Problem 10.

9 The angle of the system in Prob- Free Body Diagram:

lem 10.8 is 60 . The bars are made of a material that will
safely support a tensile normal stress of 8 ksi. Based on
this criterion, if you want to design the system so that it
will support a force F = 3 kip, what is the minimum
necessary value of the cross-sectional area A?

Solution:
The maximum load which can be safely supported by EACH of the
support members is:
FMAX = MAX (A) = (8000 lb/in2 )(A)
Summing vertical forces on the FBD:
Fy = 0 = 3000 lb + 2(8000 lb/in2 )(A)(sin 60 )

ANS:

A = 0.217 in2

Problem 10.10 Suppose that the horizontal distance

between the supports of the system in Problem 10.8 and
the load F are specied, and the prismatic bars are made
of a material that will safely a tensile normal stress 0 .
You want to choose the angle and the cross-sectional
area A of the bars so that the total volume of material
used is a minimum. What are and A?
Free Body Diagram:

L = d/(cos )

[1]

Solution:
Summing vertical forces on the FBD to nd the force supported by the
two prismatic bars:
Fy = 0 = F +2 [0 A(sin )] where 0 is the maximum allowable average normal stress.
From the above equation, the cross-sectional area of one of the prismatic bars may be expressed as:
A=

F
20 (sin )

[2]

Recall: sin 2 = 2 sin cos

Using Equations [1] and [2], the volume of a single bar is:
V = AL =

Fd
Fd
=
20 sin cos
0 sin 2

We see that the volume will be minimum when sin2 is maximum,

which is when sin 2 = 1, so:
ANS: = 45 [3]
Using this value for in Equation [2] to nd A:
A=

ANS:

A = 0.707 F

F
20 (0.707)

Problem 10.11 The cross-sectional area of each bar

is 60 mm2 . If F = 4 kN, what are the normal stresses
on planes perpendicular to the axes of the bars?
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
Summing horizontal forces on the FBD:
Fx = 0 = FAB (cos 60 ) + FAC (cos 45 )
FAB = 1.414FAC

[1]

Summing vertical forces on the FBD:

Fy = 0 = 40, 000 N + FAB (sin 60 ) + FAC (sin 45 )
Substituting Equation [1] into Equation [2]:
40, 000 N = [1.414FAC ](sin 60 ) + FAC (sin 45 )
FAC = 20, 708 lb
Therefore:
FAB = 29, 281 lb
The normal stresses in the two supporting members are:
AB = FAB /AAB = (29, 281 lb)/(60 106 m2 )

ANS:

AB = 488 MPa

AC = FAC /AAC = (20, 708 lb)/(60 106 m2 )

ANS:

AC = 345 MPa

[2]

Problem 10.26 What tensile force would have to be

exerted on the right end of the bar in Problem 10.25 to
increase its length to 9.02 in.? What is the bars diameter
after this load is applied?
Solution:
The strain in the bar will be:
=

L L
9.02 in 9.00 in
=
= 0.00222
L
9.00 in

The stress required to produce this strain is:

= E = (30 106 lb/in2 )(0.00222) = 66, 667 lb/in2
The load required to produce the stress is:



(0.75 in)2
P = A = (66, 667 lb/in2 )
4

ANS:

P = 29.5 kip
The radial strain in the deformed bar is:
LAT = = (0.00222)(0.32) = 7.104 104
The diameter of the deformed bar is:
D = D(1 LAT ) = (0.75 in)(1 7.104 104 )

ANS:

D = 0.7495 in

Problem 10.27 A prismatic bar is 300 mm long and

has a circular cross section with 20-mm diameter. Its
modulus of elasticity is 120 Gpa and its Poissons ratio
is 0.33. Axial forces P are applied to the ends of the
bar which cause its diameter to decrease to 19.948 mm.
(a) What is the length of the loaded bar? (b) What is the
value of P ?
Solution:
We can use Poissons ratio to determine the extensional strain in the
material.
0.33 =

(19.948 mm 20 mm)/(20 mm)

= 0.0079

(a) The length of the loaded bar is:

L = L(1 + ) = (300 mm)(1 + 0.0079)
L = 302.37 mm
(b) The value of P is determined using the denition of the modulus
of elasticity.

