1.

Which of the following rates describes the proportion of people in a group

possessing particular condition of outcome at any specific study duration

Rr

Arisk

Point prevalance

Period prevalanne

2. Which of following does not help reduce body temp

Cutaneous vasodilation

Sweating

Piloerection

Decrease metabolism
The hypothalamus contains temperature-sensitive neurons that have receptors for pro-
inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which are continuously balanced to maintain a
homeothermic set point. When body temperature becomes elevated, cutaneous vasodilation and
sweating occur, and people may reduce activity and seek a cooler environment. Inversely, low body
temperature is increased by shivering, piloerection, cutaneous vasoconstriction, adding clothes, and
seeking a warmer environment.

3. Actions of health care providers tat help ppl in need refers to ethical
principles of

Autonomy

Benefieciance

Justice

Nonmaleficience

4. Which of following determines of health is largest contributor to premature

death in US population
Access to medical care

Genetic makeup

Environmental factors

Lifestyle individual behaviors (answer in determinants of health pdf pg. no 49)

5. Poly a sequence are most commonly found on

R rna

M rna

Cdna

Rdna

6. During development process lead compounds may be derive from

Marines sources

Bacterial secondary metabolites

Chemical libraries

1 onle

1n2

2,3

1,2,3

7. A pharmacy provides diabetes education services what would be efficient

method of reachiing target market fr this service

Tv adverstising

Sponsoting a booth for health fair

Advertising in senior center newsletter

Giving brochures to patients receiving insulin

8. The largest % of pharmaceuticals practice setting?

Community

Industry

Hospital

Long-term care

9. Patent protection granted to pharmaceutical company for newly discovered

chemical entity can be characterized as

Oligopoly

Pure monopoly

Perfect competition

Competitive monopoly
Types of Industries
There are many types of industries. The industries are categorized into 4 main divisions:
Monopoly, Monopolistic competition, Perfect competition, and Oligopoly.

1. Monopoly = is a board game played by two to eight players. (ha ha... just seeing if you were
paying attention)
In economics, a monopoly is when a product or service can only be bought from one supplier. In
many places, utilities such as telephone service or cable television are monopolies. A product
market characterized by one seller and perfect barrier to entry.
2. Monopolistic competition = is a common market form. Many markets can be considered as
monopolistically competitive, often including the markets for restaurants, books, clothing, films
and service industries in large cities. A product market characterized by numerous sellers,
moderate product differentiation, no barriers to entry, and some imperfections in consumer
information.
3. Perfect competition = is an economic model that describes a hypothetical market form in
which no producer or consumer has the market power to influence prices. According to the
standard economical definition of efficiency (Pareto efficiency), perfect competition would lead
to a completely efficient outcome. The analysis of perfectly competitive markets provides the
foundation of the theory of supply and demand. A product market characterized by numerous
buyers and sellers, a homogeneous product, no barriers to entry, and perfect consumer
information.
4. Oligopoly = is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of
sellers (oligopolists). Some industries which are oligopolies are referred to as the "Big 3" or the
"Big 4." Because there are few participants in this type of market, each oligopolist is aware of the
actions of the others. Oligopolistic markets are characterized by interactivity. The decisions of
one firm influence, and are influenced by the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by
oligopolists always involves taking into account the likely responses of the other market
participants. This causes oligopolistic markets and industries to be at the highest risk for
collusion. A product market that is characterized by a few dominant sellers and substantial
barriers to entry.

10.A potential advantage of computerized physician order entry

Increase liability

Increased transcription error

Ability to use abbreviations

Reduce pharmacist review time line

11.Which of following otc can cause tongue discoloration

Bismuth subsalicylate

Ca carbonate

Ibuprofen

Docusate

12.Which amino acid residues not basic?

Lysine

Arginine

Histidine

Glutamine

13.Which following drugs require dose adjust in cr clearance 20ml/min

Naficillin

Ceftazidime

Tobramycin

Dofetilide

14.An example of high energy bond In intermediary metabolism is

An ether

Alkyl ester

Acylamide

Phosphoric anhydride

15.Activation of following receptors would mostly directly cause rapid

depolarization due to na entering cell

Gaba a

Nmda

Nicotinic

Beta2

16.Overuse of topical nasal sympathomimetics results in

Sinus infections

Nasal septal defects

Rebound nasal vasodilatation

Reduced smell sensitivity

17.What is recommend treatment for 9yr child who missed second dose of
measles, mumps rubella vaccine which should be administered during
suggested 4 to 6 yrs old

