tnh kinh t ta cn xt hai yu t chnh:
* Gi thnh tng th: Tng hp gi thnh trang thit b, cng thit k, lp t v
bo tr.
* Hin trng th trng: C hi mua sm thit b v dch v.
Kinh nghim thc t cho thy, ngi s dng thng hay coi nh vic hoch ton
gi thnh tng th trong khi qu tp trung vo cc c tnh k thut v gi c trang
thit b phn cng. V d, trnh v kinh nghim sn c cng nh gi dch v thit
k, lp t v bo tr ng vai tr rt quan trng trong u t tng th v lu di. Trong
hon cnh Vit Nam, vic mua sm cc thit b, cng c phn mm cng nh cc dch
v h tr c nhiu hn ch, v vy yu t hin trng th trng, kin thc v kinh
nghim sn c nh hng ln ti mt quyt nh. Tuy nhin, ta cng nh khng nn
c gi nhng mc cm, nh kin v mt h thng no. Cng nh bt c lnh vc no
trong in t, tin hc, cc cng ngh bus trng c nhng i mi, tin b khng
ngng. Xu hng thm nhp ca Ethernet vo cp iu khin v cp chp hnh l mt
v d tiu biu.
5.3. Mt s chun phn mm tch hp h thng
5.3.1. Chun IEC 61131-5:
M hnh giao tip mng
i tng ca chun IEC 61131-5 l cc dch v do cc thit b iu khin kh
trnh (PLC) thc hin, hoc cc dch v cc PLC c th yu cu t cc thit b khc,
th hin qua cc hm/khi chc nng s dng khi lp trnh vi IEC 61131-5. Phm vi
ca chun ny v vy b hp vic giao tip gia cc PLC hoc gia PLC v mt thit
b khc.
Dch v giao p
Thng tin trng thi v ch th s c ca cc thnh phn:
* Thit b iu khin kh trnh (Tng th)
* Vo/ra
* B x l trung tm
* Cung cp ngun
* B nh
* H thng truyn thng
Lu rng, status cung cp thng tin v trng thi ca thit b iu khin v cc
thnh phn phn cng, phn rn ca n, khng quan tm ti thng tin cu hnh. D
liu trng thi cng khng cung cp thng tin v qu trnh c iu khin cng nh
chng trnh ng dng trn PLC.
173

Cc dch v c lit k trong bng 5.1 di y. Tuy nhin, mt PLC khng bt

buc phi cung cp tt c cc dch v ny. Tn cc khi chc nng hoc hm tng
ng c lit k trong bng 5.2.
Bng 5.1. Cc dch v giao tip PLC
STT

Cc dch v giao tip cho PLC

PLC yu cu PLC p ng

Khi chc
nng sn c

Kim tra thit b

Thu thp d liu

iu khin

ng b ha gia cc chng
trnh ng dng

Bo ng

Thc hin chng trnh v iu

khin vo/ra

Truyn np chng trnh ng

Qun l ni

Bng 5. 2: Cc khi chc nng giao tip

STT

Chc nng

nh a ch cc bin t xa

Kim tra thit b

Thu thp d liu kiu hi tun t

174

Tn khi chc nng hoc hm

REMOTE_VAR
STATUS, USTATUS
READ

Thu thp d liu kiu lp trnh

iu khin tham s

iu khin lin ng

Bo ng c lp trnh

Qun l ni

USEND, URCV
WRITE
SEND, RCV
NOTIFY, ALARM
CONNECT

Ch : Cc khi chc nng UXXX th hin cc dch v khng cn yu cu

(Unsolicited sevices)
Kim tra thit b
Cc khi chc nng STATUS v USTATUS h tr vic PLC kim tra trng thi
ca cc thit b t ng ha khc.
Thu nhp d liu
D liu trong cc thit b khc c th c biu din qua cc bin. C hai
phng php PLC truy nhp cc d liu ny s dng cc CFB.
* Hi tun t (polled): PLC s dng khi chc nng READ c gi tr ca
mt hoc nhiu bin ti thi im c chng trnh ng dng trong PLC xc nh.
Vic truy nhp cc bin ny c th do cc thit b kim sot.
* Lp trnh: Thi im d liu cung cp cho PLC c quyt nh bi cc thit
b khc. Cc khi URCV/USEND c s dng trong cc chng trnh ng dng PLC
nhn d liu t v gi d liu n cc thit b khc.
iu khin
Hai phng php iu khin cn c PLC h tr: iu khin tham s
(parametric) v iu khin kha lin ng (interlocked)
* iu khin tham s: Hot ng ca cc thit b c iu khin bng thay i
cc tham s ca chng. PLC s dng khi WRITE thc hin hot ng ny t mt
chng trnh ng dng.
* iu khin kha lin ng: Mt client yu cu server thc hin mt php ton
ng dng v thng bo kt qu cho client. PLC s dng cc khi SEND v RCV
thc hin vai tr client and server.
Bo ng
Mt PLC c th gi bo ng ti cc client khi mt s kin xy ra Client c th
thng bo li xc nhn ti b iu khin. PLC s dng cc khi chc nng ALARM
v NOTIFY trong cc chng trnh ng dng gi thng bo cn xc nhn v khng
cn xc nhn.
Qun l cc mi lin quan.
Cc chng trnh ng dng trong PLC s dng khi CONNECT qun l cc
mi lin kt.
175

