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2.5
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* (Switchgear) :
) (Circuit breaker )(Source )(Loads .
)(Manual )(Electrical

... .

) (Fuses Or Relays

- .
) (Automatic SC ((Fault
(Relays) .
:
( :
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.

Main contact
) ) Arcing contact
.
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.
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.

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) (Control
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) ) Setting ) (Delay time .
.

) (
.

 :
:
)1 .
)2
)(Short circuit .
) ( Circuit breakers
.
Minimum oil circuit breaker :
KV 132


.
SF6 Circuit Breaker :
KV 132

.
) (Electronegative gas
SF6
.
Bulk oil circuit breaker :
KV 33 :
( Interbus transformers
KV33/132 .
( KV 33/10.
( KV3.3/33 .
( ( (JEPCO.
) (50%
.
Vacuum circuit breaker :
KV .
.
) (Circuit breaker )(Contacts
. .
Air blast circuit breaker:
KV .
:
( .
( Feed water pumps (KV3.3 ) .
( Forced draft fans

 :
)1 ) (Dc Motor
) (Tripping coil .
)2 ) (Magnetic blow up coil
) ( Short circuit

.
)3 )(Anti pumping ) (Fault
.
Air circuit breaker :

.
) (Air cooled condensate fans
V416 :
9 .
18 .
(Batteries) :
)(
.
:
:
)(H2SO4 )(KOH
.
(DC).
.
:
)1 )(Protection )( Circuit Breaker (Relays).
)2 (Control circuit) :
(DC voltage ) .
) (P,I,D (DC voltage ) .
)3 : (Black out).
)3 )(Bearings . (Steam

 )(

/....

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= = -


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-utilization factor
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Demand Factor . Load Factor

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short circuit current

= R+z
z = imprdance

=
= z
!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Is.c= U/Z =1.05Un/Z
U= phase voltage at no load
Z= total impedance of transformer + total impedance of cable

Un= phase volt at load

:
phase to earth -
phase to phase -
double phase to earth -

 .
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N: number of fitting.
- .
E: = Average required luminance on the working place.
- .
(n): = Number of tubes per fitting.

 - .

(u): = Utilization factor given for every type of fitting.

- .
Lf : = lumen flux of one tube.
- .
(m) : = Maintenance factor.
N=number of fitting

W= room width

L=room length

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A=3*4=12m2
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.
:
Substations Layout
-

Types of Substations
.
.
-:
-
Step up transformer Machine Transforms .
Delta ( (
)(Star ) (Star point ) (Solidly earthed )
( .
.
-
Network Transformer Substations
- - Autotransformers
Secondary circuit .
- / . . /.
.

 -
Distribution Substations Step - down transformer
Primary feeders Distribution transformers Secondary
feeder End user
Industrial loads Commercial loads Residential loads
.
Construction features: - Outdoor Substation
- Indoor Substation
- Underground Substation
- Pole mounting - Open or Kiosk
.
) ( .

Mobile Substations
Backup
Large Tractor Trailer
-
. ) ( .

-

Civil and Electrical works in Substations
2-1 :
) - - - ( ....

Railway track and overhead cranes cable trenches


Fencing around switch yard
2-2 :
Bas Bar arrangement
Isolators
Instrument transformers
Circuit Breaker
Lightning arrestors
Power transformers
Protective relaying schemes
Vol***e regulating equipment

Earthing System
Illumination System
Fire Protection system
Communication Systems
Auxiliary supply
Interlocks
flexible
.

-

Electrical layout of Substation
Key diagram .
. ) ( .

-

Bus Bars
- . .
1-4
:
Rigid bus-
Strain bus-

Bars Tubes Pedestal - type
ACSR
Strain type insulators.

4-2 Bus conductor material

:
-
-
-
-
-
-
Heat - treatable aluminum alloys

.
%
3-4 Common bus bar
arrangement
4-3-1 Single bus bar
) ( .
2-3-4 Single bus bar with bus sectionalizer
) - ( reliability
- ) . ( ) (feeder
. ) ( circuit breaker
) (isolator breaker
.

3-3-4 Double bus bar

 : - .
- .
- .
) ( Bus coupler circuit breaker . .
Double bus bar with single breaker4-3-4 Double bus bar double circuit breaker
) ( .
.
5-3-4 Double bus bar one and half circuit breaker
) (
(Spare breaker) . .

Main and transfer bus bar 6-3-4

 ) ( isolators .
7-3-4
) ( .
. .

.
8-3-4 Mesh or ring scheme
) ( :
1 2 3
( Developing systems) .

 -
Distribution Substations
) (

.

) ( %
.
.
) ( .
.

 )(
/.
-: - - - - - - - -
- ) --
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..
.