ANS:

P = EA = (0.0079)(120 109 N/m2 )()(0.01 m)2

ANS:

P = 297.8 kN

Problem 10.32
Bar AB has cross-sectional area A = 100 mm2 and
modulus of elasticity E = 102 Gpa. The distance H =
400 mm. If a 200-kN downward force is applied to
bar CD at D, through what angle in degrees does bar
CD rotate? (You can neglect the deformation of bar
CD.) Strategy: Because the bars change in length is
small, you can assume that the downward displacement
v of point B is vertical, and that the angle (in radians)
through which bar CD rotates is v/H.
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
We can determine the angle of rotation by nding the vertical displacement at point B. Find the axial load in member AB by summing
moments about point C:
Mc = 0 = (200 kN)(0.6 m) + FAB (sin 60 )(0.4 m)
FAB = 346.4 kN (C)
The strain in member AB will be:
P/A

= E =
= 0.034

(346,400 N)/(100106 m)
102109 N/m2

The original length of member AB is:

L = (300 mm)/(sin 60 ) = 346.3 mm
The new length of member AB is:
L = L(1 + ) = (346.3 mm)(1 0.034) = 334.5 mm
The original height of point B is h = 300 mm.
The deformed height of point B is:


h = (L )2 [300 mm/tan 60 ]2 = (334.5 mm)2 (173.2 mm)2 = 286.2 mm
The change in vertical height at point B is:
v = h h = 300 mm 286.2 mm = 13.8 mm
The angle, in radians, through which the bar CD rotates is:
ANS: = 13.8 mm/400 mm = 0.0345 radians = 1.98 clockwise

Problem 10.33 Bar AB in Problem 10.32 is made of

a material that will safely support a normal stress (in
tension or compression) of 5 GPa. Based on this criterion, through what angle in degrees can bar CD safely
be rotated relative to the position shown.
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
Maximum allowable strain in the material is:
=

5 109 N/m2
=
= 0.049
E
102 109 N/m2

Maximum allowable change in length for H is:

H = L = (0.4 m) (.049) = 0.0196 m
In the diagram, maximum allowable distance d is:
d = (H)(cos 30 ) = (0.0196 m)(cos 30 )
d = 0.01697 m
The angle through which bar AB may rotate is:
=

ANS:

0.01697 m
d
=
= 0.049 rad
LAB
(0.3/ sin 60 )

= 2.8

Problem 10.34 If an upward force is applied at H

that causes bar GH to rotate 0.02 degrees in the counterclockwise direction, what are the axial strains in bars
AB, DC, and EF ? (You can neglect the deformation
of bar GH.)
Solution:
The vertical displacement at point H is:
= (0.02 /180 )(3.14159 radians) = 349 106 radians
The vertical displacement of points B, D and F are:
VB = (349 106 radians)(400 mm) = 0.14 mm
VD = (349 106 radians)(800 mm) = 0.28 mm
VF = (349 106 radians)(1200 mm) = 0.42 mm
The strains in each of the vertical bars is:
mm
ANS: AB = 0.14
= 0.00035 CD =
400 mm

0.28 mm
400 mm

= 0.00070

EF =

0.42 mm
400 mm

= 0.00105

Problem 10.35 The bar has cross-sectional area A and

modulus of elasticity E. The left end of the bar is xed.
There is initially a gap b between the right end of the bar
and the rigid wall (Figure 1). The bar is stretched until
it comes into contact with the rigid wall and is welded
to it (Figure 2). Notice that this problem is statically
indeterminate because the axial force in the bar after it
is welded to the wall cannot be determined from statics
alone. (a) What is the compatibility condition in this
problem? (b) What is the axial force in the bar after it is
welded to the wall?
Solution:
The compatibility condition requires that the bars change in length
must be limited to the amount of the gap, b. Using the relationship
= P L/AE to nd the axial load:
ANS: P = AE
= bAE
L
L

