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Types of Magnetic Moments Explained

There are 5 types of magnetic moments in materials: (1) diamagnetic, (2) paramagnetic, (3) ferromagnetic, (4) antiferromagnetic, and (5) ferrimagnetic. Superparamagnetism occurs in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles where the magnetization can randomly flip direction due to thermal fluctuations. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles have no remanence or coercivity and behave similarly to paramagnets but with higher magnetic susceptibility. Superparamagnetism is a size effect where below a certain small size, coercivity becomes zero.

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123 views2 pages

Types of Magnetic Moments Explained

There are 5 types of magnetic moments in materials: (1) diamagnetic, (2) paramagnetic, (3) ferromagnetic, (4) antiferromagnetic, and (5) ferrimagnetic. Superparamagnetism occurs in small ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles where the magnetization can randomly flip direction due to thermal fluctuations. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles have no remanence or coercivity and behave similarly to paramagnets but with higher magnetic susceptibility. Superparamagnetism is a size effect where below a certain small size, coercivity becomes zero.

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lingpung
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CM 5111

(1)5 types of magnetic moments in magnetic materials:


(a) Diamagnetic: no magnetic moment

(b) Paramagnetic: magnetic moment arrange randomly

(c) Ferromagnetic: magnetic moments aligned parallel (net magnetic moment)

(d)Antiferromagnetic: magnetic moments aligned antiparallel (zero magnetic moment


overall)

(e) Ferrimagnetic: magnetic moments aligned antiparalled, but partially cancel


out.

(2)Superparamagnetism:
Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism, which appears in small
ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. In small enough nanoparticles,
magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of
temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Nel relaxation
time. In the absence of external magnetic field, when the time used to
measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles is much longer than the
Nel relaxation time, their magnetization appears to be in average zero: they
are said to be in the superparamagnetic state. In this state, an external
magnetic field is able to magnetize the nanoparticles, similarly to a
paramagnet. However, their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than the
one of paramagnets.

. Superparamagnetism

For ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic materials, with small enough


nanoparticles their magnetization becomes thermally fluctuated. When the
time between two magnetization fluctuations (Nel relaxation time) is shorter
than the time used to measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles,
without external magnetic field the magnetization appears to be average
zero for the nanoparticles. This is another form of magnetism,
superparamagnetism [1].

Superparmagnetic materials have a high saturation magnetiszation and zero


coercivity and remanence, making it to be distinguished from
ferromagnetism and paramagnetism, as shown in Fig. 1[2].

Fig. 1 Magnetization hysteresis loops of different magnetic materials.

Superparamagnetism is a size effect of ferromagnetism. Figure 2 shows the


influence of magnetic particle size on magnetic properties. The coercivity
changes with the particle size, and at small enough size, the coercivity
become zero.

Fig. 2 Size effect of particles on magnetic properties.


(3)Mechanism of organic solar cells
(4)

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