5.3.2. OPC (OLE for Process Control)

Gii thiu chung
Tin b ca cc h thng bus trng cng vi s ph bin ca cc thit b cn
trng thng minh l hai yu t quyt nh ti s chuyn hng sang cu trc phn tn
trong cc gii php t ng ha. S phn tn ha ny mt mt mang li nhiu u th so
vi cu trc x l thng tin tp trung c in, nh tin cy v tnh linh hot ca h
thng, nhng mt khc cng to ra hng lot thch thc mi cho gii sn xut cng nh
cho ngi s dng. Mt trong nhng vn thng gp phi l vic tch hp h thng.
Tch hp theo chiu ngang i hi kh nng tng tc gia cc thit b t ng ha ca
nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. Bn cnh , tch hp theo chiu dc i hi kh nng
kt ni gia cc ng dng c s nh o lng, iu khin vi cc ng dng cao cp hn
nh iu khin gim st v thu thp d liu (supervisory control and data acquistion,
SCADA), giao din ngi my (human-machine interface, HMI) v h thng iu hnh
sn xut (manufacturing excution system, MES). Vic s dng mt chun giao din v
vy tr thnh mt iu kin tin quyt. Tiu biu cho hng i ny l chun OPC, c
chp nhn rng ri trong cc ng dng t ng ha qu trnh cng nghip.
Da trn m hnh i tng thnh phn (D)COM ca hng Microsoft, OPC nh
ngha thm mt s giao din cho khai thc d liu t cc qu trnh k thut, to c s
cho vic xy dng cc ng dng iu khin phn tn m khng b ph thuc vo mng
cng nghip c th. Trong thi im hin nay, OPC cng nh COM tuy mi c thc
hin trn nn Windows, song c nhiu c gng ph bin sang cc h iu hnh
thng dng khc.
Chnh v OPC c xy dng trn c s m hnh thnh phn COM, nn c th s
dng qua nhiu phng php khc nhau, bng nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau.
khai thc mt cch tht hiu qu cc dch v OPC, ngi lp trnh phi hiu kh r v
cng ngh hng i tng v phn mm thnh phn ni chung v COM ni ring.
Vi mc ch ban u l thay th cho cc dng phn mm kt ni nh trnh iu
khin vo/ra (I/O-Drivers) v DDE, OPC qui nh mt s giao din chun cho cc
chc nng nh:
* Khai thc, truy nhp d liu qu trnh (Data Access) t nhiu ngun khc
(PLC, cc thit b trng, bus trng, c s d liu...)
*X l s kin v s c (Event and Alarm)
* Truy nhp d liu qu kh (Historical Access)
Trao i d liu gia cc h thng cng c phn mm (Data Exchange). Trong
tng lai OPC s h tr cc chc nng khc nh an hon h thng (Security) v iu
khin m (Batch). OPC s dng c ch COM/COM cung cp cc dch v truyn
thng cho tt c cc ng dng h tr COM. C th k ra hng lot cc u im ca
vic s dng OPC nh:
176

* Cho php cc ng dng khai thc, truy nhp d liu theo mt cch n gin,
thng nht
* H tr truy nhp d liu theo c ch hi tun t (polling) hoc theo s kin
(event-driven)
* c ti u cho vic s dng trong mng cng nghip
* Kin trc khng ph thuc vo nh cung cp thit b
* Linh hot v hiu sut cao
* S dng c t hu ht cc cng c phn mm SCANDA thng dng, hoc
bng mt ngn ng bc cao (C ++, Visual Basic, Delphi...)
Tng quan v kin trc OPC
OPC c xy dng da trn tng ng dng cng ngh COM nhm n gin
ha, chun ha vic khai thc d liu t cc thit b cn trng v thit b iu khin,
tng t nh vic khai thc mt h thng c s d liu thng thng. Ging nh
COM, OPC khng qui nh vic thc hin khai thc c th, m ch nh ngha mt s
giao din chun. Thay cho vic dng C++ dng nh ngha mt s giao din lp
trnh nh thng thng, ngn ng dng y (gi l interface definition language hay
IDL) khng ph thuc vo nn ci t hay ngn ng lp trnh.
Ct li ca OPC l mt chng trnh phn mm phc v gi l OPC-Server,
trong cha cc mc d liu (OPC-Item) c t chc thnh cc nhm (OPCGROUP). Thng thng mt OPC-server i din mt thit b thu thp d liu nh
OPC, RTU, I/O hoc mt cu hnh mng truyn thng. Cc OPC-Items s i din cho
cc bin qu trnh, cc tham s iu khin, cc d liu trng thi thit b... Cch t
chc ny cng tng t nh trong cc h thng c s d liu quan h quen thuc vi
cc cp l ngun d liu (data source), bng d liu (table) v trng d liu (field).