Problem 10.36 The bar has cross-sectional area A and

modulus of elasticity E. If an axial force F directed toward the right is applied at C, what is the normal stress in
the part of the bar to the left of C? (Strategy: Draw the
free-body diagram of the entire bar and write the equilibrium equation. Then apply the compatibility condition
that the increase in length of the part of the bar to the left
of C must equal the decrease in length of the part to the
right of C.)
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
Summing horizontal forces on the FBD:
[1]

Fx = 0 = F RL RR

The compatibility condition requires that the change in length of the

left portion of the bar must equal the change in length for the right
portion of the bar.
RL LL
RR LR
=
AL EL
AR ER
Since the denominators of the above equation are identical, we need
only consider the numerators.
[2]

RR = (LL /LR )(RL ) = [(L/3)/(2L/3)](RL ) = RL /2

Substituting Equation [2] into Equation [1]:

F = RL + RR = RL + (RL /2) = 3RL /2
or RL = (2/3)F
The stress in the left-hand portion of the bar is:
=

ANS:

= 2F/3A

RL
P
=
A
A

Problem 10.40 The bar has a circular cross section

and modulus of elasticity E = 70 GPa. Parts A and C
are 40 mm in diameter and part B is 80 mm in diameter.
If F1 = 60 kN and F2 = 30 kN, what is the normal
stress in part B?
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
We must rst determine the reactions at the left and right walls. We
allow the right-hand side of the bar to oat.The displacement of the
free right-hand side of the bar is:
R =
R =

F1 LA
F2 LA
AF2 LEB A
AA EA
B B
A EA
(60,000N)(0.2 m)

(0.04 m)2
4

(70106

N/m2 )

(30,000N)(0.4 m)


(0.08 m)2

(70106 N/m2 )
4

(30,000N)(0.2 m)


(0.04 m)2

(70106 N/m2 )
4

R = 0.0341 m = 34.1 mm
The reaction at the right wall must be sufcient to prevent ANY displacement. Its magnitude is:


 
RR
0.2
m
0.4 m
 +
+
0.0341 m = 70106 lb/in2

2
(0.08 m)2

(0.04 m)
4

0.2 m

(0.04 m)2
4

RR = 6000 N
The reaction at the left wall is:
Fx = 0 = 60, 000 N 6, 000 N 30, 000 N RL
RL = 24, 000 N
The stress in section A is:
B =

P
A

24,000 N+60,000 N

(0.08 m)2
4

Note: The negative sign indicates a compressive stress.

ANS: A = 7.16 MPa

Problem 10.41 In Problem 10.40, if F1 = 60 kN,

what force F2 will cause the normal stress in part C to
be zero?
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
For the normal stress in section C to be zero, we see that the displacement of the intersection of sections B and C must be zero.
The equation for the displacement of the intersection of sections B and
C is:
BC = 0 =

ANS:

(60, 000 N)(0.2 m)

F2 (0.2 m)
F2 (0.4 m)






2
2
2
9
2
9
2
((0.04 m) /4) 70 10 N/m
((0.04 m) /4) 70 10 N/m
((0.08 m) /4) 70 109 N/m2

F2 = 40, 000 N = 40 kN

Problem 10.42 The bar in Problem 10.40 consists of Free Body Diagram:
a material that will safely support a normal stress of
40 MPa. If F2 = 20 kN, what is the largest safe value
of F1 ?
Solution:
We see that section B has a cross-sectional area which is four times
that of sections A and C.
The cross-sectional areas are:
AA = AC = (0.02 m)2 = 0.00126 m2
AB = (0.04 m)2 = 0.00503 m2
With both ends of the bar restrained, total displacement must be zero.
R (0.2 m)

