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Table 1. Characteristics of alternative materials for gear selection
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It can be seen from fig.2 that for a given service life
factor Ni ,the higher then Rm/ Ssf ratio, the higher the
service life factor (asl), and the higher the modified
endurance limit (Ssm). When Rm/ Ssf ratio is higher it
means that the crack initiation phase is longer
(constant horizontal line).
On the base for Sm to be optimal (eq.1) two material-
related performance indices should be maximized:
N = Ni + N p (2)
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Concerning the longer service lifetime of the teeth Index f5 need to be maximized. A good lubrication and
under the bending fatigue mode, a fourth material case hardened of tooth can reduce wear failure.
performance index can be involved : Next worth characteristic in gear material selection is
machinability. It is known that the total cost of a
f4 = Rm/ Sbf /Mpa/ (12) gear consist of both, manufacturing and material costs.
Hence, between two materials of nearly the some
fatigue and wear resistance performance, a design
should be able to choose the one with better
machinabilty. Machinability criterion can be defined
[16] as:
4. EFFECT OF CHARACTERISTICS
CRITERIA
Fig. 4. Smith`s diagram of bending fatigue strength of The six characteristics index fi (i=1,2,3,6) are applied
case hardened specimen steels the data given in tab.1, due to finding the upper and
lower limit of each data and assuming the best and
For optimal value of f3 index requires a higher Sbf and worst scenarios. For example, for the index f4 in eq.14,
lower HB core, while an optimal value of f4 index the lower value is found when Sbf is maximum and Rm
implies a higher Rm/ Sbf ratio. is minimum. The results are shown in tab.2, which
It means that the decision model for choosing represents a modified matrix where alternatives are
materials should be one with higher Rm and Sbf . nine materials and criteria are the six characteristics
Next important characteristic in materials selection for index, where in original matrix (tab.1) the criteria
gears is wear resistance of tooth flank. In gearbox were the five mechanical material properties.
and another gear mechanisms abrasion is occasionally Next step in material selections is the ranking of
a cause of failure. The ensuring groves are normally alternatives ones based on one characteristics index
formed on the tooth flanks and in the direction sliding (tab. 2) and its components Ssf and Rm (tab.1).In the
surface [10]. case when numerous material properties
The rate of wear depth can be expressed by analytical In the cases when numerous material properties are
equation [16] as: specified and the relative importance of each property
is not clear, determinations of the weighting factors can
be largely intuitive, which reduces the reliability of
w = mr/HBsurf /mm/s/ (13)
selection.
Fig.5. shows ranking of alternative materials with
where, m-is dimensionless wear coefficient and respect to Ssf , Rm and their ratio (f2). It can be seen
depends on the wear type, metallurgical compatibility from fig.5 that both the Ssf and Rm criteria prefer
of contact surface and lubrication condition. material I7 which has a large k exponent in eq.5,
The two identical material m is the same, whereas the characteristic index suggests I3 or I2
r- is the surface interface pressure (Mpa), material.
- is the sliding velocity (mm/s) and depend If it is used criteria f1 and f3, which are in conflict
on the gear speed and with f2, then prefer I7, due to superior cyclic load
HBsurf - is the surface hardness. bearing capacity. In this case when those are conflict
On the base eq.13 it can be introduce the fifth and uncertainties a multiple criteria pseudo-fuzzy
material-related characteristics index for gears material selection model is used.
material selection: Therefore, to solve the problem of selection of the best
material it is used computer i.e. developing special
f5 = HBsurf /HB/ (14) software tools [4-8].
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Table 2. Material characteristics indexes
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Technologies for Developing Countries, ATDC' [13] JELASKA, D., et al., Numerical modeling of the
2003, Tuzla 2003, Proceeding, p. 165-170 crack propagation path at gear tooth root, ASME
Paper DETC 2003-PTG-48026 (2003)
[4] ASHBY, M., Material selection in mechanical
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[15] GLIGORIJEVIC, R. Smiths fatigue strength diagrams
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which effect on fatigue strength with permitted stresses,
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[7] ASHBY,M., BRECHT, Y., et al, Selection
strategies for materials and processes, Material
and Design 25 (2004), p. 51-67
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