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Object
Demonstration of
induced current in a coil
as bar magnet is moved
inside the coil.

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Principle
1.Whenever magnetic
S
flux linked with coil
Bar Magnet
be changed the e.m.f.
N
is induced in coil.
2.Induced e.m.f. is
directly proportional
G
to rate of change of
Clamp
Coil of
magnetic flux.
about 250
turns
3.Direction of induced
Wooden Stand
current always
A bar magnet moved
in
oppose
the cause by
& out of a coil produces
which
induced current
in the it is produced.
coil in both the cases.
The galvanometer
shows deflection.
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Observation
When a bar magnet is placed near the coil no deflection is
observed in galvanometer.

S
N
rapidly towards the
G
When North pole of magnet is moved
coil, the galvanometer shows deflection. When magnet is
stopped the deflection in galvanometer becomes zero. When
speed of magnet is increased the deflection is increased.

S
N

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 When North pole of magnet is taken away from the coil

rapidly, the galvanometer shows deflection but in
opposite direction. When magnet is stopped the
deflection in galvanometer becomes zero. When speed
of magnet is increased the deflection is increased.
S
N
G

When Southpole of magnet faces the coil & the magnet

is moved towards or away from the coil, the
galvanometer again shows deflection but in opposite
direction.
S

N
S

N
G

When magnet is kept stationary & coil is moved towards

or away from magnet, then there is a deflection in the
galvanometer.
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Explanation
When there is no relative motion between the magnet
& the coil, the magnetic lines of force passing
through the coil is definite i.e. the magnetic flux
linked with coil is constant.
When there is relative motion between the magnet &
coil & magnet is moved towards the coil the
magnetic lines passing through coil increases.
When magnet moves away magnetic field lines
passing through coil decreases.
According to Faraday Laws e.m.f. induced when
magnetic flux linked with coil be changed. When
magnetic flux linked with coil increases then
galvanometer shows deflection in one direction
when it decreases it shows deflection in opposite
direction.
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Conclusion
Whenever there is change in
Magnetic Flux linked with the
coil current is induced in coil.
Direction of induced current
always opposes the cause by
which it is produced.

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Object
Demonstration of
working of light
dependent resistor
using simple circuit
like automatic car
parking light /
automatic switches.
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Principle
The light dependent resistor
is a resistor whose resistance
value depends upon the
intensity of light falling on it.
LDR resistance decreases
with increasing light level.

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Circuit Diagram & Component

Used
Components :
1.A
transistor(n-pn)
2.A LED
3.Battery
4.Resistor
10k, 1k
5.Light
Dependent

10k

1k

6V
0.06A
BC 108
or
ZTX
300

6V

ORP 12

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Observations
When light falls on the LDR
the LED will not glow.
When light doesnt fall on the
LDR the LED will glow.

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Explanation
Construction Of LDR :It is made up of high resistance
semiconductor. The light sensitive part of
the LDR is a wavy track of cadmium
sulphide. CdS cells rely on the materials
ability to vary its resistance according to
the amount of light striking the cell.
Cadmium
sulphide
track

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 Working : If the light falling on the devices is of

high enough frequency, Photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give
bound electorns enough energy to
jump into conduction band. The
resulting free electron conduct
electricity,
thereby lowering
V =
resistance.
9V
R
10
Suppose the LDR
has a resistance of .
k
5k in bright light & 200k in the
V
shade
LDR
in

top

out

Lowin
the

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light

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When the LDR is in the light Vout will be

Vout
Rbottom

Vout
V

Rbottom

+ Rtop

0.5

x 9

0.43

x 9

8.57

0.5 + 10
In the shade Vout will be
Vout
V

200
200 + 10

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Conclusion
This circuit gives a low
voltage when the LDR is in
the light & a high voltage
when the LDR is in the
Shade.

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