(F R )(0.4 m)

(F R 20,000 N)(0.2 m)

1
1
L
L
L

(0.00126 m2 )(70109 n/m2 )

(0.00503 m2 )(70109 N/m2 )
(0.00126 m2 )(70109 N/m2 )
2.268 109 RL + 1.136 109 RL 1.137 109 F1 + 2.268 109 RL 2.268 109 F1 + 4.535 105 RL = 0

R = 0 =

RL = 0.6F1 8, 000 N
Summing horizontal forces to nd RR :
Fx = 0 = RL +F1 20, 000 NRR = 0.6F1 +8004 N+F1 20, 000 NRR
RR = 0.4F1 12, 000 N
The axial loads in sections A, B and C are:
a = 40 106 =

0.6f1 8,000
0.00126

F1 = 97.3 kN
b = 40 106 =

0.6f1 8,000F1
0.00503

F1 = 523 kN
c = 40 106 =

0.4f1 12,000
0.00126

F1 = 156 kN
The smallest of these three values for F1 is the highest allowable value.
ANS: F1 = 97.3 kN

Problem 10.43 Two aluminum bars (EAL = 10.0 Free Body Diagram:
106 psi) are attached to a rigid support at the left and
a cross-bar at the right. An iron bar (EF E = 28.5
106 psi) is attached to the rigid support at the left and
there is a gap b between the right end of the iron bar and
the cross-bar. The cross-sectional area of each bar is A =
0.5 in2 and L = 10 in. The iron bar is stretched until it
contacts the cross-bar and welded to it. Afterward, the
axial strain of the iron bar is measured and determined
to be F E = 0.002. What was the size of the gap b?
Solution:
The foreshortening of the two aluminum bars plus the lengthening of
the steel bar must equal the gap, b. The lengthening of the steel bar is
(approximately):
F E = (0.002)(10 in) = 0.02 in
Calculating the force in the steel bar:
PF E = EA = (0.002)(28.5106 lb/in2 )(0.5 in2 ) = 28, 500 lb
This same force is compressing the TWO aluminum bars. The aluminum bars are shortened by an amount of:
AL =

PL
(28, 500 lb)(10 in))
 = 0.0285 in
= 

AE
2 0.5 in2 10 106 lb/in2

The total original gap is:

b = AL + F E = 0.0285 in + 0.02 in

ANS:

b = 0.0485 in

Problem 10.54 From x = 0 to x = 100 mm, the bars

height is 20 mm. From x = 100 mm to x = 200 mm,
its height varies linearly from 20 mm to 40 mm. From
x = 200 mm to x = 300 mm, its height is 40 mm. The
at vars thickness is 20 mm. The modulus of elasticity
of the material is E = 70 GPa. If the bar is subjected
to tensile axial forces P = 50 kN at its ends, what is its
change in length?

Free Body Diagrams:

Solution:
The problem is solved by considering each of the three sections of the
bar separately.
Elongation of the left-hand section of the bar is:
L =

PL
(50, 000 N)(0.1 m)
= 0.1785 mm
=
AE
(0.02 m)(0.02 m)(70 109 N/m2

Elongation of the right-hand section of the bar is:

R =

PL
(50, 000 N)(0.1 m)
= 0.0893 mm
=
AE
(0.02 m)(0.04 m)(70 109 N/m2

Determining the elongation of the center section of the bar will require
integration. The cross-sectional area at any point in the center section
is:
AC = (0.02 m)[0.02 m+((0.02 m)/(0.1 m)(x)] = 0.0004+0.004x
The stress at any point in the center section of the bar is:
=

50, 000
P
=
n/m2
A
0.0004 + 0.004x

Total elongation of the center section of the bar is:





50, 000 N/(0.0004 + 0.004x) m2
dx
dC =
dx =
2
E
70 109 N/m

C =

0.1
0

7.143 107
7.143 107
dx =
0.0004 + 0.004x
0.004

0.1
0

0.004
dx
0.0004 + 0.004x

C = 1.786104 [ln (0.0004 + 0.004(0.1)) ln (0.0004 + 0.004(0))]