Hnh 5. 2: Kin trc s lc OPC

Nh c minh ha trn hnh 5.2. hai kiu i tng thnh phn quan trng nht
trong kin trc OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group. Trong khi OPC-Server c nhim
v qun l ton b vic s dng v khai thc cc d liu (items) thnh tng nhm
tin cho vic truy nhp. Thng thng mi items vi mt bin trong qu trnh k thut
hay trong mt thit b iu khin.
Chun OPC hin nay quy nh hai kiu giao din l Custon Interfaces (OPC
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Taskforce, 1998b) v Automation Interface (OPC Taskforce, 1998c). Kiu th nht

bao gm mt s giao din theo m hnh COM thun ty, cn kiu th hai da trn
cng ngh m rng OLE-Automation. S khc nhau gia hai kiu giao din ny khng
nhng nm m hnh i tng, cc ngn ng lp trnh h tr m cng cn tnh
nng, hiu sut s dng.
OPC Custom Interfaces
Ging nh cc i tng COM khc, hai loi i tng thnh phn quan trng
nht ca OPC l OPC-Server v OPC-Group cung cp cc dch v qua cc giao din ca
chng, c gi l OPC Custom Interfaces, nh c minh ha trn hnh 5.3 Tham
kho (OPC Taskforce, 1988b) tm hiu ngha c th ca tng giao din. Chnh v
nhng giao din ny ch l cc giao din theo m hnh COM thun ty, vic lp trnh vi
chng i hi mt ngn ng bin dch. Trong thc t, C++ l ngn ng chim u th
tuyt i phc v mc ch ny. Bn cnh , cc cng c khc nhau cng cung cp mt
s phn mm khung (frameworks) thch hp h tr ngi lp trnh.

Hnh 5.3. OPC Custom Interfaces

S dng OPC Custom Interfaces cho php truy nh) d liu vi hiu sut cao
nht. Tuy nhin, nhc im th nht y l i hi ngi s dng phi hiu r v
lp trnh vi COM/DCOM. Nhc im tip theo l s cng nhc ca m chng
trnh, nu ta dng n trc tip trong ng dng iu khin. Thay i mt chi tit nh
(tn my tnh iu khin, s lng bin vo/ra...) cng i hi phi bin dch li ton
b chng trnh ng dng. R rng, khc phc hai vn nu trn, tc l gim nh
phc tp cho ngi lp trnh v nng cao tnh nng s dng li, cn phi to ra mt
lp phn mm di dng mt th vin i tng nm trn OPC, OPC Automation
Interface chnh l mt th vin i tng nh vy.
OPC Automation Interface
Ging nh i vi cc i tng OLE-Automation khc, vic s dng cc i
tng ca OPC Automation Interface c n gin ha nhiu. C th, nhiu th tc
phc tp trong lp trnh vi COM c loi b. Ngi lp trnh khng cn thit hiu
bit su sc v COM cng nh C++, m ch cn s dng thnh tho mt cng c to
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dng ng dng RAD (Rapid Application Development) nh Visual Basic.

Mt tri ca vn li l, s n gin ha ca phng php ny phi tr gi bng
s hn ch trong phm vi chc nng, hiu sut s dng v tc trao i d liu. Nht
l trong mt gii php t ng ha phn tn, c s tham gia ca cc mng truyn thng
cng nghip, th hai im yu ni sau tr nn rt ng quan tm. Tc trao i d
liu c th gim ti 3-4 ln so vi dng Custon Interfaces. i vi cc ng dng c
yu cu cao v thi gian, phng php s dng OPC Automation Interface r rng
khng thch hp.
OPC v cc cng c phn mm chuyn dng
Trong thc t, c mt cch s dng th ba, n gin v thun tin hn nhiu so
vi hai cch trn l thng qua cc cng c phn mm chuyn dng. C th ni, bt c
mt cng c SCADA hin i no, bt c mt h DCS hin i no cng h tr giao
din OPC. S dng cc cng c ny, ngi tch hp h thng ch cn ng k cc
OPC-Server i km thit b vi h iu hnh, sau khai bo bng cch d tm trong
mng hoc trn mt trm my tnh tn ca Server vi cng c phn mm. Vic cn li
l s dng cc nhn (tag name) ging nh cc nhn khc quen thuc trong h SCADA
hoc DCS.

179