Restart series
Continue complete schedule prior to 11 to 12yr

Discontinue

Administer booster doses of globlin immediately

18.Most common reason patients state for being noncompliant to their

prescription

Forgot

Wanted to save $

Did not believe medication was effective

Had no symptoms or symptom went away

19.2 compartment model can best represented by

Cp= a+b{-

20.Which cannot be use to assess bioavailability:

Plasma drug concentration

Urinary drug excretion

Clinical observation

Partition coefficient determination

21.Which complications of mi is not associated with poor prognosis

Pericarditis

Heart fail

Arrythmias

Reinfarction
 22.Which fowng organization provide quality assurance ratings of healt h relate
internet services

HON code

NABP

APHa

Medical libraries asso MLA

23.Absorption of drugs via inhalation route is rapid bcos

24.Aerosolide yersinia pestis is most likey to lead to which form of diseas

Bubonic

Pneumonic

Cardiac

Cutaneous

25.According to iSMP medications tat have increased risk of causing

signifiacnt pt harm when used:

Warfarin

Sc insulin

Iv amiodarone

1only

1,2

26.Assesment of quality includes evaluation of which domains of medical care

Outcomes

Process

Structure

1 only
1,2

2,3

1,2,3

27.Morphine would be vulnerabe to all following phase 2 metabolic reaction

except

Structure diagram

Sulfate conjugation of phenolic oh

Glucorni

Sulfate of enolic oh

28.Gluco------
29.Therapeutic substituition occurs when drug is exchanged for another drug:

Within expired patent

Identical chemica entiy

Same drug categry

Has been in market fr 10 yrs

30.Phosphofructokines is an enzyme regulating

Urea cycle

Glycolysis

Beta oxidatn

Mevalonate pathway

31.? net calories are supplied by 1 gr of amio acid

4
7

32.Asthma is charactrized by

Revissible airway obstructn

Hyperinfaltion of lungs

Bullous lungs

Infection of upper resp tract

33.Increase in lung residual volume and functional capacity are characteristic

of is:

Pneumonia

Asthma

Tb

Atelectasis (Atelectasis (from Greek: , "incomplete" + , "extension") is defined as the collapse or closure of the
[1]
lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange . It may affect part or all of one lung. It is a condition where the alveoli are
deflated, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation.)

34.Recommended duration of warfarin fot tt for recurrent pulmonar embo

3mths

12

Indefinite

35.Which of the follng drug represent used to treat addisons diseas

36.Once dietary supplement is in market which regulatory body is responsible

for taking action when product is unsafe
CDC
DEA
FTC
FDA

37.Intracelluar stuructures formed during many viral infections are called:

Procaryotes

Chromosomal disruptions

Inclusion bodies

Cytocidal bodies

38.Which symptoms of astma exacerbation require emergency tt

Early mrng awaknin due to cough

Nyt time due to chest tight

Wheezing tat interferes wid activity

Shortness o breath interfering with speaking

39.Which ACE inhibitor induced adr is more likely to occur in african amercian
pts compared to caucasians

Hyperkalemia

Arf

Hypotension

Angiedema (drug-allergy-updated-practice-important pg. no 11)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have 2 major adverse effects

cough and angioedema. Cough occurs in up to 20% of patients, is typically dry and
nonproductive, and occurs more commonly in women, blacks, and Asians. The
cough generally begins within the first few weeks of treatment, but occasionally
the onset may occur much later. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are not
associated with development of cough.

The incidence of angioedema with ACE inhibitors is approximately 0.1% to 0.7%

and appears to be more common in blacks.The angioedema frequently involves the

face or upper airway and can be life-threatening or fatal.

Reports of angioedema of the intestinal tract secondary to ACE inhibitors have

also been described. Patients with C1esterase inhibitor deficiency are at increased
risk of more frequent and severe episodes of angioedema with the administration
of ACE inhibitors and should not receive these drugs. Patients typically take ACE
inhibitors for months or

even years before angioedema occurs. It is also puzzling that recurrent episodes of
angioedema occur sporadically despite continued daily use of ACE inhibitors.
Most patients with angioedema related to ACE inhibitor usually tolerate ARBs

40.Best refence to identify an alternative drug trade name with same active
ingradient formulation

Remington

Merck manual

American drug dex

Drug facts compaision

41.When mixing insulin galrgine with regular in syringe the pharmacist should
reply tat products are