C = 0.1238 mm
Total change in length of the bar is:
= L + C + R = 0.1785 mm + 0.1238 mm + 0.0893 mm

ANS:

= 0.392 mm

Problem 10.61 A cylindrical bar with 1in diameter

ts tightly into a circular hole in a 5in thick plate. The
modulus of elasticity of the marerial is E = 14106 psi.
A 1000lb tensile force is applied at the left end of the
bar, causing it to begin slipping out of the hole. At the
instant slipping begins, determine (a) the magnitude of
the uniformly distributed axial force exerted on the bar
by the plate; (b) the total change in the bars length.
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
The distributed load along the 5inch section of the bar is:
lb
ANS: q = 1,000
= 200 lb/in
5 in
The elongation of the 10inch section of the bar is:
10 =

PL
(1, 000 lb)(10 in)
= 0.0009095 in
=
AE
(0.5) in)2 (14 106 lb/in2 )

The elongation of the 5inch section of the bar is:

 5
(1000 200x) lb/(0.5 in2 )2

5 = L = L =
dx = 0.0002273 in
E
14 106 lb/in2
0
Total change in length of the bar is:
= 10 + 5 = 0.0009095 in + 0.0002273 in

ANS:

= 0.00114 in

Problem 10.62 The bar has a circular cross section

with 0.002m diameter and its modulus of elasticity is
E = 86.6 GPa. The bar is xed at both ends and is
subjected to a distributed axial force q = 75 kN/m and
an axial force F = 15 kN. What is its change in length?
Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
Cross-sectional area of the bar is:



0.002 m 2
A=
= 3.142 106 m2
2
Summing horizontal forces on the FBD to nd the magnitude of R:
Fx = 0 = R 15, 000 N + (75, 000 N/m)(0.8 m)
R = 45, 000 N
Total change in length of the bar is:
 0.8
(45, 000 N 75, 000(x) N) dx
=
(3.142 106 m2 )(86.6 109 m2 )
0

ANS:

= 0.0441 m = 44.1 mm

Problem 10.65 The bar is xed at A and B and is subjected to a uniformly distributed axial force. It has crosssectional area A and modulus of elasticity E. What are
the reactions at A and B?

Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
We recognize that the sum of horizontal forces on the bar must be zero.
Fx = 0 = RA RB + qL [1]
Removing the xed structure at the right-hand end of the bar, the distributed load will produce a change in length of:
L
 L
qx
qx2 
qL2
dx =
=
=

2AE 0
2AE
0 AE
RB =

qL
2

Substituting this value for RB in Equation [1]:

RA = RB + qL = (qL/2) + qL

ANS:

RA = qL/2

Problem 10.66 What point of the bar in Problem 10.65

undergoes the largest displacement, and what is the displacement?

Free Body Diagram:

Solution:
We regognize that the sum of horizontal forces on the bar must be zero.
L
 L
qx
qL2
qx2 
=
dx =
[1]
=

2AE 0
2AE
0 AE
The reaction at the right-hand support must be sufcient to produce a
reduction in length of (qL2 )/(2AE).
RB L
qL2
=
2AE
AE
RB =

qL

Substituting this value for RB in Equation [1]:

RA = RB + qL = (ql/2) + qL
RA = qL/2
The expression for displacement of any point on the bar is:
 L
(qL/2) qx
dx [2]
=
AE
0
We know that maximum deection occurs where the expression
d/dx = 0. Setting the derivative of Equation [2] equal to zero:
(qL/2) qx
=0
AE

ANS: x = L/2 [3]

Using the value of x from Equation [3] in Equation [2] and evaluating:

L/2
 L/2
(qL/2) qx
(qLx/2) qx2 /2
dx =
=
AE
AE
0
0
ANS:

MAX =

qL2
8AE