) (start current ) rated(current

) ( :=)I(starting group
)I(start of biggest one) + D.F * (sum of start current of rest
: D.F +

= )I(rated group
)(I(rated of biggest one)*1.25) + D.F * (sum of rated current of rest

Demand Factor

D.F

inductiv

6:10

inductiv

0.75

10:15

inductiv

0.7

15:20

inductiv

0.85

:
single phase
I(rated)=

28 amp---------------------------------

I(rated)=

42amp

------------------------------
:

I(start)= 2 * I(rated)

I(start) for biggest motor = 2* 42 = 84 amp

:
I(start group)= 84+ 1(28+28+42)

182

I(start group)= 182 amp

=
I(rated group)= (1.25*42) + 1(28+28+42)=52.5+98= 150.5
I(rated group)=150 amp
I(start for two motors 28amp)=( 1*28) +(1*28)=56 amp

I( start for two motors 42amp)= (1.25*42) + 42 = 52.5+42 =94.5
....

......

) . (
) . ( .
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* = ) ( ) . ( =
* = . * ...
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42 * = ) ) ) . ( =
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.
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= * = * . .
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-
-
-
-
.
......



I(start for two motors 28amp)=( 1*28) +(1*28)=56 amp


I( start for two motors 42amp)= (1.25
*.= +. = + (

/.....
- - -

- .

 )(
/
- -

-

.

.-:

x I(r)=7.8 amp----------------------

x I(r)=14 amp -------------------

x I(r)= 21 amp-------------------
:

-----------------------------

D.F= 0.75

)I( start )=2.5 x I(rated

)2*21

2*14

+ 0.75(3*7.8
amp

)+ 2*21

= 122.5

I( start group)= 2.5 x 21

+ -----

=52.5

+ 0.75 ( 3*7.8 + 2*14

I( rated group)=1.25 x 21

= 36.75 + 70 = 106.35 amp

3*50 +25

 .......
I(start for 3 motors 21A)=2.5*21+(21+21)=94.5A
A
I(rated for 3 motors 21A)=1.25*21+(21+21)=68.25A
+*
I(start for 2motors 14A)=2.5*14+14=49A
A
I(rated for 2motors 14A)=1.25*14+14=31.5A
3*50+25
I(start for 3motors 7.8A)=2.5*7.8+(7.8+7.8)=35.1A
A
I(rated for 3motors 7.8A)=1.25*7.8+(7.8+7.8)=25.35A
+*

/.....
) (* . 3*50.....
-: . .
. .


+* +*

I(start for 3 motors 21A)=2.5*21+(21+21)=94.5A
125 A
I(rated for 3 motors 21A)=1.25*21+(21+21)=68.25A
+*
I (start for 2 motors 14A)=2.5*14+14=49A
70 A
I (rated for 2 motors 14A)=1.25*14+14=31.5A
3*10+6
I(start for 3motors 7.8A)=2.5*7.8+(7.8+7.8)=35.1A
) ( 50 A
I(rated for 3motors 7.8A)=1.25*7.8+(7.8+7.8)=25.35A
+*
( ) ) (

/.....
:
- .
-
.......
- ........

demand factor . ) (
.

.
......
I(start for 3 motors 21A)=2.5*21+(21+21)=94.5A
A
I(rated for 3 motors 21A)=1.25*21+(21+21)=68.25A
*+
I(start for 2motors 14A)=2.5*14+14=49A
A
I(rated for 2motors 14A)=1.25*14+14=31.5A
10+16*3
I(start for 3motors 7.8A)=2.5*7.8+(7.8+7.8)=35.1A
A
I(rated for 3motors 7.8A)=1.25*7.8+(7.8+7.8)=25.35A
*+

....
) (
) (
.


. )
) .
.
= 35
. = *. 63
.
. %

/.....
. . I ( rating .

275 / - :
) ( In Ib

/

- -
.
....
.
.....
:
-
----------------------------- D.F= 0.75

:
) :(-


" "
100
+80 .
+60 .

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - ) % % + (

= I( start group)= 2.5 x 21 + 0.75 (3*7.8 + 2*14 + 2*21
122.5 amp
I( rated group)=1.25 x 21 + 0.75( 3*7.8 + 2*14 + 2*21
= 36.75 + 70 = 106.35 amp
.
I(start for 3 motors 21A)=2.5*21+(21+21)=94.5A
I(rated for 3 motors 21A)=1.25*21+(21+21)=68.25A

/......
:= I( start group)= 2.5 x 21 + 0.75 (3*7.8 + 2*14 + 2*21
122.5 amp
.


I(start for 3 motors 21A)=2.5*21+(21+21)=94.5A
=




80%
60%-
- - ) - (

-- (
+(

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) (\
:
:
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Current carring capacity

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.
Power(kw) = P = (0.98 * B V ) / E
B = max out of balance load
=
+ +

= )V = rated speed (m/sec

E = 30% : 70%

:

. .

: .

. :

: .

over

 )(
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IP










out door
in door
.

---------------------

---------

-------------------- .

--------------------------------

---------------------

-----------------------

---------

----------- ----------------------

-----------------------

IP=30
:
--------------------------- .
----------------------------
IP=54
:
---------------------------------
---------------------------------

.....
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:

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.

) (
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pvc rgd steel pip .

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- outdoor
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- indoor outdoor
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:
1- shop Drawing
2- Design Drawing
3- as built Drawing



-

1- shop Drawing
2- Design Drawing
3- As built Drawing
:
Shop Drawing



.



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-

.
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.
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.

.