Stable if admistered immediatly

May be premixed stored at refrigeration till 7days

Should not be mixed in same syringe

Have not been studied

Mixing of short-acting and lente insulins is not recommended, except for patients already
adequately controlled on such a mixture. Upon mixing, Zn2+ present in lente insulins) (e.g., lente
and ultralente) will bind with the short-acting insulin and delay its onset of action. The degree
and rate of binding varies with the ratio and species of the two insulins; binding equilibrium may
not be reached for 24 h. Phosphate-buffered insulins (e.g., NPH insulin) should not be mixed
with lente insulins. Zinc phosphate may precipitate, and the longer-acting insulin will convert to
a short-acting insulin to an unpredictable extent. Mixing of insulins should follow these
guidelines:
Patients who are well controlled on a particular mixed-insulin regimen should maintain
their standard procedure for preparing their insulin doses.
No other medication or diluent should be mixed with any insulin product unless
approved by the prescribing physician.
Insulin glargine should not be mixed with other forms of insulin due to the low pH of
its diluent.
Use of commercially available premixed insulins may be used if the insulin ratio is
appropriate to the patients insulin requirements.
Currently available NPH and short-acting insulin formulations when mixed may be
used immediately or stored for future use.
Rapid-acting insulin can be mixed with NPH, lente, and ultralente.
When rapid-acting insulin is mixed with either an intermediate- or long-acting insulin,
the mixture should be injected within 15 min before a meal.
Mixing of short-acting and lente insulins is not recommended except for patients
already adequately controlled on such a mixture. If short-acting and lente mixtures are
to be used, the patient should standardize the interval between mixing and injection.
Phosphate-buffered insulins (e.g., NPH) should not be mixed with lente insulins.
Insulin formulations may change; therefore, the manufacturer should be consulted in
cases where its recommendations appear to conflict with the American Diabetes
Association guidelines.

42.Act by irrversivlr inhibtn of plt function

Aspiring

Ibuprofen

Naproxen
 43.Standar deviation is meseaure of

Quality

Variablity

Sample siza

Central tendency

44.Individuals risk of cvd bmi >35:

Minimal

Low

Modeater

High

45.Elderly pts confused bout his medication regimen. Pharmacist counselling

should talk to him:

In congested area

Using long complicated sentence

Using loud tone voice

While maintaing eye contact (talking to ur older pt pg. no 55)

46.Pharmcoeconomics dpts withn pharm manufactures:

Develop manu process

Asses values of products relative to cmpetetors

Detremine promotional material for using when marketing

47.Which lifstyle modi increase hdl-c the most

Smoking cess

Limit dietary cholestr

Incre dietry fiber

Inc physical activ

48.Which likely to cause seriuous lrti in premature infant:

Rhino virus

Corono

Parainfluenza

Rsv

49.+Pain assoctd with infamtn is closly asso with

Leukotrienes

Pgs

Histamine

NO

50.Which follwing radiation is most penetrating

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

51. Episome is:

Segment od dna

Membrane by which anibiotics enter

Organell tat collects waste

Plus end of alpha polymer

Goose bumps, also called goose flesh, goose pimples, the medical term cutis anserina, are the bumps on a person's skin at the
base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is cold or experiences strong emotions such
asfear, nostalgia, pleasure, euphoria, awe, admiration and sexual arousal.[1]

The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as arasing, piloerection, or the pilomotor reflex

Bismatrol
Bismuth - Temporary tongue discoloration
De-Nol Chewable Tablets - Temporary tongue discoloration
Devrom
Devron
Linezolid
Pepto-Bismol
Pink Bismuth
Zyvox

What Types of Radiation Are There?

The radiation one typically encounters is one of four types: alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma
radiation, and x radiation. Neutron radiation is also encountered in nuclear power plants and high-
altitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources.

1. Alpha Radiation

Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus.
Some characteristics of alpha radiation are:

Most alpha radiation is not able to penetrate human skin.

Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans if the materials are inhaled,
swallowed, or absorbed through open wounds.
A variety of instruments has been designed to measure alpha radiation. Special
training in the use of these instruments is essential for making accurate
measurements.
A thin-window Geiger-Mueller (GM) probe can detect the presence of alpha radiation.
Instruments cannot detect alpha radiation through even a thin layer of water, dust,
paper, or other material, because alpha radiation is not penetrating.
Alpha radiation travels only a short distance (a few inches) in air, but is not an
external hazard.
Alpha radiation is not able to penetrate clothing.

Examples of some alpha emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium.

