CM 5111

(1)5 types of magnetic moments in magnetic materials:

(a) Diamagnetic: no magnetic moment

(b) Paramagnetic: magnetic moment arrange randomly

(c) Ferromagnetic: magnetic moments aligned parallel (net magnetic moment)

(d)Antiferromagnetic: magnetic moments aligned antiparallel (zero magnetic moment

overall)

(e) Ferrimagnetic: magnetic moments aligned antiparalled, but partially cancel

out.

(2)Superparamagnetism:
Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism, which appears in small
ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. In small enough nanoparticles,
magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of
temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Nel relaxation
time. In the absence of external magnetic field, when the time used to
measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles is much longer than the
Nel relaxation time, their magnetization appears to be in average zero: they
are said to be in the superparamagnetic state. In this state, an external
magnetic field is able to magnetize the nanoparticles, similarly to a
paramagnet. However, their magnetic susceptibility is much larger than the
one of paramagnets.

. Superparamagnetism

For ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic materials, with small enough

nanoparticles their magnetization becomes thermally fluctuated. When the
time between two magnetization fluctuations (Nel relaxation time) is shorter
than the time used to measure the magnetization of the nanoparticles,
without external magnetic field the magnetization appears to be average
zero for the nanoparticles. This is another form of magnetism,
superparamagnetism [1].

Superparmagnetic materials have a high saturation magnetiszation and zero

coercivity and remanence, making it to be distinguished from
ferromagnetism and paramagnetism, as shown in Fig. 1[2].

Fig. 1 Magnetization hysteresis loops of different magnetic materials.

Superparamagnetism is a size effect of ferromagnetism. Figure 2 shows the

influence of magnetic particle size on magnetic properties. The coercivity
 changes with the particle size, and at small enough size, the coercivity
become zero.

Fig. 2 Size effect of particles on magnetic properties.

(3)Mechanism of organic solar cells
(4)