2. Beta Radiation
 Beta radiation is a light, short-range particle and is actually an ejected electron. Some
characteristics of beta radiation are:

Beta radiation may travel several feet in air and is moderately penetrating.
Beta radiation can penetrate human skin to the "germinal layer," where new skin cells
are produced. If high levels of beta-emitting contaminants are allowed to remain on
the skin for a prolonged period of time, they may cause skin injury.
Beta-emitting contaminants may be harmful if deposited internally.
Most beta emitters can be detected with a survey instrument and a thin-window GM
probe (e.g., "pancake" type). Some beta emitters, however, produce very low-energy,
poorly penetrating radiation that may be difficult or impossible to detect. Examples of
these difficult-to-detect beta emitters are hydrogen-3 (tritium), carbon-14, and sulfur-
35.
Clothing provides some protection against beta radiation.

Examples of some pure beta emitters: strontium-90, carbon-14, tritium, and sulfur-35.

3. Gamma and X Radiation

Gamma radiation and x rays are highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation. Some
characteristics of these radiations are:

Gamma radiation or x rays are able to travel many feet in air and many inches in
human tissue. They readily penetrate most materials and are sometimes called
"penetrating" radiation.
X rays are like gamma rays. X rays, too, are penetrating radiation. Sealed radioactive
sources and machines that emit gamma radiation and x rays respectively constitute
mainly an external hazard to humans.
Gamma radiation and x rays are electromagnetic radiation like visible light,
radiowaves, and ultraviolet light. These electromagnetic radiations differ only in the
amount of energy they have. Gamma rays and x rays are the most energetic of these.
Dense materials are needed for shielding from gamma radiation. Clothing provides
little shielding from penetrating radiation, but will prevent contamination of the skin by
gamma-emitting radioactive materials.
Gamma radiation is easily detected by survey meters with a sodium iodide detector
probe.
Gamma radiation and/or characteristic x rays frequently accompany the emission of
alpha and beta radiation during radioactive decay.

Examples of some gamma emitters: iodine-131, cesium-137, cobalt-60, radium-226, and

technetium-99m.

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is a major cause of lower respiratory
tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. A prophylactic medication (not avaccine) exists for preterm (under
35 weeks gestation) infants, infants with certain congenital heart defects (CHD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and infants
with congenital malformations of the airway. Treatment is limited to supportive care (for example C-PAP), including oxygen therapy.

In temperate climates there is an annual epidemic during the winter months. In tropical climates, infection is most common during
the rainy season.
In the United States, 60% of infants are infected during their first RSV season,[1] and nearly all children will have been infected with
the virus by 23 years of age.[1] Of those infected with RSV, 23% will develop bronchiolitis, necessitating hospitalization.[2] Natural
infection with RSV induces protective immunity which wanes over timepossibly more so than other respiratory viral infections
and thus people can be infected multiple times. Sometimes an infant can become symptomatically infected more than once, even
within a single RSV season. Severe RSV infections have increasingly been found among elderly patients. Young adults can be re-
infected every five to seven years, with symptoms looking like a sinus infection or a cold (infections can also be asymptomatic).

RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which includes common respiratory viruses
such as those causing measles and mumps. RSV is a member of the paramyxovirus subfamily Pneumovirinae. Its name comes
from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes on nearby cells to merge, forming syncytia.

The Centers for Disease Control consider RSV to be the "most common cause of bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in
the lung) and pneumonia in children under 1 year of age in the United States".[3] For some children, RSV can cause bronchiolitis,
leading to severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization and, rarely, causing death. This is more likely to occur in patients that
are immunocompromised or infants born prematurely. Other RSV symptoms common among infants include listlessness, poor or
diminished appetite, and a possible fever.[4]

Recurrent wheezing and asthma are more common among individuals who suffered severe RSV infection during the first few
months of life than among controls;[5] whether RSV infection sets up a process that leads to recurrent wheezing or whether those
already predisposed to asthma are more likely to become severely ill with RSV has yet to be determined.
However, palivizumab (brand name Synagis manufactured by MedImmune), a moderately effective prophylactic drug is available for
infants at high risk. Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against RSV surface fusion protein. It is given by monthly
injections, which are begun just prior to the RSV season and are usually continued for five months. RSV prophylaxis is indicated for
infants that are premature or have either cardiac or lung disease, but the cost of prevention limits use in many parts of the world. An
antiviral drugRibavirinis licensed for use, but its efficacy is limited.